BI108 Animal Biology

(All Campuses)

Online Practical 4 Eucoelomates

Phylum Mollusca, Phylum Annelida and Phylum Arthropoda
Worksheet

Instructions
 Read Online Practical 4 Handout carefully to complete this Online Practical 4 Worksheet as per
the given instructions.
 Fill in the worksheet by either handwriting or by typing but include original diagram drawings.
 Where you are required to draw, DO NOT copy and paste diagrams from the web or textbook
resources. Otherwise, you will be awarded ZERO marks. You may draw diagrams (include an
appropriate title, labels and where required, a scale bar or magnification and broad classification
should also be provided) on a page, then either scan it or take a picture of your hand-drawn diagrams
and attach it in this worksheet.
 Any scanned images should be clear i.e. dark and well labeled. Marks may be lost for any unclear
scans.
 Where you are required to only label the given diagram/image, you may use shapes such as:

 All activities should be completed. Any missing activities will be awarded zero marks.
 After completing all the activities in this practical (Parts A, B and C), submit this worksheet on
Moodle in the assigned Dropbox.
Due date for submission is 22nd October by 22.00 hrs pm Fiji time (Week 9).
 This worksheet will be assessed following the marking rubric (posted on Moodle).

Put you name, ID# and campus-

LAST NAME: Singh (as per ID card)

FIRST NAME: Satvindar

STUDENT ID: S11198473

CAMPUS (center): Laucala

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Title (In your own words)

EUCOELOMATES: An Overview in the Major Phylum’s Of

Mollusca, Annelida And Arthropods

Aim (In your own words)

At the end of this practical I should be able to identify and sort animals from the various classes of the
above phyla of Mollusca, Annelida and arthropoda. Also at the end, this practical will enable me to
identify the unique and major features of the above phyla of organisms.

Introduction (Please provide a brief introduction of around 100 words)

There are various methods of grouping animals in various phylum’s and kingdoms and one such method
that is widely used is by the presence of coelom. Any triploblastic organism which has a TRUE body
cavity is said to be an eucoelomate organism. In simple terms, an eucoelomate is an organism having a
body cavity that is a coelom- distinguishing that organism from acoelomate and Pseudocoelomates. There
are various phyla in the Kingdom Eucoelomate and include:
1. Phylum Annelida
2. Phylum Arthropoda
3. Phylum Mollusca
4. Phylum Bryozoan
5. Phylum Echinodermata
6. Phylum Chordate
This practical will analyze only three of the phyla stated above and are Phylum Annelida, Phylum
Mollusca, and Phylum Arthropoda.

Methods and Materials

As per Online Practical 4 Handout.

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Results and Discussion
Part A: Phylum Mollusca
1. Mollusk Diversity Table :
Fill in this table. Notes such as “yes” or “no” are not detailed enough. Use handout guideline questions you might like to ask.

Characteristics Class Class Class Class

Polyplacophora Bivalvia Gastropoda Cephalopoda
Head Head IS PRESENT As a group have NO Head IS PRESENT and Head IS PRESENT but
and has no eyes or HEAD and lack some is well defined with 2 cephalopods are
tentacles but instead other usual molluscal or 4 sensory tentacles characterized by merged
has a radula and a organs. with eyes. head and foot with
mouth. arms/tentacles around the
head.
Sensory Sensory structures Not well developed Many sensory Many sensory structures
Structures ARE PRESENT in the sensory structures structures ARE ARE PRESENT and
form of osphradium ARE PRESENT and PRESENT and have include photorecptors with
which is a
these are eyes, olfactory organs, camera eyes,
chemosensory,
pigmented structure chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors mechanoreceptors, and
between anus and first located on the and gastropods lack the chemoreceptors.
gill. posterior mantle sense of hearing.
margins and
sometimes on short
tentacles.
Radula Radula IS PRESENT Radula IS ABSENT Radula IS PRESENT Radula IS PRESENT and
which is a long-tongue and instead use cilia, and is used in feeding have symmetrical rows of
like structure waving filaments to by all snails and slugs 7 to 9 teeth.
comprising of more bring organisms to the that are herbivores and
than 100 rows of teeth. mouth. carnivores.

Foot Have a large foot Foot IS PRESENT Foot IS PRESENT and Foot IS PRESENT but
PRESENT on the and is bladelike and is a swimming organ cephalopods are
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 ventral side and shell pointed for digging and are flexed over the characterized by merged
with 8 hard plates on and retract the foot for shell. head and foot with
dorsal side. movement. arms/tentacles around the
head.

Visceral Mass Visceral mass IS Visceral mass IS Visceral mass IS Visceral mass IS
PRESENT above the PRESENT above the PRESENT and displays PRESENT and have all
foot that supports foot that supports torsion around the main support systems
torsion which promotes torsion which perpendicular axis in like the digestive system,
stability and brings the promotes stability and the center of the foot. excretory system and the
body nearer to brings the body nearer reproductive system with
substratum. to substratum. organs.
Shell Armor like, eight Have two shells External shells are Chambered shells ARE
plated dorsal shell IS PRESENT connected PRESENT in snails but PRESENT in some
PRESENT to protect by flexible ligaments, slugs have reduced organisms in this class like
the soft body from which protect soft shell or an internal Nautiloidea while in
predators and from parts of the organism. shell. Coleoidea is absent.
external environment
and is made up of
calcium carbonate.
Mantle Cavity Mantle cavity IS IS PRESENT and is Mantle cavity IS A highly muscular mantle
PRESENT and bears part of the feeding PRESENT which cavity IS PRESENT and is
eight shell valves. process/structure. encloses the ctenidia used for locomotion.
and nephridia.

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 2. Draw a diagram of the C.S. of Mussel as viewed at 4X. Include an appropriate title, a scale bar and
write classification of the animal along with the drawing.

Part B: Phylum Annelida

1. Draw a diagram of the head region of Nereis. Include an appropriate title, magnification (actual size
diameter of the head = 1 cm) and write classification of the animal along with the drawing.

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2. Draw a diagram of the parapodium as viewed at 4X. Include an appropriate title, a scale bar and write
classification of the animal along with the drawing.

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3. Draw a diagram of the earthworm dissection. Include an appropriate title, magnification (actual size =
4 cm) and write classification of the animal along with the drawing.

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4. Short Answer Questions

a) How are the structures of the parapodium used in locomotion?

During movement/locomotion, each parapodium does 2 strokes- an effective (back) stroke and
recovery (forward) stroke, and when these two strokes are combined they propel the worm
forward.

b) How are free-living, tube-inhabiting and burrowing polychaetes structurally adapted to their
respective modes of life?
The majority of tubicolous polychaetes are highly modified for a tube-dwelling existence,
with adaptations similar to the more sedentary burrowers. The prostomial sensory appendages
are reduced or absent and there are commonly special anterior feeding structures.
c) Why invertebrates are usually dissected from the dorsal side while vertebrates are dissected from
the ventral side?
One of the things to consider is how the nerves of an organ connect to the major nerve chords. So
you want the nerve chord exposed so you can look at it. You don’t want to cut the nerve chord.
Invertebrates have two major nerve chords on the ventral side of their body. Deuterostomes have
one major nerve chord on the dorsal side of their body .So you cut a deuterostome on the ventral
side. You cut a protostome on the dorsal side.

d) How are leeches different from Nereis worm and earthworm?

LEECHES EARTHWORMS
Have dorso-ventrally flattened body Have tube-like body
Are small and flat when compared to Are longer and round when compared to
earthworms leeches.
Live in freshwater, marine and terrestrial Live mostly in the soil.
ecosystems.
Feed on blood and small invertebrates. Feed on soil particles
Are used for medical purposes Helps aerate the soil.

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Part C: Phylum Arthropoda

1. Draw a diagram of the lateral view of the external features of the prawn. Include an appropriate title,
magnification (actual size = 14 cm) and write classification of the animal along with the drawing.

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2. Make notes on the functions of all the different prawn appendages.

-5 jointed legs on thorax: 3 pair are used for walking and 2 pair have claws and are used
for feeding
- on the abdomen, 5 pairs of appendages (swimmerets) are used for swimming and carrying
eggs and the tail (telson) is also used when swimming.
-carapace: protects and supports the head and thorax.
-rostrum: extension of the carapace and provides stability while swimming.
-pleopods: are swimming legs
-pereopod; feeding and holding animals.
-maxilleped: pass food and chew.

3. Make notes on the different forms of mouth parts (in cockroach, mosquito and honey bee) and relate
them to their mode of feeding.
 Cockroaches: Cockroaches salivate food outside the mouth cavity before cutting it with the
mandibles. The maxillae transport food into the cibarium where the hypopharynx is involved
in transporting it between the grinding mandibular molae. The crushed food is sucked into the
pharynx via dilation.
 Mosquitoes: Proboscis: In female mosquitoes, this mouth part pierces the skin of a person or
animal and sucks out blood. The male’s proboscis is not strong enough to pierce the skin, and
males do not feed on blood. Both female and male mosquitoes use the proboscis to feed on
flower nectar and fruit juices.
 Honey bee: The bees' mandibles (jaws) are used for feeding larvae, collecting pollen,
manipulating wax, and carrying things.

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4. Write a short paragraph on medical importance of insects.
Insects and insect-derived products are used in many parts of the world since ancient times as
medicinal agents. Insect as a natural product having potential source as a medicine that is useful in
curing as well as giving protection from some major diseases such as Bacterial infections, HIV and
Cancer etc.

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Conclusion (Write a paragraph on your learning experience from this practical - what did you learn,
including challenges you faced doing this practical online)
From this experiment it can be concluded that the three major phyla of kingdom
eucoelomate have significance and as studied each group are equally important. The
existence of a coelom (body cavity) provides the next important division in the animal
family tree. Animals having a coelom divide into two general groups, protostomes and
deuterostomes. In the embryonic stage of development, the blastopore in a protostome
typically becomes the mouth, while in deuterostomes it typically becomes the anus. After
studying the phylum Mollusca, it is found that all the groups in Mollusca have similar to
almost same appendages like the ones discussed in the table with minor or no alterations. In
the prawn studied, the external features are quite important and each feature is dependent
on one another with similar function with two division; the cephalothorax and the
abdomen.

ID No.: S11198473 Name: Satvindar Singh Campus: Laucala

Submission: BI108 Moodle Dropbox

Due date for submission: by 22/10/2021 by 22.00 hrs Fiji time (Week 9).

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