Vol-1, Issue-1 PP.

28-35 ISSN: 2394-5788

Effect of Machining Parameters on Cutting Forces

during Turning of Mild Steel on High Speed Lathe
by using Taguchi Orthogonal Array

Ajit Kumar Senapati Abhijit Bhatta, Omkarnath Mishra,

Associate Professor AvinashSenapati Satyajeet Mohanty
Mechanical Engg Deptt Final Year Students Final Year Students
GIET,Gunupur,Odisha, Mechanical Engg Deptt Mechanical Engg Deptt
India GIET,Gunupur,Odisha, GIET,Gunupur,Odisha,
India India

ABSTRACT

Although many investigations have been carried out on turning of mild steel, but the present work deals with analysis of
the parameters affecting the tool forces induced during the turning process of mild steel on high speed lathe i.e. at higher
speeds the investigation is carried out and the influencing parameters have been analyzed .Design of experiments was
implemented for the analysis of the influence of turning parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on
the tool force. The results of the machining experiments were used to characterize the main factors affecting the tool
force by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method. The depth of cut was found to be the most significant parameter
influencing the tool force in the turning process followed by feed rate and a minor effect of speed. Also the mathematical
regression equation for the model was developed to find out the predicted tool force for the said model and the same was
compared with the actual experimental results. The comparative results indicated that the experimentally obtained results
almost coincide with the predicted results.

Keywords: Mild Steel, Dry turning, High Speed, optimization, Cutting Force, Taguchi Method, L9.

1. INTRODUCTION
Turning of mild steel using HSS is one of the major machining operations carried out in manufacturing industries and
workshops. The analysis of the forces involved in these turning operations plays an important role as it directly
influences the power consumption associated with the machine on which turning operation is carried out. The
machinability of materials are often expressed in terms of the ease with which the tool can operate on a material and the
forces so involved have a greater influence on the durability of the tool .In the current discussion the effect of cutting
parameters on the forces so involved i.e. Thrust force (F y),Feed force(Fx) and Cutting force (Fz) are being analyzed using
Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array optimization methodology.

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The study on MDN250 steel using coated ceramic tool by Lalwani et al. also conveys the significance of considering
cutting force [1]. MDN 250 steel has many practical implementations in the field of defense and research; hence, the
results and the conclusions drawn here will prove to be helpful in the selection of optimum manufacturing conditions,
which will contribute for better productivity [2, 3].Apart from the parameter cutting force,Honet et al. reviewed the heat
generation and heat dissipation in high speed metal turning on coated materials and also briefly reviewed some
temperature measurement techniques in metal cutting [4] .

Al though enough research has been made when it comes to the context of mild steel , but the accuracy of the reading and
the means by which the results are acquired are in question [5]. Hence in various machinability researches different
types of optimization techniques are implemented in order to achieve more accurate results. R. Kumar et al. used
regression analysis and ANOVA in order to study the cutting force and temperature in machining Ti-6Al-4V alloy [6].

2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
Designs of experiments are considered as very useful strategy for deriving clear and accurate conclusions from the
experimental observations. In this phase of experimentation a design of experimentation technique viz Taguchi’s L9
orthogonal array has been used for studying the influence of 3 process parameters (cutting speed, feed and depth of cut)
on 3 different responses (Thrust force (Fy),Feed force(Fx) and Cutting force (Fz) ) during machining of mild steel.
Experiments were performed at three different levels. Nine experiments were performed .

2.1 Parameters
In this investigation, for implementation of the concept of Design of Experiments; Speed, Feed and Depth of Cut are
taken as input parameters and their levels are shown in table 1. Thrust force (Fy), Feedforce (Fx) and Cutting force (Fz)
being the output parameters.

Table.1 cutting parameters and their levels

Condition Speed( RPM) Feed( mm/rev) Depth of Cut( mm)

High(+1) 525 0.690 1.5

Medium(0) 315 0.380 1.0

Low(-1) 269 0.094 0.5

2.2 Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array

Traditional experimental design procedures are too complicated and not easy to use. Also a large number of experimental
works need to be carried out when the number of process parameters increase. To solve this problem, the Taguchi
method uses a special design of orthogonal arrays to study the entire parameter space with only a small number of
experiments [7].

Taguchi methods [8] have been widely utilized in engineering analysis and comprise a plan of experiments with the
objective of acquiring data in a controlled way, in order to obtain information about the behavior of a given process. The
greatest advantage of this method is the minimization of effort in conducting experiments; saving experimental time,
reducing the cost, and discovering significant factors quickly. Taguchi’s robust design method is a powerful tool for the
designing of experiments. In addition to the S/N ratio, a statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be employed to

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indicate the impact of process parameters on tool force values. The steps applied for Taguchi optimization in this study
are as follows:

 Selection of noise and control
factors
 Selecting Taguchi orthogonal
array
 Conduct Experiments
 Tool Force measurement
 Analyze results; (Signal-to-noise
ratio)
 Predict optimum performance
 Confirmation experiment

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out on a high speed lathe (MGL-54) which enables to operate at higher speeds for machining
and production of jobs. For force measurement, the high speed lathe is connected to a lathe tool dynamometer (as shown
in Figure-1) which is capable of logging all tool force Values in every second to the software installed on the computer.

Figure.1 High Speed Lathe Machine (MGL-54)

Work piece: Work piece of standard dimensions was used for machining [9-11]: work piece diameter: 40mm, work piece
length: 300mm (approx.)

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4. EXPERIMENTATION
The mild steel was subjected to turning operation which was carried out on High Speed Lathe Machine (MGL-54) and
HSS was used for the turning purpose .As the work piece was long it was subjected to facing and center drilling
operation at the free end supported by the tailstock. Without such support, the force of the tool on the work piece would
have caused it to bend away from the tool, producing distorted results. Work piece was inserted in the 4-jaw chuck and
was tightened in the jaws until they just started to grip the work piece. The work piece was then rotated to ensure that it
well fits at its seat. Work piece was kept as parallel as possible with the center line of the lathe. The HSS tool was tightly
clamped in the tool holder. The angle of the tool holder was properly adjusted so that the tool remained approximately
perpendicular to the side of the work piece. The turning was carried out on 9 different sections of the work piece. For
each section, all the three parameters, viz. cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate, were varied as shown in Table 1. and
the respective tool forces were being logged by a 3-axis digital data acquisition capable lathe tool dynamometer.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2 shows experimental design matrix and tool force value for mild steel. S/N ratio is calculated using lower the
better characteristics and shown in Table 2.

Table.2. Experimental Result

INPUT OUTPUT PARAMETERS

PARAMETERS Force
Exp Resultant Resultant
No Depth Cutting Feed Thrust
Force in S/N Force in
Speed Feed of Force(Fz)in Force(Fx) Force(Fy)
Kgf Ratio Kgf
Cut Kgf in Kgf in Kgf
(Actual) (Predicted)
-
1 269 .094 .5 4.9 17.1 11.9 21 23.49
26.4444
-
2 269 0.380 1.0 31.6 93.4 63.1 117 80.61
41.3637
-
3 269 0.690 1.5 51.9 110.6 82.7 148 174.82
43.4052
-
4 315 0.094 1.0 28.5 46.2 42 68 58.36
36.6502
-
5 315 0.380 1.5 14.9 103.3 92 139 138.55
42.8603
-
6 315 0.690 0.5 11.8 31.3 23.7 41 58.44
32.2557
-
7 525 0.094 1.5 24.8 64.4 57 89 109.04
38.9878
8 525 0.380 0.5 10.6 25.2 16.8 32 -30.103 38.48
-
9 525 0.690 1.0 48.1 111.4 82.9 147 109.15
43.3463

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Responses for Signal to Noise Ratios of Smaller is better characteristics is shown in Table 3. Significance of machining
parameters (difference between max. and min. values) indicates that depth of cut is significantly contributing towards the
machining performance as difference gives higher values. Plot for S/N ratio shown in Figure 2 explains that there is less
variation for change in cutting speed where as there is significant variation for change in depth of cut followed by feed
rate.

Table.3 Effects of Cutting parameters on cutting force

Speed Feed Depth of

Level (inRPM) (mm/Rev) Cut(mm)
1 -37.07 -34.03 -29.60

2 -37.26 -38.11 -40.45

3 -37.48 -39.67 -41.75

Delta 0.41 5.64 12.15

Rank 3 2 1

Fig.2 Main effects plot for cutting force

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As Taguchi method cannot determine effect of individual parameters on entire process, hence the percentage contribution
of individual parameters can be well determined using ANOVA. ANOVA module of MINITAB software was employed
to investigate effect of process parameters (cutting speed, Feed rate and Depth of Cut).

Table.4 Results of ANOVA for cutting force

Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value Contribution

Speed(in RPM) 2 0.2213 0.1106 0.21 0.829 0.32%
Feed (mm/Rev) 2 12.5532 6.2766 11.73 0.079 18.17%
Depth of Cut(mm) 2 55.2057 27.6028 51.57 0.019 79.94%
Error 2 1.0706 0.5353
Total 8 69.0507

Table 4 shows Analysis of variance for S/N ratio. F value (51.57) of parameter indicates that depth of cut is significantly
contributing towards tool force whereas F value (0.21) of parameter indicates that cutting speed is contributing less
towards tool force which is also clearly indicated by contribution percentage. Table 5 shows the model summary of the
response.

Table.5 Model Summary

S R-sq R-sq(adj) R-sq(pred)

0.731629 98.45% 93.80% 68.60%

Mathematical model of the response was developed using regression analysis module of MINITAB Software and the
developed regression equation which gives predicted results of the model is given by:

R.F0.5 = 1.60 + 0.00006 Speed (RPM) + 4.69 Feed (mm/Rev) + 5.58 Depth of Cut (mm)

Using the above regression equation predicted tool force values were computed which is indicated by ‘Resultant tool
force in Kgf (predicted)’ in table 2 and it was compared with the actually obtained experimental values. Figure-3 shows
the graphical comparison between predicted model and actual model.

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Comparision of Predicted
& Actual Tool Force
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Resultant Force(Actual) Resultant Force(Predicted)

Fig.3 Comparison graph between Predicted and Actual Cutting force

6. CONCLUSION

Taguchi method of experimental design has been applied for optimizing the process parameters for turning mild steel
using L9 orthogonal array. Results obtained from Taguchi method closely matched with ANOVA. Best parameters found
for lesser tool force are: Cutting Speed (269 RPM), Feed (0.094 mm/rev) and Depth of Cut (0.5mm) for machining on a
high speed lathe and the result indicated by prediction model of regression equation was found to be almost confirming
with the actual values obtained from experimental analysis.

7. REFERENCES

[1] Lalwani D.I., Mehta N.K., Jain P.K., Experimental Investigations of Cutting Parameters Influence on Cutting
Forces and Surface Roughness in Finish Hard Turning of MDN250 Steel, Journal of Material Processing
Technology, 206(1-3), 167-179 (2007)

[2] Gupta B., Gopala K.V. and Yadav J.S., Aerospace materials: With General Metallurgy for Engineers, S. Chand
and Co. Ltd., New Delhi, India (1996)

[3] Aneiro F.M., Coelho R.T. and Brandao L.C., Turning Hardened Steel Using Coated Carbide at High Cutting
Speeds, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 30(2), 104-109 (2008)

[4] Mativenga P.T., Abdukhsim N.A., Sheikh M.A. and Hon B.K.K., An Investigation of Tool Chip Contact
Phenomena in High-Speed Turning Using Coated Tools, Sage Publications, 20(5), 657-667 (2006)

[5] Sutter G., Faure L., Molinari A., Ranc N. and Pina V., An experimental technique for the measurement of
temperature fields for the orthogonal cutting in high speedmachining, International Journal of Machine Tools
and
[6] Manufacture, 43(7), 671-678 (2003)

[7] Ramanuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar Sahoo, K.Satyanarayana and G. Venkateswara Rao;Some studies on cutting
force and temperature in machining Ti-6Al-4V alloy using regression analysis and ANOVA,International
Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations 4 (2013) 427–436
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[8] Yang WH, Tarng YS, Design optimization of cutting parameters for turning operations based on the Taguchi
method, Journal of Material Processing Technology, 84, 1998, 122–129.

[9] Taguchi G, Introduction to quality engineering, (Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, 1990).

[10] Oishi K., Built-up edge elimination in mirror cutting of hardened steel, International Journal of Machine Tools
Manufacture, 39, 885-903 (1995)

[11] Yang W. and Tarng Y., Design optimization of cutting parameters for turning operations, Journal of Material
Processing Technology, 84(1-3), 122-129 (1998)

[12] Davim P., Influence of cutting parameters of surface finish obtained by turning, M.Sc. Thesis, University of
Porto,Porto, 10-128 (1990)

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