CS17D01-01

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1.1

Set Language and Notation

Set is a collection of distinct objects. The individual object which belongs to the set is called element or member of the set. Empty set is a set that contains no elements. Empty set is also known as null set, denoted as {} or .

1.2

Describing Sets

In Mathematics, a set is denoted as a capital letter. The elements of the sets are described inside curly brackets. There are two ways in describing a set; Explicitly listing the elements of the set A={0, 1, 2, 3} B={cat, dog, dolphin} C={Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics} Describing the elements characteristic of the set D={prime numbers less than 25} E={whole numbers greater than 5} F ={x:x is a multiple of 3} G={y:y is a perfect square number} Note that the colon in the example is read as "such that".

1.3

Number of Elements

Given a set X, the number of elements in set X is denoted as n(X). Set C as described above has 4 elements, thus n(C) = 4. The empty set has 0 elements, hence n() = 0.

1.4

Membership

The Greek letter epsilon, means is a member of, and means is not a member of. / For example, the set B above, cat B while buttery B. /

1.5

Further Denitions

Equal Sets Two sets are equal if and only if they have precisely the same elements. For example, A={x:x is even number between 3 and 9} and B={4, 6, 8}. Every element in A is a member of set B and every element in B is a member of set A. Hence, it can be concluded that A=B.

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CS17D01-01

Disjoint Sets Two sets are disjoint if and only if there are no common elements at all. For example, A={x:x is even number} and B={y:y is odd number}. There are no common elements between A and B as every elements in A is divisible by 2, while every elements in B is not divisible by 2. Hence, it can be concluded that A and B are disjoint sets. Universal Set Universal set is the set that contains every element of all the sets under consideration. Universal set is denoted as Greek letter xi, . For example, If A={0, 1, 2}, B={4, 7, 10}, and C={book, pen, pencil}, then ={0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, book, pen, pencil}. Complement of a Set The complement of set X is denoted as X . Set X is a set that contains the elements that are not in X. For example, if ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and X={1, 2}, then X ={3, 4, 5}. Subsets Given two sets A and B, A is said to be a subset of B if every elements in A is also a member of set B. There are two types of subset; Trivial Subsets Trivial subsets are subsets which can be determined without knowing the elements of the set. For every non-empty set, there are two trivial subsets, which is the set itself and empty set. The reasons follow from the denition of equal sets and empty set. Suppose that B is the subset of A. If B = A, then each element in B must be in set A. On the other hand, if B = , then every member in B (which does not exist at all) will trivially be the member in A. Proper Subsets Proper subsets are subsets in which the number of elements in the subset is strictly lesser than the number of elements in the set. In other words, there exists at least one element in the set which is not the member of the proper subset. Note that empty set is trivial and proper subset for every non-empty subset. There are two subset notations, and . These notations are analogous to < and . If A B, then A is said to be the proper subset of B, which implies n(A) < n(B). If A B, then either A B or A = B, which implies n(A) n(B). For example, given sets A={2, 4, 6} B={even numbers between 1 and 7} C={x:x is divisible by 2, and 2 < x < 10} D= It can be observed that A = B, which implies A is trivial subsets of B and vice versa. In other words, A B and B A. ...where abilities come alive [FP] [9/2012] Maths Hub

CS17D01-01 D is a trivial subset of A, B, and C.

A and B are proper subset of C as every element in A and B is in C, but 0, 8 C but 0, 8 A, B. / Suppose that a set contains n many elements, then the total number of subsets is 2n . For example, if A={a, b, c}, then its subsets are , {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}. Note that the set contains 3 elements, its number of subsets is 23 .

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2.1

Intersection and Unions of Sets and Venn Diagram

Given two sets A and B, the intersection of sets A and B is a set that contains elements which are common to both sets A and B. The intersection of sets A and B is denoted as A B. For example, given sets A={1, 4, 7, 10, 13} and B={2, 4, 8, 10, 11}, A B={4, 10}.

2.2

Union of Sets

Given two sets A and B, the union of sets A and B is a set that contains elements which are member of A or B. The union of sets A and B is denoted as A B. For example, given sets X={1, 3, 5, 7} and Y ={1, 2, 4, 8}, X Y ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8}.

2.3

Properties of Intersection and Union of Sets

Commutative Property AB =BA AB =BA Identity Property A=A=A A=A= Associative Property (A B) C = A (B C) (A B) C = A (B C) Distributive Property A (B C) = (A B) (A C) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

2.4

Venn Diagram

Venn diagram is a diagram that shows all possible relationships between collection of sets. In Venn diagram, a rectangle is used to represent a universal set, while circles or ovals inside the rectangle is used to denote its subsets. For example, given sets ={a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}

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CS17D01-01 A={a} B={a, f, g ,h} C={b, c, d, f, g}

Relationship between sets can easily be explained with Venn diagram. Given two nonempty sets A and B with universal set , there are three possibilities; 1. B is the subset of A

BA AB =B AB =A n(A B) = n(A) 2. There are some common elements between A and B

AB = n(A B) > 0 3. A and B are disjoint sets

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CS17D01-01

AB = n(A B) = 0

Practice Problems
1. List down the elements of the following sets. (a) A={x:x is divisible by 2, 3 x 10} (b) B={x:x is the name of month beginning with letter J} (c) C={Prime numbers between 20 to 34} (d) D={Perfect square numbers which are prime numbers} (e) E={Leap years between 1990 and 2013} Answer : (a) A={-2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} (b) B={January, June, July} (c) C={23, 29, 31} (d) D = (e) E={1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012} 2. Given that A={a, b, c}, B={all vowels in alphabet}, and C={e, f, g}. Determine (a) A B (b) A B C (c) A B C (d) (A B) C (e) (A B) C Answer : (a) A B={a} (b) A B C={a, b, c, e, f, g, i, o, u} (c) A B C = (d) (A B) C={e} (e) (A B) C={a, e, f, g} 3. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. State the reason if it is a false statement.

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CS17D01-01

(a) The number of elements in a set is strictly greater than the number of elements of its subsets. (b) If A={1,2} and B={1,2,3,4}, then B A. (c) There are four elements in the set C={x:x 8, x is a prime number} (d) If C={a, b, c, d} and D={d, e, f}, then C D={d}. (e) Given two non-empty sets A and B, n(A B) n(A) + n(B) (f) Universal set is a union of all sets which are under consideration. (g) If A={a , b, c}, then abc A (h) If B={1, 2, 4}, then {1,4} B. (i) If F ={a, b, c}, G={d, b, a}, H={a, r, t}, then F G H={a}. (j) Given two disjoint sets A and B, then n(A B)=n(A) + n(B). Answer : (a) False, a set is also a subset of itself. (b) False, A B. (c) True, C={2, 3, 5, 7}. Hence, n(C) = 4 (d) False, C D={a, b, c, d, e, f}. (e) False, suppose that n(A) = x, x 0, and B = A. n(A B) = n(A) = x, while n(A) + n(B) = 2n(A) = 2x. (f) True, based on the denition of universal set. (g) False, the three elements in A is a, b, and c. (h) True (i) True (j) True 4. Given ={a:a is a whole number, 4 a 36}, A={x:x is a perfect square number and 1 x2 40}, B={y:y is divisible by 4, 4 y 30}, and C={z:z is divisible by 3, 10 z 37}. Determine (a) A B (b) B C (c) A B C (d) (A B) C (e) A (B C) Answer : ={-4, -3, -2, ..., 35, 36} A={1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36} B={-4, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28} C={12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36} (a) A B={4, 16} (b) B C={15, 18, 21, 27, 30, 33, 36} ...where abilities come alive [FP] [9/2012] Maths Hub

CS17D01-01 (c) A B C = (d) (A B) C={12, 24, 36} (e) A (B C)={4, 16, 36} 5. Fill in the correct symbols (, , , =) between these sets / (a) {Tuesday, Thursday} . . . {Days of week beginning with letter M or T } (b) {0, 1, 2} . . . {0, 1, 2, 3, 5} (c) {prime numbers between 2 and 10} . . . {odd numbers between 2 and 8} (d) {whole numbers ending with 0} . . . {whole numbers divisible by 5} (e) 113 . . . {prime numbers} (f) . . . {0} (g) {whole numbers divisible by 12} . . . {whole numbers divisible by 3} (h) {a} . . . {{a}, b, {b, c}} (i) a . . . {ab, ac, bc} (j) {a,b} . . . {{a,b},{c,d}} Answer : (a) (b) (c) = (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) / (j)

6. Simplify the following expressions if A and B are disjoint sets and C is the subset of A (a) (A B) C (b) (A B) C (c) (A C) B (d) C B (e) A B Answer : (a) (b) C (c) (d) (e) B 7. Shade the region representing the following sets

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CS17D01-01 (a) A B C

(b) A (B C )

(c) (A C) (B C)

(d) (A B) (C B)

(e) (A B ) C

8. Given two sets A and B, where n() = 40, n(A) = 24, n(B) = 28, and n(A B ) = 8. ...where abilities come alive [FP] [9/2012] Maths Hub

CS17D01-01 (a) Determine n(A B) (b) Sketch the Venn diagram illustration Answer : (a) Suppose that n(A B) = x, then n(A B ) = n(A) n(A B) = 24 x n(B A ) = n(B) n(A B) = 28 x n(A B ) + n(A B) + n(A B) + n(A B) = 40 60 x = 40 x = 20 (b) The Venn diagram :

9. Suppose that a class consists of 35 many students. It is known that each student should join at least one Co-Curricular Activities. Given that there 23 student join badminton club and there are 9 students join both badminton club and basketball club. (a) Determine the number of students who only join basketball club (b) Sketch the Venn diagram illustration Answer : (a) Suppose that A is the set of students who join badminton club, and B is the set of students who join basketball club. From the question, we obtain n(A) = 23, n(A B) = 9, and n(A B) = 0. Let n(A B) = x, n(A B ) = n(A) n(A B) = 14 n(A B ) + n(A B) + n(A B) + n(A B) = 35 23 + x = 35 x = 12 ...where abilities come alive [FP] [9/2012] Maths Hub

CS17D01-01 (b) The Venn diagram :

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10. Sketch the Venn diagrams of the following sets (a) n() = 45, n(A) = 25, n(A B) = 5, n(C) = 7, C A, B C = , and n(A B C) = 0 (b) n() = 42, n(A) = 13, n(B) = 11, n(C) = 18, (A C) = 3, n(B C) = 4, AB = (c) n() = 31, n(A) = 14, n(B) = 20, n(C) = 20, n(A B) = 7, n(A C) = 6, n(B C) = 15, A B C = , n(A B C) = 0 Answer : (a) The Venn diagram

(b) The Venn diagram

(c) The Venn diagram

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11. Given that n() = 30, n(A) = 15, n(B) = 19, determine the largest and the smallest values of n(A B). Sketch the Venn diagrams for both cases. Answer : n(A B) reaches the largest value when A is the subset of B. Hence, n(A B) = n(A) = 15.

n(A B) reaches the smallest value when n(A B) = 0. Hence, n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n() = 4.

12. Given that ={positive whole numbers}, A={factors of 4}, B={factors of 6}, C={factors of 12}, D={factors of 9}. Determine (a) A B (b) B C (c) C D Answer : A={1, 2, 4} B={1, 2, 3, 6} C={1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} D={1, 3, 9} (a) A B={1, 2, 3, 4, 6} (b) B C={1, 2, 3, 6} (c) C D={1, 3}

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