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    Electric Field of Distribution of Charge

    Uploaded by

    Bushra Arshad
    The electric field is defined as the limit of the force on a test charge placed at a point divided by the charge as the test charge approaches zero. The electric field due to a distribution of charges can be found by taking the limit of the ratio of the force on a test charge to the test charge. If the curl of the electric field is zero, then the electric field can be expressed as the negative gradient of a scalar function called the electrostatic potential.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Electric Field of Distribution of Charge

    Uploaded by

    Bushra Arshad
    32 views3 pages
    The electric field is defined as the limit of the force on a test charge placed at a point divided by the charge as the test charge approaches zero. The electric field due to a distribution of charges can be found by taking the limit of the ratio of the force on a test charge to the test charge. If the curl of the electric field is zero, then the electric field can be expressed as the negative gradient of a scalar function called the electrostatic potential.

    Original Description:

    Electric field

    Original Title

    Electric Field

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The electric field is defined as the limit of the force on a test charge placed at a point divided by the charge as the test charge approaches zero. The electric field due to a distribution of charges can be found by taking the limit of the ratio of the force on a test charge to the test charge. If the curl of the electric field is zero, then the electric field can be expressed as the negative gradient of a scalar function called the electrostatic potential.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    32 views3 pages

    Electric Field of Distribution of Charge

    Uploaded by

    Bushra Arshad
    The electric field is defined as the limit of the force on a test charge placed at a point divided by the charge as the test charge approaches zero. The electric field due to a distribution of charges can be found by taking the limit of the ratio of the force on a test charge to the test charge. If the curl of the electric field is zero, then the electric field can be expressed as the negative gradient of a scalar function called the electrostatic potential.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Electric Field:

    The electric field at a point is defined operationally as; “The limit of the force on a
    test charge placed at the point to the charge of the rest charge.”
    In a vector notation, the definition of ⃗E becomes,
    ⃗Fq
    E = lim
    ⃗
    ∆q→ 0 q

    Where, the limit being taken as the magnitude of the test charge goes to zero.
    The limiting process is included in the definition of ⃗E to ensure that the test
    charge does not effect the charge distribution that produces ⃗E

    Electric Field of distribution of charge:


    Let the charge distribution consist of ‘N’ point charges q 1 , q 2 , … … . qn
    located at the points ⃗r1 , ⃗
    r 2 … .. ⃗
    rn respectively and a surface distribution
    characterized by the surface charge density σ ( r⃗ ' ) on the surface ‘S’ and a volume
    distribution of charge specified by the charge density σ ( r⃗ ' ) in the volume ‘V’
    bounded by the surface ‘S’. If test charge ‘q’ is located at the point it
    experiences a force ‘F’ given by
    q ( ⃗r −⃗r i ) q
    ❑
    ( r⃗ −⃗r ' ) ' ' q ❑ ( r⃗ −⃗r ' ) ' '
    F=
    ⃗ ∑ i N q 3
    + ∫ 3
    σ ( r⃗ ) dv + ∫ ρ ( ⃗r ) da
    4 π ϵo ⃗
    r=¿1 ¿ |r⃗ −⃗r i| 4 π ϵ o v |r⃗−⃗r '| 4 π ϵ o s |⃗r −⃗r '|3

    Due to given charge distribution. The electric field at r⃗ is the limit of the ratio of
    this force to the test charge since ratio is independent of ‘q’, the electric field at r⃗
    is just
    1 ( ⃗r −⃗r i ) 1
    ❑
    ( ⃗r −⃗r ' ) ' ' 1 ❑ ( r⃗ −⃗r ' ) ' '
    ∑ i N q 3
    + ∫ 3
    σ ( r⃗ ) dv + ∫ ρ ( ⃗r ) da
    4 π ϵo ⃗
    r=¿1 ¿ |r⃗ −⃗r i| 4 π ϵ o v |r⃗−⃗r '| 4 π ϵ o s |⃗r −⃗r '|3

    The Electrostatic Potential


    We know that “If curl of a vector vanishes then the vector may be expressed as
    the gradient of a scalar function” i.e.
    ⃗
    ∇×⃗
    ∇ φ=0

    Also electric field of charges in volume charge distribution ρ ( r⃗ ' ) in volume ‘v’
    bounded by the surface ‘S’ having surface charge distribution σ ( r⃗ ' ) given as,
    ' 1
    ❑
    ( r⃗ −r⃗' ) ' ' 1 ❑ ( r⃗− ⃗r ' ) ' '
    E ( r⃗ )=
    ⃗ ∫ ρ ( ⃗r ) dv + ∫ σ ( ⃗r ) ds
    4 π ϵ o v |r⃗ −⃗r '|3
    ' 4 π ϵ o s |⃗r −⃗r '|3 '

    Implies this criteria. Therefore by taking curl of above equation involves


    differentiation w.r.t This variable appears in Equation (2) only in the functions of
    ( ⃗r −r⃗' )
    the form and hence we can show the function of this form ' 3
    has curl So,
    |r⃗ −⃗r |
    ( ⃗r −r⃗' ) 1 1
    Curl =grad × ( r⃗ −⃗r ' ) + curl ( ⃗r −⃗r ' )
    ' 3 ' 3 ' 3
    |r⃗ −⃗r | |r⃗ −⃗r | |⃗r −⃗r |
    (⃗
    ∇−φ ⃗
    F)
    1 ∂ ∂ ∂ −3
    grad
    |r⃗ −⃗r | ( '
    = ∂ x i^ + ∂ y ^j+ ∂ z k^ |⃗r −⃗r |
    ' 3 )
    −3

    = ∂ i^ + ∂ ^j+ ∂ k^ [|r⃗ −⃗r '| ]


    2 2
    (∂x ∂y ∂z )
    −3

    = ∂ i+
    ^ ∂ ^j+ ∂ k^ [ ( x−x ' )2+ ( y − y ' )2+ ( z−z ' )2 ] 2
    (∂x )
    ∂y ∂z

    ( −32 ) 2( x−x ' ) i^ +


    ( −32 ) 2 ( y− y ' ) ^j +
    ( −32 )2 ( z−z ' ) k^
    5 5 5
    2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    [ ( x−x ' ) + ( y − y ' ) + ( z−z ' ) ] [ ( x −x ' ) + ( y− y ' ) + ( z −z ' ) ] [ ( x−x ' ) + ( y− y ' ) + ( z−z ' ) ]
    ^ ( y− y ' ) ^j+ ( z−z ' ) k^ ]
    −3 [ ( x−x ' ) i+
    = 5

    [ ( x−x ' )2+ ( y − y ' )2+ ( z−z ' )2 ]2


    1 −3 ( ⃗r −⃗
    r ')
    grad ' 3 = 5
    |r⃗ −⃗r | |r⃗ −r⃗'|
    Equation (3)⇒
    ( ⃗r −r⃗' ) 1 −3 ( r⃗ −⃗ r ')
    Curl
    |r⃗ −⃗
    3
    =
    r '| |r⃗ −⃗r '|
    3
    ( 0 )−
    [
    |⃗r − ⃗r '|
    5
    ]
    [ r⃗ −⃗
    r ']

    But ( r⃗ −⃗
    r ' ) × ( ⃗r −r⃗' )=0 ∴ (⃗
    A×⃗
    A ' )=0

    ( ⃗r −r⃗' )
    Curl 3
    =0
    |r⃗ −⃗r '|
    It means that;
    ⃗ E (⃗
    ∇×⃗ r ' )=0 (4)
    Thus we can write from equation (1) & (4)
    E ( r⃗' )=−⃗
    ⃗ ∇ϕ(⃗
    r' ) (5)
    Where ϕ ( r⃗' )the electrostatic potential & -ve sign is by convention. Equation (5)
    represent that a scalar function exists whose gradient is electric field.

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