Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 335)

Spring 2020

Dr. Mohamed Farhat

Assoc. Professor
IEEE Senior Member
University of Science and Technology
Nanotechnology Engineering Program
Zewail City of Science and Technology
Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 335- Spring 2020)

Contents
 Instructor & Teaching Assistant
 Text Book
 Assessment & Notes.
 Simulation Software.
 What is “Photonics” ?
 Course Topics.
 Research Areas in Photonics.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 2

Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 335- Spring 2020)

Contents
 Instructor & Teaching Assistant
 Text Book
 Assessment & Notes.
 Simulation Software.
 What is “Photonics” ?
 Course Topics.
 Research Areas in Photonics.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 3

Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 335- Spring 2020)
 Instructor
Dr. MohamedFarhat
Office Hours: Wednesday: 8:30 AM to 10:30 AM
Tuesday: 12:30 AM to 02:00 AM
Email: mfarahat@zewailcity.edu.eg
Room # : F019-NB,S011-NB
 Sessions
Lectures: Monday 8:30 to 10:00 (F001C-SB)
Tuesday 10:00 to 11:30 (S024-NB)
TA: Eng. BahaaYounes
Email: byounis@zewailcity.edu.eg, Room # : S006-NB

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 4

Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 335- Spring 2020)
 Instructor: Dr. Mohamed Farhat
Office Hours: Wednesday: 8:30 AM to 10:30 AM
Tuesday: 12:30 AM to 2:00 AM
Email: mfarahat@zewailcity.edu.eg
Room # : F019-NB,S011-NB
Google Scholar link: https://scholar.google.com.eg/citations?user=Ung1KncAAAAJ&hl=en

5
Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 335- Spring 2020)

Contents
 Instructor & Teaching Assistant
 Text Book
 Assessment & Notes.
 Simulation Software.
 What is “Photonics” ?
 Course Topics.
 Research Areas in Photonics.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 6

 Researchgate
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/MFO_Hameed
Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 335- Spring 2020)

 Text Book

Kasap, S. O. Optoelectronics & Photonics: Principles

& Practices. (2nd edition) Pearson Education, 2013.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 8

Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 335- Spring 2020)

Contents
 Instructor & Teaching Assistant
 Text Book
 Assessment & Notes.
 Simulation Software.
 What is “Photonics” ?
 Course Topics.
 Research Areas in Photonics.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 9

Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 335- Spring 2020)
 Assessment

Quiz& Attendance & Participation & Assignments 15 %

Term Project 15 %
Exam1 15 %
Exam2 15%
Final Exam 40 %

Note: 75% attendance is required. No makeup for quiz or midterm

exam.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 10

 Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 509- Spring 2020)

Notes

 75% attendance is required.

 No makeup for quiz or midterm exam.
 Student must attend the laboratory to pass the course.
 For the two midterms, we will calculate the contribution to the grade
by applying the rule of 60% (best) + 40% (lowest) with the condition
that the students must attend the two exams and receive at least
30% in all of them to apply the rule of best two midterms. If the
student receives less than 30% in one of them, we will take the
summation of the two midterms scores
Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics
Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 509- Spring 2020)

Contents
 Instructor & Teaching Assistant
 Text Book & References.
 Assessment & Notes.
 Simulation Software.
 What is “Photonics” ?
 Course Topics.
 Research Areas in Photonics.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 1

Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 509- Spring 2020)

 Simulation Software
Comsol Multiphysics
https://www.comsol.com/

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 1

Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 509- Spring 2020)

Contents
 Instructor & Teaching Assistant
 Text Book & References.
 Assessment & Notes.
 Simulation Software.
 What is “Photonics” ?
 Course Topics.
 Research Areas in Photonics.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 14

Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 509- Spring 2020)

Photonics is the practical application of light and optics.

It integrates lasers, optics and electronics to develop

applications in industries

Application: telecommunications, information technology,

entertainment and displays, lighting, consumer products,
precision manufacturing, biology and medicine,
environmental sensing, homeland security and defense,
astronomy and aerospace, and research.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics

 Photonics for the 21st Century: A bright future
20th Century: 21st Century:
Century of the Electron Century of the Photon

Communications

Entertainment

Displays

Lighting

Life Science and Health Care

Manufacturing
Overview of Photonics
The term “photonics” is coined in analogy
with “electronics”.
Electronics involves the control of electron
charges.
Photonics involves the control of photons.
It reflects the growing tie between optics
and electronics with the increasing role of
electronics devices in optical systems.
Major Developments
Invention of the Laser in 1960s
Fabrication of low loss optical
fibers
Introduction of semiconductor
devices
What is Nanophotonics ?
 What are Photonics & Nanophotonics ?
Photonics is the technology and science of light generation, handling and control

What is Nanophotonics?
Science of Light-Matter Interaction at Nanometer scale (< 1 micron to ≥ 1 nm)

Nanotechnology
Control of Matter on Nano-scale
10-6 to 10-9 meter

Nanomedicine Nanophotonics
Nanoelectronics
Nanotechnology Light Interactions at
Molecular Scale in medicine Nanoscale
electronic component
Nanoscience/nanotechnology: creation of useful/functional materials and devices through
control of matter on the nanometer length scale and exploitation of novel phenomena and
properties at that length scale

Photonics is the technology and science of light generation, handling and

control

Self-assembly photodetectors
sputtering
Left-handed materials
PECVD Quantum dots
MEMS modulators
TEM
nanotechnology biomimetics
plasmonics photonics
Photonic crystals switches
Plasma etching:RIE,ICP Photonic crystal fibers
NSOM Add/drop filters
Carbon nanotubes SEM Lasers/LEDs
AFM X-ray lithography
MBE sensors
polymers

Nanophotonics is the interface between the two with optical materials

patterned on wavelength-size scales or smaller. 21
Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 335- Spring 2020)

Contents
 Instructor & Teaching Assistant
 Text Book & References.
 Assessment & Notes.
 Simulation Software.
 Why Photonics ?
 Course Topics.
 Research Areas in Photonics.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 22

 Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 509- Spring 2020)

 Course Topics

Chapter 1: Wave Nature of Light.

Chapter 2: Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers.

Chapter 6: Polarization and Modulation of Light.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics

 Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 509- Spring 2020)

 Course Topics

Chapter 1: Wave Nature of Light.

Chapter 2: Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers.

Chapter 6: Polarization and Modulation of Light.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics

Light propagation
Light propagation

Group Velocity
 Fresnel's Equations

Light wave traveling in a more dense medium strikes a less dense medium. The plane of incidence is the plane of the paper and is perpendicular to the flat
interface between the two media. The electric field is normal to the direction of propagation. It can be resolved into perpendicular and parallel components.
 Dielectric Mirror or Bragg Reflector

Schematic illustration of the principle of the dielectric

mirror with many low and high
refractive index layers
Antireflection coatings on solar cells
Complex Refractive Index

dI
α
Idz
Attenuation Coefficient
 Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 509- Spring 2020)

 Course Topics

Chapter 1: Wave Nature of Light.

Chapter 2: Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers.

Chapter 6: Polarization and Modulation of Light.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics

 Optical waveguides
Optical waveguides are the basic elements for confinement and transmission of light over
various distances, ranging from tens or hundreds of µm in integrated photonics to hundreds or
thousands of km in long-distance fiber-optic transmission.
Optical waveguides also form key structures in semiconductor lasers, and act as passive and
active devices such as waveguide couplers and modulators.

x
n3
y n1 n2
z (x, y, z) n1
n2 (n1 > n2, n3) (r, φ, z)
(n1 > n2)
Planar (slab) waveguides for integrated photonics 5
(e.g. laser chips) Cylindrical optical fibers
 Optical Waveguide

Light waves zigzag along the guide. Is that really what happens?
 Modes in a Planar Waveguide
E= 2Eo cos(km y) cos(wt –bmz)

The electric field patterns of the first three modes (m = 0, 1, 2) traveling wave along the guide. Notice
different extents of field penetration into the cladding
 Optical Fibers
The general ideas for guided wave propagation in a planar dielectric waveguide can be readily
extended, with certain modifications, to the step-index optical fiber shown in the following Figure. This is essentially a
cylindrical dielectric waveguide with the inner core dielectric having a refractive

The step index optical fiber. The central region, the core, has greater refractive index than the outer
region, the cladding. The fiber has cylindrical symmetry. The coordinates r, f, z are used to represent
any point P in the fiber. Cladding is normally much thicker than shown.
 Dispersion and Group Velocity
The propagating modes that exist in a slab waveguide are determined by the
waveguide condition.
Each choice of m from 0 to its maximum value results in one distinct solution
and one possible propagation constant βm.

Each mode propagates with a different propagation constant even if

illumination is by monochromatic radiation with different group velocity.
 Attenuation in Optical Fibers

Attenuation vs. wavelength for a standard silica based fiber.

 Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 509- Spring 2020)

 Course Topics

Chapter 1: Wave Nature of Light.

Chapter 2: Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers.

Chapter 6: Polarization and Modulation of Light.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics

 POLARIZATION

Un-Polarized Light

y E
Propagation direction
E

x
z
 Linearly Polarized Light

(a) A linearly polarized wave has its (b) The E-field oscillations are (c) A linearly polarized light at
electric field oscillations defined contained in the plane of polarization. any instant can be represented by
along a line perpendicular to the the superposition of two fields Ex
direction of propagation, z. The field and Ey with the right magnitude
vector E and z define a plane of and phase
polarization.
The Phase Difference f

Ex = Exocos(wt  kz )
Ey = Eyocos(wt  kz + f)
 Retarder Plate

Propagation parallel to the optic axis makes: no

phase difference Δϕ
Soleil-Babinet Compensator

Courtesy of Thorlabs
Wollaston Prism

Courtesy of Thorlabs
Introduction to Photonics (NANENG 509- Spring 2020)

Contents
 Instructor & Teaching Assistant
 Text Book & References.
 Assessment & Notes.
 Simulation Software.
 Why Photonics ?
 Course Topics.
 Research Areas in Photonics.

Dr. Mohamed Farhat 2020 Introduction to Photonics 45

 Data
Transfer

Information
Technology

Data Data
Processing Storage

46
 Low-cost
lasers and
laser
imaging
system

Industry

Semi- Increase
conductors Metal
Ships Hardness
47
 Optical
sensor

Optical
sensing,
lighting
and
Lighting energy Solar
system energy

48
 New
therapies,
e.g. laser
heart
surgery

Medical
Applications
Non-
invasive
Biomedical
diagnosis
Sensors
and
monitoring 49
 Satellite
surveillance

Military and
surveillance
Lasers for
Night
targeting
vision
and
imagers
navigation
50
Nanophotonics for Biomedical
Applications

51
 Surface Plasmons

Surface Plasmons (SPs): can

be defined as the interaction of
surface electrons of metals
with electromagnetic wave of
light

52
Single metal dielectric interface
 Plasmonic Excitation Mechanisms
• There are two fundamental excitations
of plasmons :
1. Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs)
2. Localized Surface Plasmon
Resonances (LSPRs)
• SPPs are waves propagating along a a) SPPs
metal–dielectric interface
• LSPRs are non-propagating excitations
of the conduction electrons of metallic
nanostructures coupled to the
electromagnetic field of the incident
light.
b) LSPRs 53
 Plasmonic Excitation Mechanisms
• There are two fundamental excitations
of plasmons :
1. Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs)
2. Localized Surface Plasmon
Resonances (LSPRs)
• SPPs are waves propagating along a a) SPPs
metal–dielectric interface
• LSPRs are non-propagating excitations
of the conduction electrons of metallic
nanostructures coupled to the
electromagnetic field of the incident
light.
b) LSPRs 54
 Therapy
A. Nanometer-sized particles are particularly responsive to electromagnetic and
acoustic excitations through a variety of phenomena (e.g. plasmon resonance) that
lead to local extreme conditions (e.g. heating). The nanoparticle is able to tolerate
this condition, but no so the biological material nearby
C.
B. Intramuscular injections of
colloidal gold, a suspension of
gold nanoparticles, has been
used for decades to alleviate
pain linked to rheumatoid
arthritis. The mechanism is
still unknown

Source: John Hopkins Center

An infrared beam illuminates two mice
specimens. The local temperature
Colloidal gold increases for the mouse that received
and injection of gold nanorods.
Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 3175–3180
Source: www.wikipedia.com
 Gold Nanoparticles vs. Alzheimer
Source: Berkeley Lab

A. Alzheimer and other B.

degenerative diseases
are caused my the
clustering of amyloidal
beta (Aβ) protein. Alzheimer’s brain Healthy brain
C.
D. Gold
nanoparticles can
be functionalized
to specifically
attach to
aggregates of this
protein
Functionalized nanoparticle Chemical structure of Aβ-protein
(amyloidosis)

Source: www.internetchemistry.com Source: wwwthefutureofthings.com

 Gold Nanoparticles vs. Alzheimer
A. The functionalized gold nanoparticles selectively attach to the
aggregate of amyloidal protein. The microwaves of certain
frequency are irradiated on the sample. Resonance with the gold
nanoparticles increases the local temperature and destroy the
aggregate

Before irradiation After irradiation

Nanoletters 2006, Vol. 6, pp.110-115
 Biomedical Sensor
• A biomedical sensor is a device, used for sample
diagnoses, that combines a biological component
with a chemical detector
Elements of Biomedical Sensor

c) Signal
Nucleic Acids
FET Device Amplifier

Cell Cultures
Cell Nanowire d) Signal
+ Array
Process

Human Samples Antibodies Nanoparticles

(Blood, Urine,
Saliva) e) Display
Electrodes
Enzymes
Samples a) Bioreceptors b) Electrical
Interface
58
Transducer Electronic System
 Plasmonic Biosensing Systems
• A plasmonic biosensing
system consists of three parts:

1) The central part is the 2) Sensor

Structure
sensor’s structure.
1) Bio- 3) Output
2) The third part is the receptors Modulation
output modulation,

3) The first part is the bio-

receptor assay formats (i.e.
how the target analyte is
bound to the sensor), which
is the key to determining the
binding efficiency. 59
 Biomedical Plasmonic Sensor
• Surface Plasmons (SPs): can be
defined as the interaction of surface
electrons of metals with
electromagnetic wave of light

• Advantage of SP Biomedical Sensor:

1. Lab-free technology
2. Tailored to detect any analyte
3. Real-time observation is possible
4. can work in continuous
monitoring mode or one-time
analysis mode
 Plasmonic Sensing Mechanisms
Contaminated
Pure Sample Sample
(No Virus) (Virus Exist)

Analyte Analyte
Bioreceptors Bioreceptors

loss
Gold loss Gold

Dielectric Ɵr
Dielectric Ɵr
Ɵr1 Ɵr2 Ɵr
Ɵr1 Ɵr Laser
Laser Photon Photon Resonance occurs
Source Source Detector at different
Detector
incident angle Ɵr2
this is due to the
When the target analyte is bound onto the metal, the dielectric environment changes, which change in
modifies the plasmon excitation condition. The change of excitation condition is then measured. refractive index of
The resulting output is a measurement of the concentration of impurities inside the analyte. the analyte
61
Modulation Methods
loss

Ɵr1 Ɵr2 Ɵr

62
Thanks for your attention