READING

Questions 1-11 (The Railroad Pioneers)

        The work of the railroad pioneers in America became the basis for a great surge of railroad building halfway through the nineteenth century that linked the
nation together as never before. Railroads eventually became the nation’s number one transportation system, and remained so until the construction of the interstate
highway system halfway through the twentieth century. They were of crucial importance in stimulating economic expansion, but their influence reached beyond
the economy and was pervasive in American society at large.
        By 1804, English as well as American inventors had experimented with steam engines for moving land vehicles. In 1920, John Stevens ran a locomotive and
cars around in a circular track on his New Jersey estate, which the public saw as an amusing toy. And in 1825, after opening a short length of track, the Stockton to
Darlington Railroad in England became the first line to carry general traffic. American businesspeople, especially those in the Atlantic coastal region who looked
for better communication with the West, quickly became interested in the English experiment. The first company in America to begin actual operations was the
Baltimore and Ohio, which opened a thirteen- mile length of track in 1830. It used a team of horses to pull a train of passenger carriages and freight wagons along
the track. Steam locomotive power didn’t come into regular service until two years later.
        However, for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true railroad system. Even the longest of the lines was relatively short in the 1830’s, and most of
them served simply to connect water routes to each other, not to link one railroad to another. Even when two lines did connect, the tracks often differed in width, so
cars from one line couldn’t fit onto tracks of the next line. Schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent. Significantly, however, some important
developments during the 1830’s and 1840’s  included the introduction of heavier iron rails, more flexible and powerful locomotives, and passenger cars were
redesigned to become more stable, comfortable, and larger.  By the end of 1830 only 23 miles of track had been laid in the country. But by 1936, more than 1,000
miles of track had been laid in eleven States, and within the decade, almost 3,000 miles had been constructed. By that early age, the United States had already
surpassed Great Britain in railroad construction, and particularly from the mid-1860’s, the late nineteenth century belonged to the railroads.
1. The word “stimulating” in line 5 is closest in meaning to (c)  promoting
2. The word “their” in line 6 refers to (b)  railroads
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? (b) Steam locomotive power was first used in 1832
4. The author concludes that for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true railroad system because?
(d)  lines were relatively short and not usually linked
5. The word “schedules” in line 23 is closest in meaning to: (c) timetables
6. Which of the following is NOT true about the 1830’s and 1840’s  (line 24) (b) schedules were reliable
7. The word “stable” in line 26 is closest in meaning to (d) sound
8. By what time had almost 3,000 miles of track been laid? (c) 1840
9. The word “surpassed” in line 29 is closest in meaning to (a) exceeded
10. Where in the passage does the author outline main conclusions about the importance  railroads in America? (a)    Lines 3-7
11. Why does the author include details about Great Britain in the passage? (d) To provide a more complete historical context

Questions 12-19 (The Nobel Peace Prize)

        The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually and the first woman to win this prize was Baroness Bertha Felicie Sophie von Suttner in 1905. In fact, her work
inspired the creation of the Prize. The first American woman win this prize was Jane Addams, in 1931. However, Addams is best known as founder of   Hull
House.
        Jane Addams was born in 1860, into a wealthy family. She was one of a small number of women in her generation to graduate from college. Her commitment
to improving the lives of those around her led her to work for social reform and world peace. In the 1880s Jane Addams travelled to Europe. While she was in
London, she visited a ‘settlement house’ called Toynbee Hall. Inspired by Toynbee Hall, Addams and her friend, Ellen Gates Starr, opened Hull House in a
neighborhood of slums in Chiacago in 1899. Hull House provided a day care center for children of  working mothers, a community kitchen, and visiting nurses.
Addams and her staff gave classes in English literacy, art, and other subjects. Hull House also became a meeting place for clubs and labor unions. Most of the
people who worked with Addams in Hull House were well educated, middle-class women. Hull House gave them an opportunity to use their education and it
provided a training ground for careers in social work.
        Before World War I, Addams was probably the most beloved woman in America. In a newspaper poll that asked, “Who among our contemporaries are of the
most value to the community?”, Jane Addams was rated second, after Thomas Edison. When she opposed America’s involvement in World War I, however,
newspaper editors called her a traitor and a fool, but she never changed her mind. Jane Addams was a strong champion of several other causes. Until 1920,
American women could not vote. Addams joined in the movement for women’s suffrage and was a vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage
Association. She was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and was president of the Women’s
International League for Peace and Freedom. . Her reputation was gradually restored during the last years of her life. She died of cancer in 1935.
12. With which of the following subjects is passage mainly concerned? (b) A woman’s work for social reform and world peace
13. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? (b) Jane Addams is most famous for her opening of Hull House
14. The word “commitment” in line 6 is closest in meaning to          (c) dedication
15. Jane Addams was inspired to open Hull House because: (c) she visited Toynbee Hall
16. The word “their” in line 15 refers to?        (b) middle-class women
17. The word “contemporaries” in line 18 is closest in meaning to (a) people of the same time
18. According to passage, Jane Addams’ reputation was damaged when she (d) opposed America’s involvement in World War I
19. Where in the passage does the author mention the services provided by Hull House? (b)   lines 10-15

Questions  20-29 (The Medieval Artists)

       The medieval artists didn’t know about perspective; they didn’t want to make their people look like real, individual people in a real, individual scene. They
wanted to show  truth, the eternal quality of their religious stories. So these artists didn’t need to know about perspective.
       In the European Renaissance period, artists wanted to show the importance of the individual person and his or her possessions and surroundings. A flat
medieval style couldn’t show this level of reality and the artists needed a new technique. It was the Italian artist Brunelleschi who discovered the technique of
perspective drawing. At first the artists of the Renaissance only had single-point perspective. Later they realized that they could have two-pointed perspective and
still later multi-point perspective.
       With two-point perspective they could turn an object (like a building) at an angle to the picture and draw two sides of it. The technique of perspective which
seems so natural to us now is an invented technique, a part of the “grammar of painting”. Like all bits of grammar there are exceptions about perspective. For
example, vertical and horizontal surfaces seem to meet on eye level. Sloping roof tops don’t meet on eye level.
       For 500 years, artists in Europe made use of perspective drawing in their pictures.  Nevertheless, there are a range of priorities that artists in displaying
individual styles. Crivelli wanted to show depth in his picture and he used a simple single-point perspective. Cezanne always talked about space and volume. Van
Gogh, like some of the other painters of the Impressionist period, was interested in Japanese prints. And Japanese artists until this century were always very strong
designers of “flat” pictures. Picasso certainly made pictures which have volume and depth. However, he wanted to keep our eyes on the surface and to remind us
that his paintings are paintings and not illusions. It is technically easy to give an illusion of depth. However, a strong two dimensional design is just as important as
a feeling of depth, and perhaps more important.
20. The passage mainly discusses? (b) how the technique of perspective influenced the modern art
21. The word “eternal” in line 3 is closest in meaning to (a) timeless
22. According to the passage, which is the main concern for medieval artists? (d) themes of religious stories
23. The discovery of perspective was the result of
(c) the subject being shifted from religious stories to individual person and surroundings.
24. The word “it” in line 12 refers to (d)  the object
25. The word  “Grammar ” in line 13 is closest in meaning to (c) rules and regulations
26. The author’s purpose to give the example in line14-15 is to (c) illustrate that there are exceptions about perspective
27. The following artists’ priorities in style shift away from perspective except (d) Brunelleschi
28. The word ”Illusion” in line 25 is closest in meaning to (a) deception
29.  It can be inferred from the passage that Renaissance artists
(b)   needed to develop a new approach towards painting to show a new level of reality

Questions 30-39 (Two Main Hypotheses)

       There are two main hypotheses when it comes to explaining the emergence of modern humans. The ‘Out of Africa’ theory holds that homo sapiens burst onto
the scene as a new species around 150,000 to 200,000 years ago in Africa and subsequently replaced archaic humans such as the Neandertals. The other model,
known as multi-regional evolution or regional continuity, posits far more ancient and diverse roots for our kind. Proponents of this view believe that homo
sapiens arose in Africa some 2 million years ago and evolved as a single species spread across the Old World, with populations in different regions linked through
genetic and cultural exchange.
       Of these two models, Out of Africa, which was originally developed based on fossil evidence, and supported by much genetic research, has been favored by
the majority of evolution scholars. The vast majority of  these genetic studies have focused on DNA from living populations, and although some small progress has
been made in recovering DNA from Neandertal that appears to support multi-regionalism, the chance of recovering nuclear DNA from early human fossils is quite
slim at present. Fossils thus remain very much a part of the human origins debate.
      Another means of gathering theoretical evidence is through bones. Examinations of early modern human skulls from Central Europe and Australia dated to
between 20,000 and 30,000 years old have suggested that both groups apparently exhibit traits seen in their Middle Eastern and African predecessors. But the early
modern specimens from Central Europe also display Neandertal traits, and the early modern Australians showed affinities to archaic  Homo from Indonesia.
Meanwhile, the debate among paleoanthropologists continues , as supporters of the two hypotheses challenge the evidence and conclusions of each other.
30. The passage primarily discusses which of the following (b)  Two hypotheses & some  evidence on the human origins debate
31. The word “emergence” in line 1 is closest in meaning to (c)  appearance
32. The word “proponents” in line 6 is closet in meaning to (b)  advocates
33. All of the following are true except (d) DNA studies offer one of best ways in future to provide clear evidence.
34. The word “slim” in line 14 is closest in meaning to (a) small
35. Which of the following is not true (b) early modern human skulls all support the same conclusions
36. In line 18, the word “their ” refers to which of the following (c)     central Europeans and Australians
37. Which of the following is NOT true about the two hypotheses
(a)     Both hypotheses regard Neandertals to be the predecessors of modern humans
38.    It can be inferred from the passage that (d)    there is little likelihood that the debate will die down     
39.    According to the passage, the multi-regional evolution model posits far more diverse roots for our kind because
(c)     Populations in different regions were linked through genetic and cultural exchange

Questions 40-50 (Management Principles)

        Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times, most management scholars trace the beginning of modern management thought
back to the early 1900s, beginning with the pioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor was the first person to study work scientifically. He is most
famous for introducing techniques of time and motion study, differential piece rate systems, and for systematically specializing the work of operating employees
and managers. Along with other pioneers such as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his philosophy and methods “scientific management’. At
that time, his philosophy, which was concerned with productivity, but which was often misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the expense of management,
was in marked contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of worker exploitation.
        The time and motion study concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The Gilbreths   had 12 children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing
and bedmaking chores, this pioneer efficiency expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles whereby workers could eliminate waste motion. He was memorialized by
two of his children in their 1949 book called “Cheaper by the Dozen”.
        The Gilbreth methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and special tools (cameras and special clocks) to monitor and study worker
performance, and also involved identification of “therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards) – basic motions used in production jobs. Many of these motions and
accompanying times have been used to determine how long it should take a skilled worker to perform a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can get a
handle on the approximate time it should take to produce a product or provide a service. However, use of work analysis in this way is unlikely to lead to useful
results unless all five work dimensions are considered: physical, psychological, social, cultural, and power. 
40. What is the passage primarily about? (d) The beginnings of modern management theory
41. The word “trace” in line 2 is closest in meaning to? (b) follow
42. The word “which” in line 9 refers to? (b) philosophy
43. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that (b) Talor’s philosophy is different from the industrial norms
44. The word “prevailing” in line 10/12 is closest in meaning to (a) predominant
45. The word “memoririalized” in line 18 is closest in meaning to? (d) commemorated
46. According to the passage, Frank Gilbreth discovered how workers could eliminate  waste motion by
(d)   watching his children do their chores
47. The basic motions used in production jobs were given which one of following names by Frank Gilbreth? (c)  therbligs
48.  According to the passage, the time it takes a skilled worker to perform the motion of a given job can be measured by using: (d) therbligs
49. The word “called” in line 18 is closest in meaning to (c) cabled
50. The word “motions” in line 23 is closest in meaning to (c) actions
51. Where in the passage does the author comment that the principles of scientific management were often misunderstood? (b) Lines 6-10
52. The word “dimensions” in line 24 is closest in meaning to (c) aspects
53. All of the following are true except ? (b)   the beginnings of modern management thought commenced in the 19 th century.

Question 1-11 (Meriwether Clark Lewis)

Though they were not trained naturalists. Meriwether and William Clark in their explorations of North America in the early nineteenth century came across enough
unfamiliar brids, mamma;s, and reptiles to fill a zoo. In keeping with President Jefferson’s orders, they took carefull note of 122 species and subspecies that were
unknown to science and in many cases native only to the West. Clark made sketches of any particulary intriguing creature. He and Lewis also collected animal
hides and horns and bird skins with such care that a few of them were still intact nearly two centuries later. While Lewis and Clark failed to meet the mythological
monster reputed to dwell in the West, they did unearth the bones of a 45-foot dinosaur. Furthermore, some of the living beasts they did come upon, such as the
wooly mountain goat and the grizzly bear, were every bit as odd or as fearsome as any myth. In their collector’s enthusiasm, they even floated a prairie dog out of
its burrow by pouring in five barrel fuls of water, the shipped the frisky animal to Jefferson alive and helping.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (c) discovery of animal species by Lewis and Clark
2. “In keeping with in line 3-4 could best be replaced by? (b) managing
3. It can be inferred from the passage that president Jefferson ordered Lewis and Clark to?
(d) record newly discovered species of animals
4. The word “Intriguing” in line 6 is close in meaning to? (c) slimming
5. In line 10, what does the word “they” refer to? (a) Lewis and Clark
6. The author compares which of the following animals to mythological monsters? (a) The grizzly bear
7. According to the passage, Lewis and Clark poured water into a prairie dog’s burrow because they wanted to?
(b) capture the animal
8. What can be inferred about the mythological monsters? (d) they get extinct
9. The word “unearth” in line 10 is closest in meaning to? (c) discover
10. The word “fearsome” in line 12 ic closest in meaning to? (c) gigantic
11. The word “frisky” in line 14 is closest in meaning to? (d) lively

Question 12-21 (The Earth’s Wind)

The Earth’s winds are caused primarily by the unequal heating of the Earth’s surface by the Sun, and hence wind power, like hydroelectric power, is
really another of solar power. For centuries people have used the winds to drive sailing ships, to pump water, and to grind grain. In some parts of the world winds
of 25 to 30 miles per hour are available for long periods of the year. The obvious way to use such winds today is to have them drive wind machines (a new name
for the more familiar windmill) which are coupled to electric generators to produce the electricity needed for cooking, heating, and electrical appliances. A wind
machine usually consists of a large rotating blade, like an airplane propeller. The air molecules making up the wind collide with this blade, give up some of their
momentum and energy to it, and cause it to rotate.
There are many problems associated with wind machines. First, they are not dependable, since they rely on the whim of the wind. No one wants the lights to go out
just because the wind dies down. Hence some method of storing electricity is needed to complement the wind machine. This usually means either storage batteries
or pump-water storage, and these are both expensive. For this reason the best uses of wind power will probably continue to be intermittent tasks like pumping
water or grinding grain, which can be done when the wind is blowing. The second problem is that to produce any significant amounts of power, wind machines
must be large and there must be many of them. This leads to what has been called “visual pollution.”
Ultimately, however, the problem wit wind energy is the same as with most other sources of “free energy.” It is expensive to convert that energy into a useful form.
Wind velocity increases with height above the Earth, and hence to be usefull, wind achines must be tall, exposed to the elements, and hence expensive to contstruct
and maintain. When the costs of construction, maintenance, repair, and auxiliary storage devices are added together, wind machines are at this time uneconomical
compared with fossil fuels or nuclear energy. Of course, as fossil fuels increase in price and become less readily available, wind power may be chosen as a
replacement, particularly in parts of the world where strong winds and technical craftsmanship coexist.
12. What does the passage mainly discuss? (d) future energy needs
13. What can be informed about which that are between 25 and 30 miles per hour? (a) they are strong enough to operate wind machines
14. The word “drive” in line 4 is closest in meaning to? (c) power
15. The word “familiar” in line 7 is closest in meaning to? (a) common
16. The author compares a part of a wind machine to which of the following? (c) an airplane propeller
17. The word “them” in line 23 is closest in meaning to? (b) machines
18. Which of the following is one way that wind machines cause visual pollution? (b) they are large structures
19. According to the passage, which of the following might cause an increase in the use of wind energy? (b) a sharp rise in fossil fuel
prices
20. The word “chosen” in line 31 is closest in meaning to? (a) selected
21. The word “replacement” in line 31 is closest in meaning to? (d) substitute

Practice Passage 1 (The Alaska Pipeline)

The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across the largest and northernmost state in the United States, ending at a
remote ice-free seaport village nearly 800 miles from (5) where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely complicated to operate. The steel pipe crosses
windswept plains and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons, climbs sheer (10) mountains, plunges over
rocky crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 million
barrels (or 84 million gallons) of crude oil can be pumped through it daily. (15) Resting on H-shaped steel racks called "bents," long sections of the pipeline follow
a zigzag course high above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of
the pipeline's up-and-(20) down route is determined by the often harsh demands
of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or permafrost (permanently frozen ground). A little more
than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground. (25) The remainder is buried anywhere from 3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and the
properties of the soil. One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost approximately $8 billion and is by far the biggest (30) and most expensive construction
project ever undertaken by private industry. In fact, no single business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies formed a consortium in order to
share
the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to (35) particular shares of land in the oil fields and paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of
its holdings. Today, despite enormous problems of climate, supply shortages, equipment breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous (40) terrain, a certain
amount of mismanagement, and even theft, the Alaska pipeline has been completed and is operating.
1. The passage primarily discusses the pipeline's d) construction
2. The word "it" in line 5 refers to a) pipeline
3. According to the passage, 84 million gallons of oil can travel through the pipeline each? a) day
4. The phrase "Resting on" in line 15 is closest in meaning to b) supported by
5. The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline's route EXCEPT the c) local vegetation
6. The word "undertaken" in line 31 is closest in meaning to d) attempted
7. How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline? c) eight
8. The word "particular" in line 35 is closest in meaning to b) specific
9. Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of the consortium would pay?
a. How much oil field land each company owned
10. Where in the passage does the author provide a term for an earth covering that always remains frozen? c) Line 23

Passage 2 (48) (Steamships US)

 Steamships were first introduced into the United States in 1807, and John Molson built the first steamship in Canada (then called British North
America) in 1809. By the 1830's dozens of steam vessels were in use in Canada. They offered the traveler reliable transportation in comfortable facilities-a
welcome alternative to stagecoach travel, which at the best of times could only be described as wretched. This commitment to dependable river transport became
entrenched with the investment of millions of dollars for the improvement of waterways. which included the construction of canals and lock systems. The Lachine
and Welland canals. two of the most important systems. were opened in 1825 and 1829, respectively. By the time that Upper and Lower Canada were united into
the Province of Canada in 1841. the public debt for canals was more than one hundred dollars per capita. an enormous sum for the time. But it may not seem such a
great amount if we consider that improvements allowed steamboats to remain practical for most commercial transport in Canada until the mid-- nineteenth century.
1. What is the main purpose of the passage? (C) To describe the introduction of steamships in Canada
2. The word "reliable" in line 3 is closest in meaning to which of the following (C) Dependable
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about stagecoach travel in Canada in the 1831's? (C) It was not popular.
4. According to the passage, when was the Welland Canal opened? (D) 1829
5. The word "sum" in line 10 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (D) Amount
6. According to the passage, steamships became practical means of transportation in Canada because of (A) improvements in the waterways

Passage 4 (60) (The Classic Neanderthals)

The classic Neanderthals, who lived between about 70,000 and 30,000 years ago, shared a number of special characteristics. Like any biological
population, Neanderthals also showed variation in the degree to which those characteristics were expressed. Generally, they were powerfully built, short and
stocky, with the lower parts of their arms and legs short in relation to the upper parts, as in modern peoples who live in cold environments. Neanderthal skulls were
distinctive, housing brains even larger on average than those of modem humans, a feature that may have had more to do with their large, heavy bodies than with
superior intelligence. Seen from behind, Neanderthal skulls look almost spherical, but from the side they are long and flattened often with a bulging back.
The Neanderthal face, dominated by a projecting and full nose, differed clearly from the faces of other hominids; the middle parts appear to be pulled
forward (or the sides pulled back), resulting in a rather streamlined face shape. This peculiarity may have been related to the greater importance (in cultural
activities as well as food processing) of the front teeth, which are large and part of a row of teeth that lies well forward in the head; it may reflect a reduction in
importance of certain jaw muscles operating at the sides of the face; or it may reflect an adaptation to cold. Whether it results from any or all of these three factors
or from other, undiscovered causes, this midfacial projection is so characteristic that it unfailingly identifies a Neanderthal to the trained eye. Neanderthal teeth are
much more difficult to characterize: the front teeth are large, with strong roots, but the back teeth may be relatively small. This feature may have been an
adaptation to cope with heavy tooth wear.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (C) The physical characteristics of the Neanderthals
2. The author describes the Neanderthal as being all of the following EXCEPT (B) swift
3. Which of the following most likely accounts for the fact that the Neanderthal brain was larger than that of the modern human?
(A) The relatively large size of the Neanderthal's body
4. Where in the passage does the author specifically stress the contrast between the Neanderthal face and that of other biologically related
populations? (C) Lines 10–11
5. Which of the following explanations is NOT cited as a possible explanation of the Neanderthal’s streamlined face shape?
(D) The nose was set far back
6. The phrase "the trained eye" in line 18 most likely refers to which of the following professionals? (C) An anthropologist
7. In line 20, the author uses the expression "heavy tooth wear" to imply that the Neanderthals (B) used their teeth extensively
8. The paragraph following this passage most probably discusses (A) other features of the Neanderthal anatomy

Questions 32-40 (63) (Amelia Earhart)

Amelia Earhart was born in Kansas in 1897. Thirty one years later, she received a phone call that would change her life. She was invited to become the
first woman passenger to cross the Atlantic Ocean in a plane. The flight took more than 20 hours – about three times longer than it routinely takes today to cross
the Atlantic by plane. Earhart was twelve years old before she ever saw an airplane, and she didn’t take her first flight until 1920. But she was so thrilled by her
first experience in a plane that she quickly began to take flying lessons. She wrote, “As soon as I left the ground, I knew I myself had to fly.”
After that flight Earhart became a media sensation. She was given a ticker tape parade down Broadway in New York and even President Coolidge
called to congratulate her. Because her record-breaking career and physical appearance were similar to pioneering pilot and American hero Charles Lindbergh, she
earned the nickname “Lady Lindy.” She wrote a book about her flight across the Atlantic, called 20 Hrs., 40 Min.
Earhart continued to break records, and also polished her skills as a speaker and writer, always advocating women’s achievements, especially in
aviation. Her next goal was to achieve a transatlantic crossing alone. In 1927 Charles Lindbergh became the first person to make a solo nonstop flight across the
Atlantic. Five years later, Earhart became the first woman to repeat that feat. Her popularity grew even more and she was the undisputed queen of the air. She then
wanted to fly around the world, and in June 1937 she left Miami with Fred Noonan as her navigator. No one knows why she left behind important communication
and navigation instruments. Perhaps it was to make room for additional fuel for the long flight. The pair made it to New Guinea in 21 days and then left for
Howland Island, a tiny island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The last communication from Earhart and Noonan was on July 2, 1937 with a nearby Coast Guard
ship. The United States Navy conducted a massive search for more than two weeks but no trace of the plane or its passengers was ever found. Many people believe
they got lost and simply ran out of fuel and died.
32. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned? (D) The achievements of a pioneering aviatrix
33. According to the passage, which of the following statements about Earhart is NOT true?
(B) In her last adventure, she didn’t take communication and navigation instruments by accident, and that led to the tragedy.
34. According to the passage, when did Amelia Earhart began her first flight (B) 1920
35. The word “sensation” in line 8 is closest in meaning to (B) hit
36. Amelia Earhart was called “Lady Lindy” because? (D) of her career and her physical resemblance to Lindbergh
37. The word “undisputed” in line18 is closest in meaning to (D) undoubted
38. The word “it” in line 20 refers to (C) the reason
39. The word “massive” in line 25 is closest in meaning to (C) large
40. It may be inferred from the passage that Amelia Earhart
(B) Would have continued to seek new adventures and records to break if she had not died at the age of 39.

Question 41-50 (Music Humpback)

Music can bring us to tears or to our feet, drive us into battle or lull us to sleep. Music is indeed remarkable in its power over all humankind, and
perhaps for that very reason, no human culture on earth has ever lived without it. From discoveries made in France and Slovenia even Neanderthal man, as long as
53,000 years ago, had developed surprisingly sophisticated, sweet-sounding flutes carved from animal bones. It is perhaps then, no accident that music should
strike such a chord with the limbic system – an ancient part of our brain, evolutionarily speaking, and one that we share with much of the animal kingdom. Some
researchers even propose that music came into this world long before the human race ever did. For example, the fact that whale and human music have so much in
common even though our evolutionary paths have not intersected for nearly 60 million years suggests that music may predate humans. They assert that rather than
being the inventors of music, we are latecomers to the musical scene.
 Humpback whale composers employ many of the same tricks that human songwriters do. In addition to using similar rhythms, humpbacks keep musical
phrases to a few seconds, creating themes out of several phrases before singing the next one. Whale songs in general are no longer than symphony movements,
perhaps because they have a similar attention span. Even though they can sing over a range of seven octaves, the whales typically sing in key, spreading adjacent
notes no farther apart than a scale.
They mix percussive and pure tones in pretty much the same ratios as human composers– and follow their ABA form, in which a theme is presented, elaborated on
and then revisited in a slightly modified form. Perhaps most amazing, humpback whale songs include repeating refrains that rhyme. It has been suggested that
whales might use rhymes for exactly the same reasons that we do: as devices to help them remember. Whale songs can also be rather catchy. When a few
humpbacks from the Indian Ocean strayed into the Pacific, some of the whales they met there quickly changed their tunes – singing the new whales’ songs within
three short years. Some scientists are even tempted to speculate that a universal music awaits discovery.
41. Why did the author write the passage? (A) To describe the music for some animals, including humans
42. The word “sophisticated” in line 5 is closest in meaning to (C) well-developed
43. The word “one” in line 7 can be replaced by (D) the limbic system
44. According to the passage, which of the following is true of humpback whales (B) they can sing over a range of seven octaves
45. The word “they” in line 18 refers to (D) whales
46. Which of the following is NOT true about humpback whale music?
(D) It’s in a form of creating a theme, elaborating and revisiting in rhyming refrains
47. The word “refrains” in line 22 is closest in meaning to (A) tunes
48. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? (B) Music helped to shape the whale brain
49. Where in the passage does the author first mention whales? (A) Lines 5-9
50. The word ‘their’ in line 25 refers to (B) Pacific Ocean humpbacks

LISTENING
1. D. the comedy club is supposed to be good 26. B. he slept through the alarm
2. D. check with the store later 27. D. he’ll ask the library to send the journal back
3. C. she doesn’t play volley ball anymore 28. B. she’s concerned about missing her plane in Dallas
4. B. professor stevens will accept the man’s explanation 29. C. make separate housing arrangements
5. C. help the man with his work 30. D. he’s worried about the woman’s health
6. A. he was unable to buy a gift 31. D. he has to do a lot of reading for his job
7. C. the woman shouldn’t move the desk near the window 32. D. she has taken a speed reading class
8. C. they look alike 33. B. concern about the time commitment
9. A. he doesn’t want any dessert 34. A. at the dean’s office
10. C. she liked the movie 35. C. proper techniques for making prints
11. A. the man will like vegetables if he prepare them well 36. B. she has more experience making prints than the man does
12. A. He has met Nancy before 37. A. by systematically reviewing each step in a process
13. D. She really liked the concert she attended 38. B. he adjusted the pressure on the printing press incorrectly
14. A. the sweat shirt is too small 39. B. the popularity of butterfly watching
15. B. he needs a table for six 40. C. many different butterfly species live there
16. B. he doesn’t want to go out in bad weather 41. A. looking for mate
17. B. prepare the medicine for the man 42. C. to observethe migration of the monarch butterflies
18. C. at a dry cleaner’s 43. C. a play
19. B. he saved some of the food for the woman 44. B. to make it easier for people w disabilities to attend shows
20. C. she needs to have some bandages removed 45. D. an exchange program for foreign actors
21. D. it’s better to go early in the week 46. C. contributions
22. B. she agrees with the man 47. D. a potential application of laser technology
23. D. the man should take whichever class he needs more 48. B. it would be more durable than conventional engines
24. A. hang up the phone 49. B. air
25. C. she’s going to ride her bike now 50. B. a laser-powered train engine will be marketed soon

1. B. her handwriting is difficult to read 22. A. the man hurried through breakfast
2. A. get schedule of events at the athletic center 23. B. he didn’t see the new doctor
3. C. she might prefer another color 24. B. ask marsha where the bookshelf is
4. A. someone painted it for her 25. A. the man can get some paper at the new store
5. B. another seminar will take place the following week 26.
6. D. he’s pleased with his purchase 27. B. he didn’t see a large number of movies
7. A. he can send the woman 28.
8. A. answer her calls 29. B. she did very well in elementary biology
9. A. taking a test 30. B. she needed a vacation
10. A. the window is broken 31. D. checkout procedures
11. B. he didn’t really want to work in the bookstore 32. C. return their keys to the housing office
12. C. she didn’t have the right coins to buy stamps 33. B. any damage to their rooms
13. D. he won’t drink any more coffee today 34. C. materials used to make industrial containers
14. C. he knew about the planned construction 35. A. it becomes brittle
15. C. she doesn’t intend to go to the play 36. B. it’s expensive
16. B. kate has changed her plans 37. D. boron
17. C. the woman doesn’t have to attend the graduation ceremony 38. C. an investigation of accidental animal deaths
18. D. allen repaired the faucet 39. C. sawdust
19. B. he doesn’t want to be treasurer 40. D. insects
20. D. he’s not very interested in his school work 41. B. they were fed contaminated mice
21. 42. A. to illustrate a priciple about environmental poison
STRUCTURE
1. A dominant animal is best defined as one _______ actions are not constrained by possible responses of its fellows. (b) whose
2. In general, _______ have a professional obligation to protect confidential sourfaces of information. (b) journalists
3. Cobalt resembles Iron and nickle in tensile strength, appearance, ________ (c) has hardness
4. ______ explores the nature of guilt and responsibility and builds to a remarkable conclusion. (a) the beautifully written novel
5. He is a man ______ to have the vision of an eagle and courage of a lion. (d) who appears
6. ______ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems wit his teacher. (a) in spite of
7. This new service will be available to all users ______ up for paid membership (a) that signed
8. I think Jane deserved to be fired for her ______ (c) totally irresponsible behavior
9. Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people ______. (b) do
10. Of all economically important plants, palms have been ______. (d) the least studied
11. With the passing of the time and the disruption of people, the habitat of gorillas ______ to decrease (a) continues
12. _______ social nesting birds that build their nests in trees and on cliffs. (d) most stocks are
13. _______ was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the photoelectric effect. (c) Einstein
14. Emma Thompson was nominated for an Academy Award as both screenwriter _______ an actress in 1996(c) and
15. Hawai _______ subzero temperatures (c) almost never experiences
16. From the inception of his long and distinguished career, Frank Lioyd Wright was concerned with how _______ architecture with topography.
(a) To integrate
17. Egyptian pyramids were regularly robbed despite their intricate passageways, byzantine mazes, and ________ (b) false walls
18. The Duncan sofa, _______ is highly valued in today’s antique furniture market. (d) a colonial
masterpiece
19. Maine’s coastlineis a major attraction and a vista of sandy beaches contrasted _______ rockbound shoreline (a) by the rugged
20. At the seventh International Ballet Competitions, Fernando Bujones won the first gold medal ever ______ to a United States male dancer.
(b) To be awarded
21. The best known diffuse nebula is the great Orion Nebula, ______ can be seen by the naked eye. (a) which
22. Over time the young students will perfect the art of piano playing. After all, such _____ needs delicate handling. (c) a finely tuned instrument
23. Space exploration and underground mining both take place in extreme environments so it is not too surprising that technology developed for
one field is now being applied to _______ (b) the other
24. Since September 11, 2001 companies that ship goods, and other businesses involved in ocean transport ______ millions of dollars
coordinating their security efforts. (c) had been spending
25. We ______ for three years for something to happen that will improve our situation. (a) had waited
26. Drivers over 65 have experience, but ______ physical and sensory capabilities. (c) may have diminished
27. The conversation between the airport control towerand pilots revealed that the plane _______ approval to land before it crashed.
(a) Had received
28. The human brain goes through several large scale changed ______ the individual progresses from embryo through to old age (b) as
29. Second-hand smoke is the exhaled smoke from the lungs of a smoker, _______ the smoke that dispers from a lit cigarette, cigar, or pipe
(a) As well as
30. Jack London, _____ works deal romantically with the overwhelming power of nature and struggle for survival, was a prolific American
novelist. (b) whose
31. Parents can learn to create an environment _____ their child can grow and thrive in a more resourceful and less stressful manner (c) where
32. Cell phones are dangerous when people use them while they _______ (d) are driving cars
33. John got difficulty _______ timely (b) in distributing the products
34. The company got an angry reaction from its employees after announcing how ______ to reduce operating costs. (a) it planned
35. The tube worm, ________ stationary plant-like creature that lives at the bottom of the deep sea, can live for hundreds of years. (c) a
36. Their gymnasium facilites are ______ those of the finest private school in the county. (a) second after
37. The more the horse tried to free itself from the retrained, ______. (a) the tighter is became
38. ______ that runner is likely to be the first one chosen. (a) due to her agility and speed
39. It was not untill the students were seated _______ the promotor realized he had the wrong test booklets. (b) when
40. With so much flooding already having occurred, residents were seeking shelter ______ than in previous years. (d) in greater numbers

1. Although a number of voters has cast their ballots in the city election, the supervisor of elections temporarily ended the election temporarily
ended the election because of a malfunction in the voting mechanism.
2. Neither Professor Johnson nor any other faculty member ______ to apply for the dean’s position. (b) intends
3. While this is not the most popular course offered at the university, just like many others classes that have low attendance in spite of their
importance, at least several classes are always available
4. E. Coli has proven to be _______ most dangerous bacteria that can be acquired from food and water, even in develop countries
(a) one of the
5. The death toll would _______ much higher if immediate action had not been taken (b) probably be
6. For years, this varsity athletes have been known throughout the country for their tremendous abilities
7. A fire in the ______ building could be a problem for firefighters (a) ninety story tall
8. The company had been operate in an old warehouse since its inception, when it built a huge, efficient, and modern office building
9. Their office consisted of three rooms, _______ was used as a conference room (b) the largest of which
10. Before administering the exam, the proctor required that the students take their seats and removing all items from their workplaces.
11. In the past six months, the company has already received twice _______ in gross revenues as it earned in entire preceding year. (a) as much
12. Some people enjoy preparing their own meals while another would rather eat out regularly
13. ______ better, the team would have been able to defeat the opponent (d) had it prepared
14. The news of the decision to invade with armed forces were not well received by the citizens
15. Nobody knows why ______ postponed untill next week. (d) the meeting was
16. Air traffic controllers must use a form of communication that is universal understood because a pilot’s understanding of instructions is
critical.
17. The curriculum at the public school is as good ______ of any private school. (c) as or better than that
18. Hurricanes hardly never reach the east coast of Florida, but some that have were extremely hazardous.
19. Children raised in foster homes requirement special attention to overcome the feelings of abandonment and isolation.
20. Being a private university, _______ a well-organized charitable giving program in order to offer a sufficient number of quality courses and
activites. (b) it developed
21. With so many choices of wireless technology available, it is often difficulty to determine which offers the best value and quality.
22. Entering the country in car may cause different treatment by customs officials than entering by way of mass transportation
23. The greater the number of bacteria attacking the system, _______. (a) the sooner treatment must be begun

1. A congressional committee has been appointed to study a new procedure ______ to eliminate some costly expenditures. (a) that is
expected
2. Some professors enjoy writing articles and performing research, while anothers would be more content to devote all their time teaching.
3. Some people send job applications even when they are reasonably happy in their jobs, ______ improving their position. (c) with hopes of
4. Swimming is a beneficial exercise, _______ aerobic activity and uses a number of muscle groups. (b) because it both provides
5. Tests have been performed to determine whether studying TOEFL questions will help students rise their test scores.
6. The professor instructed the students ________ the essay without preparing an outline first. (b) not to write
7. It is not clear when _______, although there are many different theories. (c) dinosaurs became extinct
8. The professor decided to allow the students to take the examination a second time because the low scores
9. If the driver’s own car _______ damaged, the favorite probably would have won the race (a) had not been
10. Having withdrawn from the race, the candidate decided supporting his opponent despite the opponent’s representing the other political party.
11. The soldiers were unable to determine where ________. (a) the jeep had been left
12. The manager was angry because somebody _______. (a) had allowed the photographers to enter the building
13. The committee members resented __________ of the meeting. (c) the president’s not informing them
14. __________ did Arthur realize that there was danger. (d) only after entering the store
15. The congressman, accompanied by secret service agents and aides, are preparing to enter the convention hall within the next few minutes.
16. Because the torrential rains that had devastated the area, the governor sent the National Guard to assist in the clean-up operation.
17. Lack of sanitation in restaurants are a major cause of disease in some areas of the country.
18. Had the committee members considered the alternatives more carefully, they would have realized that the second was better as the first.
19. Malnutrition is a major cause of death in those countries where the cultivation of rice have been impeded by recurrent drought.
20. The decision to withdraw all support from the activities of the athletes are causing an uproar among the athletes’ fans.
21. Underutilized species of fish has been proposed as a solution to the famine in many underdeveloped countries.
22. Because the residents had worked so diligent to renovate the old building, the manager had a party.
23. John’s wisdom teeth were troubling him, so he went to a dental surgeon to see about having them pull.
24. Hardly __________ the office when he realized that he had forgotten his wallet. (d) had he entered
25. Suzy had better to change her study habits if she hopes to be admitted to a good university.