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    Basic Set Theory

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    VIGNESH VASU
    This document provides an overview of basic set theory concepts: 1. A set is defined as a collection of well-defined objects. Examples of sets include numbers, letters, shapes, and solutions to equations. 2. There are different ways to represent sets, including set-builder notation, roster form, and Venn diagrams. Standard sets like the natural numbers and integers are usually represented with specific symbols like N and Z. 3. Different types of sets are discussed, such as empty sets, singleton sets, subsets, power sets, and universal sets. Important set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement are also covered, along with properties like De Morgan's laws. 4. The

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    Basic Set Theory

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    VIGNESH VASU
    50 views29 pages
    This document provides an overview of basic set theory concepts: 1. A set is defined as a collection of well-defined objects. Examples of sets include numbers, letters, shapes, and solutions to equations. 2. There are different ways to represent sets, including set-builder notation, roster form, and Venn diagrams. Standard sets like the natural numbers and integers are usually represented with specific symbols like N and Z. 3. Different types of sets are discussed, such as empty sets, singleton sets, subsets, power sets, and universal sets. Important set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement are also covered, along with properties like De Morgan's laws. 4. The

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    This document provides an overview of basic set theory concepts: 1. A set is defined as a collection of well-defined objects. Examples of sets include numbers, letters, shapes, and solutions to equations. 2. There are different ways to represent sets, including set-builder notation, roster form, and Venn diagrams. Standard sets like the natural numbers and integers are usually represented with specific symbols like N and Z. 3. Different types of sets are discussed, such as empty sets, singleton sets, subsets, power sets, and universal sets. Important set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement are also covered, along with properties like De Morgan's laws. 4. The

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views29 pages

    Basic Set Theory

    Uploaded by

    VIGNESH VASU
    This document provides an overview of basic set theory concepts: 1. A set is defined as a collection of well-defined objects. Examples of sets include numbers, letters, shapes, and solutions to equations. 2. There are different ways to represent sets, including set-builder notation, roster form, and Venn diagrams. Standard sets like the natural numbers and integers are usually represented with specific symbols like N and Z. 3. Different types of sets are discussed, such as empty sets, singleton sets, subsets, power sets, and universal sets. Important set operations like union, intersection, difference, and complement are also covered, along with properties like De Morgan's laws. 4. The

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    of 29

    BASIC

    MATHEMATICS
    Sets
    What is a Set?
    • A Set is a Collection of well-defined objects.
    • Example:
    • Odd natural number less than 10 i.e. 1,
    3, 5, 7, 9.
    • Rivers of India
    • The vowels in English alphabets
    • Various kinds of Triangles
    • Prime factors of 210
    • Solution of equation x 2 - 5x + 6=0
    Set Notation
    • Set-builder notation is a notation for describing a set by
    indicating the properties that its members must satisfy.
    • Reading Notation :
    • ‘|’or ‘:’ such that
    • A = { x : x is a letter in the word dictionary }
    • We read it as
    • “A is the set of all x such that x is a letter in the word
    dictionary”
    • For example,
    • (i) N = "x : x is a natural number,
    • (ii) P = "x : x is a prime number less than 100,
    • (iii) A = "x : x is a letter in the English alphabet
    Roster form :

    • Listing the elements of a set inside a pair of braces { } is called the


    roster form.
    • (i) Let A be the set of even natural numbers less than 11.
    In roster form we write A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
    • (ii) A = {x : x is an integer and- 1≤  x < 5}
    In roster form we write A = {-1, 0,1, 2, 3, 4}
    Representation of
    Standard Sets
    • Set of Naturals:
    • All Counting Numbers are Natural
    Numbers, Usually Represented by N
    • {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, …}
    • It is symbolically written as N
    • Set of Integers
    • Positive, Negative Counting Numbers
    along with Zero
    • {… -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…}
    • It is symbolically written as Z
    Representation of
    Standard Sets
    •  
    • Sets are usually denoted by capital letters
    • A,B,C,D,E,F,G……X,Y,Z.
    • Elements of sets are represented by small letters a,b,
    c,d,e,f……etc.

    Point to be Noted
    TYPES OF SETS
    1) Empty set – Denoted by ø (phi) or { }
    2) Singleton set – Set containing only one element
    for e.g {2},{a} etc.
    3) Cardinal no. of finite set- Number of elements
    present in a set denoted by n(A) or n(B) etc.
    4) Equivalent set- Two sets having same number of
    element n(A)=n(B) for e.g {1,2,3} and {a,b,c}
    5) Equal set – Each and every element of sets are
    equal for e.g {1,2,3} and {1,2,3}.
    6) Subset- a set of which all the elements are contained in
    another set,
    For e.g  
    A = {1, 3, 5},
    B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
    A is a subset of B, A ⊆ B. because every element in A is
    also in B.
    A is also proper subset of B, A ⊂ B
    6) POWER SET-The power set of any set  S is the set of
    all subsets of S, including the empty set and S itself,
    variously denoted as P(S).
    For e.g
    If S is the set {x, y, z}, then the subsets of S are
    1. {} (also denoted by ø  or empty set or the null set)
    2. {x}
    3. {y}
    4. {z}
    5. {x, y}
    6. {x, z}
    7. {y, z}
    8. {x, y, z}
    and hence the power set of S is {{}, {x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y},
    {x, z}, {y, z}, {x, y, z}}
    7) Universal set-In set theory, a universal set is a set which
    contains all objects, including itself. It is usually denoted by the
    symbol ‘U’
    For e.g.
    There are three sets named as A, B and C. The elements of
    all sets A, B and C is defined as;
    A={1,3,6,8}
    B={2,3,4,5}
    C={5,8,9}

    By the definition we know, the universal set includes all the


    elements of the given sets. Therefore, Universal set for sets A,B
    and C will be,

    U={1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9}
    ∀- for all e.g Something is true for all (any) value of x (usually
    with a side condition like ∀x > 0).
    ∃ there exists.
    ∃! there exists a uniques
    P iff Q P if and only if Q
    a ∈ B a is an element of B The variable a lies in the set (of
    values) B.
    a ∉B a is not an element of B
    : Such that

    Important symbols used in sets


    Venn diagram
    A diagram representing mathematical or
    logical sets pictorially as circles or closed
    curves within an enclosing rectangle (the
    universal set), common elements of the sets
    being represented by intersections of the
    circles.
    It is invented by John Venn
    Operations on Sets
    Union of set

    EXAMPLE:
    A= {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
    A U B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}

    Question
    If A = {x : x = 2n+1, n ∈ Z} and B = {x : x = 2n, n ∈ Z} then A U B ?

    Ans: A U B = {x:x is an Integer}


    • Intersection of two given sets is the largest set which contains all the
    elements that are common to both the sets

    • For e.g A={1,2,3,4,5} and B={3,5,7,8,9}


    so A ∩ B = {3,5}

    Question A= {x:x=2n,n ∈Z} and B={x:x=3n,n ∈Z} then find A ∩ B

    Ans – {……-6,0,6,12,18…….}
    • Disjoint set
    Set which donot have any common element
    So A ∩ B= ø or { }

    Question If A={1,3,5} and B {2,4,6} then Find A ∩ B ?

    Ans – { }
    • Difference of sets
    • B-A is set of all element of B which do not belong to A

    • E.g
    A={2,3,4,5,6,7,}
    B={3,5,7,9,11,13}
    So B-A= {9,11,13}
    And A-B={2,4,6}
    • Symmetric difference of two sets
    • Symmetric difference= (A-B) U (B-A)
    and is denoted by A △ B

    E.G
    A={1,2,3,4,5,6}
    B={5,6,7,8,9}
    A-B={1,2,3,4}
    B-A={7,8,9}
    A △ B= {1,2,3,4,7,8,9}
    • Complement of set
    • A`= U-A

    E.G
    U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
    A={1,3,5,7,9}
    Then A`={2,4,6,8}
    Quizlet Time
    Question 1
    If A and B are two sets such that A ⊂ B then find a) A ∩ B (b) A U B
    Ans- a) A
    b) B
    Question 2
    If A={1,2,3,4,5} , B={4,5,6,7,8,} ,
    C={7,8,9,10,11}, D= {10,11,12,13,14}
    Find
    (a) A U B (b) A U C (c) B U C (d) B U D
    (e) A U B U C (f) A U B U D (g) B U C U D
    (h) A ∩ (B U C) (i) (A ∩ B) ∩ (B ∩ C)
    (j) A-B (k) B-C (l) C-D (m) D-A
    (n) C-A (o) (A U D) ∩ (B U C)
    Laws of algebra of sets
    1) Idempotent law {unchanged}
    For example A U A = A and A ∩ A = A.
    2) Identity law
    AU ø =A and A ∩ U = A
    3) Cumulative law
    A U B = B U A and A ∩ B = B ∩ A
    4) Associative law
    (A U B) ∩ C= A U (B U C)
    A ∩ (B ∩ C)=(A ∩ B) ∩ C
    5) Distributive law
    A U (B ∩ C) = (A U B) ∩ (A U C)
    A ∩ (B U C) = (A ∩ B) U (A ∩ C)
    6) De-morgan’s law
    (A U B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
    (A ∩ B)’= A’ U B’
    1) n(A U B)=n (A) + n (B)- n (A ∩ B)
    2) n(A U B)=n (A) + n (B) {if A and B are disjoint set}
    3) n(A – B)=n(A) – n(A ∩ B)
    4) n(A△B) =n (A) + n (B)- 2n(A ∩ B)
    5) n(A U B U C)=n (A)+n (B)+n (C)- n(A ∩ B)-n(B ∩ C)-n(A ∩ C)+n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
    6) n(A` U B`)= n (A ∩ B)`=n(U)-n(A ∩ B)
    7) n(A` ∩ B`) = (A U B)`=n(U)-n(A U B)

    SOME RESULTS ON NO. OF ELEMENTS IN SETS


    • QUESTIONS
    1) In a group of 800 people , 550 can speak hindi and 450 can speak English.
    How many can speak hindi and English ?
    Ans- 200
    2) There are 200 individuals with a skin disorder , 120 has been exposed to
    chemical C1, 50 to C2 and 30 to both C1 and C2 . Find
    a) Individual exposed to C1 or C2 ,
    b) C1 but not C2
    c) C2 but not C1
    Ans – a) 140 , b) 90, c) 20
    3) In a town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% family buys newspaper
    A,20% families buys Newspaper B and 10% buys newspaper C. 5% family buy
    newspaper A and B , 3% buys B and C , 4% buys A and C , 2 % all three papers
    FIND :
    a) A only
    b) B only
    c) None of A,B,C
    Ans –a)3300, b) 1400, c) 4000
    ANY QUERIES

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