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Solutions Manual for Electromechanical Dynamics
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR
IC1TDO
IIsMitlHHANsICAL
IDINAAMICl
PART I: Discrete Systems/
HERBERT H. WOODSON JAMES R.MELCHER
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK * LONDON o SYDNEY

SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR
ELECTROMECHANICAL
DYNAMICS
Part I: Discrete Systems
HERBERT H. WOODSON
Philip Sporn Professor of Energy Processing
Departments of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
JAMES R. MELCHER
Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
both of Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., NEW YORK - LONDON . SYDNEY
PREFACE TO: SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR

ELECTROMECHANICAL DYNAMICS, PART I:
DISCRETE SYSTEMS
This manual presents in an informal format solutions to the problems found

at the ends of chapters in Part I of the book, Electromechanical Dynamics. It
is intended as an aid for instructors, and in special circumstances for use by
students. We have included a sufficient amount of explanatory material that
solutions, together with problem statements, are in themselves a teaching aid.
They are substantially as found in our records for the course 6.06 as taught at
M.I.T. over a period of several years.
Typically, the solutions were originally written up by graduate student tutors

whose responsibility it was to conduct one-hour tutorials once a week with students
in pairs. These tutorials focused on the homework, with the problem solutions
reproduced and given to the students upon receipt of their own homework solutions.
It is difficult to give proper credit to all of those who contributed to

these solutions, because the individuals involved range over teaching assistants,
instructors, and faculty who have taught the material over a period of more than
four years. However, a significant contribution was made by D.S. Guttman who took
major responsibility for the solutions in Chapter 6.
The manuscript was typed by Mrs. Barbara Morton, whose patience and expertise
were invaluable.
H.H. Woodson
J.R. Melcher
Cambridge, Massachusetts
July, 1968
a
LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEENTS
PROBLEM 2.1
We start with Maxwell"s equations for a magnetic system in integral form:
•di = I Jda
B-da = 0
Using either path 1 or 2 shown in the figure with the first Maxwell
equation we find that
J*da = ni
To compute the line integral of H we first note that whenever p-* we

must have HRO if E=pH is to remain finite. Thus we will only need to know
H in the three gaps (H1,H2 and H 3 ) where the fields are assumed uniform
because of the shortness of the gaps. Then
fH*di = H(c-b-y) + H 3x = ni
path 1
r.
path 2
LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS
Using the second Maxwell equation we write that the flux of B into the
movable slab equals the flux of B out of the movable slab
U H1 LD = H2 aD + UoH3bD
or
H1L = H2a + H3b (c)
Note that in determining the relative strengths of H 1 ,H 2 and H3 in this last

equation we have let (a-x) = a, (b-y) = b to simplify the solution. This means
that we are assuming that
x/a << 1, y/b << 1 (d)
Solving for H1 using (a), (b), and (c)
ni(y/a + x/b)
HI = (c-b-y)(y/a + x/b) + L(y/a * x/b)
The flux of B through the n turns of the coil is then
(x,y,i) = nB 1 LD = npoH LD
2
j n (y/a + x/b)LD i
(c-b-y)(y/a+x/b) + L(y/a'x/b)
Because we have assumed that the air gaps are short compared to their
cross-sectional dimensions we must have
(c-b-y) << 1, y/a << 1 and x/b << 1

L
in addition to the constraints of (d) for our expression for X to be valid.

If we assume that a>L>c>b>(c-b) as shown in the diagram, these conditions
become
x << b
y << b
LURIPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS
PROBLEM 2.2
Because the charge is linearly related to the applied voltages we
know that q1 (v1 ,V2,e) = q 1 (v ,O,e) + q 1 (O,v

1 2 ,8)
EV V
q1 (V1 ,O,) = - w + ( +
EVV2
q1 (O,V2 ,8) = Ra- w
Hence
S (n/4+6)R
1 ,2, ) = v 1 (+o -2
E ()+/4-O)R
2(V1,V2,) = -Vl •~+ 2 g
PROBLEM 2.3
The device has
cylindrical symmetry
so that we assume that
the fields in the gaps
are essentially radial
and denoted as shown
in the fi-ure
Ampere's law can be
integrated around each of the current loops to obtain the relations
PROBLEM 2.3 (Continued)
gH1 + gHm = Nil (a)
gH2 - gHm = Ni 2 (b)
In addition, the net flux into the plunger must be zero, and so
0o(d-x)2nrH1 - 2d(2rrr)0oH m - (d+x)(2Tr)o H 2 (c)
These three equations can be solved for any one of the intensities. In
particular we are interested in H I and H2, because the terminal fluxes can
be written simply in terms of these quantities. For example, the flux linking
the (1) winding is N times the flux through the air gap to the left
,1 j 0oN(d-x)(21Tr)H 1 (d)
Similarly, to the right,
X2 = poN(d+x) (27)H 2 (e)
Now, if we use the values of H1 and H2 found from (a) - (c), we obtain the
terminal relations of Prob. 2.3 with
jo' rN2d
L =
o 2g
PROBLEM 2.4
LIUPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS
Part a
2
Sf = Ma = M dx 22
i i dt
dx
dxt f
fDAMPER -B • t ; coul d Mdt
dx 1
dt
2
-dx•x dx
M - f(t)-B - + f
2 dt coul
dt
2
M dx2• +B dx =- f(t) - UdMg dX1
dt
2
dt
dx I
Id--I
dt
Part b
dx
First we recognize that the block will move so that
dt > 0, hence
dx
=
coul - g;- > 0
Then for t > 0
Md 2 x dx
B =-l dMg
2
dt
which has a solution
Mg
1d -(B/M) t
x(t) = - - t + c1 +c 2 e
Equating sintWlarities at t 0
2 2 I
d (0)
M x(t)
(0) = Io = - io(t)
dt dt
S=dx = d2 x = 0
dt2
Then since x(0 ) = -(0 ) -(
dt
I
dx (0+ ; x(0+ 0
Hence x(t) u-1( t + Ud 2) (1-e-(B/M) t
dx
Actually, this solution will only hold until to , where dx(t o) O0,at which
point the mass will stop.
Jx
10o
i~.
PROBLEM 2.5
Part a
Equation of motion
M 2 + B dt = f(t)
dtdt
(1) f(t) = IoUo(t)

I (B/M) t)
x(t) = u (t) - (1-e(
1B
6
as shown in Prob. 2.4 with Vd = 0.
(2) f(t) = F° u l(t)
Integrating the answer in (1)
F
x(t) = [t + M (e-(B/M)t -1)]ul(t)
Part b
Consider the node connecting the
damper and the spring; there must be no
net force on this node or it will
suffer infinite acceleration.
dx
-B • + K(y-x) = 0
or
dx
B/K - + x = y(t)
dt
1. Let y(t) = Auo(t)
X) x'X
Bdx
-
+x=O
t>O
K dt
x(t) = C e - K/Bt t > 0
But at t = 0
B dx
K J-t(O) Ao
dx
Now since x(t) and -(t) are zero for t < 0

dt
+ AK
x(O ) AK C
x(t) = Ul(t) e - (K / B)t all t
2. Let y(t) = Au (t)
LUMPED'ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS
Integrating the answer in (1)
-(K/B)t
x(t) = ul(t) Yo(1-e all t
PROBLEM 2.6
Part a
k]. (.
dx
=
fl = B 3 d ; f2 K3 (x 2 -x 3 -t-Lo)
d
=
f3 K2 (x 1 -x 2 -t-Lo); f 4 = B 2 ~(x 1 -x 2 )
f5 =
Kl(h-x 1 -Lo)
Part b
Summing forces at the nodes and using Newton's law
d (X1-X2)
Kl(h-x1-Lo) = K2(X1-X2-t-Lo) + B2 dt
2
+ M d xl
1 2
dt
d (x1-~2)
K2 (x 1-x 2 -t-Lo) + B2 dt
d2x2
= K 3 (x 2 -x 3 -t-L o) + M2 2
dt
dx3 d2x 3
K 3 (x 2 -x 3 -t-L o ) = f(t) + B 3 - + M 22
dt
Let's solve these equations for the special case
M1 =M2 = M3 = B2 = B3 = Lo = 0
Now nothing is left except three springs pulled by force f(t). The three
equations are now
Kl(h-x 1 ) = K2 (x1-x 2 ) (a)
K 2 (x1 -x2 )= K 3 (x2 -x3 ) (b)
K3 (x2-x3)= f(t) (c)
We write the equation of geometric constraint
x3 + (x2 -x3 ) + (x1 -X2 ) + (h-x1 )-h = 0
or (h-x3 ) = (x2 -x3 ) + (x1 -x2) + (h-x1 ) (d)
which is really a useful identity rather than a new independent equation.
Substituting in (a) and (b) into (d)
K 3 (x2 -x3) K 3 (x2 -x3) K 3 (x2 -x3)
(h-x 3) + 2 +
3 K2 K1
= 3 (x 2 -x 3 ) 3+ 2 +1
which can be plugged into (c)
+
K)1
1(K + 2 (h-x )=f(t)
K K K 3
which tells us that three springs in series act like a spring with
-1
K' = (- + + 1 -)
K K K
3 2 1
b I
73 z
PROBLEM 2.7
B, 1i
dxl =
f = B x f Kx
1 ldt 2 1 1
d(x2-x I )
f3 B2 dt f4 = K2 (x 2 -x 1)
Node equations:
dx1 d(x 2 -x 1 )
Node 1 B1 dt + K11 2 dt + K2 (x2 -xl)
Node 2(x
2 B2
dNode
2 -x)
dt + K2 (x 2 -x 1 ) = f
To find natural frequencies let f = 0
dxl st
B + K X, = 0 Let x = e
1 dt 11 1
Bl1 + K, = 0 s1 =
- K1/B1
d(x 2 -x 1 ) st
B2 dt + K2 (x 2 -x 1 ) 0 Let (x 2 -x 1) e
B2s + K 2 0 s2 =
- K2/B
The general solution when f = 0 is then
-(K 1 /BI) t
X1 c 1 e
-(K 1 /Bl)t -(K2/B2)t

X2 o (x 2 -x 1 ) + x 1 cele + c2 e
PROBLEM 2.8
r ae
LtVDLJ
From the diagram, the change in ir in the time At is 1iA. Hence
di =
r lim ii A8
A6 = dd8
(a)
dt O At 8 dt
At-*O
Similarly,
di - A dO
-= lim - - =. i (b)
dt At0 r At rdt
Then, the product rule of differentiation on v gives
-di 2 di
dv dv rr ddrr + 1i dr- 2 + O6 (r dO
-) + i d dO
(r -) (c)
dt dt dt r dt dt dt dt d
and the required acceleration follows by combining these equations.
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICS
PROBLEM 3.1
This problem is a simple extension of that considered in Sec. 3.2, having

the purpose of emphasizing how the geometric dependence of the electrical force
depends intimately on the electrical constraints.
Part a
The system is electrically linear. Hence, W' i Li and the force f
m 2_
that must be applied to the plunger is
Li
f _fe 1 o
2a (+ x2
a
The terminal equation can be used to write this force in terms of X
f = -fe = X2 /2aL
Part b
With the current constant, the force decreases rapidly as a function of

the plunger gap spacing x, as shown by (a) and the sketch below
Z= cor1;50_'M
x
With the current constant, the drop in IH'dR! across the gap increases with x,
and hence the field in the gap is reduced by increasing x.
Part c
By contrast with part b, at constant X, the force is independent of x
ftm
With this constraint, the field in the gap must remain constant, independent
of the position x.
PROBLEM 3.2
Part a
The terminal relations are
V1 = S1 + S12 2
(a)
2 = S2 1 q1 + S22q2
Energy input can result only through
the electrical terminal pairs, because
the mechanical terminal pairs are
constrained to constant position. Thus,
8,
We v= dq l+ v 2 dq 2 (b)
=
First carry out this line integral along the contour A: from a-b, ql 0, while
from b-c, dq2 = 0. Hence,
We = 2(0q 2 )dq2 + 1v 1(,Q 2 )dql (c)

o o
and using (a),
We =f 22 2dq2 + fJ (S1 1 q 1 + S 1 2 Q2 )dql (d)

0 0
and for path A,
1 2 2
e 2 22 2 + 12 1 2 + 11 (e)
If instead of path A, we use C, the roles of ql and q2 are simply reversed.
Mathematically this means 1+2 and 2+1 in the above. Hence, for path C
/ 1 2 2
e 2 SllO + S212 1 + 222 f)
(To use path B in carrying out the integration of (b), we relate q2

and ql
13
Q2
q2 = 1 q1
Then, (a) becomes,
12 2 S22 2
11 + '1 1 ]q11;
v 1 1 [Sl v22 = [S221
1 + Q q 1q1I
and, from (b), where dq and Q dql/Q

2 2 1
1I[ + S12Q2 1_
e [S11 Q dq + S2 Q
2Q2 Q2 dq
e-o o [S21 1 1
1
1 2 1 1 1 2
e = 2 11 1 2 I2Q21I + 21 S22 1 1Q22 + 2 2 Q2
Part b
The integrations along paths A, B and C are the same only if S21 = S12
as can be seen by comparing (e), (f) and (j).
Part c
Conservation of energy requires

aW aW
dq l dq 2
dW(qlq 2) = vldql + v2 dq 2 q
Since ql and q2 are independent variables
e e
1 =ql =
v2 q
Taking cross derivatives of these two expressions and combining gives
av av2
8v1 3v2
3q2 3q 1
or, from (a), S12 = S

2 1 '
PROBLEM 3.3
The electric field intensity between the plates is
E = v/a
LIUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICS
Hence, the surface charge adjacent to the free space region on the upper
plate is
of = E v/a (b)
while that next to the nonlinear dielectric slab is
3
V V
Of=a -2 + 0 Y (c)
afffi a + •o a
It follows that the total charge on the upper plate is
dxE v 3 E V
o av o
q a + d(.t-x)[-- 3 + a ] (d)
a
The electric co-energy is
d£ v 22
4
WW qdv = ov + d(£-x)cv
d(-x)av (e)
e 2a 4a 3
Then, the force of electrical origin is
aw' 4
e e dav
f = ax f (f)
4a3
PROBLEM 3.4
Part a
The magnetic field intensity in the gap must first be related to the
excitation current. From Ampere's law,
Ni = dHd + xH (a)
where the fields Hd and Hx are directed counterclockwise around the magnetic
circuit when they are positive. These fields are further related because
the magnetic flux into the movable member must equal that out of it
lowbHd I lowaHx (b)
From these two expressions
= da
H Ni/(i-- + x) (c)
x b
The flux linked by the electrical terminals is X NU awH which in view of
(c) is N2a
A = Li; L = (d)
da
- + x)
Part b
The system is electrically linear. Hence, W m X 2 /L (See Sec. 3.1.2b)
and from (d), da

+ x)
S2 (--
wm 2 (
N2a
(e)
Np aw
Part c
From conservation of energy fe = -~W /3x, W =Wm

(,x). Hence,
2 2
Part d
In view of (d) the current node equation can be written as (remember

that the terminal voltage is dX/dt)
-da
a +
i( x)
+
I(t) = R ddt N21b0aw (g)
Part e
The inertial force due to the mass M must he equal to two other forces,
one due to gravity and the other fe. Hence,
2
dx 1 X2
2
d2 (h)
M = Mg 2
dt N2oaw
(g) and (h) are the required equations of motion, where (X,x) are the
dependent variables.
PROBLEM 3.5
Part a
From Ampere's Law
H 1 (a+x) + H 2 (a-x) = N il + N
1 2 12
Because fBnda = 0
loH1A1
= oH2A2
solving for H 1
NlH + N2 2
1 A A
1 1
a(l + -) + x(1 -
A A
2 2
Now the flux $ in each air gap must be the same because
$ = poH1 A1 oH2 A2
ji
=
and the flux linkages are determined to be X i N1P and X2 = NO. Using
these ideas
AX = N2L(x)il + N1 N 2 L(x)i 2
X2 = N2N L(x)i 1 + N 2 L(x)i 2
=
BoA1
where L(x)
A A
a(l +
A2 A 2 )
Part b
From part a the system is electrically linear, hence
N2 + NIN2ii + 1 2 2
W'm = L(x)[ 2lil 1 2 2* N21 2 ]
pA
where L(x) =
A A
a(l + ) + x(l
A2 A2
PROBLEM 3.6
Part a
Conservation of energy requires that
dW = idX - fedx (a)
In addition,
aw aW
dW = - dX + -2 dx (b)
ax ax
so that
w e = w
i ; feW W (c)
Now if we take cross-derivatives of these last relations and combine,
ai afe
S- e (d)
This condition of reciprocity between the electrical and mechanical terminal

pairs must be satisfied if the system is to be conservative. For the given
terminal relations,
I 3 2
ai -
oX- + ( ) (e)
o 0
afe o ]/(1 + xf)2

aX a 3 a
0 x
and the system is conservative.
Part b
The stored energy is
I 2 4
1 10 1 4
W = id = [ + i (g)
_a x 2A 4 3
a O
I
L ,
PROBLEM 3.7
To find the co-energy from the

electrical terminal relations alone,
we must assume that in the absence
of electrical excitations there is no
force of electrical origin. Then, the L •6JO

#o
system can be assembled mechanically,
with the currents constrained to zero,
and there will be no contribution of " r
0 g ti L--dC
co-energy in the process (see
Sec. 3.1.1). The co-energy input through the electrical terminal pairs with the
mechanical system held fixed is
Wm lldil + 2A
di2
For the path shown in the (il,i 2 ) plane of the figure, this becomes
W' = i2 2 (O,i)di +lil (i',i2)di
o o
amd in view of the given terminal relations, the required co-energy is
c 4 a 4
W' -xi ++bxxii +-xi
m 4 x2i2 b1X2i2il1 4 Xll1

PROBLEM 3.8
Steps (a) and (b) establish the flux in the rotor winding.
X2=IL
2 om
With the current constrained on the stator coil, as in step (c), the current
ii is known, and since the flux X2 is also known, we can use the second
terminal equations to solve for the current in the rotor winding as a function
of the angular position
L
2 = 2 [IO - I(t)cos8]
2 L2 0
This is the electrical equation of motion for the system. To complete the
picture, the torque equation must be found. From the terminal relations,
the co-energy is
+ 12 12
W'm ldil 12 di2 = 1i2 + ili2Lm cose + i2L 2 (c)
m Jf1 1 2 2 2 11 12m 222
and hence, the electrical torque is
awl
T ae= = -i l i2 Lm sine (d)
Now, we use this expression in the torque equation, with 12 given by (b)
and i i = I(t)
Jd26 IL2
d = - m (I -
I(t)cose)sine (e)
2 L2 o
dt
This is the required equation of motion. Note that we did not substitute
1 2 from (b) into the co-energy expression and then take the derivative with
respect to 0. This gives the wrong answer because we have assumed in using
the basic energy method to find the torque that il, 2 and e are thermodynamically
independent variables.
PROBLEM 3.9
Part a
From the terminal relations, the electrical co-energy is (Table 3.1.1)
r
=
m Jdil + X2 di2 (a) L ~.1
or
Wm = ax 2 i+bx2 xlili2
1 2 4
+ Cx2i 2 (b)
Part b

It follows that the required forces are
awl
e ml 4 2
f ,m-e = Iaxi + bx2 1i2 (c)
awl
1m1
f2e = = 2bx xii + x2 42 (d)
f2 Dx 2 2112 2 2
Part c
There are four equations of motion in the dependent variables il,i 2 ,x1 and
x2: two of these are the electrical voltage equations, which in view of the
terminal equations for the A's, are
d 2 3 2
ilR 1 = -dt(ax1 il + bX2X1 i 2 ) (e)
d 2 23
v 2 (t)-i 2 R2 dt(bx 2li + cx 2i 2 ) (f)
and two are the mechanical force equations

1 4 2
0 =- axlil + bX2 1 2 - Kx (g)
1 4 dx2
0 = 2bx 2xlili2 + x22 dt (h)
PROBLEM 3.10
Part a
Because the terminal relations are expressed as functions of the current
and x, it is most appropriate to use the co-energy to find the force. Hence,
W'm •dil + X di (a)
which becomes,
2
1 2 .1 2(b)
W' = - L=i
m 2 0 1
+ 2 Ai 2 o 2 b)
From this it follows that the force is,
Se 1 22
2 2 (C)
The currents ii and 12 and x will be used as the dependent variables.

Then, the voltage equations for the two electrical circuits can be written,
using thý electrical terminal equations, as
d 2
el(t) iR 1 + d(Loil + Aili2x) (d)
e2'(t) i2R + d(Ai 1i2 x + Loi 2 ) (e)
21
The equation for mechanical equilibrium of the mass M is the third equation
of motion
2 1 22
Md Ai i2
dt 2 o 2 1 2
PROBLEM 3.11
Part a
The electrical torques are simply found by taking the appropriate
derivatives of the co-energy (see Table 3.1.1)
T= m = -M sin8cos i11 2 (a)
awl
T 2 =. = -M cosOsin* i1 2 (b)
Part b
The only torques acting on the rotors are due to the fields. In view
of the above expressions the mechanical equations of motion, written using
8,p, 11 and 12 as dependent variables, are
J - p11
= -M sinecos$ 2 (c)
2
dt
J2 = -M cosOsin*• i (d)
dt
Remember that the terminal voltages are the time rates of change of the res
pective fluxes. Hence, we can make use of the terminal equations to write
the current node equations for each of the circuits as
l(t) = C (Llil + Mi 2 coscoscos) + iI (e)

dt
I2(t) = G (Mi1 cosOcos + L2 i) + 12
Thus, we have four equations, two mechanical and two electrical, which involve
the dependent variables 8,P, i i and 12 and the known driving functions
I1 and 12.
LUMPED PARAMETER-ELECTROMECHANICS
PROBLEM 3.12
We can approach this problem in two ways. First from conservation of
energy,
dW = Aldil + 2di2 + Xdi

m 1 1 2 2 3 3
aw' aW' aW'

m+ di2 + m di
m ai 1 1 2 3
Hence, aw' aW'm2 aw'

m Mi
S3
Sail 2 =at 2 3
Taking combinations of cross-derivatives, this gives
aAI
xi1 ax2
a32 3
Di 3
3I•i •
3
'1
a12 3i 3
1 2
L12 L2 1 ; L2 3 = L 3 2 ; L 3 1 = L13
Another way to show the same thing is to carry out the integrations along
the three different paths shown
Since
wm ff 1 diI + A2 di + x3 di
2 3
these paths of integration lead to differing results. For path (a), we
have
1 2 1 2 1 2
m 2111 21li2 L22i2 L31Y13 32i2i3 2 L3313
(g)
while for path (b)
1 1
1 2+ + L 2+ 2 +L i +L (h)
m 2 L2212 L32i2i3 2 33i L2 i + L122 1 L3i31 (h)
and path (c)
W 1 2 + 1L 1 2 +L ii +L ii + L 2 +L ()
m 2 L3313 2 L11 + L133il + L211 22L222 L23 3i2
These equations will be identical only if (e) holds.
PROBLEM 3.13
Part a
When 8 = 0, there is no overlap between the stator and rotor plates,

as compared to complete overlap when 8 = w/2. Because the total exposed
area between one pair of stator and rotor plates is ITR2/2, at an angle 6
the area is
A =R 8 R2 (a)
There are 2N-1 pairs of such surfaces, and hence the total capacitance is
C (2N-1)8R2 o/g (b)
The required terminal relation is then q = Cv.
Part b
C v2
The system is electrically linear. Hence, We and
e eW' (2N-1)R C v
TT e o (C)
(c)
ae 2g
Part c
There are three torques acting on the shaft, one due to the torsional
spring, the second from viscous damping and the third the electrical torque.
d2 = -K(e-a) - B de
J d d + 1 v2 (2N-I)R2E (d)
dtdt2 dt 2 g
Part d
The voltage circuit equation, in view of the electrical terminal equation
is simply
(2N-1)R28s v
V (t) R d o ]+ v (e)
0 dt g
Part e
When the rotor is in static equilibrium, the derivatives in (d) vanish
and we can solve for O-a,
V2 (2N-1)R2E
8-a = o o (f)
2gK
This equation would comprise a theoretical calibration for the voltmeter if
effects of fringing fields could be ignored. In practice, the plates are shaped
so as to somewhat offset the square law dependence of the deflections.
PROBLEM 3.14
Part a
Fringing fields are ignored near the ends of the metal coaxial cylinders.
In the region between the cylinders, the electric field has the form
E = Air/r, where r is the radial distance from the axis and A is a constant
determined by the voltage. This solution is both divergence and curl free,
and hence satisfies the basic electric field equations (See Table 1.2)
everywhere between the cylinders. The boundary conditions on the surfaces of
the dielectric slab are also satisfied because there is no normal electric field
at a dielectric interface and the tangential electric fields are continuous.
To determine the constant A, note that
A = -v/ln( (a)
b Erdr = -v = Aln(-);
The surface charge on the inner surface of the outer cylinder in the regions
adjacent to free space is then

VE
o o (b)
In -)b
while that adjacent to regions occupied by the dielectric is
af (c)
In( )b
It follows that the total charge on the outer cylinder is
q = v [L(c +E)-x(E--E )] (d)

In (
Part b
Conservation of power requires
dW
v d + f dx (e)
dt dt e dt
Parts c and d
It follows from integration of (c) that
2
Iq__ W 1 2
W or W'e =Cv
2 v (f)
e 2C
where
C = [L(E +E)-x(Ec- )]
In() o o
Part e
The force of electrical origin is therefore
awl
fei
ýx
e 1
2
2
b
(C-EC o ) (g)
Part f
The electrical constraints of the system have been left unspecified.
The mechanical equation of motion, in terms of the terminal voltage v, is
M
d2x
d 2x = -K(x-k)- 1
2ib
v2n (E-, ) (h)
2
dt 2 In( -)
a
Part g
In static equilibrium, the inertial term makes no contribution, and (h)
can be simply solved for the equilibrium position x.
1V2 Tr(-C )
x=- 2 o o (i)
2 K b
K In(-)
PROBLEM 3.15
Part a
Call r the radial distance from the origin 0. Then, the field in the gap
to the right is, (from Ampere's law integrated across the gaps at a radius r
H Ni/(O-a-e)r
= (directed to the right)
(a)
and to the left

H = Ni/(B-a+8)r (directed to the left)
(b)
These fields satisfy the conditions that VxH =0 and VB*=0 in the gaps. The
flux is computed by integrating the flux density over the two gaps and multiply
ing by N
S=DN (H + Hr)dr (c)

a
which, in view of (a) and (b) becomes,
S= Li, L = p DN21n(b)
a -•+ 1
-] (d)
o
S
Part b
The system is electrically linear, and hence the co-energy is simply
(See Sec. 3.1.2b)
W' = Li2
(e)
m 2
Part c
The torque follows from (e) as

2
e 1 oDN 2 1n(b)[ 1 1 (f)
2 (a+e)2 (B-a-)2
Part d
The torque equation is then
= -K6 + T e
J2d-2 (g)
dt
Part e
This equation is satisfied if e=0, and hence it is possible for the wedge
to be in static equilibrium at this position.
PROBLEM 3.16
We ignore fringing fields. Then the electric field is completely between
the center plate and the outer plates, where it has the value E = v/b. The
constraints on the electrical terminals further require that v.= V -Ax.

The surface charge on the outer plates is E v/b and hence the total
charge q on these plates is
de
q = 2(a-x) bv (a)
It follows that the co-energy is
e b
and the electrical force is
aW' de
fe e o2 (c)
ax b
Finally, we use the electrical circuit conditions to write
dE
fe do (V -AX)2 (d)
b 0
The major point to be made in this situation is this. One might substitute the
voltage, as it depends on x, into (b) before taking the derivative. This clearly
gives an answer not in agreement with (d). We have assumed in writing (c) that
the variables (v,x) remain thermodynamically independent until after the force
has been found. Of course, in the actual situation, external constraints
relate these variables, but these constraints can only be introduced with care
in the energy functions. To be safe they should not be introduced until after
the force has been found.
PROBLEM 3.17
Part a
The magnetic field intensities in
the gaps can be found by using Ampere's
law integrated around closed contours
passing through the gaps. These give
Hg = N(i + i2 )/g (a)
H1 = Nil/d (b)
H2 = Ni2/d (c)
In the magnetic material, the flux densities are
3
B1 1 od
1 3 + d
d
33
N2 o2Ni
2 3 + d
d
The flux linking the individual coils can now be computed as simply the
flux through the appropriate gaps. For example, the flux A1 is
AX = ND[9,Hg + x1 Hl+(£-x)B ] (f)
which upon substitution from the above equations becomes the first terminal relation.
The second is obtained in a similar manner.
Part b
The co-energy is found by integrating, first on ii with 12 = 0 and then

on i2withil fixed at its final value. Hence,
Wm= fldl + X2 di2 (g)
1 d2 1 x 4 d
= (1+ g +-LoB(1 - )i + Lo
1 L 4 1 di
+•1Lo i +1 L(1+d)i
2
4 o 2 2 o g 2
Part c (*-)
The force of electrical origin follows from the co-energy functions as,
Lo 4
fe S=- 1 L
Lo i 4 +1
+---- 1 2
(h)
4 ot 1 4 t
PROBLEM 3.18
Part a
Assuming simple uniform E fields

in the gaps
'4 Vr
E1 = (V -Vr)/g; E 2 =
V /d = E3 )Q~9 / 60,~jOb
E = E5 = Vr/d
These fields leave surface charge-densities 'on the top electrodes
01 = Eo(Vt-Vr)/g , 02 = c o Vt/d
a 3 = [a(V /d) + Co (V9/d)
04 = [a(Vr/d)2 + e ](Vr/d)
a 5 = C (V /d)
These surface charge densities cause net charges on the electrodes of
3
owb owLV V
q = - (-V) + d + aw(L-x) )
owb wcL V
)
r (V ) + Vr + w(x-g)(d
Part b
1 2
W' = qdV + f
o o qrdVr
q2= 0 q1 1
VV
Ew(b + )
-Ew(+-)y- ow(L-x)d
4 d
2 4
SV 2 wb Va
+ EW( + ) o V ci(x-)d (r)
f [ Y. r 4 d
awl owd Vr V
[ ]
e ) (pulled to side with more voltage)
PROBLEM 3.19
Part a
The rotating plate forms a simple capacitor plate with respect to the
other two curved plates. There is no mutual capacitance if the fringing fields
are ignored. For example, the terminal relations over the first half cycle
of the rotor are
(ct+O)RDov1 (a-e)RDeoV 2
-a<O<a; q =
; 2 Aa)
2aRDEoV
1
a<<-c-a; 12=
l o ; = 0 (b)
So that the co-energy can be simply written as the sum of the capacitances
for the two outer electrodes relative to the rotor.
2
1 1 2
+
e 2 C1Vl 2 C2v2
The dependence of this quantity on 6 is as shown below
dAID .- /
TTa.
Part b
The torque is the spatial derivative of the above function
Te
Part c
The torque equation is then
Sd 2 Te
Jd = Te
2
dt
where Te is graphically as above.
PROBLEM 3.20
*Part a
The electric energy is
w q2/C (a)
e 2
where
EX
C = EA/d(l-+ C-) (b)
It follows that the force on the upper plate due to the electric field is,
aW e 2
ffe 1 --
.-f=f
ax 2 E0 A
So long as the charge on the plate is constant, so also is the force.
Part b
The electric co-energy is
Cv 2 (c)
W'
e 2
and hence the force, in terms of the voltage is
aw'2 2
_ffe e = 1 V2e2A
ax 2 2
e d-E (l + c d
ix 0
The energy converted to mechanical form is f fe dx. The contribution to this

integral from d+c and b+a in the figure is zero. Hence,
J2d/e
Energy converted to mechanical form fe( 2 QX)d
EOd/d
+ddQoI 0 2
J d2 fe( o,x)dx =- 3 Ac
de
2c d/E
That is, the energy 3dQ /2Ac is converted from mechanical to electrical form.
PROBLEM 3.21
Part a
The magnetic energy stored in the coupling is
W 1 X2 / L (a)
m 2
where L = L /(l + X)
o a
Hence, in terms of X, the force of electrical origin is
_f=fe= m x_
2/2aL (b)
ax o
Part b
According to the terminal equation, i depends on (X,x) according to
S= (1+ )
L a
Thus, the process represented in the X-x plane has the corresponding path
hU i A lLL
i
n t e - p ane
i I
Path c A,
At the same time, the force traverses a loop in the f-x plane which,
from (b) is,
LOD
-- -- - ID
F'
Part d
The energy converted per cycle to mechanical form is ffedx. Hence,
Energy converted to mechanical form = fedx + fAfedx (d)
2 2
= -(1 2 -_x)(X2-X 1 )/2aLo (e)
That is, the energy converted to electrical form per cycle is
(X2_ 1) (X 2-X 1 )/2aLo. (Note that the energy stored in the coupling, summed
around the closed path, is zero because the coupling is conservative.)
PROBLE• 3.22
Part a
The plates are pushed apart by the fields. Therefore energy is converted
from mechanical form to either electrical form or energy storage in the
coupling as the plate is moved from Xb to X a . To make the net conversion
from mechanical to electrical form, we therefore make the current the largest
during this phase of the cycle or, I >12
Part b
With the currents related as in part a, the cycle appears in the i-x plane
as shown
I-
a &
1l,
-11
·- T 'V
Quantitatively, the magnetic field intensity into the paper is H = I/D so that
X = pIxh/D. Hence,
xn
S 2
- )
S'= (- I
m 2 D
aw' o h
m =1 o 2
fe
ax 2 D
Because the cycle is closed, there is no net energy stored in the coupling,
and the energy converted to electrical form is simply that put in in mechanical
form:
B D
Mechanical to electrical energy per cycle = - fedx - fedx (c)
A C
I= J -X) 2h 2 (d)
Part c
From the terminal equation and the defined cycle conditions, the cycle
in the A-x plane can be pictured as
L h1/t
--- C
7
_·
The energy converted to electrical form on each of the legs is
p oI°IlX h/D oI2 h

(A--+B) - Ild =- ld =- D ) (e)
foI1Xbh/D D XaXb
j II
X h/D
Xh
(B-.C)
(B-+C) --idXid Io
X ° 2 aa h XDdX
1 Xah oa
D
(2 2 (f)
2 1
lXh/Doa
a
2
(C-D) - 1 22 d = (Xa-Xb) (g)
(D-+A) - idX = 2Db (o2 2) (h)
The sum of these is equal to (c). Note however that the mechanical energy in
put on each leg is not necessarily converted to electrical form, but can be
stored in the coupling.
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.1 ýZ(R+J

Part a
S10 +
With stator current acting alone
the situation is as depicted at the
right. Recognizing by symmetry that

Hrs(4rw)= -H rs() we use the contour
shown and Ampere's law to get
+IrNs is
2Hrs = J g sin i'](R+g)dV' =
from which s iN
e oi
N i cosQ
Hrrs
s (i) s5
S
2g
and
SNsi scostS
rs 2g
Part b
Following the same procedure for rotor excitation alone we obtain
poN i cos(I-e)
Brr() 2g
Note that this result is obtained from part (a) by making the replacements
N -- P N
s r
i --- i
s r
Part c
The flux density varies around the periphery and the windings are distributed,
thus a double integration is required to find inductances, whether they are found
from stored energy or from flux linkages. We will use flux linkages.
The total radial flux density is
B =rs + Brr
r rs rr 2g [Ni
a s cosi + Nri
r r cos(*-8)]
ROTATING MACHINES
Taking first the elemental coil
on the stator having sides of angular
span dip at positions I and *+i as
illustrated. This coil links an amount
of flux
dXa2(R+g)
= sin(R)d
number of turns in flux linking one turn
elemental coil of elemental coil
ji N (R+g)t .+w
dA = - 0 sindi I[N i cosi' + N rr
i cos(i'-P6d1'
s
UoNs (R+g),
dA = sinV[N i sins + Nri sin(i-6)]dip
To find the total flux linkage with the stator coil we add up all of the
contributions
poN (R+g)2 w
A = 0 sini[N sisnp + Nri sin(*-6)]dt
5 g rr
ioN (R+g)tI
X g [- N +- Ni cosa]
s g 2 ss 2 rr
This can be written as
As L i
S
+ Mi cosa
r
where
m' N2RA
Ls =•s
ml N N Rk
M = osr
and we have written R+g %R because g << R.

When a similar process is carried out for the rotor winding, it yields
A = L i + Mi cosO
r rr s
where •oN2Rk
or
Lr =
and M is the same as calculated before.
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.2
Part a
Application of Ampere's law
with the contour shown and use of the
symmetry condition
Hrs (~r)=-Hrs (i) yields
2H
rs
(')g = Nsis (1-
se iT
); for 0 < 4 < n
<Z
vZf
2H (')g = Ni (-3t 2); for r <
rs ssa 7
The resulting flux density is sketched F-or 0 :-- Y -c
I)
(,
\,I
2 LI
Part b
The same process applied to excitation of the rotor winding yields
B&,
Y1
S?-
r"- )
ROTATING MACHINES
Part c
For calculating inductances it will be helpful to have both flux densities
and turn densities in terms of Fourier series. The turn density on the stator
is expressible as
4N
n = 4 -- sin n
rs (R+g) nodd
and the turn density on the rotor is
4N
n = -- 1 sin(q-9)
r 7w2R nodd
and the flux densities are expressible as
4jiNsi
Brs
B = n
= 2 n2 cos
cos ni
n=r
nodd n gn
Brr 2 2 cos n(i-O)

.t
1nodd gn
h t..T t l UJ.~ i .lUfl d i
eoU aa ux ens ty isl
B =B +B
r rs rr
First calculating stator flux
linkages, we first consider the
elemental coil having sides di
long and 7wradians apart
dAXs = n (R+g)di Br (ip')(R+g)f(dt']
number of flux linking one
turns turn of elemental
coil
Substitution of series for Br yields
d's = n (R+g)
22
d•
[ 81 N
nodd i 2o
1881i
sin ný +
8N Nir
1r 3 r sin n(4-0)1
gn nodd r gn
The total flux linkage with the stator coil is
32u N (R+g) Zi Ni Ni
32 oNs(R+g) r sinn -s s in ný + - r rsin n(*-6) d#
rg 0 odd nodd n nodd n

ROTATING MACHINES
Recognition that
sin n* sin m(P-O)di = 0 when m # n
simplifies the work in finding the solution

321 N (R+g)£t 7N i WN i
+ rr cos nO)
a s4
s g nodd 2n 2n
This can be written in the form
S= i + [ M cos nO i
nodd
where 16p N2 R9,
L = g
s 3 4
S3g nodd n
16 NsN rR
M = 4osr
n 3 4
T gn
In these expressions we have used the fact that g << R to write R+g 1 R.
A similar process with the rotor winding yields
S= Li + [ Mn
cos nO i s
r rr
nodd
where 16 2
16p 4sRa 1
Lr 3 4
7 g nodd n
and M n is as given above.
PROBLEM 4.3
With reference to the solution of Prob. 4.2, if the stator winding is
sinusoidally distributed, Xs becomes
32p°N (R+g)t F Ni
s 0 g - sin[Ni sin 'P + r 3 r sin n(ý-) d*
Ba g o nodd n
Because Jsin t sin n(P-6) =

0 when n # 1
3210N (R+g) 9, F
a = 4g o sin sNi sin * + Nir sin(ý- d*
and the mutual inductance will contain no harmonic terms.
Similarly, if the rotor winding is sinusoidally distributed,
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM
4.3 (Continued)
3210N (R+g)2. IT Ni
S = -s in n Ni
s 4g o nodd n3 s + Nrirsin(-8) d*
Using
the
orthogonal

Using the orthogonality condition
sin ný sin(P-e)d =P0 when n#l
32oN s (R+g)2.
r --adsin
sin 2 n + Nr ir siný sin(e-) d
S 4g
l"g o Lnodd n- )I
and the mutual inductance once again contains only a space fundamental term.
PROBLEM 4.4
Part a
The open-circuit stator voltage is
dX M
vI -- cos nwi
s dt dt
nodd n
(M I
(t) - -sin nwt
nodd n
Part b
V V
sn
s
_1
-
, s3_
s =n
1
= -3 4 percent
V n3 Vs 27
This indicates that uniform turn density does not yield unreasonably high values
of harmonics.
ROTATING MACHINES
Part c
9J'ees)
PROBLEM 4.5
Given electrical terminal relations are
S= L i + Mi cosO
s s r
cos6 + L i
X
r = Mi s rr
System is conservative so energy or coenergy is independent of path. Select
currents and 6 as independent variables and use coenergy (see Table 3.1).
Assemble system first mechanically, then electrically so torque is not needed
in calculation of coenergy. Selecting one of many possible paths of integration
for i and i we have
s r
ROTATING MACHINES
i i
W'(i, i ,) =
m s r J As (i',O,e)di's + Ar(is,i',)di'
rs0 r r
1 21 2
w'(ii
m s'r
0r)= -! Li2 + Mi
2 s rs s cosO + 1 Lrir
2 r r
aW'(is, r,6)
Te m = - Mi i cosO
36 rs
PROBLEM 4.6
The conditions existing at the time the rotor winding terminals are short-
circuited lead to the constant rotor winding flux linkages
Ar = MI
o
This constraint leads to a relation between ir and is = i(t)
MI = Mi cos8+ L i
o s rr
i [I -i(t)cosel]
r
L 0
r
The torque equation (4.1.8) is valid for any terminal constraint, thus
Te = -Mi i cos = - (t)[Io-i(t)cos]sin6

r
The equation of motion for the shaft is then
d26 M2
2
dr 2 L r i(t)[Io-i(t)cos68]sin
dt r
PROBLEM 4.7
Part a
Coenergy is
1 2 1 2
W'(i si ',6) = - L i + - L i + L ()i i
m s r 2 ss a 2 rr sr sr
aW'(i s ,i ,) dL sr(8)
Te m r ii
Do s r dO
Te i-iir [M1sinO + 3M3sin36]
Part b
With the given constraints
Te = -II rsinw t sinw t[M sin(w t+y)+ 3M3 sin3(wmt+Y)]

ROTATING MACHINES
Repeated application of trigonometric identities leads to:
Te = s r sin[(W+ws-W) t+y]+ sin[(m-w +w )t+y]

4 m s r s r
mflL
-sin[(wm +mw+r)t+y]-sin[(wm-ws )t+Y]3
3M I3I r
4 sin[(3m+ ws t+3y]+ sin[(3wm-ws+

r)t+3Y]
-Or)
-sin[(3w s++ )t+3y]- sin[(3wm- -w )t+3y]

4 r s r n s rsr
To have a time-average torque, one of the coefficients of time must equal
zero. This leads to the eight possible mechanical speeds
w +w
t = +W + and + r
m - s- r m - 3
For
Wm = +(Ws - w )
Me
1IsIr
Te
avg 4 s sin
sin
y
For
wm +(Wts + w )
T sin y
avg 4
For (ws )
W = +
m - 3
3M3I I
3
Te s sin 3y
For ( + w)
S= s r
m - 3
3M31s1
Te = rsin 3y
avg 4
PROBLEM 4.8
From 4.1.8 and the given constraints the instantaneous torque is
Te= -I M sinw t cos(w t+y)(I slinw t + I sin 3w t)
Repeated use of trigonometric identities leads to:
ROTATING MACHINES
II M .
4 Cos[ (r+•mW s) t+Y]-cos[mr+W m t+

+ cos[(rW -W•m )t-y]-cos[(w -w +s )t-y]
rIs3M
4 s3 cos[ (wr+w -3w )t+y]-cos[ (o +w +3w )t+y]
+ cos[(Wr-w -3ws )t-y]-cos[ (wr-m+ 3ws )t-y]l
For a time-average torque one of the coefficients of t must be zero. This leads
to eight values of w :
m
W = + W + W and w = + w + 3w
m - r- s m - r- s
For
W
m = +(Wr-W
-tr )
s
II M
Te r sl1
avg 4 cos
For
S= +(r + s)
II M
Te r sl
T cos y
avg 4
For
W = +(W - 3w )
e IrIs3M
avg 4
For
w = +(w + 3w )
m r s
II M
Te Ir s3
T = cos y
avg 4
PROBLEM 4.9
Electrical terminal relations are 4.1.19-4.1.22. For conservative system,
coenergy is independent of path and if we bring system to its final mechanical
configuration before exciting it electrically there is no contribution to the
coenergy from the torque term. Thus, of the many possible paths of integration
we choose one
ROTATING MACHINES
i
as
W' (i ia) = (i' ,0,0,0,8)di'
+ fibs bs(ias ib sO90,0)dibs

0
ibs ,'
s ar ,,6)di' ar
+ iarX (i
o ar 0
as5
The use of 4.1.19-4.1.22 in this expression yields
W, i as L i' i' + L iibs

m J s as as sibs s•S
o o
+ iar(L ri'r +Mi as cos + Mi bs sin)di'

ar
ar
-+ br(Lrbr - MiassinO + Mibscos )dibr

0
Evaluation of these integrals yields
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
W'=-Li +-L +-Li ++L

m 2 sas 2 sbs 2 r at 2 r br
+ Mia i cos8+ M b i sine
- Miasibrsin 0 + Mibsibrcos
The torque of electric origin is then (see Table 3.1)
m(as ibs ar'ibr'19

Te
Te =
- rsinO]
Te = -M[ asiarsin iibsiarcos +iasibrcos+.sibs
PROBLEM 4.10
Part a
Substitution of currents into given expressions for flux density
B =B +4B
Br ra rb
1JN
B o [IaCos t cos * + Ib sin wt sin 4]
r 2g a b
ROTATING MACHINES
Part b
Application of trigonometric identities and simplification yield.
u·•N I I
Br [ cos(wt-i) + cos(wt + 4)]
r 2g 2 2
II
b b
+ j- cos(wt-0)- cos(wt + 4)]
pN
B = - [(Ia+Ib)cos(wt- 1)+(Ia-I )cos(wt+P)]
The forward wave is

1oN(I + Ib )
B = 4g cos(wt-0)
rf 4g
For constant phase on the forward wave
wt - =- constant
f dt
The backward wave is
SN(I a - Ib)
Brb = cos(wt + ')
rb 4g
For
wt + ' = constant
= - W
Wb dt
Part c
The ratio of amplitudes is
B I -I
rbm Ia b
B I+L
rfm ab
Sr 0 as I Ib
rfm
Part d
When Ib - Ia
Brf = 0
This has simply reversed the phase sequence.
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.11
Part a
Br = Bra + Brb
z NI
Br --- [cos wt cos P + sin(wt + 8)sin*]
Part b
Using trigonometric identities
i NI
Br = [cos wt cos * + cos 8 sin wt sin q + sin B cos wt sin $]
Bo 1 1
Br g cos(t-)+
cos(wt-*0+ cos(wt+r)
+ cosB
2 cos8
cos(wt+8)
cos(wt-4)- -2--
2 2
sinB sin8
+ n sin(wt+i)- 2 sin(wt-e)]
p NI
[
Br 4- (l+cosB)cos(wt-*)-sinBsin(wt-ý)
+ (1-cosa)cos(wt+i$)+sinBsin(wrt+p) ]
Forward wave is
i NI
Brf = 4g [(l+cos8)cos (wt-p)-sinasin(wt-i)]
For constant phase
wt - + = constant
and
Wf dt
Backward wave is
l NI
Brb -w-{-(•-cos) cos(wt+-)+sin$sin (wt+l)]
For constant phase
wt + i = constant
and
Ob dt
ROTATING MACHINES
Part c
The ratio of amplitudes is
B _ ( 22 2
rbm -cos) + sin 1i-cos
2 2
Brfm (1+cos8) + sin 8 l+cos8
rbm
as 8 0, - -0..
B
rfm
Part d
=
The forward wave amplitude will go to zero when 8 W. The phase sequence
has been reversed by reversing the phase of the current in the b-winding.
PROBLEM 4.12
Equation 4.1.53 is
Pe =Vasias + Vbsibs
For steady state balanced conditions we can write
ias= I cos wt; ib = I sin wt
Vas = V cos(wt+4); vbs = V sin(wt+ý)
then
=
Pe VI[coswtcos(wt+$)+sinwt sin(wt+0)]
Using trigonometric identities
pe VI cost
Referring to Fig. 4.1.13(b) we have the vector diagram
ROTATING MACHINES
From this figure it is clear that
wLsI cos = -Efsin
(remember that 6 < 0)

VE
Then pe - sin 6
e wL
which was to be shown.
PROBLEM 4.13
For the generator we adopt the notation for one phase of the armature circuit
(see Fig. 4.1.12 with current convention reversed)
A, r V
E-
The vector diagra
From the vector diagram
XI sin' = Ef cos 6-V
XI coso = Ef sin 6
Also, the mechanical power input is
EV
P = - sin 6
Eliminating 0 and 6 from these equations and solving for I yields
ROTATING MACHINES
I I - 2 (ý-) - () + 1
V
Normalizing as indicated in the problem statement we define
I = rated armature current
Ifo= field current to give rated voltage
on open circuit.
Po = rated power
I 2 I 2 2 P X 2
I(f) + 1- 2 -() (P
0 fo fo (V
Injecting given numbers and being careful about rms and peak quantities we have
If 2 I 2 2
0
f
S= 0.431
V fo
+ 1 - 2 (-)
fo
-3. 92
(•-)
0
Ifo = 2,030 amps
and
S ) = 3.00
fo max
The condition that 6 =2 is

2
PX
f = V-
f PX PX P
( ) 2 = 1.98
fo mi n fo V V2 P
For unity p.f., cos c = 1, sin * = 0
Ef cos 6 = V and Ef sin 6 = IX
eliminating 6 we have
V__ f
I ( )2 -1
o o
of 2
0
S0.431 F
fo
ROTATING MACHINES
for 0.85 p.f.
Ef sin 6 = 0.85 IX
Ef cos 6 - V = 1-(0.85) 2 IX
eliminating 6, solving for I, and normalizing yields
I 2
- = 0.431 [-0.527 + (--) - 0.722]

I I
o fo
This is double-valued and the magnitude of the bracketed term is used.
The required curves are shown on the next page.
PROBLEM 4.14
The armature current limit is defined by a circle of radius VI

o , where Io
is the amplitude of rated armature current.
To find the effect of the field current limit we must express the complex
power in terms of field current. Defining quantities in terms of this circuit
The vector diagram is
S E - V
I jx
jx A
VE*-V22
A
A VEfe V2
P + jQ = VI* = -ix = X
Palej anordire
-A
r
ýa te)
re-ld
CFIre
(ýreI4
I
stota~b1
bI%
ib * -
zero p4.F
0.I
0.5 2.0
11.
1j,
ROTATING MACHINES
If we denote the voltage for maximum field current as Efo, this expression
becomes
VEfo VEfo
V fo fo
P+JQ = -j + sinS + j cos6
On a P+jQ plane this trajectory is as sketched below
1
\
P
0i t- L, 1W
The stability limit (6= 2) is also shown in the sketch, along with the armature
current limit.
The capability curve for the generator of Prob. 4.13 is shown on the next
page.
P and Q are normalized to 724 MVA.
PROBLEM 4.15
The steady state deflection ip of the rotatable frame is found by setting
sum of torques to zero
Te + TS = 0 = Te - K* i)
where Te is electromagnetic torque. This equation is solved for 4.

Torque Te is found from
ROTATING MACHINES
LLI
Ca"el V Problem 4.14/

captb II
ROTATING MACHINES
Wm(il'i2i3'
awe
T =
and the magnetic coenergy for this electrically linear system is

1 21 2 1 2
W' = - Li + -Li + - Li
m 2 1 2 2 2 3 3
+ Mili 3 cos (O-)+Mi2 i 3 sin($-9)
from which
Te = Mili 3 sin(4-t) - Mi 2 i 3 cos(4-1)
For constant shaft speed w, the shaft position is
0 = wt.
Then, with 1 3 = 1o as given
dX di
=
=
-t - MI sin(wt-0)+L 1 -ilR
and
dX 2 di 2
=
d-- WMI cos(wt-p)+L dt= -i 2R
Using the given assumptions that
I-diRand
L di 2
IL 'dt <<-Ril1 dt
i<<Ri
2
we have
0MI
il Ro sin(wt-0)
wMI
i2=- R cos(wt-9)
e
and the torque T is
TMI
Te = MIo(~)[sin2 (wt-9)+cos 2 (wt-)]
Hence, from (1) 2

(MIo)
KR
which shows that pointer displacement 0 is a linear function of shaft speed w

which is in turn proportional to car speed.
Suppose we had not neglected the voltage drops due to self inductance.
Would the final result still be the same?
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.16
The equivalent circuit with parameter values as given is
W
5 (L. 0)=.o3 XL .
* (L•-.) -j 0.3 _n
\ =I Y00 'O • - :s0.

<
1
p. %
From (4.1.82) the torque is
k2 L R 2
(-) (- ) (L-)v s
e s s
( 2
[w l-k )Lr 2+(Rr/s)
2 M2 -_m
where k LL and s =
LL t
rs s
Solution of (4.1.81) for I yields
s
VR 2
VI
s
I
s R 2 L
2) 5s
(-r) + [wsLr(1-k
volt-ampere input is simply (for two phases)
(VA)in = VIs
The electrical input power can be calculated in a variety of ways, the
simplest being to recognize that in the equivalent circuit the power dissipated
in, R /s (for two phases) is just ws times the electromagnetic torque, hence
in T s
Finally, the mechanical power output is
mech m
These five quantities are shown plotted in the attached graphs. Numerical constants
used in the computations are
ROTATING MACHINES
/Vlace Crves foY ProbleMvA 416

rEdetbon
- - ý r-
OK
I)
4-oo
200
00 2160o ZS620
'SL4'
-Sh1,
LO O. 0, o,.7 0.o .s 0, 0O3 0.. ,
?oc
60C
9oo
0oc
C
i
I i
~c .o
Lo 0.9 0.6 0.7 04 OS 0,4 0• t- 0.1 o0 jLF
60
ROTATING MACHINES
w L = w L = wM + 0.3 = 4.80
ss s r S
2 4.5
k = (-) = 0.878
117
T 0.01 newton-meters
0.342 +
2
s
0.01
23.0 -+
Is 0.01 147 amps (K.

0.342 +
2
s
smT =0.188
PROBLEM 4.17
Part a
For ease in calculation it is useful to write the mechanical speed as
wm = (l-s)
and the fan characteristic as

3 (1 3
T = -B -s)
m s
With w = 120w rad/sec
Bw3 = 400 newton-meters
The results of Prob. 4.16 for torque yields
117
400(1-s)3 = s 0.01
0.342 +
2
s
Solution of this equation by cut-and-try for s yields:
s = 0.032
Then Pech = (400) (1-s) 3w = (400)(w )(l-s)4
Pmech = 133 kilowatts into fan

mech
mech
input = -s = 138 kilowatts
input 1-s
Circuit seen by electrical source is
ROTATING MACHINES
j0.3 K jo.•3
3o 3 -0
Input impedance is
Zln JO.3 + (j4.5)(3.13+j0.3) = -2.79+j15.0

in 3.13 + j4.8 3.13+j4.8
in = 100.60 - 56.80 = 43.80
Hence,
p.f. = cos in = 0.72 lagging
Part b
Electromagnetic torque scales as the square of the terminal voltage,
thus 117 2
e
s 0.01 s
0.342 + 2 so
2
where Vso = /W 500 volts peak. The slip for any terminal voltage is now
found from
117 2
3 V
s
400(1-s) s 0.01 (V=
0.342 + 0 2 so
s
The mechanical power into the fan is

= 4
P e 400 wa (1-s)
mech s
electrical power input is
Pmech
in 1-s
ROTATING MACHINES
and the power factor is found as the cosine of the angle of the input impedance
of the circuit
.'s -jC
O,/I _
These quantities are protted as required on the attached graph.

PROBLE4 4.18
Part a
The solution to Prob. 4.1 can be used to find the flux densities here.
For the stator a-winding, the solution of Prob. 4.1 applies directly, thus,
the radial component of flux density due to current in stator winding a is
B () aocoss
ra(2) 2g
Windings b and c on the stator are identical with the a winding except for the
indicated angular displacements, thus,
BrbNsaib 2vr
Bb 2 cos('P- -)
SoN i 47
Brc($) 2 cos((- 3)
rc 2g Cos
The solution in Prob. 4.1 for the flux density due to rotor winding current
applies directly here, thus,
B ( orr
N rcos(Q-e)
io)
rr2g
trr(•) 2g
Part b
The method of part (c) of Prob. 4.1 can be used and the results of that
analysis applied directly by replacing rotor quantities by stator b-winding
quantities and 0 by 2w/3. The resulting mutual inductance is (assuming
g << R)
ROTATING MACHINES
5i1I
L1KV)
PC vVF
0,7T5 150
I
250 Iooif
0.256 S
/IN .
LJ v
I 5501
.s (volrs pFEAK)
L4Mdý10i Ma"e, LU
tvesV oe-r Proble.-K 4A7
Ldu o su _... _-------
_Y~ieC~e
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEK 4.18 (Continued)
L N 2 Ri
= irp 0o 29
s 27r
2gab cos -
2g 3
j N Re L
os S
ab 4g 2
where Ls is the self inductance of one stator winding alone. Note that
Lac Lab because of relative geometry.
Part c
The X-i relations are thus
L L
L L s si + Mcos=Li
a sa 2 b 2 + McosOi
L L
b~- 2- ia+Ls ib 2- ic + Mcos(e- 3)ir
L L
2 s a + +
44w
Sc i L Lsic Mcos(O- --)i
2w
Xr = McosOia + Mcos(e- 32)ib
+ Mcos(6- )i + Li
3 )ic + Lrr
where from Prob. 4.1, 2
1ri N2 R
L =
s 2g
wyo N N R.
2g
wup N2 R
or
L =
r 2g
Part d
The torque of electric origin is found most easily by using magnetic
coenergy which for this electrically linear system is
W'(iibii,) 1 L (2 + 2 + 2
m
2 Ls(i +c + c)
+ 1 L(iib + ii + iic)+Mcosoi i
2 s a ac r a
2w 4w
+ Mcos(- -)it + Mcos(0- -)i ic
3 rcb o3 r
The torque of.electric origin is
ROTATING MACHINES
aW'(iLbi ,i ,e)
Te m=
Mi(ia'sic ir
Tae
Te = -Mir[i sin + ibsin(8- 7--)+ i sin(O- f)]
PROBLEM 4.19
Part a
Superimposing the three component stator flux densities from Part a
of Prob. 4.18, we have
Brs Ns [i cosa + ibcos(p- 2T)+ i cos(P- -)]

rs 2 a b 3 c 3
Substituting the given currents
2)
cos wtcosý + I b cos(wt- 2--)cos(W-
3 3
Brs 2g [I a
=oNs
47 47
+ I cos(wt- 3 -cos (P-T-)
Using trigonometric identities and simplifying yields
a
oNs [( + Ib + Ic cos(t
rs 2g 2
+ (I + IbCOS + I cos - )cos(Wt+)
+ -(I sin + I sin 2• )sin(wt+)
Positive traveling wave has point of constant phase defined by
=
wt - + constant
from which
dt
This is positive traveling wave with amplitude
yoN
rfm =4g (a b c
Negative traveling wave has point of constant phase
wt + P = constant
from which
d_ = _
dt
This defines negative traveling wave with amplitude

ROTATING MACHINES
oNs 2 2 2
b
B IS (I )2 Ib+
rbm 4g a2 22 2c
Part b
When three phase currents are balanced
I = I = I
a b c
and Brbm = 0 leaving only a forward (positive) traveling wave.
PROBLEM 4.20
Part a
Total radial flux density due to stator excitation is
oUN
Brs
= (i cos 21 + ibsin 2*)
rs 2g a +
Substituting given values for currents
UoN
rs =- (Ia cos wt cos 2
p+ I sin wt sin 24)
Part b
= N I + Ib I - s
Brs a b cos(wt-2*) + (a 2 )cos(wt+2q)
The forward (positive-traveling) component has constant phase defined by
wt - 24 = constant
from which
d_~*w
dt 2
The backward (negative-traveling) component has constant phase defined by
wt + 21 = constant
from which
dt 2
Part c
From part b, when IIa b a -b = 0 and the backward-wave amplitude

goes to zero. When Ib = - a, Ia + Ib = 0 and the forward-wave amplitude goes
to zero.
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.21
Referring to the solution for Prob. 4.20,
Part a
12N
Brs =-N (ia cos p + i b sin p)

rs 2g a
rs = (Ia cos wt cos pI + Ib sin wt sin p$)
Part b
Using trigonometric identities yields
°N I + I I- Ib
B = _o 2a b-)cos(wt-p$) + a cos(t+p4)
rs 2g 2 2
Forward wave has constant phase
wt - pp = constant
from which
dt p
Backward wave has constant phase
wt + pJ = constant
from which
dt p
Part c
From p'art b, when Ib = Ia , I a - I b = 0, and backward-wave amplitude goes

to zero. When Ib a, Ia + Ib = 0, and forward-wave amplitude goes to zero.
PROBLEM 4.22
This is an electrically linear system, so the magnetic coenergy is
Wi(ii B)
m(s, r
=!(L
2
+ L cos 2)i2 +1 L 12 + Mi i
2 2 r r r s
cos 6
Then the torque is
TW'(i 'i 8) 2
Te m r =-Mi is sin 6 - L 12 sin 20
T6 r s 2 s
PROBLEM 4.23
Part a
L 0
(1-0.25 cos 46 - 0.25 cos 88)

ROTATING MACHINES
The variation of this inductance with 0 is shown plotted below.
LO
0 lo o0 30 40 so o6 70 80
B
Roroe Posi rlov 0 (ereEs)
ROTATING MACHINES

From this plot and the configuration of Fig. 4P.23, it is evident that minimum
reluctance and maximum inductance occur when 0 = 0, w/2, i,... wi,.... The
IT 2 37r 7 ni
inductance is symmetrical about 0 = 0, ,... and about 0 = 4' +
as it should be. Minimum inductance occurs on both sides of e = which ought
to be maximum reluctance.
The general trend of the inductance is correct for the geometry of Fig.
4P.23 but the equation would probably be a better representation if the sign
of the 86 term were reversed.

Part b
For this electrically linear system, the magnetic stored energy is
1 X2
m 2 L
Wm(XO) X2(1-0.25 cos 46 - 0.25 cos 80)

wm 2L
The torque is then

awm(X,0)
e me
Te = - (sin 40 + 2sin 80)
Part c
With X = A cos wt and 0 = Ot + 6
A 2 cos wt
6
Te o2L [sin(4Qt+ 4 6 )+2 sin(80t+8 )]
Repeated use of trig identities yields for the instantaneous converted power
PA
6
rTe 4L [sin(4it+4 6 ) + 2 sin(86t+8 )
o
1 1
+ sin(2wt + 49t + 46)+1 sin(4Ct - 2wt + 46)
+ sin(2wt + 8St + 86)+ sin(80t - 2wt + 86)]
This can only have a non-zero average value when Q # 0 and a coefficient of
t in one argument is zero. This gives 4 conditions
S1 + + W
When S = + A
-2
[e - o sin 46
Savg 8L
ROTATING MACHINES
and when 9 = + -
QA
avg
[ 4Lsin 86
PROBLEM 4.24
It will be helpful to express the given ratings in alternative ways.

Rated output power = 6000 HP = 4480 KW at 0.8 p.f. this is
4480
--
480= 5600 KVA total
0.8
or
2800 KVA per phase
The rated phase current is then
2800 x 10
3
Is s 3 xx 10 =933 amps rms = 1320 amps pk.
Given:
Direct axis reactance w(Lo+L 2) = 4.0 ohms

Quadrature axis reactance w(L -L2 ) = 2.2 ohms
wL = 3.1 ohms wL2 = 0.9 ohms
The number of poles is not given in the problem statement. We assume 2 poles.
Part a
Rated field current can be found in several ways, all involving cut-and-try
procedures. Our method will be based on a vector diagram like that of
Fig. 4.2.5(a), thus

Do"IARY Ais A
) ,) ) ýAID
MEAs UeFD
.4
Ls ro V AD
os, r,•E A-S
A/.
I~AL
ais
ROTATING MACHINES
Evaluating the horizontal and vertical components of V s we have (remember that
y < 0)
Vs cos 6 = Ef cos( + y) + uL2 1scos(i + 2y)
V sin 8 = Ef sin( + y) + wL2 I sin(j + 2y) + wL0 I
Using trigonometric identities we rewrite these as
V cos 86= -Ef sin Y - wL I s sin 2y
V s sin 6 = Ef cos y + WL2Icos 2y +WLo1
Next, it will be convenient to normalize these equations to V s,
wL2I
cos 6 = -ef sin y V sin 2y
WL2I wLoI
sin 8 = ef cosy + cos 2y +
s s
where E
Ef
eff =E V--
s
Solution of these two equations for'ef yields
WLI wL I
21 os
sine- 2 s cos 2y
V V
s s
f = cos y
wL 2s
-cos - V sin 2y
ef = sin y
For rated conditions as given the constants are:
cos 0 = p.f. = 0.8
sin 6 = - 0.6 (negative sign for leading p.f.)
WL2I wL I
V = 0.280; - s = 0.964
V V
s s
Solution by trial and error for a value of y that satisfies both equations
simultaneously yields
y = - 148"
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEN 4.24 '(Continued)
and the resulting value for ef is
ef = 1.99
yielding for the rated field current
Ve
Ir = 24.1 amps.
where Vs is in volts peak.
Part b
The V-curves can be calculated in several ways. Our choice here is to
first relate power converted to terminal voltage and field generated voltage
by multiplying (4.2.46) by w, thus
EfV (Xd-X )V2
P = tTe f f-s sin 6 - s sin 26

X 2X d X
d dq
where Xd = w(Lo+L2 )
Xq = w(Lo-L 2 )
We normalize this expression with respect to V /Xd, then
PXd (Xd-X )
-= - e sin 6 - sin 26
V2 f 2X
Pull-out torque occurs when the derivative of this power with respect to 6 goes
to zero. Thus pull-out torque angle is defined by

PXd (Xd-X)
( = -ef cos 6 - cos 26 = 0
V q
The use of (4.2.44) and (4.2.45) then yield the armature (stator) current
amplitude as
V V s E 2
2
Is = sin 6) + cos 6
q d d
A more useful form is
X
V I 2
2
Is sin 6) + (cos 6- ef)2
d q
The computation procedure used here was to fix the power and assume values of
6 over a range going from either rated armature current or rated field current
to pull-out. For each value of 6, the necessary value of e is calculated
ROTATING MACHINES

from the expression for power as
PX (Xd-X)
- + sin 26
V2 2X
V q
s
ef -sin 6
and then the armature current magnitude is calculated from
V X
2
sI X Xd sin 6) + (cos 6 - e f )2
d q
For zero load power, y = 0 and 6 = 0 and, from the vector diagram given earlier,
the armature current amplitude is
SIv - Efl
I =
s w(Lo+L
2 )
with pull-out still defined as before. The required V-curves are shown in the
followinggraph. Note that pull-out conditions are never reached because range of
operation is limited by rated field current and rated armature current.
PROBLEM 4.25
Equation (4.2.41) is (assuming arbitrary phase for Is )
Vs =J L I + jWL2 Is ej + JMIr er2e
With y = 0 as specified
Vs = jw(Lo+L2)I + JWMIr
s
The two vector diagrams required are
A .\A
v5ri
Lo
•4A
I tJo ri VE_ CAW

V5>J -
V3 4
ROTATING MACHINES
V- CIRVE-S Foe.RoIEM 4,Z4
ARMATuVE
aupeEA/r
(AMPs I MS)
1coo
AReM~ril~E CuI~EjLv ::333 AAMeS JE'M
o600
03
FIELD C U eEN I- 4 (AMPS~
e &V~i
= 24,i AMPA.
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.26
Part a
From Fig. 4P.26(a)
1 j.
_ e
VS jXs + Y
from which the ratio of the magnitudes is
Asl N/ cosol•2+1 sino + xs 2
For the values Y =0.01 mho, Xs = 10 ohms
i_ 100
s^I J(100 cos) 2 + (100 sin+10)2
Then, for 0 = 0
100= 0.995
IVs V1l0,000 + 1O
and, for 4 = 45*
S
100
- 0.932
s 2+ (-•i + 10)2
Part b
It is instructive to represent the synchronous condenser as a susceptance
jB, then when B is positive the synchronous condenser appears capacitive. Now the
circuit is
'Xs
A
ROTATING MACHINES
Now the voltage ratio is
1
V Ye-+ jB 1
VVs Ye-+ jB
+
+1
jxs
1 + jXYe
JXs
-BXB x s
V 1
V 5-s s
Then
lsl •1-BXs
x+X Ysin)2+(X YCosO)2
For C = 0
J±L _ 1
Il (1-BXs)2 + (X Y)2
If this is to be unity
(1-BXs ) 2 + (X Y)2 = 1
1-BX = 1-(X Y)2

1- 1- (XsY)
B=
s
for the constants given
1- l-0.01 0.005 0.0005 mho
10 10
Volt-amperes required from synchronous condenser
(VA)sc = B
V 2B (2)(1010)(5)(10-4) = 10,000 KVA
Real power supplied to load
PL f •
12 Y cos =i I y2 for O = 0
Then
(VA)sc B 0.0005
= 0.05
P Y 0.01
L
For * = 0 the synchronous condenser needs to supply reactive volt ampere5 equal to
5 percent of the load power to regulate the voltage perfectly.
77
ROTATING MACHINES
For * = 45*
A1
IV I 2 2
- +
BX - +
In order for this to be unity
1-BX + +- 1
1+ s
X Y
\ 1- jX Y 2
21s
B =
s
For the constants given
1 + 0.0707 - V1-0.005
B = = 0.00732 mho
10
Volt-amperes required from synchronous condenser
-
3
(VA)s c = VB = (2)(1010)(7.32)(10 ) = 146,400 KVA
Real power supplied to load
P = IV1 2Y cos # = for O = 450
Then
(VA)sc B2 (/2) (0.00732)
.... 1.04
PL Y 0.01
Thus for a load having power factor of 0.707 lagging a synchronous condenser needs
to supply reactive volt-amperes equal to 1.04 times the power supplied to the
load to regulate the voltage perfectly.
These results, of course, depend on the internal impedance of the source.
That given is typical of large power systems.
PROBLEM 4.27
Part a
This part of this problem is very much like part a of Prob. 4.24. Using
results from that problem we define
ROTATING MACHINES
Ef wI
Ef rI
r
ef, V V
s s
where V is in volts peak. Then
S
WL2 Is wL I
sin 8 2 sos
V
2y
s V
e f= cos
cos y
wL I
-cos 8 sin 2y
s
ef = sin y
From the constants given
cos 0
8 1.0; sin 8 = 0
WLo = 2.5 ohms wL2 = 0.5 ohm
Rated power
PL
=
1000 = 746 KW
Armature current at rated load is
I = 746,000 = 527 amps peak = 373 amps RMS

s /2 1000
Then
wL I wL I
os
S0.186; -- = 0.932
5 s
Using the constants
-0.186 cos 2y - 0.932

e =
f cos y
-1 - 0.186 sin 2y
ef sin y
The use of trial-and-error to find a value of y that satisfies these two

equations simultaneously yields
Y = - 127* and ef = 1.48
Using the given constants we obtain
efVs (1.48) (/2)(1000)

I = 1
14.0 amps
r wM 150
For Lf/Rf very large compared to a half period of the supply voltage the field
y
ROTATING MACHINES
current will essentially be equal to the peak of the supply voltage divided by
the field current; thus, the required value of Rf is
RA I r (1000)
(1000)
N 100 ohms
Rf = Is= 14.0
Part b
We can use (4.2.46) multiplied by the rotational speed w to write the
output power as
E V (X-X)V
P =
WT e - sin 6 - q s sin 26
2
L Xd Xd q
where
Xd = w(Lo+L 2 ) = direct axis reactance
Xq= (L -L2 ) quadrature axis reactance
With the full-wave rectifier supplying the field winding we can express
E = WMI = -
r Rf
2
Then WM V2 (Xd-X)V
- sin 6 - sin 26
= - 2
PL RfXd X xq
2
Factoring out V s yields
2= RM sin 6 - Xdq sin 2

L sV RfXd 2 XdXq
Substitution of given constants yields
746 x 103 V 2 [-0.500 sin 6 - 0.083 sin 26]
To find the required curve it is easiest to assume 6 and calculate the required
Vs, the range of 6 being limited by pull-out which occurs when
aP
S= 0 = - 0.500 cos6 - 0.166 cos 26
The resulting curve of 6 as a function of V s is shown in the attached graph.
Note that the voltage can only drop 15.5% before the motor pulls out
of step.
-3
ROTATING MACHINES
PULL
OUr
6o
40.
0 raD
VoL4 4L E
C) __ L
00 Zoo 400 o00 1000 2C0
Rviw-ruvE vo/-rs J 4&s
Although it was not required for this problem calculations will show that
operation at reduced voltage will lead to excessive armature current, thus,
operation in this range must be limited to transient conditions.
81
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.28
Part a
This is similar to part a of Prob. 4.24 except that now we are considering
a number of pole pairs greater than two and we are treating a generator. Consider
ing first the problem of pole pairs, reference to Sec. 4.1.8 and 4.2.4 shows that
when we define electrical angles ye and 6 e as
Ye = P and 6e 6
where p is number of pole pairs (36 in this problem) and when we realize that the
electromagnetic torque was obtained as a derivative of inductances with respect to
angle we get the results
V Ef p(Xd-X ) V2
Te = sf sin 6 d q s sin 26
e
Xd e w2XdXq
where Xd = w(Lo+L 2 ) and Xq = m(Lo-L2), and, because the synchronous speed is w/p
(see 4.1.95) the electrical power output from the generator is
V E (X -X )V2
P = = - sin 6 + 2X sin 2&
p Xd e 2XdXq e
Next, we are dealing with a generator so it is convenient to replace Is
by -I in the equations. To make clear what is involved we redraw Fig. 4.2.5(a)
with the sign of the current reversed.
1 EAL
IA I,
-.1 A15
ROTATING MACHINES

Now, evaluating horizontal and vertical components of Vs we have
V cos 6 - wL2Is sin 2Ye = Ef sin Ye
-Vs sin 0 = WLO + wL 2 I s cos 2

ye + Ef cos Ye
From these equations we obtain

oL2I
cos 8 - sin 2ye
ef sin y
wL I wL2I s
-sin O cos 2
ef = s s e
cos Y
where
Ef MI
ef V , V
s 5
with V in volts peak

I s in amps peak
w is the electrical frequency
For the given constants
cos =-p.f. = 0.850 sin e = 0.528

wL2I s wLoIs
0.200 =1.00
V Vs
s
and
0.850 - 0.200 sin 2ye

ef = sin Y
-1.528 - 0.200 cos 2ye
ef = os ye
Trial-and-error solution of these two equations to find a positive value of
Ye that satisfies both equations simultaneously yields
ye = 147.50 and ef = 1.92
From the definition of ef we have
I = U = (1.92)()(0,000) = 576 amps

r wM (120) (7) (0.125)
ROTATING MACHINES
Part b
From Prob. 4.14 the definition of complex power is
VI* P+ jQ
ss
where V and I are complex amplitudes.
s B
The capability curve is not as easy to calculate for a salient-pole
machine as it was for a smooth-air-gap machine in Prob. 4.14. It will be easiest
to calculate the curve using the power output expression of part a
VE (Xd-X )V2
P = -- sin 6 + d q sin 26
Xd e 2XdX q e
the facts that
P = V I cos 8
as
Q= V I sin 6
ss
and that Is is given from (4.2.44) and (4.2.45) as
V 2 V E 2
Is = sin 6e) + s cos 6
sX e X e d
First, assuming operation at rated field current the power is
P = 320 x 106 sin 6 + 41.7 x 10 6 sin 26 watts.

e e
We assume values of 6 starting from zero and calculate P; then we calculate Is
for the same values of 6 from
= 11,800 (1.50 sin 6 ) + (cos -1.92) amps peak

s e e
Next, because we know P, Vs, and Is we find 6 from
P
cos 8 =
VI
ss
From 6 we then find Q from
Q= VI sin 8.
This process is continued until rated armature current
I = /i 10,000 amps peak
is reached.
The next part of the capability curve is limited by rated armature
current which defines the trajectory
ROTATING MACHINES
rP2 2
where V and I are rated values.
s a
For Q < 0, the capability curve is limited by pull-out conditions
defined by the condition
V Ef (X -X )V2
dP
= 0
s f cos 6 + cos 26
d q a cos 26
dd X e XX e
e d dq e
To evaluate this part of the curve we evaluate ef in terms of 6e from the power
and current expressions
PX (X -X )
d (XdXq) sin 26
V2 2X e
s
ef f sin 6
IX 2 X 2
6
ef = cos e- (Isd - ( sin 6e)
s q
For each level of power at a given power factor we find the value of 6e that
simultaneously satisfies both equations. The.resulting values of ef and 6e are
used in the stability criterion
dP V2e (Xd-X )Vs

dP=a f cos 6 + d q cos 26 > 0
dS e Xd e X X e-
e d d q
When this condition is no longer met (equal sign holds) the stability limit is
reached. For the given constants
- 0.25 sin 26
167 x 10 6 e
ef = sin 6
I 2
ef cos 6 - - (1.5 sin 6 )2
f e 11,800 e
dP e cos 6 + 0.5 cos 26 > 0
dd f e e-
The results of this calculation along with the preceding two are shown on the
attached graph. Note that the steady-state stability never limits the capability.
In practice, however, more margin of stability is required and the capability in
the fourth quadrant is limited accordingly.
ROTATING MACHINES
FIELD
P'I£.E1
lPOIAE
REAL tso
(MW)
€
t
A~eMtArTeE
CU~I~
SirABlLTry LIMiT
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.29
Part a
For this electrically linear system the electric coenergy is
1 2
=
We(v 2,6) 2 Co(l + cos 26)v 1
1 2
+- Co(l + sin 26)v 2
The torque of electric origin is
e
3We(vl'V2'8)
e e 29 2 2
T a = c 'v2 cos 26 - v2 sin 26)
Part b
With v = V cos wt; v2 = Vo sin wt
Te = C V2(sin2 wt cos 2e - cos 2 wt sin 28)
Using trig identities
C V2
Te -~o2[cos 26 - cos 2wt cos 26 - sin 28 - cos 2wt cosZO]
C V2 C V2
Te o- (cos 26 - sin 26) - 2 [cos(2wt-26) + cos(2wt + 26)]
Three possibilities for time-average torque:
Case I:
Shaft sitting still at fixed angle 6
Case II:
Shaft turning in positive 6 direction
6 = Wt + y
where y is a constant
Case III:
Shaft turning in negative 6 direction
=-w t + 6
where 6 is a constant.
Part c
The time average torques are:
Case 1:6 = const.

C V2
<Te> -- (cos 26 - sin 28)
ROTATING MACHINES
Case II: 6 = wt + y
C V2
<Te> o cos 2y
Case III: 0 = - wt + 6
2
C V
<Te>_ oo cos 26
2
PROBLEN 4.30
For an applied voltage v(t) the electric coenergy for this electrically
linear system is
2
W'(v,e) = -(C + C1 cos 26)v
The torque of electric origin is then
aW'(v,6)
Te = ee = C I sin 20 v2
For v = V o sin wt
T e = - C V2 sin2wt sin 2e
1 o
C V2
Te = o2(sin 20- cos 2wt cos 26)
2 2
C1V CV
Te - o=sin 28 +-- o [cos(2wt-20) + cos(2wt+26)]
2 4
For rotational velocity wm we write
8 = t +y
m
and then
C V2
Te 12o sin 2(wmt + y)
C1 V
+1 - {cos[2(w-wm)t-2y] + cos[2(w+wm)t + 2y]}
This device can behave as a motor if it can produce a time-average torque for
w = constant. This can occur when
m
W = + W
m
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICAL DYNAMICS
PROBLEM 5.1
Part a
The capacitance of the system of plane parallel electrodes is
C = (L+x)dEo/s (a)
1 2
and since the co-energy W' of an electrically linear system is simply -CCv
(remember v is the terminal voltage of the capacitor, not the voltage of the
driving source)
fe 9W' I dEo 2
ax
- --- v
22
(b)
The plates tend to increase their area of overlap.
Part b
The force equation is
d2 x 1 dEo 2 (
M 2
=-Kx + v
2 s
dtdt
while the electrical loop equation, written using the fact that the current
dq/dt through the resistance can be written as Cv, is
dE
V(t) = R d-(L+x)- v]+ v (d)
These are two equations in the dependent variables (x,v).
Part c
This problem illustrates the important point that unless a system
involving electromechanical components is either intrinsically or externally
biased, its response will not in general be a linear reproduction of the
input. The force is proportional to the square of the terminal voltage, which
in the limit of small R is simply V2(t). Hence, the equation of motion is
(c) with 2
V
v 2 u2(t) u= (t) o (1-cos 2wt) (e)
2 1
where we have used the identity sin 2t = (1-cos 2wt). For convenience
the equation of motion is normalized
d2x 2
x = aul(t)(l-cos2wt)
d2 o
dt
where
2 = K/M ; a = V2 d E/4sM
o 0 0
To solve this equation, we note that there are two parts to the particular
solution, one a constant
x= 2
and the other a cosinusoid having the frequency 2w. To find this second
part solve the equation
2
dx + 2
2 x=- Reae 2jwt
2 o
dt
for the particular solution
-acos 2wt
x = W2 _ 4 2
o
The general solution is then the sum of these two particular solutions and the
homogeneous solution t > 0
a a cos 2wt
x(t) a cos 2t + A sinw t + Bcosw t (j)
2 2 _ 2 o o
o O
The constants A and B are determined by the initial conditions. At t=0,

dx/dt = 0, and this requires that A = 0. The spring determines that the initial
position is x = 0, from which it follows that
2 2 2 2
B = a4w /w (W - 4w )
o o
Finally, the required response is (t > 0)
( -) cos ot
cos 2wt o
x(t) = 2
0
1-( 2]
0

Note that there are constant and double frequency components in this response,
reflecting the effect of the drive. In addition, there is the response
frequency w0 reflecting the natural response of the spring mass system. No
part of the response has the same frequency as the driving voltage.
PROBLEM 5.2
Part a
The field intensities are defined as in the figure
t, 2
Ampere's law, integrated around the outside magnetic circuit gives
2Nli = H1 (a+x) + H 2 (a-x) (a)
and integrated around the left inner circuit gives
N1il - N2i2 H 1 (a+x) - H 3 a (b)
In addition, the net flux into the movable plunger must be zero
0 = H1 - H2 + H 3 (c)
These three equations can be solved for H1, H2 and H3 as functions of i1 and
12 . Then, the required terminal fluxes are
A, = NlPodW(H1+H2) (d)
X2 = N2p dWH 3 (e)
Hence, we have
N o dW
1 2 2 [il6aN 1 + i2 2N2x] (f)
12 = [ il2N1x + i22aN2 (g)

2 2- 2 i 1 2 1 2 2
3a -x
Part b
To use the device as a differential transformer, it would be
excited at a frequency such that
2w
-- << T (h)
where T is a period characterizing the movement of the plunger. This means
that in so far as the signal induced at the output terminals is concerned,
the effect of the motion can be ignored and the problem treated as though x
is a constant (a quasi-static situation, but not in the sense of Chap. 1).
Put another way, because the excitation is at a frequency such that (h) is
satisfied, we can ignore idL/dt compared to Ldi/dt and write
dA2 w2N1N2 odWxI o

v o sin wt
2 dt 2_x2
(3a -x )
At any instant, the amplitude is determined by x(t), but the phase remains
independent of x(t), with the voltage leading the current by 90%. By
design, the output signal is zero at x=0O and tends to be proportional to x over
a range of x << a.
PROBLEM 5.3
Part a
The potential function which satisfies the boundary conditions along
constant 8 planes is
=vO (a)
where differentiation shows that Laplaces equation is satisfied. The constant

has been set so that the potential is V on the upper electrode where 8 = i,
and zero on the lower electrode where 0 = 0. Then, the electric field is
- 1 3 _-_ v
- V =-i
=E Y (b)
0 r ;3E 6 ri
Part b
The charge on the upper electrode can he written as a function of (V,p)
by writing
b V DE V
S= DE -dr - I(T) (c)
0 faip I
Part c
Then, the energy stored in the electromechanical coupling follows as
W = Vdq = q
dq ) (d)
Deoln( ) DE ln( )
and hence
e aW 1 q2
T I 2Doln( b
2 (e)
)
Part d
The mechanical torque equation for the movable plate requires that the
inertial torque be balanced by that due to the torsion spring and the electric
field
2 2
Jd29 1 2
2 a(*oo 12 b
dt Dc ln()
The electrical equation requires that currents sum to zero at the current node,
and makes use of the terminal equation (c).
dO dq + d qý g)
dt dt dt ln(
o a
Part e
With G = 0, Q
(t) = q(t). (This is true to within a constant, corresponding
to charge placed on the upper plate initially. We will assume that this constant
is zero.) Then, (f) reduces to
2 0O
d2+ a a 1
o
d2 J o (l+cos 2wt) (h)
dt JDEoln(-)a
where we have used the identity cos 2 t =-2(1

1
+ cos 20t).
is equation has a
This equation has a
solution with a constant part 2
1 o
4S
41 b (i)
aDE ln ()
o a
and a sinusoidal steady state part
2
Q cos 2wt
J4Dol n(b)[ - (2w)2
0 Ja
as can be seen by direct substitution. The plate responds with a d-c part and a
part which has twice the frequency of the drive. As can be seen from the
mathematical description itself, this is because regardless of whether the upper
plate is positive or negative, it will be attracted toward the opposite plate
where the image charges reside. The plates always attract. Hence, if we wish
to obtain a mechanical response that is proportional to the driving signal, we
must bias the system with an additional source and.used the drive to simply
increase and decrease the amount of this force.
PROBLEM 5.4
Part a
The equation of motion is found from (d) and (h) with i=Io, as given in
the solution to Prob. 3.4.
d2
dx 12
1
(N vaw)
o(a)
2
M- = Mg- Io da(
o da 2
dt (- + x)
Part b
The mass M can be in static
equilibrium if the forces due to the

field and gravity just balance,
f = f
g
or
=1 2 (N2 oaw)
Mg =. 2
2 o da 2
(ý + x) Y X
A solution to this equation is shown
graphically in the figure. The equilibrium is statically unstable because if
the mass moves in the positive x direction from xo, the gravitational force
exceeds the magnetic force and tends to carry it further from equilibrium.
Part c
Because small perturbations from equilibrium are being considered it is
appropriate to linearize. We assume x = x +x' (t) and expand the last term
in (a) to obtain
1 2 (N 2 V aw) 2 (N 2 oaw)
-- I + I x' + ... (c)
2 o da + + 2 + da + 3
(-b X)
o o (--
b Xo)
0
(see Sec. 5.1.2a). The constant terms in the equation of motion cancel out by
virtue of (b) and the equation of motion is
2d~x 2 I12 (N2 oaw)

d x 2 x' = O; a - (d)
dt 2 (-+ x )M
Solutions are exp + at, and the linear combination which satisfies the given
initial conditions is
V
x = ea- ea] (e)
PROBLEM 5.5
Part a
For small values of x relative to d, the equation of motion is
2
d2x QO
o 1 2x 1 2x
M 2 [2 (a)
3
dt d d d d'
which reduces to
-d2x + 2 x =
0 where w 2 = Qo_1 (b)
dt 2 0 0 N•ed 3
The equivalent spring constant will be positive if
QolQ
Q > 0 (c)
rcd
and hence this is the condition for stability. The system is stable if the
charges have like signs.
Part b
The solution to (b) has the form
x = A cos w t + B sin w t (d)
o o
and in view of the initial conditions, B = 0 and A = x .
95
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTRCOECHANICAL DYNAMICS
PROBLEM 5.6
Part a
Questions of equilibrium and stability are of interest. Therefore, the
equation of motion is written in the standard form
d2 (a)
M x
2 V
dt ax
where
V = Mgx - W' (b)
Here the contribution of W' to the potential is negative because Fe = aw'/ax.

The separate potentials are shown in the figure, together with the total
potential. From this plot it is clear that there will be one point of static
equilibrium as indicated.
Part b
An analytical expression for the point of equilibrium follows by setting
the force equal to zero
2L X
av 2LX
~ Mg + 0 (c)
3x b4
Solving for X, we have
1/3
x =- [ ] (d)
2L I
Part c
It is clear from the potential plot that the equilibrium is stable.
PROBLEM 5.7
From Prob. 3.15 the equation of motion is, for small 0
J K+ DN2 In( )I2 46 (a)

dt2 2 o o )3
Thus, the system will have a stable static equilibrium at 0 = 0 if the
effective spring constant is positive, or if
21 DN b
K > - in( ) (b)
)3 a o
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICAL DYANAMICS
I
I
IV I
1/
/1
/I
(~)
.a\e s +C ý c
k-,ý , "v W
Figure for Prob. 5.6
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTRCMECHANICAL DYNAMICS
PROBLEM 5.8
Part a
The coenergy is
W' = 1 ) 1(iO,x)di' + 12 X (il,i',x)di' (a)

o o
which can be evaluated using the given terminal relations
3 (b)
' = [ i + Mil2 + L2i/( + x
T-1 1 M1 2 2 L2 i2
If follows that the force of electrical origin is
fe = aW' 3 2 2i/
+ + (c)
fe a[Llil 2Mil2 2i/( + )
Part b
The static force equation takes the form
= Mg
_fe (d)
or,
with i2=0 and il =I,
2 1
1
3 L1
2a X 4 Mg
[1 + --o
Solution of this equation gives the required equilibrium position X
1 1/4
Xo L I
- = [ _ _ ] - 1 (f)
a 2a Mg
Part c
For small perturbations from the equilibrium defined by (e),
d2 x
x, 6L
6L1
2
x'
M 2 = f(t) (g)
o X 5
dt 2 + o)
a
where f(t) is an external force acting in the x direction on M.

With the external force an impulse of magnitude I and the mass initially
at rest, one initial condition is x(O) = 0. The second is given by integrating

+
the equation of motion form 0 to 0

+ + +
I. 0= .- (t)dt (h)
dt 0oddtl)dt
dt - constant f 0x'dt 0
0 0 0 0a
The first term is the jump in momentum at t=0, while the second is zero if
x is to remain continuous. By definition, the integral on the right is 0
Hence, from (h) the second initial condition is
MA ) =
Mo () = 0o x
In view of these conditions, the response is
(e - e )
=
X'(t)
I2
where 117.
~=
sr x o 5
aLl2aM'
a = LI2/a2M (1 + o
Part d
With proportional feedback through the current 12 , the mutual term in
the force equation makes a linear contribution and the force equation becomes
d2x' 6L12 "4t
M- 2[[ X "- ]x' = f(t)
0 dt a 2 ( 1 + ao-)5- a
The effective spring constant is positive if
? X%
aI > 2L I /a (1 + -- ) M
1 a
and hence this is the condition for stability. However, once initiated
oscillations remain undamped according to this model.
Part e &5ee \• )
With a damping term introduced by the feedback, the mechanical
equation becomes
d2 x' 3MI4 dx'
M + - + K x' = f(t)
a t e
Sdt
where
K 3MIa 6L 1 2
3 3:,4 -G LtI
e a 2suX
the fho
This equation hias soluttns of the form exp st, where substitution shows that
s = 3MIB
3M + (3MVI61 e (n)
2aM - 2aMo, Mo
For the response to decay, K must be positive (the system must be stable with
e
out damping) and 6 must be positive.
> I- Ohc-
23~4 n~IT
Ic~ic~P tFo
'7
'7
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTRCMECHANICAL DYNAMICS
PROBLEM 5.9
Part a
The mechanical equation of motion is
d 2x +
M = K(x-£ )-B fe (a)
dt S2 o dt
Part b
where the force fe is found from the coenergy function which is (because
1 2 1 32
the system is electrically linear) W' = 2
Li = Ax i
fe = 3W'= 3 Ax 2 (b)
f - = Ax i (b)
ax 2
Part c
We can both find the equilibrium points X0

and determine if they are stable
by writing the linearized equation at the outset. Hence, we let x(t)=X +x'(t)
and (a) and (b) combine to give
d2 x' dx' 3 2 2
Md x - K(Xo-Po)-Kx' - B + - AI (X + 2X x') (c)
dt 2 0 0 dt 2 o + 0
dt
With the given condition on 1o, the constant (equilibrium) part of this equation
is 3X2
X - o (d)
o o 16Z
0
which can be solved for X /Z, to obtain
o o
x 12/3
o 1/3 (e)
That is, there are two possible equilibrium positions. The perturbation part
of (c) tells whether or not these are stable. That equation, upon substitution
of Xo and the given value of Io, becomes
2
3/2 dx'
M d x'- -K[l- ( )]x' - B (f)

1/2 dt
dt_2
where the two possibilities correspond to the two equilibrium noints. Hence,
we conclude that the effective spring constant is positive (and the system is
stable) at XO/k = 4/3 and the effective spring constant is negative (and hence
the equilibrium is unstable) at X /0o = 4.
Part d
The same conclusions as to the stability of the equilibrium noints can be
made from the figure.
Consider the equilibrium at Xo = 4. A small displacement to the right makes

the force fe dominate the spring force, and this tends to carry the mass
further in the x direction. Hence, this point is unstable. Similar arguments
show that the other point is stable.
PROBLEM 5.10
Part a
The terminals are constrained to constant potential, so use coenergy found
from terminal equation as
W' = qdv = -4 (l + cos 2e)V2

2o o
Then, since Te = aW'/ae and there are no other torques acting on the shaft, the
total torque can be found by taking the negative derivative of a potential
V =-W', where V is the potential well. A sketch of this well is as shown in
the figure.
JUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICAL DYNAMICS
I
V
SSa~b\C
~c~-.$ c~;~lb~;a
Here it is clear that there are points of zero slope (and hence zero torque
and possible static equilibrium) at
e = o0 o 7 , 3r
Part b
From the potential well it is clear that the first and third equilibria
are stable, while the second and fourth are unstable.
PROBLEM 5.11
Part a
From the terminal pair relation, the coenergy is given by
Wm (ii,i2'e)= (Lo+M cos 20)il + (Lo-M cos 20) 2 + M sin 2i ili 2
so that the torque of electrical origin is
T e = M[sin 20(i 2 -i1 ) + 2 cos 26 ili 2
2 1 1 21
Part b
For the two phase currents, as given,
2 2 12
i _ i1 I cos 2w t
2 1 s
i1 2 1 sin 2w t
1 2 s
so that the torque Te becomes
Te = MI 2 [-sin 20 cos 2w t + sin 2wst cos 20] (d)
or
Te = MI2sin(2 s t - 20) (e)
Substitution of 6 w t + 6 obtains
m
2
Te
T= - MI sin[2(wm-w)t + 2] (f)
and for this torque to be constant, we must have the frequency condition
W =W (g)
m s
under which condition, the torque can be written as
Te = - MI2 sin 26 (h)
Part c
To determine the possible equilibrium angles 60, the perturbations and

time derivatives are set to zero in the mechanical equations of motion.
T = MI 2 sin 26 (i)
o o
Here, we have written the time dependence in a form that is convenient if
cos 260 > 0, as it is at the points marked (s) in the figure. Hence, these
points are stable. At the points marked (u), the argument of the sin function
and the denominator are,imaginary, and the response takes the form of a sinh
function. Hence, the/equilibrium points indicated by (u) are unstable.
Graphical solutions of this expression are shown in the figure. For there
to be equilibrium values of 6 the currents must be large enough that the torque
can be maintained with the rotor in synchronism with the rotating field.
(MI > T )
MAI 2
r
76 maa
VIA
Returning to the perturbation part of the equation of motion with wm = us,
J 2 (Wt + 6 + 6') = T + T' - MI2 sin(26 + 26') (j)

2
dt m o o o
dt
linearization gives
J A-+ (2MI 2 cos 26~)6' = T' (k)

dt 2
where the constant terms cancel out by virtue of (i). With T' = Tuo(t) and
initial rest conditions,the initial conditions are
* ( 0+ ) = -o (1)
dt J
6'(0 + ) = 0 (m)
and hence the solution for 6'(t) is
2
S2MI cos 26
6'(t) = o sin o t (n)
2MI2co s 26
PROBLEM 5.12
Part a
The magnitude of the field intensity\ (H) in the gaps is the same. Hence,
from Ampere's law,
H = Ni/2x (a)
and the flux linked by the terminals is N times that passing across either
of the gaps.
2
~ adN
= i = L(x)i (b)
2x
2
1 2
Because the system is electrically linear, W'(i,x) = Li , and we have.
2
2
fe = N2ad=o i (c)
ax 2
4x
as the required force of electrical origin acting in the x direction.
Part b
Taking into account the forces due to the springs, gravity and the
magnetic field, the force equation becomes
104
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTRGCECHANICAL DYNAMICS
2 N2ado
M 2 = - 2Kx + Mg 2 i + f(t) (d)
dt 4x 2
where the last term accounts for the driving force.
The electrical equation requires that the currents sum to zero at the
electrical node, where the voltage is dA/dt, with X given by (b).
I adN2
I [ • i] + i (e)
R dt 2x
Part c
In static equilibrium, the electrical equation reduces to i=I, while
the mechanical equation which takes the form fl f2 is satisfied if
2 2
N2adj o12
-2KX + Mg = (f)
4X
Here, f2 is the negative of the force of electrical origin and therefore
(if positive) acts in the - x direction. The respective sides of (f) are
shown in the sketch, where the points of possible static equilibrium are
indicated. Point (1) is stable, because a small excursion to the right makes
f2 dominate over fl and this tends to return the mass in the minus x direction
toward the equilibrium point. By contrast, equilibrium point (2) is
characterized by having a larger force f2 and fl for small excursions to the
left. Hence, the dominate force tends to carry the mass even further from the
point of equilibrium and the situation is unstable. In what follows, x = X
will be used to indicate the position of stable static equilibrium (1).
Part d
If R is very large, then
i : I
even under dynamic conditions. This approximation allows the removal of
the characteristic time L/R from the analysis as reflected in the
reduction in the order of differential equation required to define the
dynamics. The mechanical response is determined by the mechanical
equation (x = X + x')
d22 x'
x N adpo 22
M- = - 2Kx' + 0I x' + f(t) (g)
2
dt 2X 3
where the constant terms have been balanced out and small perturbations are
assumed. In view of the form taken by the excitation, assume x = Re x ejet
and define K e E 2K - N2adoI2/2X 3 . Then, (g) shows that
S= f/(Ke-0M) (h)
To compute the output voltage
dS p 0a d N2 1 dx'
o dt i= 22 dt
i=I =i
or
upor adN2 I
=2 x (0)
o2X
Then, from (h), the transfer function is
v w0 adN I
o o
j (k)
f 2X2 (Ke2jM)
PROBLEM 5.13
Part a
The system is electrically linear. Hence, the coenergy takes the
standard form
1 2 1 2
W' L 1 2 +L ii + 1 L 12 (a)
2 111 1212 2 222(a)
and it follows that the force of electrical origin on the plunger is
=
2i 1 + i
1 2l23x +
2 2i2 (b)
Sx
ax x 2 2 ax
which, for the particular terminal relations of this problem becomes
2
2
-if ilix 2 i
fe L { (+ x_ 1 2x 2 ( xdc) (c)
o d d d d d
Finally, in terms of this force, the mechanical equation of motion is
d 2
--2 = -Kx - B T- + fe (d)
dt
dt
The circuit connections show that the currents i

1 and 1 2 are related to the
source currents by
i = I + i (e)
1 =o -i
Part b
If we use (e) in (b) and linearize, it follows that
4L I 4L 12
fe oo oo (f)
d d d
and the equation of motion is
dx dx 2
2 +
dt a -
dt +wx
o
= - Ci (g)
where
4L 12
ao = [K + ]/M
2
o
a = B/M
C = 4L I /dM
Part c
Both the spring constant and damping in the equation of motion are
positive, and hence the system is always stable.
Part d
The homogeneous equation has solutions of the form ept where
2
p + ap + 20 = 0 (h)
or, since the system is underdamped
2
a 2 a)
•
p = - 22 + J - (i)
- 02 p
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROM4ECHANICAL DYNAMICS
PROBLE~ 5.13 (Continued)
The general solution is
CI t
x(t) = - + e [A sin w t + D cos w t] (j)
2 p p
o
where the constants are determined by the initial conditions x(O) = 0 and
dx/dt(O) = 0
CI tCI
o o
D =-- ; A = (k)
w 2w w
o po
Part e
With a sinusoidal steady state condition, assume x = Re x e and write
i(t) = Re(-jI )ej t and (g) becomes
- 2 2)
x(-w + jwa + = Cj (1)
Thus, the required solution is
t
RejCI e
x(t) ( 2 2 (m)
0
PROBLEM 5.14
Part a
From the terminal equations, the current ii is determined by Kirchhoff's
current law
di
G L di+ i = I + CMI sin Pt (a)
G1 dt 1 2
The first term in this expression is the current which flows through G because
of the voltage developed across the self inductance of the coil, while the last
is a current through G induced bhv the rotational motion. The terms on the right
are known functions of time, and constitute a driving function for the linear
equation.
Part b
We can divide the solution into particular solutions due to the two driving
terms and a homogeneous solution. From the constant drive I we have the solution
iI = I (b)
Because sin Pt = Re(-jej t),

if we assume a particular solution for the
)), we have
sinusoidal drive of the form i1 = Re(Ie
(I we have
11 (jDGL 1 + 1) = - J~GMI 2 (c)

or, rearranging
-OGMI 2 (GCL1 + j)
1 +( 1) 2 (d)
We now multiply this complex amplitude by ejot and take the real .part to
obtain the particular solution due to the sinusoidal drive
-GMI2l
1 1 2 (QGL 1 cos Pt - sin Qt) (e)
1+(PGLI)
The homogeneous solution is
-t/GL 1
t1 = Ae (f)
and the total solution is the sum of (b), (e) and (f)with the constant A
determined by the initial conditions.
In view of the initial conditions, the complete solution for il, normalized
to the value necessary to produce a flux equal to the maximum mutual flux, is
then
Llil 1e Q(tGLI) 1
MI 2 LMI
2 1+(GL ) 2
+ GL1R L1I
2 (sin t - GGL
1 cos Qt) + (g)
L+(QG2L
1) 1 MI2
Part c
The terminal relation is used to find the flux linking coil 1
l GLI) 2 LI 1
MI2 I+I(GL ) M 2 t
GLIQ LI
G~1R cos Rt 1
2 ( L MI
1+(QGLI) 1+( GL1 )2 2
The flux has been normalized with respect to the maximum mutual flux (MI2 ).
Part d
In order to identify the limiting cases and the appropriate approximations
it is useful to plot (g) and (h) as functions of time. These equations contain
two constants, QGL 1 and L I/MI 2 . The time required for one rotation is 2r/S and
GL1 is the time constant of the inductance L 1 and conductance G in series. Thus,
QGL1 is essentially the ratio of an electrical time constant to the time required
for the coil to traverse the applied field one time. The quantity MI 2 is the
maximum flux of the externally applied field that can link the rotatable coil and
I1I is the self flux of the coil due to current I acting alone. Thus, I1I/MI 2
is' the ratio of self excitation to mutual excitation.
To first consider the limiting case that can be approximated by a current
source we require that

L1I
QGL << 1 and GL << MI (i)
1 1 MI2
To demonstrate this set
LI =
WGL = 0.1 and -- 1 (j)
1 MI
and plot current and flux as shown in Fig. (a). We note first that the
transient dies out very quickly compared to the time of one rotation. Further
more, -the flux varies appreciably while the current varies very little compared
to its average value. In the ideal limit (GqO) the transient would die out
instantaneously and the current would be constant. Thus the approximation of
the situation by an ideal current-source excitation would involve a small
error; however, the saving in analytical time is often well worth the decrease
in accuracy resulting from the approximation.
Part e
We next consider the limiting case that can be approximated by a constant-
flux constraint. This requires that
QGL 1 >> 1 (k)
To study this case, set
CGL1 = 50 and I = 0 (1)
The resulting curves of flux and current are shown plotted in Fig. (b).
Note that with this constraint the current varies drastically but the flux
pulsates only slightly about a value that decays slowly compared to a rotational
period. Thus, when considering events that occur in a time interval comparable
(-O) 4-
;U
CA~)
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTR(OMECHANICAL DYNAMICS
with the rotational period, we can approximate this system with a constant-flux
constraint. In the ideal, limiting 6ase, which can be approached with super
conductors, G-m and X 1 stays constant at its initial value. This initial value
is the flux that links the coil at the instant the switch S is closed.
In the limiting cases of constant-current and constant flux constraints
the losses in the electrical circuit go to zero. This fact allows us to take
advantage of the conservative character of lossless systems, as discussed in
Sec. 5.2.1.
Part f
Between the two limiting cases of constant-current and constant flux
constraints the conductance G is finite and provides electrical damping on
the mechanical system. We can show this by demonstrating that mechanical
power supplied by the speed source is dissipated in the conductance G. For
this purpose we need to evaluate the torque supplied by the speed source.
Because the rotational velocity is constant, we have
Tm= - Te (m)
The torque of electrical origin Te is in turn
aW'(il, 2,
i2 )
Te = (n)
Because the system is electrically linear, the coenergy W' is
W' Li + M i + L2 (o)
Co)
2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
and therefore,
Te = - M i 12 sin 6 (p)
m
The power supplied by the torque T to rotate the coil is
=
Pin - T d I sin
Mil2
Qt (W)
Part g
Hence, from (p) and (q), it follows that in the sinusoidal steady state
the average power <P.in
> supplied by the external toraue is
1 (r)
<Pin > =
in 2
to
-0
-Ir
trl
c,,
O
PROBLFM 5.14 (Continued)

This power, which is dissipated in the conductance G, is plotted as a function
of ~2GL 1 in Fig. (c). Note that because 0 and L 1 are used as normalizing
constants, ?GL 1 can only be varied bhv varving G. Note that for both large and
small values of fGT.1 the average mechanical power dissipated in G becomes small.
The maximum in <Pin > occurs at GCL 1 = 1.

PROBLEM 5.15
Part a
The coenergy of the capacitor is
= C(x) V2 = 1 (EA )V2

e 2 2 ox
The electric force in the x direction is
aW' EA
e 1 o 2
e ýx 2 2
x
If this force is linearized around x = x o , V = V
1)2 2
1 AV' E AV v E AV x
1 o o o o o o
f (x) =0 0 + 0 0
e 2 2 2 3
x x x
O O O
The linearized equation of motion is then
2
E AV c A
B -ý0
dx + (K- ' )
)xo = - V
0 V v + f(t)
dt 3 2 o
x x
0 0
The equation for the electric circuit is
d
V + R -6 (C(x)V) = V
Part b
We can keep the voltage constant if
R -- 0
In this case AV2
B dx + K'x = f(t) = F ul(t); K' = K 0 3

x
The particular solution is
x(t) F/K'
The natural frequency S is the solution to
SB +K'x = 0 $ = - K'/B
Notice that since

Z
E AV
X'/B = (K- 3)/B X(t)
x
0 F
Sr- /d
there is voltage V above which the
system is unstable. Assuming V is
O
less than this voltage t
/
x(t) = F/K' (1-e
-
(K ' B)t)
Now we can be more specific about the size of R. We want the time
constant of the RC circuit to be small compared to the "action time" of the
mechanical system
RC(xo) << B/K'
B
R << B
K'C(xo)
Part c
From part a we suspect that
RC(xo) >> Tmech
where Tmech can be found by letting R + m. Since the charge will be constant
=
d 0 q = C(x )V = C(X +X)(V +V)
dt 00 0 0
dC
- C(xo)V + C(xo)v + Vo 4-c (xo)x
V Vx
o EA
v (oo dC ( x
- ) x - + o o 2x
E A
Vx
ox
x
C(x) dxxo)X
o
Using this expression for induced v, the linearized equation of motion
becomes
SAV2 A
dxo o o0 2
B + (K- )x - V x +f(t)
dt 3 3 o
x x
o o
dx
B dx + Kx = f(t)
dt

The electric effect disappears because the force of a capacitor with
constant charge is independent of the plate separation. The solutions are the
same as part (a) except that K' = K. The constraint on the resistor is then
R >> 1 B/K
C(xo)
PROBLEM 5.16
We wish to write the sum of the forces in the form
+ aV
f f f (a)
1 2 3x
For x > 0, this is done by making
1 2
V Kx + Fx (b)
2 o
as shown in the figure. The potential is symmetric about the origin. The largest
value of vo that can be contained by the potential well is determined by the peak
value of potential which, from (b), comes at
x = Fo/K (c)
where the potential is
V = 1 F2/K (d)
2 o
Because the minimum value of the potential is zero, this means that the kinetic
energy must exceed this peak value to surmount the barrier. Hence,
SMv2 I F2/K (e)

2 o 2 o
or F2
vo= (f)
PROBLEM 5.17
Part a
The electric field intensities
I E\
defined in the figure are
E 2 = (v2 -v1 )/(d-x) /

E = v,/(d+x)
1 1
Hence, the total charge on the

respective electrodes is
A2E o A o v2A1E o
q= S v 1 [. 0+ 0 o
Vl[d+x + -x ]- d-x
AIC (v2-v )
`2 d-x
Part b
Conservation of energy requires
vldq 1 + v 2 dq2 = dW + fedx

and since the charge q1 and voltage v2 are constrained, we make the
transformation v 2 dq2 = d(v2 q 2 )-q2 dv2 to obtain
v 1 dql-q 2 dv 2 = dW" + fedx (f)
It follows from this form of the conservation of energy equation that
fe W
fe= - • and hence W" H U. To find the desired function we integrate
(f) using the terminal relations.
U = W"= dql - q2dv 2 (g)
The integration on q1 makes no contribution since ql is constrained to be
zero. We require v2 (ql=0,v 2 ) to evaluate the remaining integral
v2A1i Io1 1 (h)

q 2 (q 1 0,v 2) d-x 1- A2(dx ) (h)
SAl(d+x)
Then, from (g),
U 1 0 1 o 1
U V 1 (i)
2 d-x A2 (d-x)
A
5(d+x) 1
PROBLEM 5.18
Part a
I
Because the two outer plates are X
constrained differently once the switch
is opened, it is convenient to work in
terms of two electrical terminal pairs,

defined as shown in the figure. The
plane parallel geometry makes it
straightforward to compute the
terminal relations as being those for
simple parallel plate capacitors, with
no mutual capacitance.
+
(a)
ql 1
VlEoA/a x
q2 V 2 oA/a-x (b)
+,
~o 2)~ '4 00
Conservation of energy for the electromechanical coupling requires
v 1 dql+ v 2 dq2 = dW + fedx (c)
This is written in a form where q1 and v 2 are the independent variables by
using the transformation v 2 dq2 = d(v2 q2 )-q 2 dv2 and defining W"qW-v2 q 2
v 1dq1 - 2 dv2 dW" + fedx (d)
This is done because after the switch is opened it is these variables that
are conserved. In fact, for t > 0,
v2 = V and (from (a))ql = VoeoA/a (e)
The energy function W" follows from (d) and the terminal conditions, as
W" = vldql- fq2 dv 2 (f)
or
c Av2
1 (a+x) 2 1 oAV2
2 cA qq 1 -(g)
2 a-x
Hence, for t > 0, we have (from (e))
E AV2
2
1 (a+x) AV2 1 oAV
2 2 o A 2 a-x
a
Part b
e aW"
The electrical force on the plate is fe W" Hence, the force
equation is (assuming a mass M for the plate)
2
E AV2
dx2,
1 EoAV
o o 1 o o
M - Kx + (i)
dt a (a-x)
For small excursions about the origin, this can be written as

2 cAV2 EAV2 cAV2
dx 1 o0o o 01o o
M- -Kx- + + x (j)
2 2 2 2 2 3
dt a a a
The constant terms balance, showing that a static equilibrium at the origin
is possible. Then, the system is stable if the effective spring constant
is positive.
K > c AV2/a3 (k)

0 0
Part c
The total potential V(x) for the system is the sum of W" and the
potential energy stored in the springs. That is,
E AV
1 2 1 (a+x) AV 1 o
2 2 2 o o 2 a-x
a
2
2 2 E AV
aKK1 oo x 1
2 ( 2 a a x
(1- a )
This is sketched in the figure for a2K/2 = 2 and 1/2 c AV2/a = 1. In addition
o o
to the point of stable equilibrium at the origin, there is also an unstable
equilibrium point just to the right of the origin.
PROBLEM 5.19
Part a
The coenergy is
W'
2
Li =
2
i /1 - -4
ao
and hence the fbrce of electrical origin is
e
'
dw4
f = 2L iL/a[l
x o a
Hence, the mechanical equation of motion, written as a function of (i,x) is
S21, 2
2 2L _i
d x
M = - Mg +
dt a[1- a-a
while the electrical loop equation, written in terms of these same variables
(using the terminal relation for X) is
V + v = Ri +
Vo dt
- [ (1-- )(d) (d)
a
These last two expressions are the equations of motion for the mass.
Part b
In static equilibrium, the above equations are satisfied by (x,v,i) having
the respective values (Xo,VoIo). Hence, we assume that
x = Xo + x'(t): v = Vo + v(t): i = Io + i'(t) (e)
The equilibrium part of (c) is then
2L 12 X 5
0 - Mg + a o/(1 - o) (f)
a a
while the perturbations from this equilibrium are governed by
2
x 10 L 12 x' 4 LI i'
d
M + + (g)
2 X 6 X 5
a (l- -) a(l- 0-)
a a
The equilibrium part of (d) is simply Vo = I R, and the perturbation part is
L di* 4 LI
v = Ri' + 0 d+ 00 (h)
X 4 dt X 5 dt
[1- •-1] al- -o]

a a
Equations (g) and (h) are the linearized equations of motion for the system which
can be solved given the driving function v(t) and (if the transient is of interest)
the initial conditions.
PROBLEM 5.20
Part a
The electric field intensities, defined as shown, are
E 1 = (V 1 -V2 )/s; E2 = v2/s (a)
121
In terms of these quantities, the charges are
q 1 =
Eo( - x)dE 1 ; q 2 - o( -x)dE + o( + x)dE 2 (b)
Combining (a) and (b), we have the required terminal relations
q = V1 C11 - v2 C12 (c)
+
q2 =V 1 12 V2C22
where
Ed E ad
o a o
C11 = - (- x); C2 2
ii s 22 s
Ed
o a
C12 s (
For the next part it is convenient to write these as q1 (vl,q2 ) and v 2 (v ,q 2).
1 v [C1 1 C2 2 C2
q 1 22 22
q2 C12 (d)
v + v
2 C22 1 C22
Part b
Conservation of energy for the coupling requires
v 1 dql + v 2 dq2 = dW + fedx (e)
To treat v1 and q2 as independent variables (since they are constrained to be

constant) we let vldq 1 = d(vlql)-q dvl, and write (e) as
-ql dv1 + v2 dq2 = - dW" + fe dx (f)
From this expression it is clear that fe = aW"/,x as required. In particular,

the function W" is found by integrating (f)
W" = o l(,O)dv' - v 2 (Vo,q)dq2 (g)

o o
to obtain
C2 2 V OC
= 1 V2 [ C C1 2 ] _ Q o 12 (h)
2 o 11 C22 2C22 C22
Of course, C 1 1, C 2 2 and C12 are functions of x as defined in (c).
PROBLEM 5.21
Part a
The equation of motion as developed in Prob. 3.8 but with I(t)=Io=constant,

is
2 I L2 1
J d - m (1-cos 6) sine
dt2 L2 (a)
dt 2
This has the required form if we define
IL
m 1 2
V L (cos 0 + sin 0) (b)
as can be seen by differentiating (b) and recovering the equation of motion. This
potential function could also have been obtained by starting directly with the
thermodynamic energy equation and finding a hybred energy function (one having
il' X2,6 as independent variables). See Example 5.2.2 for this more fundamental
approach.
Part b
A sketch of the potential well is as shown below. The rotor can be in

stable static equilibrium at e = 0 (s) and unstable static equilibrium at
S= r(u).
Part c
For the rotor to execute continuous rotory motion from an initial rest
position at 0 = 0, it must have sufficient kinetic energy to surmount the peak
in potential at 8 = W. To do this,
2 2IL21
1 j (Lmo
Jt - •> (c)
2 dt - L
- c
PROBLEM 5.22
Part a
The coenergy stored in the magnetic coupling is simply
2
W'= Lo(l + 0.2 cos 0 + 0.05 cos 268) (a)
Since the gravitational field exerts a torque on the pendulum given by
T = (-Mg X cose) (b)

p ae
and the torque of electrical origin is Te = ~W'/~8, the mechanical equation of
motion is
d ro (c)
[t 2 2 + V =0
where (because I 2 Lo 6MgZ)
V = Mgt[0.4 cos e - 0.15 cos 20 - 3]
Part b
The potential distribution V is plotted in the figure, where it is evident

that there is a point of stable static equilibrium at 0 = 0 (the pendulum
straight up) and two points of unstable static equilibrium to either side of
center. The constant contribution has been ignored in the plot because it is
arbitrary.
strale
I \
C/h ~ta I
PROBLEM 5.23
Part a
The magnetic field intensity is uniform over the cross section and equal
to the surface current flowing around the circuit. Define H as into the paper
and H = i/D. Then X is H multiplied by Uo and the area xd.
p xd
-- i (a)
The system is electrically linear and so the energy is W X2 L. Then, since
fe = _ aW/ax, the equation of motion is
d2x
d 2x 1 A2D
M 2 = f f - Kx + D (b)
dt 2 2
Part b
Let x = X + x'where x' is small and (b) becomes approximately
d22 x'
x 1 A2 D A2 Dx'
M 2 = -KX - Kx' + (c)

dt o 2 2d oX3d
00
The constant terms define the static equilibrium
1 A2 D 1/3
X° = [ ]K- (d)
o
and if we use this expression for Xo, the perturbation equation becomes,
d22 x'
M = -Kx' - 2Kx' (e)
dt2
Hence, the point of equilibrium at Xo as given by (d) is stable, and the magnetic
field is equivalent to the spring constant 2K.
Part c
The total force is the negative derivative with respect to x of V where
1 2 1 A2D
V = Kx + A-D (f)
2 2jixd
This makes it possible to integrate the equation of motion (b) once to obtain
d= + 2 (E-V) (g)
dt -M
The potential well is as shown in figure (a). Here again it is apparent that
the equilibrium point is one where the mass can be static and stable. The constant
of integration E is established physically by releasing the mass from static

positions such as (1) or (2) shown in Fig. (a). Then the bounded excursions of
the mass can be pictured as having the level E shown in the diagram. The motions
are periodic in nature regardless of the initial position or velocity.
Part d
The constant flux dynamics can be contrasted with those occurring at

constant current simply by replacing the energy function with the coenergy
function. That is, with the constant current constraint, it is appropriate to find
the electrical force from W' = Li2 ' where fe = W'/ax. Hence, in this case
1 2 1 oxd 2 (h)
2
2 D
A plot of this potential well is shown in Fig. (b). Once again there is a point
X of stable static equilibrium given by
d 2
X 1 (i)
o 2 DK
However, note that if oscillations of sufficiently large amplitude are initiated
that it is now possible for the plate to hit the bottom of the parallel plate
system at x = 0.
PROBLEM 5.25
Part a
Force on the capacitor plate is simply
wa2 2
fe 3W' 3 1 o (a)
f •x x 21 x
due to the electric field and a force f due to the attached string.
Part b
With the mass M1 rotating at a constant angular velocity, the force fe
must balance the centrifugal force Wm rM1 transmitted to the capacitor plate
by the string.
wa2E V2
1 oo = 2 (b)
2 2 m 1
or \Ia a2 V2
= 0 (c)
m 2 £3M1
where t is both the equilibrium spacing of the plates and the equilibrium radius
of the trajectory for M1 .
(0,)
V~x
r
OAcox---a
s oY\
%~-0
(b)

Part c
The e directed force equation is (see Prob. 2.8) for the accleration
on a particle in circular coordinates)
d2 e dr d6
M 1[r d2 + 2 dt dt = 0 (d)
dt
which can be written as
d 2 dO
dt [M1 r d- 1 = 0 (e)
This shows that the angular momentum is constant even as the mass M1 moves in and
out
2 de 2
Mr .
= M1d m = constant of the motion (f)
This result simply shows that if the radius increases, the angular velocity must
decrease accordingly
de 2
dt 2 ()
r
Part d
The radial component of the force equation for M 1 is
2 2
Ml[d - r-) ]= - f (h)
dt
where f is the force transmitted by the string, as shown in the figure.
S(
i grv\,
The force equation for the capacitor plate is
Mdr e(i)
dt
where fe is supplied by (a) with v = V = constant. Hence, these last two

o
expressions can be added to eliminate f and obtain
2 2 C V2
2 d wa
r
(M11++ 2. dt 2 - 1 ) = Tr1 roo oa
0, (j)
If we further use (g) to eliminate d6/dt, we obtain an expression for r(t)

that can be written in the standard form
(M1 2 2 V = 0 (k)
2 dt
where M 4 2 7a2 2
V = 2 (1)
2 r
2r
Of course, (k) can be multiplied by dr/dt and written in the form
d 1 dr
1 S(M
2)(
+ V] =0 (m)
to show that V is a potential well for the combined mass of the rotating particle
and the plate.
Part e
The potential well of (1) has the shape shown in the figure. The minimum
represents the equilibrium position found in (c), as can be seen by differentiat
ing (1) with respect to r, equating the expression to zero and solving for w
m
assuming that r =£. In this example, the potential well is the result of
a combination of the negative coenergy for the electromechanical system,
constrained to constant potential, and the dynamic system with angular momentum
conserved.
--
PROBLEM 5.26
Part a
To begin the analysis we first write the Kirchhoff voltage equations for
the two electric circuits with switch S closed
dX
V = ilR 1 + (a)
dX
d),
0 = i2R 2 dt 2 (b)
To obtain the electrical terminal relations for the system we neglect fringing
fields and assume infinite permeability for the magnetic material to obtain*
=
1 = N1 ' 2 N2 4 (c)
where the flux $ through the coils is given by
21o wd (N1 1 + N 2 i 2)
$= (d)
g(l + -)
We can also use (c) and (d) to calculate the stored magnetic energy as**
g(l + x) 2
W = (e)
m 4 ° wd
We now multiply (a) by N1/R1 and (b) by N 2 /R2, add the results and use
(c) and (d) to obtain
x 2 2
1V1 g(l+ -)
NV N N
+ (- + 2) (f)
R1 21 wd R1 R 2 dt
Note that we have only one electrical unknown, the flux 0, and if the plunger is
at rest (x = constant) this equation has constant coefficients.
The neglect of fringing fields makes the two windings unity coupled. In practice
there will be small fringing fields that cause leakage inductances. However,
these leakage inductances affect only the initial part of the transient and
neglecting them causes negligible error when calculating the closing time of
the relay.
**Here we have used the equation QplPg)b

Wm =iL 2 +L i i2 + L i22
2 1 1 12 1 2 2 2 2
Part b
Use the given definitions to write (f) in the form
= dt
S (1 + ) + (g)
Part c
During interval 1 the flux is determined by (g) with x = xo and the
initial condition is * = 0. Thus the flux undergoes the transient
o-(1 + x-) t
SI - e 0 (h)
1+
To determine the time at which interval 1 ends and to describe the dynamics
of interval 2 we must write the equation of motion for the mechanical node.
Neglecting inertia and damping forces this equation is
K(x - Z) = fe (i)
In view of (c) (Al and X2 are the independent variables implicit in *) we can
use (e) to evaluate the force fe as
fe awm( ' x 2 x) 2 )
ax 41 wd
Thus, the mechanical equation of motion becomes
2
K(x - t) = - (k)
41 owd
The flux level 1 at which interval 1 ends is given by
2
K(x - -) 4 (1)
Part d
During interval 2, flux and displacement are related by (k), thus we
eliminate x between (k) and (g) and obtain
F iE-x 2 d
*= (1 +) - o T dt (m)
were we have used (k) to write the equation in terms of 1." This is the nonlinear
differential equation that must be solved to find the dynamical behavior during
interval 2.
To illustrate the solution of (m) it is convenient to normalize the equation
as follows
d(o) _-x o 2
o 0 ( )3 - (1 +) + 1
d(- g 1 o
We can now write the necessary integral formally as
t
o d(-)
o d(A)
3
S-x 2 ,) to
(- ) ( ) - (1 + ) +0
o
1 1
(o)
where we are measuring time t from the start of interval 2.
Using the given parameter values,
o d(-o)
t
T
o
•o ao
+
400 -) - 9
0.1
We factor the cubic in the denominator into a first order and a quadratic factor
and do a partial-fraction expansion* to obtain
(-2.23 - + 0.844)
0.156 o
•Jt d(o ) =
0 0
75.7 ( -) - 14.3 + 1
o
Integraticn of this expression yields
. . . .. .... . t •m q
Phillips, H.B., Analytic Geometry and Calculus, second edition, John Wiley
New York, 1946, pp. 250-253.

and Sons,
2
t 0.0295 In [3.46 ( -) + 0.654] - 0.0147 In [231 (-) - 43.5 (-) + 3.05]
TO
+ 0.127 tan - 1 [15.1 (--) - 1.43] - 0.0108
Part e
During interval 3, the differential equation is (g)with x = 0, for which
the solution is t
4 = 02 +
(%o - 02)( 1
- e 0) (s)
where t is measured from the start of interval 3 and where 2 is the value of flux
at the start of interval 3 and is given by (k)with x = 0
2
KZ = (t)
41 wd
Part f
For the assumed constants in this problem
01
The transients in flux and position are plotted in Fig. (a) as functions
of time. Note that the mechanical transient occupies only a fraction of the time
interval of the electrical transient. Thus, this example represents a case in
which the electrical time constant is purposely made longer than the mechanical
transient time.
Y. iVe0Y\ Av
0,4
0.Z
o o,os oo o 0.20 o.zs

t/·t. 9.
FIELDS AND MOVING MEDIA
PROBLEM 6.1
Part a
From Fig. 6P.1 we see the geometric relations
r' = r, e' = e - Pt, z' = z, t' = t (a)
There is also a set of back transformations
r = r', e = 8' + st', z = z', t = t' (b)
Part b
Using the chain rule for partial derivatives
, = () r) + (2j) (L ) + 2(- 3za) + () (-) (c)
at ar atf ae at' 9 ( at at
From (b) we learn that
SO, ,= , ' =0O , = 1 (d)
Hence,
+ 0 (e)
at' at ao
We note that the remaining partial derivatives of p are
4, = a* 2t = * (f)
3r' ar ' ae' ae ' az' a
PROBLEM 6.2
Part a
The geometric transformation laws between the two inertial systems are
x1 = x - Vt, x' x 2, x = x 3, t' = t (a)
The inverse transformation laws are
1 = x' + Vt', x2 x,
x= x3 = x t t' (b)
The transformation of the magnetic field when there is no electric field

present in the laboratory faame is
P'= W (c)
Hence the time rate of change of the magnetic field seen by the moving
observer is
aB' =3B a B ax + 3B 2 + B )x a3B at
1 2 3
(d)
PROBLEM 6.2' (Continued)
From (b) we learn that
3x2
ax1 ax3 at
atx' V, 2 0, t = 0,I, = 1 (e)
While from the given field we learn that
aB . kB cos kx
aB aB
=
aB
B 0 (f)
t
ax kBoo l -ax
2 x3 t C
Combining these results
aB' aB aB
= VVkB (g)
B'
at, B, = V•
t,
' o cos kx1
1
which is just the convective derivative of B.
Part b
Now (b) becomes
S = x' x2 2 x ' + Vt, x 3 = x;, t = t' (h)
When these equations are used with (d) we learn that
aB' S=aB , = V aB + aBt = 0 (i)

at, Tt ax2 at
aB aB
because both and - are naught. The convective derivative is zero.
x2 at
PROBLEM 6.3
Part a
The quasistatic magnetic field transformation is
B' = B (a)
The geometric transformation laws are
x = x' + Vt' y', , Z z', t = t' (b)
This means that
'= E(t,x) = B(t', x' + Vt') = iyoB cos (wt' - k(x' + Vt'))
= i B cos[(w - kV)t' - kx'] (c)

yo
From (c) it is possible to conclude that
w' = w - kV (d)
Part b
If w' = 0 the wave will appear stationary in time, although it will
still have a spacial distribution; it will not appear to move.
w' = 0 = w - kV; V = w/k = v (e)
The observer must move at the phase velocity v to make the wave appear
stationary.
PROBLEM 6.4
These three laws were determined in an inertial frame of reference, and
since there is no a priori reason to prefer one inertial frame more than
another, they should have the same form in the primed inertial frame.
We start with the geometric laws which relate the coordinates of the
two frames
r' r - v t, t = t', r = r' + v t' (a)
We recall from Chapter 6 that as a consequence of (a) and the definitions of the
operators
t =- t'- r a'' t +tr

In an inertial frame of reference moving with the velocity vr we expect the equation
to take the same form as in the fixed frame. Thus,
-v'
p'iat', + p'(v'*V')v' + V'p' = 0 (c)
-' + V'*p'v' = 0 (d)

at'
p', p,'(p) (e)
However, from (b) these become
'a + p'(v'+vr )+Vp' = 0 (f)
+ V.p' (v'+v) = 0 (g)
p' = p'(p') (h)

where we have used the fact that v *Vp'=V*(v p'). Comparison of (1)-(3) with (f)-(h)
shows that a self consistent transformation rthat leaves the equations invariant in
form is
=
p' = P; p' p; vt - v -
r
PROBLEM 6.5
Part a
p'(r',t') P=(r,t) = p (1- -)=- o(1- C(a)
J' = p'v' = 0 (b)

Where we have chosen v =v i so that
r oz
v' v - v = 0 (c)
Since there are no currents, there is only an electric field in the primed
frame
r r'2
E'
= (po/o - )r (d)
H O, B' = • •' = 0 (e)
Part b
p(r,t) = p(1- ) (f)
This charge distribution generates an electric field
(P/ r
r
3air (g)
In the stationary frame there is an electric current
= r -
S= pV po(1- oiz
)v (h)
This current generates a magnetic field
2 i
r r
H= oVo( --a)io (i)
Part c
5-= 5' - P'v = po(l---)Voi (j)
Pvr o a oz
E= '-vrxB' = E' = (po/Eo - 3 ir (k)

' 2
SH'
+ V xD r' r
r = oo 3a lie (1)
If we include the geometric transformation r' = r,(j), (k), and (1)
become (h), (g), and (i) of part (b) which we derived without using trans
formation laws. The above equations apply for r<a. Similar reasoning gives
the fields in each frame for r>a.
PROBLEM 6.6
Part a
In the frame rotating with the cylinder
E'(r') = -,
r
Ir (a)
H' = 0, B' = u•H' = O (b)
But then since r' = r, Vr(r) = rwi
E=' - vr x ' = 2'=-i

r .r
(c)
V= f Ed = b
a
dr = K In(b/a) (d)
a
V 1 V 1 (e)
ln(b/a) r r In(b/a) r' r
The surface charge density is then
- = o 1 (f)
a'a = i r *8oE' = In(b/a) - = aa
a
SE V
a'= -i *E E' = - (g)

b r o In(b/a) b
Part b
3 = J' + Vy p' (h)
But in this problem we have only surface currents and charges
= '+ vr ' =v r a' (i)

awe V ) WE V
O 0
K(a) In(b/a)
1a iBe In(b/a) e (
bwE V E V
K(b) =- i (k)
b In(b/a) 6 In(b/a) B
Part c
WE V
S(1)0
In(b/a) z (
Part d
S=' + v x D v x D' (m)

r r
EOx
V 1 -+(n
H = r'w(1n(bla) r x ir)
6)(i (n)
we V
in(b/a) iz
This result checks with the calculation of part (c).
PROBLEM 6.7
Part a
The equation of the top surface is
f(x,y,t) = y - a sin(wt) cos(kx) + d =0 (a)
The normal to this surface is then
Vf
(b)
n = v
- ak sin(wt)sin(kx)ix + iy (b)
Applying the boundary condition n*4 = 0 at each surface and keeping only linear
terms, we learn that
A
h (x,d,t) = -ak sin(wt)sin(kx) (c)
h (x,O,t) = 0 (d)
We look for a solution for h that satisfies
V x =, V*h = 0 (e)
Let h = V V22, = 0 (f)
Now we must make an intelligent guess for a Laplacian * using the

periodicity of the problem and the boundary condition hy •l/ay = 0 at
y = 0. Try
A cosh(ky)sin(kx)sin(wt) (g)
h = A sin(wt)[cos(kx)cosh(ky)i + sin(kx)sinh(ky) y] (h)
Equation (c) then requires the constant A to be
-ak A
sinh(kd)0od
Part b
VE - E (j)
S •x ( ~-)-iy(---z)= (-)
= p o A cos(wt)[cos(kx)cosh(ky)ix + sin(kx)sinh(ky)iy] (k)

0t x y
-_ A
E = - wU cos(wt)[cos(kx)sinh(ky)]i
0 K
Now we check the boundary conditions. Because v(y=O) = 0
nx E = (n-v)B = 0 (y=0)
But E(y=O) = 0, so (m) is satisfied.
If a particle is on the top surface, its coordinates x,y,t must satisfy
(a). It follows that
Df 3f
D• = - + v*V f = 0
Vf
Since n = -F we have that
-1 af
(n.v) = i1 t awcos(wt)cos(kx)
Now we can check the boundary condition at the top surface
-- A
nxiE f - o cos(wt)cos(kx)sinh(kd)[i -ak sin(wt)sin(kx)i ]
o x y
(n.v)B = awcos(wt)cos(kx) inh(kd) Ai +
ak x
poA sin(wt)sin(kx)sinh(kd)i ]
Comparing (p) and (q) we see that the boundary condition is satisfied at the top
surface.
PROBLEM 6.8
Part a
Since the plug is perfectly

conducting we expect that the current
I will return as a surface current on
the left side of the plug. Also E', H'
will be zero in the plug and the trans-
formation laws imply that E,H will then
I, Nt
also be zero.
Using ampere's law
-I
2 ir
Also we know that
V*E = 0, Vx E - 0 0 < z < 5 (b)
We choose a simple Laplacian E field consistent with the perfectly conduct
ing boundary conditions
E =- i (c)
r r
K can be evaluated from
E"ddi = dt da (d)
C
S
If we use the deforming contour shown above which has a fixed left leg at z = z
and a moving right leg in the conductor. The notation E" means the electric
field measured in a frame of reference which is stationary with respect to the
local element of the deforming contour. Here
E"(z) = E(z), E"(C+A) = E'(C+A) = 0 (e)
E"*d = - J E(z,r)dr = -K In(b/a) (f)
The contour contains a flux
JB-da = (E-z) %oHedr = - V I• ln(b/a)(E-z) (g)

S
So that
-K n(b/a) a = + n(b/a) d-- (h)

-K
In(b/a) = dt dt
=
Since v
-
'dt
vI
2w r r
0 <z
Part b
The voltage across the line at z = 0 is
b vpo0 I
V= - Erdr = ln(b/a) (k)
a
vi
o
I(R + o In(b/a))
2o
= V (1)
V
I = o (m)
vi
R + 27r In(b/a)
V 2wR +1 (n)
vp ° ln(b/a)
_V S0 < z <
R + 2 n(b/a)
H: (o)
Vo 1<z
i 0<z<
E=
f +
vy2R
V11V
o+(inb/a)
r
rr
r
(p)
0 <z
<
Part c
Since E = 0 to the right of the plug the voltmeter reads zero. The terminal
voltage V is not zero because of the net change of magnetic flux in the loop
connecting these two voltage points.
Part d
Using the results of part (b)
SVI= In(b/a) i 1 V2
Pin 27r 0 0
Rn + lIn(b/a)
Tr
dWm H 2
d= v fa H (r) 21Tr dr
R+ V n(b/a)
There is a net electrical force on the block, the mechanical system that keeps
the block traveling at constant velocity receives power at the rate
1 V1o
-- In(b/a) 1 2
V2
2 27 [ v O In(b/a) o
2w
from the electrical system.
Part e
0H(r,I)x dr U0
L(x) = I d= IT n (b/a)x
e awlm W 1 2
fe w •x ;W' =2 L(x)i
2
fe 1 3L 2 1 o In(bla)i
f=fi T 2- In(b/a)T
2 3x 2 2 U
The power converted from electrical to mechanical is then

v V 2
f' = f v In(b/a) [ ]
e dt e 2 2w v o
R + o In(b/a)
as predicted in Part (d).
PROBLEM 6.9
The surface current circulating in the system must remain
K = (a)
Hence the electric field in the finitely conducting plate is
B
E' o (b)
oOs
But then
E= E' - V x (c)
= B ( - v)
os
v must be chosen so that E = 0 to comply with the shorted end, hence
v - (d)
os
PROBLEM 6.10
Part a
Ignoring the effect of the induced field we must conclude that
= 0 (a)
everywhere in the stationary frame. But then
E' =E+ V xB= xB (b)
Since the platejis conducting
J' = J aV x (c)
The force on the plate is then
F = 3 x B dv = DWd(oV x B)x B (d)
F = - DWd av B 2 (e)
x o
Part b
M -v + (DWdoB )v = 0 (f)
dt o
DWdoB 2 t
M
v = v e (g)
Part c
The additional induced field must be small. From (e)
J' - OB v (h)
oo
Hence K' = oB o dv o
(i)
The induced field then has a magnitude
'
B' oK
-- =Iadv 1 i)<<
()
o o
ad << 1 (k)
It
be
a
very
0a
thin
or
plate
must0poorly

conducting one.
It must be a very thin plate or a poorly conducting one.
PROBLEM 6.11
Part a
The condition - << H means that the field

W o
K(I H+
induced by the current can be ignored. Then the
magnetic field in the stationary frame is
H = -H i everywhere outside the perfect
conductors
The surface currents on the sliding conductor are such that
K1 + K 2 = i/W
The force on the conductor is then
[(- +) x B W
F = x B dv = [(K1 + K2 )i x Bi ]WD
1 2 yoz
= p H di i
Part b
The circuit equation is
Ri +d-
dX
= V
dt o
dX
-- H dv
dt oo
Since F = M dv
dt
MR dv
(---H d-)- + (o H d)v = V
00
(o H d)
V t
o MR
v = (1 - e )u_ (t)
oo
PROBLEM 6.12
Part a
We assume the simple magnetic field
i 0 <x < x
0 x< x1
A(x) = fE*a = i
Part b
L(x) = X(x,) =
i D

Since the system is linear
1 2 1lo1Wx 2
W'(i,x) 1 L(x)i2 1 i
W
f = o i
ex 2 D
Part d
The mechanical equation is
M 2 +B i
dt dt 2 D
The electrical circuit, equation is
dX d 0WX
dtdt ~ (-5-- i) = Vo
Part e
From (f) we learn that
dx o 2
i = const
dt 2BD
while from (g)we learn that

P Wi dx
D dt
= Vo
Solving these two simultaneously

[DV2
dt 2 oWBEJ
0
Part f
From (e)
2BD dx D 2/3 1/3 1/3

= (ý (2B) V
o
w dt 0
Part g
As in part (a)
i - i(t)i
3
3 O<X
1
x < x
<X
Part h
The surface current K is
K= i(t) (m)
D 12
The force on the short is
S f3x dv = DW ix ( 0 2 (n)
poW 2 2
21 01
20 (t)'l
Part i
xdVx E (o)
-7ýx
1 - 5t D dt 13
_o di _
E2 = [D- x A + C]i (P)
=o di V(t)I
D dt W 3
Part i
Choosing a contour with the right leg in the moving short, the left leg
=
fixed at xl 0'
a*d dt B*da (q)

C S
Since E' = 0 in the short and we are only considering quasistatic fields
H dx
'*dt = V(t) Wx o o2 Wd H (r)
oxat dt oo
P Wx
=d ( i(t)) (s)
Part k
nx (Eb) = V b (t)
Here
l n dt D 3
= .o x di V(t) dx oo )
b D dt W dt D i)i2 (v)
dxW dx o
dt D = 0D
Part 1
Equations (n) and (e) are identical. Equations (s) and (g) are
identical if V(t) = V . Since we used (e) and (g) to solve the first part
o
we would get the same answer using (n) and (s) in the second part.
Part m
di
Sinced= 0,
dt
V(t) 4. Vo
E 2(x) = i- = - t- iy (x)
PROBLEM 6.13
Part a
K 2 Te() + T 2( ) (a)
dt
Part b
ii oHio
1Ir - 001
H 1
1 D2r ;1 J1 D2aR e (b)
Similarly
S oHoi 2 *
0 0
F i (c)
2 D2R (c)
Part c
T = [f(r xf)dv]z = oHo(R2-Rl)il (d)
Te oHo(R2-R1)i 2 (e)
Part d
1 = E 1 (R2 -R 1); V2 = E2 (R2 -RI) (

Part e
= = =
1 J GE H (E1+iB) = (EI+RUoHo -) (g)
E -ii d (h)
1 -2aDR 0Ho dt
V a 2a R 1 - pH R(R -R1 ) -- (i)
1R2 - R
2 a 2aRD 2- HR(R -R
2 1) dt
Part f
KoHo(R
2 2 -R1 )i0 u-l(t) (k)
dt
t2
K(t)=(R-2 -R1 ) 0 u-(t) (1)
2R
v2 (t) = (poHo(R2R1))2
7200 2 1m) t u-(t) (t) (m)
1 (R2 -R1) 2R
v 1 (t) = [a 2RD + H (R22-R 1) K
( 0oo K t]ioU- (t)
2aRD 0 -1
Part g 2
K 2
- oHo (R 2 -R 1 )i 1
dt
dt2
S oHo(R2 -R1 )O2aRD Hd
SR2R1) (R2-R 1) o
d22 + KI ddt K2 l(t )

dt2 dt
2
K 1 = [( HoR)2 2aD(R 2 -R )a]/K
p H 2aDR Y
2 K
Find the particular solution
-JK2 o jt]
P (, t) = R 2 e
K2 o K
-= 2o sin(wt+tan (t)
w
K+
B -Kt
(t) = A -K1e + p (w,t)
We must choose A and B so that
(o0) = 0 (0) = 0
K2 K2m
A =- v B = v
KIW o (K2 + 2 )
1 (K~1 +
PROBLEM 6.13(Continued)
Wct)~
Part h
The secondary terminals are constrained so that v 2 =-i2 R 2. Thus, (j) becomes
~dt R3 i ; R =
R + 1 (R2-RI)
RD K =
pH (R -Rl) (w)
dt RK4 2 3 0 2 RD 4 2 1
Then, it follows from (a), (d) and (e) that
di RK2 K2 Ri
2 4 4 o
+ i cos wt
dt KR 3 2 KR3
from which it follows that
ji21 S K2R
KR4 R
I
2 2
0 RK 2
R3 KR
3
PROBLEM 6.14
Part a
The electric field in the moving laminations is
J' J i *
E' . i (a)
a a OA z
The electric field in the stationary frame is
i
E = E'-VxB (- + rwB )i (b)
1 Ni CA y z
B (c)
y S
2D o12Dz•N
V = (A - -)i (d)
Now we have the V-i characteristic of the device. The device is in series with an
inductance and a load resistor Rt=RL+Rint.
2D p2DrN j N2 aD
[R + _Y o ]i + d 0 (e)
t uA S S dt
Part b
Let 2 2D rNw
ON 2 a D
R1 = Rt +AaA S
S
, L S
(f)
~ 1/L) t
1 =I e (g)
Pd =
i/ - [e t
If
2D 2DjorNw
R = R + 2D o < 0 (h)
the power delivered is unbounded as t 4 o.

Part c
As the current becomes large, the electrical nonlinearity of the magnetic
circuit will limit the exponential growth and determine a level of stable
steady state operation (see Fig. 6.4.12).
PROBLEM 6.15
After the switch is closed, the armature circuit equation is#
diL i (a)
(RL + Ra)i L + La - = GOi (a)
Since Ghif is a constant and iL(0) = 0 we can solve for the load current and
shaft torque
(RL+R a)
Gif L
iL(t) = (R+Ra) (l-e )u_(t) (b)
Te(t) = iL(t) Gif
2
(RL+R a )
, - t
=
(R+Rai) (l-e a )u_(t) (c)
(RL+R ) 1
L
From the data given
T = La/RL+Ra= 2.5 x 10 - 3
sec (d)
Gef
iL = R+R 628 amps (e)
max RL+R a
T (Gif) 1695 newton-meters (f)
max
RL+Ra
£ -j
428
-1~ - t
1~7 cl~o·, - ~)
/67s~
PROBLEM 6.16
Part a
With S1 closed the equation of the field circuit is
di
Rfif + Lf dt Vf (a)
Since if(0) = 0
R
f f
if(t) =RP (1-e )u_1(t) (b)
Since the armature circuit is open
Rf
Vf C
S t
- f
a Gif R (1-e )u-1 (t) (c)
From the given data
T = Lf/Rf = 0.4 sec
Vf G6
V = = 254 volts
a R
max f
t
o. 4- .
Part b
Since there is no coupling of the armature circuit to the field circuit
if is still given by (b).
Because S2 is closed, the armature circuit equation is
dVL
(RL+Ra)VL + La - - = RLG f (d)
Since the field current rises with a time constant

T = 0.4 sec (e)
while the time constant of the armature circuit is
T = La/RL+Ra = 0.0025 sec (f)
we will only need the particular solution for VL(t)
R
RG f t
RL G RL Vf Lf
VL(t) = RL+Ra i = ( a)G (1-e )ul(t) (g)
=
VL max RL (j-)Vf = 242 volts (h)
L a f
4?_
1!l~
fY
0.4 sec
PROBLEM 6.17
The equation of motion of the shaft is
T
+ =
Jr o T + T (t) (a)
r dt W o e
o
If Te(t) is thought of as a driving term, the response time of the mechanical

circuit is
J
ro
T = = 0.0785 sec (b)

T
o
In Probs. 6.15 to 6.16 we have already calculated the armature circuit time
constant to be
L
a -=2.5
T • x 10 -3 sec (c)
R +R s
Ra+R L
We conclude that therise time of the armature circuit may be neglected, this is
equivalent to ignoring the armature inductance. The circuit equation for the
armature is then
(R a + RL)iL = Gwif (d)
Then -- (Gif)2
T = ii = (e)
Te f-Gif
L = Ra + RL (e)
Plugging into (a)
de =
J d+ Kw T (f)
r dt o
Here
T (Gi )2 V
K (-R
W
- ); i = f (g)
R +R f R
Using the initial condition that w(0) = wo

T T0 /J)
+ t > 0 (h)
w(t) (w - -)e
K o K
From which we can calculate the net torque on the shaft as
T= Jrdt
r dt
= (T o -KW o )e u (t) (i)
1
and the armature current iL(t)

Gi
l)(t) t >0 (j)
iL(t) = (R
a L*
FIELDS' AND MOVING MEDIA

From the given data
T
w = = 119.0 rad/sec = 1133 RPM (k)
final K
Tma x = (To-Kw) 1890 newton-m (1)

Gi
i w0 700 amps (m)
Gi
it = (R ) fna 793 amps (n)
L R +R, final
max a L
=
K = 134.5 newton-meters, T = Jr/K 0.09 sec (o)
•1
1i/33
/Ood
,÷
i8 O
713
700
PROBLEM 6.18
Part a
Let the coulomb torque be C, then the equation of motion is
d0
dt
Since w(0)
- - = wt
w(t) - 0 (1- t) 0 < t < O/C) to
Part b
Now the equation of motion is
dw
J -+ Bw = 0
dt
w(t) = 0 e•)
-. \
wCe
Part c
Let C = Bwo, the equation of motion is now
dw
J d + BLc= -Bw
dt o
B
-- t
Ji 2
{(t)-w0o + 2w oe-JE < t <
B
( Ct )
'r = z/0
PROBLEM 6.19
Part a
The armature circuit equation is
diL
Ri + La- = Gwif - Va
a U-
-1(t)
aLL a dt f
Differentiating
dL diL dw
La - 2 + R -d = Gi Vu (t)
a dt a dt f dt ao
The mechanical equation of motion is
dw
J r -4-= - Gi i
dt L f
Thus, (b) becomes 2 2
L diL di (Gif)
a- +R -+-L---- i -Vu(t)
2 a dt J L ao
dt
Initial conditions are
diL + V
a
iLfrom(d) = , (0 L
a
and it follows from (d) that
a -at
iL(t) = (- e-esinBt)ul(t)
a
where R
a 7.5/sec
a
(Gif) Ra
8 ('-L) = 19.9 rad/sec
r a a
a
LAB - 1160 amps
V
a
w(t) = -Gi Se tsin t + (e-at cos 8t-l)]
f
V
a
= 153.3 rad/sec I (k)
Gi
IN
Part b
Now we replace R a by R+RL in part (a). Because of the additional
damping
Ir ~r\~
iL(t) 2L-Y (e )u 1 (t)

a
where R +R
= a L 75/sec
2L
a
R + RL2 (Gi )
y = a ) = 10.6/sec.
2L Jr La
a Gif 1 -(a-Y)t 1 -(a+y)t 2
W(t) = [2Ly e + + +e ]
a r c-Y o)
ii
I
AL.
. ir"
(A 1.t/
vcL
r
PROBLEM 6.20
Part a
The armature circuit equation is
v a = R aa
i + GIfw
f
The equation of motion is
dw
i
J i = GI fa
dt
Which may be integrated to yield
w(t) J
G= i(t)
wt J 'a
Combining (c) with (a) 2

S=Rai + ia(t) (d)
a asa Jr
We recognize that
C = -(e)
(GI ) 2
Part b
C= (0.5) 0.22 farads
(GIf)2 (1.5)2(1)
PROBLEM 6.21
According to (6.4.30) the torque of electromagnetic origin is
Te = Gi i
fa
For operation on a-c, maximum torque is produced when if and is are in phase,
a situation assured for all loading conditions by a series connection of field
and armature. Parallel operation, on the other hand, will yield a phase relation
between if and is that varies with loading. This gives reduced performance unless
phase connecting means are employed. This is so troublesome and expensive that
the series connection is used almost exclusively.
PROBLEM 6.22
From (6.4.50) et. seq. the homopolar machine, viewed from the disk terminals
in the steady state, has the volt ampere relation
v Ri + Gwif
Ra
iln(b/a)
2Oad
For definition of v and i
shown to the right and with the

interconnection with the coil
snhown in rig. or.L2
1 Nia
B
o 2d
Then from (6.4.52)
BoNi
o 22 2 o a 2 2
Gwi (b -a ) = a (b -a)
f 4d
Substitution of this into the voltage equation yields for steady state (because
the coil resistance is zero).

• Ni )
0 = Ri + (b -a2
asa 4d
for self-excitation with i-a 0 0
W1oN 2 2
(b -a ) = -R
Because all terms on the left are positive except for w, we specify w < 0
(it rotates in the direction opposite to that shown). With this prov4sion'ithe
number of turns must be
4dR 4dln(b/a)
M1lo (b2-a2) -2rodwjI p(b

2
-a 2 )
N = 21n(b/a)
oralowj(b 2 2
-a )
PROBLEM 6.23
Part a
Denoting the left disk and magnet as 1 and the right one as 2, the flux
densities defined as positive upward are
BoN
B2 - (i+i 2)
Adding up voltage drops around the loop carrying current i we have:. M
dB dB QB
2 2dB 2 dBil+
1 ilRa 2 _B2a ,
R =
In( )
where
a 2nah
Part b
Substitution of the expression for B1 and B2 into this voltage expression

and simplification yield
di
L d + il(R+Ra) - Gil + Gi 2 = 0
162
where
2
2 2
N2na
N
-o (b -a )
2Z
The equation for the circuit carrying current 12 can he written similarly as
di
L ti +2(R (+Ra)-Gi2-GOil = 0
These are linear differential equations with constant coefficients, hence, assume
i Ilest 2 I2est
Then
[Ls + RL+Ra-GG]I + GOI

1 2 = 0
[Ls + RL+R -G]lI2 - GoI 1 = 0
EliminatCon of I1 yields
[Ls + RL+ R a- GSJ]2 +GS] 0
+ GO I =0
If 12 0 0 as it must be if we are to supply current to the load resistances,
then
[LI + RL+Ra-G]C2 + (Ga)2 = 0
For steady-state sinusoidal operation a must be purely imaginary. This requires
RL + R - G = 0
or 2 2 I n(W4e
--U N(b -a) RL + 2rh
G = 21G =
This is the condition required.
Part c
-When the condition of (b) is satisfied
GSG
e+J + +JL b2
2 2 22 b2
(-2 -1)Q
PN(b -a )j• a -)
N2
29oN2 2 2*2N
163 ,
.4
Thus the system will operate in the sinusoidal steady-state with amplitudes
determined by initial conditions. With the condition of part (b) satisfied the
voltage equations show that
1 1fi
2
and the currents form a balanced two-phase set.
164

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Solutions Manual for Electromechanical Dynamics

Woodson, Herbert H., James R. Melcher. Solutions Manual for Electromechanical

HERBERT H. WOODSON JAMES R.MELCHER

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK * LONDON o SYDNEY

Part I: Discrete Systems

Philip Sporn Professor of Energy Processing

Departments of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

both of Massachusetts Institute of Technology

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., NEW YORK - LONDON . SYDNEY

PREFACE TO: SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR

This manual presents in an informal format solutions to the problems found

Typically, the solutions were originally written up by graduate student tutors

It is difficult to give proper credit to all of those who contributed to

We start with Maxwell"s equations for a magnetic system in integral form:

To compute the line integral of H we first note that whenever p-* we

Note that in determining the relative strengths of H 1 ,H 2 and H3 in this last

x/a << 1, y/b << 1 (d)

Solving for H1 using (a), (b), and (c)

The flux of B through the n turns of the coil is then

(c-b-y) << 1, y/a << 1 and x/b << 1

in addition to the constraints of (d) for our expression for X to be valid.

Because the charge is linearly related to the applied voltages we

know that q1 (v1 ,V2,e) = q 1 (v ,O,e) + q 1 (O,v

q1 (O,V2 ,8) = Ra- w

The device has

so that we assume that

the fields in the gaps

are essentially radial

and denoted as shown

Ampere's law can be

integrated around each of the current loops to obtain the relations

LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

PROBLEM 2.3 (Continued)

gH1 + gHm = Nil (a)

gH2 - gHm = Ni 2 (b)

0o(d-x)2nrH1 - 2d(2rrr)0oH m - (d+x)(2Tr)o H 2 (c)

Similarly, to the right,

X2 = poN(d+x) (27)H 2 (e)

PROBLEM 2.4 (Continued)

Then for t > 0

which has a solution

PROBLEM 2.4 (Continued)

Hence x(t) u-1( t + Ud 2) (1-e-(B/M) t

point the mass will stop.

(1) f(t) = IoUo(t)

x(t) = u (t) - (1-e(

PROBLEM 2.5 (Continued)

as shown in Prob. 2.4 with Vd = 0.

(2) f(t) = F° u l(t)

Integrating the answer in (1)

Consider the node connecting the

damper and the spring; there must be no

net force on this node or it will

suffer infinite acceleration.

1. Let y(t) = Auo(t)

x(t) = C e - K/Bt t > 0

Now since x(t) and -(t) are zero for t < 0