Automatic Screw Machine Practice: Machinery'S Reference Series

MACHINERY'S REFERENCE SERIES
EACH NUMBER IS A UNIT IN A SERIES ON ELECTRICAL AND

STEAM ENGINEERING DRAWING AND MACHINE
DESIGN AND SHOP PRACTICE
NUMBER 104
AUTOMATIC SCREW
MACHINE PRACTICE
PART VI
THREADING OPERATIONS ON THE BROWN & SHARPE

AUTOMATIC SCREW MACHINES
By DOUGLAS T. HAMILTON .
CONTENTS
Arrangement of Machine for Threading Operations - 3

Taps and Dies for Screw Machine Work - - - 18
Thread Rolling - - - - - - - - - 31
Copyright, 1913, The Industrial Press, Publishers of MACHINERY

49-55 Lafayette Street, New York City .
Automatic Screw Machine Practice for the Brown & Sharpe auto
matic screw machines is covered in eight Reference Books, Nos. 99 to
106, inclusive. Reference Book No. 99, “Operation of the Brown &
Sharpe Automatic Screw Machines,” deals with the construction of
these machines and the setting-up of the tools. No. 100, “Designing and
Cutting Cams for Automatic Screw Machines,” gives detailed instruction
on cam design, and describes a simplified method for milling cams.
No. 101, “Circular Form and Cut-off Tools for the Automatic Screw
Machine,” deals with the general arrangement and the calculations of
these tools, and describes the different methods employed in their
making. No. 102, “External Cutting Tools for the Automatic Screw
Machine,” deals with the design and construction of box-tools, taper
turning tools, hollow mills, and shaving tools. No. 103, “Internal Cut
ting Tools for the Automatic Screw Machine,” deals with centering
tools, cross-slide drilling attachments, counterbores, reamers, and re
cessing tools. No. 104, “Threading Operations on the Automatic Screw
Machine,” treats on cam design for threading operations, threading
dies, taps and tap drills, die and tap holders, and thread rolling. No.
105, “Knurling Operations on the Automatic Screw Machine,” describes
the construction of knurling holders, and gives directions for the mak
ing of knurls and the design of tools and cams used in connection with
knurling operations. No. 106, “Milling, Cross-drilling and Burring
Operations on the Automatic Screw Machine,” describes screw-slotting
attachments, index drilling attachments, and burring attachments, giv
ing directions for their use and for the design of cams for them.
CHAPTER I
ARRANGEMENT OF MACHINE FOR

THREADING OPERATIONS
The subject of threading on the Brown & Sharpe automatic screw

machine is a subject which confuses the beginner on account of the
calculations necessary for determining the rise on the cam due to
the relation between the speed of the spindle and the driving shaft.
The various reversing devices, tripping devices and threading attach
ments are also of importance. Until the various devices and arrange
ments used are fully understood, good results cannot be expected.
Reversing the Spindle
On the No. 00 Brown & Sharpe'automatic screw machine the spindle
is reversed by means of a spring plunger shown at A, Fig. 1; this
Fig. 1. Rear View of No. OO Brown & Sharpe Automatic Screw Machine
showing Reversing Mechanism
plunger, acting through the medium of the friction clutch B, reverses

the spindle, from forward to backward, instantaneously. But, to
reverse the spindle from backward to forward, onto a slow speed (as
is sometimes necessary when cutting a thread), requires one revolu
tion of the driving shaft. This shaft runs at 120 R. P. M. In a given
case, the spindle speed equals, say, 2400 R. P. M.; then the revolutions
2400
required for reversing the spindle equal — = 20 revolutions of the
120
spindle. The 20 revolutions used for this purpose represents lost
time, and to obviate this, the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. has provided
a speed ratio threading attachment which is used in the turret. This
attachment will be described later.
347570
4 No. 194–SCREW MACHINE PRACTICE
On the No. 0 and No. 2 Brown & Sharpe automatic screw machines,
the spindle is reversed instantly from forward to backward by means
of cam A and lever B, Fig. 2. The spindle is reversed from backward
to forward by means of the same cam A. on the driving shaft. There
are two lobes on this cam, and it, therefore, requires one-half revolu
tion of the driving shaft to reverse the spindle. For example, let the
spindle speed equal 1800 revolutions per minute; let the speed of the
driving shaft equal 180 revolutions per minute. Then the number of
1800
revolutions required to reverse the spindle = — = 5 revolutions.
180 × 2
To reverse the Spindle from forward to backward and then forward
again (as would be necessary where two threading operations come
Fig. 2. Rear View of No. O Brown & Sharpe Automatic Screw Machine
showing Reversing Mechanism and Belt Shifting Attachment
in succession) requires 4% hundredths of the cam surface on account

of the tripping dogs on the drum, which cannot be placed any closer
together. This will be referred to further under the heading “Setting
the Tripping Dogs for Threading.”
On the No. 2 Brown & Sharpe automatic screw machine, the spindle
is reversed in the same manner as on the No. 0. For example, let
the spindle speed equal 1200 revolutions per minute; let that of the
driving shaft equal 120 revolutions per minute. Then the number of
revolutions required to reverse the spindle from backward to forward
1200 -
= — = 5 revolutions; to reverse the Spindle from forward to

120 × 2
backward and forward again (as we explained regarding the No. 0
machine) requires 3% hundredths of the cam surface.
Setting the Tripping Dogs for Threading

The tripping dogs a, Fig. 3, which are used for reversing the spindle,
feeding the stock, and revolving the turret are placed on the various
-
THREADING OPERATIONS 5
drums on the front shaft as follows: The dog for reversing the
spindle is placed on drum A, for feeding the stock, on drum B, and
for revolving the turret, on drum C. These dogs operate the levers D,
E, and F, respectively, which, in turn, disengage a clutch on the driv
- - tº - ºzzzzz
Fig. 3. Front View Showing Feeding, Reversing and Revolving Devices
ing shaft on the rear of the machine, thus operating the reversing,
feeding and revolving devices. Where two threading operations follow
in succession, the time required to revolve the turret is not always
sufficient to bring the second tap or die into position. This is
|- Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 4. Reversing Dogs in Position on Drum
illustrated in Fig. 4, where two tripping dogs are shown in position on

the drum. To illustrate the method of determining Whether extra
time should be allowed for clearance, take a practical example. As
sume that a set of cams is required to be used on the No. 2 Brown
& Sharpe automatic screw machine. Let the spindle speed equal
1200 revolutions per minute; let the time required to complete one
-
piece equal 20 seconds. Then the number of revolutions to complete
1200 × 20
one piece = — = 400 revolutions. Referring to the tables
60
for laying out cams in MACHINERY's Reference Book No. 100, We find
TABLE I. GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF DRUM AND REVERSING DOGS
No. of Machine A B c D E R
00 20° §§ + } # 2
() 17 | | | # | 1+
|| | | | #
2 14 §§ * * 3+
that it requires five hundredths to feed stock, plus one hundredth

for clearance. This gives 6 hundredths to revolve the turret. Re
ferring to the accompanying Table I we find that the angle A is 14
degrees. Then if the number of hundredths of the cam surface utilized
in revolving the turret is less than the equivalent of 14 degrees, we
would have to add more for clearance. In this case it requires 6
hundredths to revolve the turret. Then,
reducing 14 degrees to hundredths, we
100 × 14
have, – = 3.88 hundredths. There
360
fore, additional cam surface would not be
necessary in this case.
Setting the Machine for the Use
of Taps and Dies
Before the reversing mechanism can
operate, the clutch G must engage with
clutch H. (See Fig. 3.) After engaging
these clutches, we set the reversing dog a
so that the spindle will reverse just as the
roll passes over the highest portion of the
Machinervºs Yil thread lobe on the rear cam, as shown
Fig. 5. Position of Roll on Thread exaggerated in Fig. 5. When the Spindle
*********** is reversing at the exact point as men
tioned, the die or tap holder containing the die or tap is placed in
the turret, and brought into position as shown in Fig. 6. The cam
roll is set on the thread lobe in the position shown. Here a
button die holder A (draw-out type) is shown in position ready
to start on the work. The face of the die should be set a distance a,
which varies from 1/16 to 3/16 inch, depending on the pitch of the
thread and the length of the threaded portion, away from the part
to be threaded. If the die does not travel onto the work far enough
at the first setting, the holder can be brought further out of the tur
ret. The same procedure can be followed in setting the tap, except
that it should be set more carefully, only going into the work a slight
distance in starting, and then moving the holder out of the turret
until the desired depth is reached. It is sometimes found necessary,
after setting the tripping dog, to adjust it slightly, especially when
using a draw-out die or tap holder. The turret should not be revolved
until the die or tap is clear of the work.
When calculating the revolutions of the spindle required for thread
ing, a greater number of revolutions should be allowed than the exact
number of threads required on the piece, depending on the pitch of
the thread, and in some cases on the length of the threaded portion,
as when a short thread has to be produced, necessitating the threading
of a longer portion and then facing it off. This is to allow the die to
approach the end of the piece on the rise of the thread lobe. The
FACE OF DIE
O OY) O &
A (t.
ill FACE OF CHuck
III)
Rout
%.
Machinery,N.Y.
Fig. 6. Position of Roll on Thread Lobe when setting Die or Tap
actual number of revolutions required for threading 'can be found by

the aid of the following formulas:
From 14 to 24 threads per inch, R = Lp + 1.5 -
From 28 to 48 threads per inch, R = Lp + 3 (1)

From 56 to 80 threads per inch, R = Lp + 4.5
where L = length of the threaded portion, p = the number of threads
per inch, and R = the revolutions of the spindle required for threading.
Owing to the inconvenience of dividing the cam surface into the
same number of equal parts as the revolutions required to complete
one piece, the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. has adopted the system of
dividing the cam surface into one hundred equal parts. The number
of hundredths of cam circumference required for any operation is
obtained by dividing the number of revolutions for each operation by
the total number of revolutions required to complete one piece, taking
the nearest decimal with two places. For example, if the number of
8 No. 104—SCREW MACHINE PRACTICE
revolutions required for the die to advance on to the work is 10, and
the total number of revolutions required to complete one piece is 200,
10 - -
then — = 0.05, or 5 hundredths of the cam surface.

200
Constructing the Thread Lobe
The method of laying out the cam lobe for threading is shown at
Fig. 7. The outer circle A indicates the relation between the center
of the fulcrum of the lead lever and the cam. This circle represents
the path which would be described by the center of the lead lever if
W
/ - / CENTER OF LEAD LEVER
LENGTH of /h 35 28 4–——D——
LEVER ARM / / t
&
/ \/// / Fis
-
|
/ / 2–T-s
? /
$ Cºº
ſº
ACTUAL RISE REQUIRED
FOR THREADING
\\ TO MATCH
PITCH OF THREAD
THEORETICAL RISE REQUIREd

FOR THREADING
Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 7. Graphical Method of Constructing Thread Lobe
it were revolved around the cam. The radius B equals the distance
from the center of the roll to the center of the fulcrum on the lead
lever. C equals the vertical distance from the center of the cam to
the center of the fulcrum on the lead lever, and D equals the hori
zontal distance. Before constructing the thread lobe, the number of
hundredths of cam surface, the rise on the cam for threading, and
the amount that the thread lobe is cut below the outer circle of the
cam have to be determined. Then, after having drawn the various
circles and lines necessary for the construction, we can proceed as
follows: First, with the starting point a, the highest point b and the
finishing point c of the cam lobe as centers, and with a radius equal
to B, describe arcs intersecting the outer circle A at the points
d, e, and f. Then divide the Spaces between the points d, e, and f

into the same number of equal spaces as the number of revolutions
required for threading. With a radius equal to B and with centers
at the division points on circle A, describe arcs intersecting the
thread lobe as shown. On the arc passing through point a locate
center g of the roll circle so that this circle will pass through point
a, and draw the roll circle. In a similar manner, draw the roll circle
passing through point b, the highest point of the cam lobe. With the
center of the cam as a center, draw a circle through point g and
also a circle through the center of the roll circle which passes through
point b. Divide the space between the two circles just drawn in the
same number of equal spaces as the distances between d and e and
e and f were divided. Then, with the center of the cam as a center,
draw circles through these division points. The intersection between
these circular arcs and the arcs drawn with the points on circle A
as centers determine the center of the cam roll at the various steps
of its progress, and cam roll circles drawn with these intersecting
points as centers will determine the shape of the thread lobe. The
form thus produced would, however, not give satisfactory results as
crowding of the tap or die would occur, owing to the spindle speed
and the speed of the driving shaft not being constantly in the same
ratio. It is, therefore, avisable to cut down the cam lobe after the
first couple of threads. This is shown in Fig. 7 where the actual and
theoretical rise required for threading is shown.
Improved Method of Constructing Thread Lobe
In the method just described the rise on the thread lobe was deter
mined graphically, this being a very complicated and tedious method.
The advantage of the following method lies in its simplicity, as the
lobe is determined mathematically. Before the thread lobe can be
constructed, the length of the threaded portion, the number of threads
per inch and the total number of revolutions of the Spindle to com
plete one piece are required to be known. When the number of
revolutions for threading and the number of threads per inch are
known, the rise on the cam can be found by the following formulas:
From 14 to 24 threads per inch, r = (R -- p) × 0.85
From 28 to 48 threads per inch, r = (R -- p) X 0.88 (2)
From 56 to 80 threads per inch, r = (R –– p) × 0.90
in which
R = revolutions required for threading,

p = number of threads per inch,
r = rise on cam.
In Tables II and III the results as obtained by formulas (1) and (2)
for various numbers of threads per inch are tabulated. To show
the advantages of these tables, take a practical example. Assume
that a set of cams is required for the No. 00 Brown & Sharpe automatic
screw machine. To make the piece as shown at A, Fig. 8, let the
spindle speed equal 2400 revolutions per minute; the number of revo
TABLE II. SPINDLE REVOLUTIONS AND CAM RISE FOR THREADING
Number of Threads per Inch
80 | 72 | 6a || 5 || 4s | 40 || 8 || 32 || 30 28 | 2 || 2 | is 16 || 14
i;
i First Line: Revolutions of Spindle for Threading.
Second Line: Rise on Cam for Threading
7.0.7.0.0.5) 3.04.04.04.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
; gººd sº
0.079 0.0880.091 0.1040.0820.0990.098 0.110 0.117 0.126
8.00. 6.00 5.50 5.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 3.00
0.1070.118 0.120 0.1290.1100.1210.134 0.138 0.147 0.1570. 106
12,0011,5010,50 10.00 7.50 7.00. 6.50 6.00 6.00 5,504.00 8.50
0.1850.1440,148 0.1610.1370.1540.159 0.165 0.176 0.1730.1420.149 :
14,50 13,5012.50 11.50 9.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 sºlº 3.50 3.50
0.1850.1650.1760. 171 0.193 0.205 0.204 0.1590. 170 0.165 0.186
0.1630.1099.17%
17.0016.0014.50 13. 5010.50 9.50 8.50 8.00 7.50 7.50 5.50 4.50 4.00 4.00 3.50
0.1910.2000.204 0.2170.1920.2090.208 0.220 0.220 0.2360.1950.191 0.189 0.2120.212
19.50 18.00116.50 15.00|12.0010. 5010.00 9.00 8.50 § so goo's 50 5.00 4.50. 4.00
0.2190.2250.232 0.241|0.2200.231|0.244 0.248 0.249 0.2670.2130.234 0.236 0.2390.243
22.0020. 5018.50 17:00.13.50.12.0011:00 10.00 9.50
0.248 0.2560.260
9.00 7.00. 6.00 550 5.00. 4.50
0.275 0.279 0.283 0.248 0.2550.260 0.2660.
9.2i; 9:24.9.2°49.2%
24.5023.5020.50 18.50.15.0018.00.12.00 11.00 10.50 5.50
10.00.7.50,650.6%
0.2760.294.0.288 0.2970.2750.2860.293 0.303 0.308 0.3140.2660.2760.283 0.292
27.0025.0022.50 20.5016.50|14.5018.00 12.00 11.50 11.00 8.50 7.00. 6.50 6.00
0.3040.313|0.316 0.3290.8020.3190.818 0.330 0.337 0.3460.301|0.2980.307 0.3190.
29.50|27.0024.50 22.0018.0015.5014.50 13.00 12.50 12.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.50
0.332|0.338||0.345 0.3540.3400.341|0.354 0.358 0.367 0.845
0.870,3190.8400:380
32.0029.5026.50 24.0019.50.17.0015.50 14.00 13.50 12.50.10.00 8.50) 7.50 7.00
0.360|0.369|0.373 0.3860.357|0.8740.879 0.385 0.396 0.3720.
0.8989,8540.8310.854
34.5031.50|28.50 25.5021.0018.00|16.50 15.00 14.50 13.5010.50 9.00) 8.50 7.50
0.388,0.3940.401 0.4100.3850.396,0.403 0.413 0.425 0.398
37.0034.00/30.50 27.5022. 5019.50.17.50 16.00 15.00 9.4:49,839 ºn 8.00
14,5911; 9.9,50.9:00
0.416|0.425,0.429 0.4420.4120.4290.428 0.440 0.440 0.4560.4070.4040.425 0.425
39.5036.00|32.50 29.0024.0020. 5019.00 17.00 16.00 15,5012,0010,50 9.50 8.50
0.4440.4500.457 0.466,0.4400.4510.464 0.468 0.469 0.451
9.4:19:43:0:49,44.
18.00 17.00 16.0018.0011.0010.50 9.00
42,0938,3034,50
9,439.43. 31:00.25,5022.0020.00
0.484 0.498 0.4770.484.0.489 0.495 0.499 0.5030.4600.468||0.496 0.478
º 44.5040.5036.50 32.5937.0035.003ion
0.5010. 506.0.513 0.5220.495
ºlº
19.00 18.00 17.00||13. 5011. 5010.50 9.50
0.523 0.528 0.5340.4780.489,0.496 0. 5040.
47.0043.00|38.50 34,5028.5024.5022.00 20.00 19.00 18.00|14.50|12.00||11.00 10.00. 9
# 0.5290. 538||0.541 0. 5540.522 0.538 0.550 0. 557 0.566|0.514|0.510|0.519 0. 531
0.5%
49.5045.00|40.50 36.00/30.00 25.5023.50 21.00 20.00 19.0015.00||13.00|11.50 10.50
0.5590. 563|0.570 0.5790.550 0.561 0.574 0. 578 0. 587 0.5970.531|0.553|0.543 0.558
52.0047.50|42.50 38.0031.50 27.0024.50 22.00 21.00 19.5016.00||13.50|12.00 11.00
0.57
0.5850. 5940.598 0.6110.577 0.594 0.599 0.605 0.616 0.613|0.5670.5740. 566 0. 584
54.5049.50|44.50 39.50.33.00 28.0025.50 23.00 22.00 20.5016.50.14.00||13.00 11.50
0.613|0.6190.626 0.633 0.645 0.644|0.584|0.595,0.614 0.611
57.00|52.00|46.50 ºº:: 29.5026.50 24.00 23.00 21.50.17.5014.5013.50 12.00
41.3034,5029.50.
0.641|0.6500.654 0.6670.622 0.660 0.675 0.637
59.5054.00, 48.50 43.0036.00
9,6499.6% 0.67%.6299.0109,63.
25.00 23.50 22.5018.0015,5014:00 12.50
0.679|0.675,0.682 0.691
30,5028.00
9.8% 0.6710,684 0.688,0.689 0.707|0.638 º 0.664
62.0056. 5050.50 45.00'37.50 32.0029.00 26.0024.50 23.0019.0016.0014.50 13.00
0.698,0.7060.710 0.723|0.677 0.7040.709 0.715,0.719 0.723|0.673|0.6800. 684 0.690
64. 5058.5052.50 46.5089.00 33.0030.00 gº 24.00|19.50|16.5015.00 13.50
0.7260.731|0.738 0.7260.783 0.7540.691,0.7010.708 0.717
0.7470.715 w80
0. .748
TABLE III. SPINDLE REVOLUTIONS AND CAM RISE FOR THREADING
Number of Threads per Inch
so || 7 || 3 || | | 8 || 0 || sº | as so || 3 || 2 || 2 | is I is | 1.
;i; First Line: Revolutions of Spindle for Threading
Second Line: Rise on Cam for Threading
67.00 61.00 54.50 48.50 40.5034, 50 31.00 28.00|26.50 25.00 20.50 17.00 15.50 14.00 12.50
# 0.754 0.763 0.767 0.779 0.742.0. 759 0.758 0.770|0.777 0.786 0.726 0.723 0.732 0.743 0.759
69.50 63.00 56.50 50.00 42.0035.50 32.50 29.00|27.50 26.00 21.00 18.00 16.00 14.50
0.782 0.788 0.795 0.804 0.770|0.781 0.794 0.798||0.807 0.817 0.744 0.765 0.755 0.770
72.00 65.50 58.50 52.00 43. 5037.00 33.50 30.0028.50 26.50 22.00 18.50 16.50 15.00
0.810 0.819 0.823 0.836 0.797|0.814 0.819 0.8250.836 0.833 0.779 0.786 0.779 0.797
74.50 67.50 60.50 53.50 45.0038.00 34.50 31.0029.50 27.50 22.50 19.00 17.50 15.50
0.838 0.844 0.851 0.860 0.8250.836 0.843 0.8530.865 0.864 0.797 0.808 0.826 0.823
77.00 70.00 62.50 55.50 46.50|39.50 35.50 32.00|30.00 28.50 23.50 19.50 18.00 16.00
## 0.866 0.875 0.879 0.892 0.842|0.869 0.868 0.880|0.880 0.895 0.832 0.829 0.850 0.850
79.50 72.00 64. 50 57.00 48.00|40.50 37.00 33.0031.00 29.50 24.00 20.50 18.50 16.50
0.894 0.900 0.907 0.916 0.880|0.891 0.904 0.908||0.909 0.927 0.850 0.871 0.873 0.876
82.00 74.50 66.50 59.00 49.50|42.00 38.00 34.0032.00 30.00 25.00 21.00 19.00 17.00
0.923 0.931 0.935 0.948 0.907|0.924 0.929 0.935.0.939 0.948 0.885 0.898,0.897 0.903|0.
84.50 76.50 68.50 60.50 51.0043.00 39.00 35.0033.00 31.00 25.50 21.50|19.50 17.50
0.951 0.956 0.963 0.972 0.9180.946 0.953 0.963|0.968 0.974 0.903 0.914|0.920 0.929|0.
89.50 81.00 72.50 64.00 54.00'45.50 41.50 37.0035.00 32.00 27.00 28.0020.50 18.50|16.50
1.007 1.013 1.019 1.028 0.990.1.001 1.013 1.0181.026 1.005 0.956 0.978||0.968 0.982|1.
94.50 85.50 76.50 67.50 57.00'48.00 43.50 39.00/37.00 34.50 28.50 24.00|22.00 19.50.17.5
1.063 1,069|| .076 1.084 1.0451.056 1.061 1.0731.084 1.083 1.009 1.020 1.038 1.035
99.50 90.00 80.50 71.00 60.0050.50 46.00 41.00|38.50 36.50 30.00 25.50 23.00 20.50
1.119 1.125 1.141 1.100.1.111 1.122 1.1281.128 1.146 1.062 1.084|1.086 1.089
i.18:
104.5 94.50 '84.50 74.50 63.0053.00 48.00 43.0040.50 88.00 31.50 26.50 24.00 21.50
1.176 1.181 1.188 1.197 1.171 1.1831. 187 1.193 1.115 1.1261.133 1. 142
99.00
ºl.1%
78.00 66.00|55.50 50.50 45.0042.50 40.00 33.00 28.00 25.00 22.50
1.238 $8.5% 1.253 1.2101.221 1.282 1.238||1.245 1.256 1. 168 1.1901.180 1.195
1,244
103.5 92.50 81.50 69.00|58.00 52.50 47.00|44.50 41.50 34.50 29.00|26.50 23.50
1.294 1.301 1.310 1.2651.276 1.281 1.2931.304 1.303 1.211 1.233|1.251 1.2481.
96.50 85.00 72.0060.50 55.00 49.00'46.00 43.50 36.00 30.50|27.50 24.50
1.357 1.366 1.342 1.348|1.348 1. 366 1.274 1.296.1.298 1.301
1.3291.881
100.5 88.50 75.0068.00 57.00 51.00/48.00 45.00 37.50 31.50 28.50 25.50
1.413 1.422 1.3751. 386 1.391 1.4031.406 1.413 1.328 1.339 1.345 1.354
104.5 92.00 78.0065.50 59.50 53.0050.00 47.00 89.00 33.00 29.50 26.50
1.469 1.478 1.4301.441 1.452 1.476 1. 381 1.403 1.892 1.407
1.4581,465
95.50 81.0068.00 61.50 55.00.52.00 48.50 40.50 34.00 31.00 27.50
1.535 1.4851.496 1. 501 1. 523 1.434 1.445 1.460
1.5181.524 1.4%
99.00 84.00|70.50 64.00 57.0053.50 50. 50 42.00 35.50 32.00 28.50
1.591 1.5401.551 1.562 1.5681.568 1.586 1.487 1.509 1.510 1.513
102.5
$7.0078.00 66.00 59.00155.50 52.00 43.50 36.50 38.00 29.50
1.647 1.5951.606 1.610 1.623 1. 626 1.638 1. 540 1.551 1.558 1.566
106.0 90.0075.50 68.50 61.00|57.50 54.00 45.00 38.00 34.00 30.50
1.703 1.6501.661 1. 671 1. 6781.685 1.696 1.593 1.615 1.605 1. 620
93.00|78.00 70.50 63.00'59.50 55.50 46.50 89.00 35.50 31.50
1.7051.716 1.720 1.733|1.748 1.743 1.646 1.658 1.676 1. 678
96.00.80.50 73.00 65.0061.00 57.50 48.00 40.50 36.50 32.50
1.781 1.7881.787 1.806 1.700 1.721 1.723 1.726
1,7901,771
99.0083.00 75.00
1.830
gºooºoo 59.00 49.50 41.50 37.50 33.50
1.853 1.752 1,764 1.770 1.7791.
1.8181.8% 1.8451,846
TABLE IV. HUNDREDTEIS OF CIRCUMFERENCE ExPRESSED IN MINUTES
o © q) go 4)
ta O º O ºn O wo o ºn O
i|
‘5
i ##|
# #
# |##|
O
# É
| | ##|
# #
|| ||##|
# #
| | É##|
O
É
|
C O O
*|
9.25 | 1998 ||17.50 3780 || 25.75 5562 |34.00 1844 || 42.25 9126
1.25
9.50 2052 || 17.75 8834 ||26.00 5016 || 34.25 | 7398 || 42.50 9180
1.50 9.75 2106 || 18.00 3888 || 26.25 5070 || 34.50 | 7452 || 42.75 9284
1.75 10.00 2160 || 18.25 || 3942 || 26.50 5724 || 34.75 7506 || 43.00 || 9288
2.00 10.25 2214 || 18.50 | 8996 || 26.75 5778 || 35.00 || 7560 || 48.25 | 9342
2.25 10.50 2268 || 18.75 | 4050 || 27.00 5832 || 35.25 7614 || 43.50 | 9396
2.50 10.75l 2822 || 19.00 || 4104 || 27.25 5886 || 85.50 | 7068 || 48.75l 9450
2.75 11.00 || 2376 19.25 || 4158 27.50 5940 || 35.75 || 7722 || 44.00 9504
3.00
11.25 2430 || 19.50 4212 || 27.75 5994 || 36.00 7776 44.25 9558
3.25 11.50 | 2484 || 19.75 || 4266 || 28.00 | 6048 || 36.25 | 7830 44.50 | 9612
3.50 11.75 || 2588 || 20.00 || 4320 || 28.25 | 6102 || 36.50 || 7884 || 44.75 9666
3.75 12.00 || 2592 || 20.25 || 4374 || 28.50 | 6156 || 36.75 || 7038 || 45.00 9720
4.00 12.25 | 2646 || 20.50 || 4428 || 28.75 | 6210 || 37.00 | 7992 || 45.25 || 9774
4.25 12.50 | 2700 || 20.75 4482 || 29.00 || 6264 || 37.25 | 8046 || 45.50 98.28
4.50 12.75 2754 || 21.00 4536 || 29.25 | 6818 || 37.50 | 8100 || 45.75 | 9882
4.75 |. 18.00 | 2808 || 21.25 || 4590 || 29.50 | 6372 || 37.75 | 8154 || 46.00 9936
Ö.00 13.25 || 2862 || 21.50 || 4644 || 29.75 | 6426 || 38.00 8208 || 46.25 | 9990
5.25 13.50 2916 || 21.75 4698 || 30.00 6480 || 38.25 | 8262 || 46.50 10044
5.50 13.75 2970 || 22.00 || 4752 || 30.25 || 6534 || 38.50 8316 || 46.75 10098
5.75 14.00 | 8024 || 22.25 || 4806 | 30.50 6588 || 38.75 || 8370 || 47.00 10152
6.00 14.25 | 3078 || 22.50 || 4860 30.75 | 6642 || 89.00 | 8424 ||47.25 10206
6.25 14.50 3182 || 22.75 || 4914 31.00 | 6696 || 39.25 | 8478 || 47.50 | 10260
6.50 14.75 3186 || 23.00 || 4968 || 31.25 | 6750 || 39.50 | 8532 || 47.75 | 10314
6.75 15.00 3240 || 23.25 5022 || 31.50 | 6804 || 39.75 8586 || 48.00 10868
7.00 15.25 | 8294 || 23.50 5076 || 31.75 | 6858 || 40.00 | 8640 || 48.25 | 10422
7.25 15.50 | 8848 || 23.75 || 5130 || 32.00 || 6912 || 40.25 | 8694 || 48.50 | 10476
7.50 15.75 | 8402 || 24.00 || 5184 || 32.25 | 6966 || 40.50 | 8748 || 48.75 | 10530
7.75 16.00 || 3456 || 24.25 || 5238 || 32.50 | 7020 || 40.75 | 8802 || 49.00 | 10584
8.00 16.25 || 3510 || 24.50 || 5292 || 32.75 || 7074 || 41.00 8856 |49.25 10638
8.25 16.50 | 8564 || 24.75 5346 || 33.00 | 7128 || 41:25 | 8910 || 49.50 | 10692
8.50 16.75 || 3618 || 25.00 || 5400 || 33.25 | 7182 || 41.50 | 8964 || 49.75 || 10746
8.75 17.00 || 3672 || 25.25 || 5454 || 33.50 | 7236 || 41.75 | 9018 50.00 10800
9.00 17.25 | 3726 || 25.50 5508 || 33.75 | 7290 || 42.00 9072 || 50.25 | 10854
13
, THREADING OPERATIONS
TABLE V. HUNDREDTHS OF CIRCUMFERENCE EXPRESSED IN MINUTES
A A # A A 2 # A #
##|
5 :
E 5
3a || ##| >|| ||###| >3 ||###| >3 || ###| >3 ||##
:
F #
o 5
# 5
sº :
# 5
9 :
F #
o
|= 3
- O i
50.50 | 10908 || 59.00 12744 || 67.50 14580 || 76.00 | 16416 || 84.50 18252 93.00 20088
50.75||10962 || 59.25 | 12798 || 67.75 14634 || 76.25 | 16470 | 84.75 | 18306 || 93.25 20142
51.00||11016 || 59.50 | 12852 || 68.00 14688 || 76.50 | 16524 || 85.00 | 18360 || 93.50 20196
51.25||11070 || 59.75 | 12906 || 68.25 14742 || 76.75 | 16578 85.25 | 18414 || 93.75 20250
51.50 is good 12960 || 68.50 14796 || 77.00 | 16632 || 85.50 | 18468 || 94.00 20304
51.75 11178 dogs 13014 || 68.75 14850 || 77.25 | 16686 85.75 | 18522 || 94.25 20358
52.00 11232 || 60.50 || 13068 || 69.00 || 14904 || 77.50 | 16740 || 86.00 | 18576 || 94.50 20412
52.25 11286 º 13122 || 69.25 14958 || 77.75 16794 || 86.25 | 18630 || 94.75 20466
52.50 11340 || 61.00 || 13176 || 69.50 15012 || 78.00 | 16848 || 86.50 18684 || 95.00 20520
52.75 11894 61.25 13230 || 69.75 15066 || 78.25 | 16902 86.75 18738 || 95.25 20574
53.00 * 61.50 | 18284 || 70.00 15120 || 78.50 | 16956 87.00 | 18792 || 95.50
20628
53.25 11502 || 61.75 | 18338 || 70.25 15174 || 78.75 17010 || 87.25 | 18846 || 95.75
53.50 | 11556 || 62.00 | 13392 || 70.50 | 15228 || 79.00 || 17064 87.50 | 18900 || 96.00
53.75 11610 || 62.25 || 13446 || 70.75 | 15282 || 79.25 17118 87.75 | 18954 || 96.25
54.00 11664 || 62.50 | 13500 || 71.00 | 15336 || 79.50 17172 88.00 | 19008 || 96.50
54.25 11718 || 62.75|| 13554 || 71.25 | 15390 || 79.75 17226 || 88.25 | 19062 || 96.75
54.50 11772 || 63.00 || 13608 || 71.50 | 15444 || 80.00 17280 88.50 19116 | 97.00
54.75 11826 || 63.25 | 18662 || 71.75 15498 || 80.25 17334 || 88.75 | 10170 || 97.25
55.00 11880 || 63.50 || 13716 || 72.00 15552 || 80.50 | 17888 || 89.00 | 19224 || 97.50
55.25||11934||63.75|| 13770 || 72.25 | 15606 || 80.75 17442 || 89.25 19278 || 97.75

55.50 11988 || 64.00 13824 || 72.50 | 15660 || 81.00 17496 || 89.50 | 19332 || 98.00
55.75 | 12042 || 64.25 | 18878 || 72.75 | 15714 || 81.25 || 17550 || 89.75 19386 || 98.25
56.00|12096 || 64.50 | 13932 || 73.00 15768 || 81.50 17604 || 90.00 19440 || 98.50
56.25 | 12150 || 64.75 13986 || 73.25 15822 || 81.75 17658 90.25 | 19494 || 98.75
56.50 | 12204 || 65.00 14040 || 73.50 | 15876 || 82.00 17712 || 90.50 19548 || 99.00
56.75 12258 || 65.25 || 14094 || 73.75 15930 || 82.25 || 17766 || 90.75 | 19602 || 99.25
57.00 12312 || 65.50 | 1.4148 || 74.00 15984 || 82.50 | 17820 || 91.00 || 19656 || 99.50
57.25 | 12366 || 65.75 14202 || 74.25 | 16038 || 82.75 || 17874 || 91.25 | 19710 || 99.75
57.50 12420 || 66.00 14256 || 74.50 16092 || 83.00 17928 || 91.50 | 19764 || 100.00
57.75 12474 || 66.25 14310 || 74.75 | 16146 || 83.25 17982 || 91.75 | 19818 || . . . . . .
58.00 12528 || 66.50 14364 75.00 | 16200 || 83.50 | 18036 || 92.00 || 10872 ||......
58.25 | 12582 || 66.75 14418 || 75.25 | 16254 || 83.75 18090 || 92.25 | 19926 ||...... - - - - - -
58.50 12636 || 67.00 14472 75.50 | 16308 || 84.00 | 18144 || 92.50 | 19980 ||... . . . . .
58.75 | 12690 || 67.25 14526 || 75.75 | 16362 || 84.25 | 18198 || 92.75 20034 ||......
lutions to complete one piece, 400; time to make one piece, 10 seconds.
Referring to A, Fig. 8, the length of the threaded portion is 3% inch
and the pitch of the thread 1/32 inch, or thirty-two threads per inch.
Referring to Table II, we find that the number of revolutions required
is 15 and the rise on the cam 0.413. To construct the lobe, convert
15
the revolutions into hundredths of cam surface, or — = 0.0375,
- 400
or 3% hundredths. Then draw the cam circle B, as shown in Fig. 8,
and lay off on this circle 3% hundredths to advance on the screw and
3% hundredths to withdraw.
Cut down the amount C be
low the outer cam circle B
as required. Bisect the rise
at E, and with OE as a
radius and a, b, and c as
centers draw arcs intersect
rt
ing each other at d and e.
With d as a center and ra
dius OE join points b and a:
with e as a center and ra
dius OE join points c and a.
This gives the shape of the
thread lobe. For convenience
-- I in cutting, when a Brown &
Sharpe circular milling at
tachment is available, the
cam surface used for thread
Machinery, N.Y.
ing is divided into minutes.
Fis a improºf constructing Then to obtain the lead (or
- - - the number of minutes tra
versed for each 1/1000 inch rise) divide the number of minutes contained
• - 0.810
in the portion of the lobe used, by the rise. For example, = 1.96,
0.413
or approximately 2 minutes. The equivalents of hundredths and

minutes are tabulated in Tables IV and V. The information as
derived by the various formulas is recorded on the drawing
as shown in Fig. 8, being used by the toolmaker when cutting
the Cam.
Speed-changing Device
When threading brass, the spindle speed used for the other tools
is generally also suitable for taps and dies, but when threading gun
screw iron, Norway iron, machine steel, tool steel, etc., the speed
used is too high. As has been previously explained under the heading
“Reversing the Spindle,” time would be lost in threading if the ma
Chine were reversed from forward to backward and then forward
:again on the No. 00 Brown & Sharpe automatic screw machine. There
are various methods of overcoming this difficulty. One method
is to run the spindle backward with the large pulley and forward
with the Small pulley on the countershaft. There is an objection
to this, however, viz., as there are generally other tools in the
turret besides the die or tap holder. They would either have
to be made to cut left-hand or else run at the same speed as the
tap or die. It can easily be seen that in the majority of cases, the
tools used in the turret would not be working at their maximum
capacity if made to cut right-hand.
Ratio Threading Attachment
The attachment A, shown in position in the turret in Fig. 9, serves

to revolve the die or tap in the same direction as that in which the
spindle is rotating, but at one-half the spindle speed. As before men
tioned, it is used where no other slow movements are required except
Fig. 9. Ratio Threading Attachment
for threading, enabling the spindle to run at its maximum speed for
all the other operations. The attachment is driven by a 33-inch
round belt from the overhead works, the shaft passing through the
turret head connecting pulley C with bevel gears D, thus driving
the attachment A. Spring E acts in the same manner as the Spring
in the ordinary draw-out die or tap holder. The method of determin
ing the shape of the cam lobe when using this attachment is as fol
lows: Let the spindle speed for the forming and cut-off operations
equal 2400 revolutions per minute; then the forward speed of the
spindle for threading is 1200, and the speed of this attachment 600
revolutions per minute. Assume the length of the threaded portion
to be 3/16 inch and that 40 threads per inch are to be cut. Referring
to Table II, we find that the thread cutting will require 10.5 revolu
tions. But considering that the speed of this attachment is one-half
the spindle speed, we would require 10.5 × 2 = 21 revolutions of the
spindle for cutting the thread. Again, as this attachment rotates
in the same direction as the spindle, the speed of the attachment when
backing off the work would be 2400 + 600 or 3000 revolutions per min
ute. Then the number of revolutions of the spindle required for backing
2400
off the work would be X 10.5, or 8.5 revolutions, approximately.
3000
The same rise, 0.231, as given in Table II, is used for each side of
the thread lobe, but the distance along the cam circumference in each
part of the lobe is different, as it requires 21 revolutions to advance
and only 8.5 revolutions to retreat. -
Belt Shifting Attachment
The ratio threading attachment as shown in Fig. 9 is only suitable

for cutting brass and fine threads on Norway iron, machine steel, etc.
05 "... 1188’ s."
- D -
CAM OUTLINES r .001:43.12^
LEAD — 55 0.001 3% \
FRONT-...- 5".
Make caws is THick
witH RISEs & FALLS AS SPECIFIED ON DRAWING a MADE FROM NORWAY
IRON ROD
A Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 10. Example of Design of Thread Lobe when using
Belt Shifting Attachment
This attachment would not be entirely satisfactory for the No. 0 or

No. 2 Brown & Sharpe automatic screw machine, as a more positiye
drive is generally required for these machines. In Fig. 2 is shown the
No. 0 Brown & Sharpe automatic screw machine equipped with a
speed-changing attachment. The countershaft is supplied with a
large and a small pulley which will give the desired spindle speeds.
This attachment is operated by the same dog and lever that reverse
the spindle. When the dog on the cam shaft trips the lever, the
clutches C and C, engage, thus driving gears D and E. Gear E, being
THREADING OPERATIONS - 17
attached to shaft F, revolves disk G on which the eccentric connecting
rod H is attached. When the rod H is drawn up or down it shifts
the belt from the large to the small pulley or vice versa. The system
of gearing provided shifts the belt twice for every revolution of the
driving shaft. The number of revolutions of the spindle required to
shift the belt with the spindle running at 1800 R. P. M. forward speed
equals 7% revolutions.
To explain the method of designing the thread lobe, we will take
a practical example. Assume that it is required to make the piece
as shown at A, Fig. 10, on the No. 0 machine, the spindle speeds
being 1800 and 900 revolutions per minute, respectively, using the
900 revolutions per minute for tapping. The cams for making this
piece are shown in Fig. 10. The time required to make one piece is
17 seconds, or 510 revolutions. The number of revolutions for thread
ing found in Table II is 16.5; but as the tap will run at 900 revolutions
per minute instead of 1800, we will require a time equivalent to
16.5 X 2 or 33 revolutions at the 1800 R. P. M. Speed for threading.
Then the hundredths required equals — = 0.0647, or approximately

510
6% hundredths. The rise on the cam is given in Table II as 0.403.
Referring to Table II, MACHINERY's Reference Book No. 100, we find
that it will require 4/100 to feed the stock, or 5/100 to revolve the
turret; this equals 25.5 revolutions to revolve the turret. Then the
actual number of hundredths of cam circumference between the last
operation and the starting of the thread lobe, to revolve the turret and
reverse the spindle is 25.5 + 7.5 = 33 revolutions. Converting this
into hundredths, we get 6.47 or approximately 6% hundredths. It is
always good practice to allow plenty of clearance for threading as
the die or tap holder intended for the job may have to be replaced
by one which would require more clearance.
CHAPTER II
TAPS AND DIES FOR SCREW MACHINE WORK
In Fig. 11 is shown the common form of spring screw threading die

with its adjustable ring. Dies of this type are used to a large extent
on the Brown & Sharpe automatics, but the results obtained are
not always entirely satisfactory. There are a number of objections
to this type of die. The common method of making these dies is to
hob them out with a tap larger in diameter than the basic screw, and
then to close them in by means of the adjusting ring shown. This
produces an imperfect thread if a tap much larger in diameter than
the basic size of the screw is used. The correct method of tapping
out a die of this kind is to use a taper tap which gives clearance at
ScLAMPING RING
Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 11. Spring Screw Threading Die and Adjusting Ring
the back of the die. This necessitates the making of taper taps which
adds to the expense of the die. This type of die is also difficult to
harden without springing the prongs, thus causing chattering and
producing a thread which is not correct in shape. Making a die with
three prongs or cutting edges obviates chattering and produces a
more nearly perfect thread. When cutting a small screw, the work
sometimes breaks off in the die, making it practically useless, because
in drilling out the broken pieces, the thread in the die is almost always
injured. A type of die which overcomes this latter objection is shown
in Fig. 12, the die here shown being split, allowing the broken screw
to be easily removed. The location of the cutting edges on spring
screw threading dies should be radial for brass, and about one-tenth
of the diameter ahead of the center for Norway iron, machine steel,
etc.
Adjustable Round Split Threading Dies
The adjustable round split die has an advantage over the spring
screw threading die for the following reasons: It can be hardened
TAPS AND DIES 19
without springing out of shape, and can be held more rigidly, which
produces good results; and although it cannot be ground to advantage,
its first cost is so much less than that of the spring screw threading
die that it can be discarded when dull. On account of the rigid
manner in which this die can be held, the cutting edges in all cases
can be located ahead of the center about one-tenth of the diameter
Fig. 12. Split Spring Screw Threading Die
which gives good results. In Fig. 13 is shown a type of adjustable

round split button die as used by the Northern Electric & Mfg. Co.,
Ltd., of Montreal. This type of die has been found to give such
favorable results that it is used by this firm in preference to all
other types for screw machine work. In Tables VI and VII are
given the sizes used by the above firm in making their dies for the
out AFTER HARDENING
~,
cut Away BEFORE HARDENING -

–2. o
MAx-Roor otAMETER OF SCREw

Machinery,N.Y.
. Fig. 18. General Dimensions and Des'gn Fig. 14. Illustration showing
of Approved Type of Adjustable Round Split Clearance for Adjustable Round
Button Die Split Button Die
A. S. M. E. standard and special screw sizes. The formulas used for

the dies are as follows:
External diameter = basic external diameter of screw,
Pitch diameter = basic pitch diameter of screw,
0.10825
Root diameter = basic root diameter of screw -– —
No. of threads per inch
0.10825,
This latter amount — is added to the basic root
No. of threads per inch
diameter to provide for wear. While the sizes as given have been
used by the firm mentioned, for a considerable time, theoretically it
is not the correct way of making the die, because, to cut a clean
thread, a die should have clearance as shown at a, Fig. 14, and as a
screw is generally cut below the maximum diameter, the sizes as given
would not provide any clearance at all; in fact it would be just the
reverse, as the die would have to be closed, instead of opened up.
When good results are desired the die should be tapped out smaller
TABLE VI. AD JUSTABLE ROUND SPLIT SCREW TEIREAD BUTTON
DIE, SIZES FOR A. S. M. E. STANDARD SCREWS
- Size of Screw External Pitch -
tº, #: | D:er | Dier

0.060 — 80 0.060 0.0519 0.0424
0.073 — 72 0.073 0.0640 0.0535
0.086 — 64 0.086 0.0759 0.0640
0.099 – 56 0.099 0.0874. 0.0739
0.112 — 48 0.112 - 0.0985 0.0827
0.125 — 44 0.125 0.1102 0.0930
0.138 — 40 0.138 - 0.1213 0.1028
0.151 — 36 . 0.151 0.1330 0.1119
0.164 — 36 0.164 0.1460 0.1249
0.177 – 32 0.177 - 0.1567 0.1330
0.190 — 30 0.190 0.1684 0.1431
0.216 — 28 0.216 | 0.1928 0.1658
0.242 — 24 0.242 | 0.2149 0.1834
0.268 — 22 0.268 0.2385 0.2040
0.294 — 20 0.294 0.2615 0.2236
0.320 — 20 0.320 0.2875 0.2496
0.346 — 18 0.346 0.309.9 0.2678
0.372 — 16 0.372 0.3314 0.2841
0.398 — 16 0.398 0.3574 0.3101
0.424 — 14 0.424 0.3776 0.3235
0.450 — 14 0.450 0.4036 0.3495
than the basic screw, and then opened up, as this would give a good
clearance as shown, enlarged, at a, Fig. 14. Making the root diameter
of the die the same as the minimum screw would give the desired
results. This has been experimented with and the results obtained
were perfectly satisfactory. The following formulas should then be
used for obtaining the sizes of adjustable round split button dies:
External diameter = basic external diameter of screw,
Pitch diameter = minimum pitch diameter of screw, or basic pitch
0.168
diameter of Screw — —
- No. of threads per inch + 40
Root diameter = minimum root diameter of screw or basic root di
0.10825 0.168
ameter — +
No. of th’ds per inch No. of th’ds per inch + 40
TAPS AND DIES 21
Making the external diameter equal to the basic external diameter

allows for clearance, which is necessary, as the external diameter of
the die should not be used for cutting the screw to size. This should
be accomplished either by a finishing box-tool or by the cross-slide
forming tools. It is obvious that making the dies to the sizes given
in the formulas permits them to be used longer and still cut a clean'
thread. The work should be turned slightly smaller than the finished
diameter required, depending on the material and the pitch of the
thread.
TABLE VII. ADJUSTABLE RounID SPLIT SCREW TEIREAD BUTTON
DIE SIZES FOR A. S. M. E. SPECIAL SCREW’s
Size of Screw External -
º, D1ameter Dººler Dièer
0.073 – 64 0.073 0.0629 0.0510

0.086 — 56 0.086 0.0744 0.0609
0.099 -— 48 0.099 0.0855 0.0697
0.112 — 40 0.112. 0.0958 0.0768
0.112 — 36 0.112 0.0940 0.0729
0.125 — 40 0.125 0.1088 0.0898
0.125 — 36 0.125 0.1070 0.0859
0.138 — 36 0.138 0.1200 0.0989
0.138 – 32 0.138 0.1177 0.0940
0.151 — 32 0.151 0.1307 0.1070
0.151 — 30 0.151 0.1294 0.1041
0.164 — 32 0.164 0.1437 0.1200
0.164 — 30 0.164 0.1424 0.1171
0.177 – 30 0.177 0.1554 0.1301
0.177 — 24 0.177 0.1499 0.1184
0.190 — 32 0.190 0.1697 0.1460
0.190 — 24 0.190 0.1629 0.1314
0.216 — 24 0.216 0.1889 0.1574
0.242 — 20 0.242 0.2095 0.1716
0.268 – 20 0.268 0.2355 0.1976
0.294 — 18 0.294 0.2579 0.2158
0.320 — 18 0.320 0.2839 0.2418
0.346 — 16 0.346 0.3054 0.2581
0.372 — 18 0.372 0.3359 0.2938
0.398 — 14 0.398 0.3516 0.2975
0.424 — 16 0.424 0.3834 0.3361
0.450 — 16 0.450 0.4094 0.3621
Tables for laying-out button dies are given in MACHINERY's Data

Sheet Book No. 3, “Taps and Dies,” pages 30 and 31.
Machine Taps
Internal threading on the automatic screw machine presents certain
difficulties. There is a tendency for the chips to clog and to break the
tap at the moment of reversal, as the chips then lodge back of the
cutting edges, tending to prevent the tap from reversing. The spindle
revolving at a high rate of speed also has a tendency to break the tap.
Taps for screw machine work should have liberal space for the chips,
the lands being made just strong enough to resist the cutting pressure.
§
0.0447 9/16 9/16

|
§
sº
Number:
Thrºided
Diameter
Pitch
Root
External
Threads
%
0.0632
0.0623
0.0538
0.0533
0.0466
851
—
0.060 %
12%0.0775
10%0.0655
0.0765
0.0560
0.0580
0.0660
0.0755
747
—
0.073 1%
0.0898
0.0689
0.0780
0.0888
642
—
0.086
0.0668 —1%
4 0.0892
0.1033
0.0897
0.1021
5
0.099
0.0770
0.0793
36 %
18%0.1288
6 0.1155
0.1168
0.1004
0.1010
0.0862
431
—
0.112
0.0888 %
1%0.1239
0.1129
0.1122
0.1301
44
–—
0.125
0.0995
29
0.0968 5%
1%0 0.1352
0.1246
0.1421
0.1069
426
—
0.138
0.1435
0.1097 11/16
1%
0.1555
30.1164
—
0.151
0.1569
0.1359
0.1193
21 —11/16
1%
6 0.1685
0.1489
0.1482
0.1294
317
0.164
0.1699
0.1323 %
6 0.1590
0.1819
0.1380
312
–
0.177
0.1835
0.1598
0.1411 %
12%0.1708
0.1952
0.1483
3
—
0.190
0.1968
0.1716
0.1515
8 28%0.2176
10%0.1953
%
0.1961
0.2215
2
—
0.216
0.2232
0.1745
0.1712
1 2%
9/32
0.2483
0.2500
0.218.4
0.1896
0.1931
21.
—
0.242 9/32
22%0.2643
4 0.2412
0.2421
0.2747
0.2765
0.2108
0.2144
21
—
0.268 5/16
20%0.2903
0.2653
0.3013
0.2309
0.3031
0.2346
21
—
0.294 11/32
0.2913
0.3273
0.3291
0.2569
0.2606
21
—
0.320 12%
%
20%0.3138
0.3539
0.3559
0.2758
0.2796
0.3128
—
0.346 26%0.4088
13/32
8. 0.3808
0.3828
0.2928.
0.2968
0.3344
0.3354
11
—
0.372 7/16
0.3188
0.3228
0.3604
0.3614
0.4068
1
—
0.398
1 24%0.3593
26%0.3818
15/32
0.3333
0.4338
0.4359
0.3374
0.3807
1
—
0.424
1 %24%
0.3634
0.4067
0.4078
0.4598
0.4619
11
—
0.450
Length PerInch§§
Shank,
of
Screw
of
Size Portion or
Diameter
|
cinesMinimum
In Maximum
TABLE
size:s
STANDARD
E.
M.
S.
A.
For
TAPs
MACHINE
VIII.
Manufacturing
Limits
§
§§
sº
Number:
Threaded
Diameter
Pitch
External
Threads
Root 0.0962
3%
11%
0.0774
0.1165
0.0803
31
0.0969
—
0.112
0.1179
6
0645
()
6%
0.0758
0.0538
0.0559
–
0.073
0.0768
0.0650
47 9/16
51%
14%0.0762
0.0663
42
0.0640
0.0767
0.0891
—
0.086
0.0903 9/16
1%
6 0.0874
0.0758
4
–
0.099
0.0880
0.1025
0.1038
36
0.0732 0.0979
4%
10% 0.1109
8 0.08.09
0.1161
0.0837
31
0.0986
—
0.112
0.1175 0.1116
4%
10%0.1092
0.0967
0.0939
0.1305
29
0.1291
—
0.125 3%
16%0.1034
0.0933
0.0904
0.1295
29
0.1099
—
0.125
0.1309 3%
16%0.138
0.1063
0.1222
26
0.1229
0.1425
—
0.138
0.1439 30.1429
—%12%0.1120
0.1200
0.0990
0.1021
0.1445
0.1208
26 0.1330
11/16
1%
0.1151
3
—
0.151
0.1338
0.1559
0.1575
20 2 017
11/16
1%
0.1250
0.1281
3
—
0.164
0.1705
-
0.1689
0.1468 11/16
.14602 0.1448
1%
0.1223
0.1255
0.1456
0.1692
3
—
0.164
0.1708
17 0.1586
%10%0.1246
0 0.1385
0.1353
3
–
0.177
0.1822
0.1838
1578
(),
12 0.1526
%14%0.1510
12
0.1281
2
–
0.177
0.1833
0.1850
0.1534. %
0.1720
3
—
0.190
0.1728
0.1949
0.1965
0.1541
8 0.1656
%
0.1411
7
0.1963
0.1980
0.1664
2
–
0.190 20.216
14%0.1636
12%0.1376 4%0.1789
(1.1916
%
0.2223
0.2240
0.1671
0.1924
—1 9/32
20%0.2049
0.2123
2
–
0.242
0.2493
0.2511
0.1827
0.2133
1 9/32
0.2383
0.2393
0.2753
2
–
0.268
0.2771
0.2087
1 5/16
20%0.2238
28%
0.2608
0.2618
0.3019
1
–
0.294
0.3039
0.2276
1 1%
0.2668
0.3084
0.3094
0.3548
—
0.346
0.3568
0.2708
1 13/32
26% 0.3056
2
0.3018
0.3799
1
–
0.372
0.3819
0.3388
0.3398
1 24%0.3488
8%0.3073
7/16
0.3547
0.3558
0.4078
11
–
0.398
0.4099
0.3114 15/32
0.3448
0.3864
0.3874
0.4328
11
–
0.424
0.4348 26%
0.3708
10.3748
—0.4124
%
26%0.450
0.4588
0.4608
1
Length º
of
Shank,
Screw
of
Size Inch
PPer
ortion
Diameter
-
Minimum
Maximum
A.
FOR
TAPS
MACHINE
IX.
TABLE
SIZES
SPECIAL
S.
M.
E.
Manufacturing
Limits
1%
U.1318
11/16
0.1093
0.1125
3
–
0.151
0.1326
0.1562
0.1578
20 0 11/32
28%
0.2498
J.2868
0.3279
1
—
0.320
0.3299
0.2536
1
0.2878
0.4134
24 No. 10.1—SCREW MACHINE PRACTICE
Of course, the flutes must not be made too deep, so as to reduce the
cross-section of the tap too much. The cutting edges are, in general,
radial. -
In Tables VIII and IX are given the manufacturing limits, as

adopted by the Northern Electric & Mfg. Co., Ltd., Montreal, for the
A. S. M. E. standard and special sizes. The taps are made from Stubbs'
imported drill rod. The diameters of shank used are given in the
tables, and also the length of the threaded portion and the over-all
length. All taps 0.100 inch in diameter and less, have three flutes, and
all taps over 0.100 inch in diameter have four flutes. The formulas
used by the above firm for the manufacturing limits are as follows
(T. P. I. = threads per inch):
ExTERNAL DIAMETER
0.10825 0.224
Maximum = basic external diameter of screw -- — --—
T. P. I. T. P. I. -- 40
0.10825 0.112
Minimum = basic external diameter of screw -- — + —
T. P. I. T. P. I. -- 40
PITCH DIAMETER
0.224
Maximum = basic pitch diameter of screw-H —
T. P. I. -- 40
0.168
Minimum = basic pitch diameter of screw -– –
T. P. I. -- 40
ROOT DIAMETER
0.336
Maximum = basic root diameter of screw -– —
T. P. I. -- 40
0.112
Minimum = basic root diameter of screw — —
T. P. I. -- 40
The only changes from the A. S. M. E. formulas for the taps are the
minimum external diameter, and the minimum pitch diameters. The
reason for increasing the minimum external diameters can easily be
seen by comparing the results as obtained by the formulas used by
the Northern Electric & Mfg. Co. and the A. S. M. E. respectively. For
example: Take a tap 0.164—36 threads per inch. The minimum ex
ternal diameter given by the A. S. M. E. is 0.1656 inch. Now the
maximum or basic screw is 0.164 inch. This leaves 0.0016 inch for
wear, when the tap has been made the minimum size. This amount
has been found not to be sufficient. The minimum external diameter,
as found by the formula used by the Northern Electric & Mfg. Co.,
is 0.1685 inch, which gives 0.0045 inch over the basic screw. As will
also be noted, this decreases the limit between the maximum and
minimum external diameters of the tap, allowing only 0.0014 inch.
In all cases the limits as derived by these formulas have been found
to be sufficient. It will also be noted that the minimum pitch diameter
is also increased to extend the life of the tap. In Table X the results
TAPS AND DIES 25
as obtained by the various formulas are given, which simplifies the

calculations necessary in determining the limits, as the amounts given
are added to the basic sizcs of the screw. In the last two columns are
given the single and double depth of the thread.
TABLE X. CALCULATED VALUES FOR FORMULAS FOR FINDING MANUFACTURING
LIMITS FOR TAP AND DIE SIZES
c c o c
###| ##| | *s, H | | | | | #, #| | #|-

#| #;
2.5 3
E- d. |
3 &
Po
#|H | ##|H | #;.
P
cic ſºlº of c |ºl,
P
& c |ºld
>
#;H
cd c |ºld
P
#;
*: E
:-o
#:
s:... -
P
80 0.0014 0.0009 0.0019 0.0028 0.0014 0.0081 0.0162

72 0.0015 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0015 0.0090 0.0180
64 0.0017 0.0011 0.0022 0.0032 0.0016 0.01.01 0.0203
56 0.0019 0.0012 0.0023 0.0035 0.0018 0.01.16 0.0232
48 0.0023 0.0013 0.0025 0.0038 0.0019 0.0185 0.0271
44 0.0025 0.0013 0.0027 0.0040 0.0020 0.0148 0.0295
40 0.0027 0.0014 0.0028 0.0042 0.0021 0.0162 0.03.25
36 0.0030 0.0015 0.0029 0.0044 0.0022 0.0180 0.0361
32 0 0034 0 0016 0.0031 0.0047 || 0.0023 0.0203 || 0.0406
30 || 0.0036 0.0016 || 0.0032 || 0.0048 0.0024 0.0217 || 0.0433
28 || 0.0039 || 0.0016 || 0.0033 || 0.0049 || 0.0025 || 0.0232 || 0.0464
24 0.0045 || 0.0018 0.0035 | 0.0053 || 0.0026 0.0271 || 0.0541
22 || 0.0049 || 0.0018 0.0036 0.0054 || 0.0027 | 0.0295 || 0.0590
20 || 0.0054 || 0.0019 || 0.0037 || 0.0056 || 0.0028 0.0325 || 0.0650
18 0.0060 0.0019 0.0039 || 0.0058 0.0029 || 0.0361 || 0.0722
16 0.0068 0.0020 0.0040 0.0060 0.0030 0.0406 || 0.0812
14 0 0077 0 0021 0.0041 0.0062 0.0031 0.0464 || 0.0928
An ordinary machine tap is suitable for cutting brass, but it does

not give satisfactory results when tapping Norway iron, machine steel,
etc. In Fig. 15 is shown a tap which gives good results in threading
Norway iron or machine steel. This tap should be slightly tapered
towards the back for clearance. The end is ground at an angle of
about 55 degrees, and slightly cupped at the center, and backed off as
GRIND GRoove AFTER HARDENING

l z’
ſº.2 /
| “...
Q. A.W) ED OFF
Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 15. A Tap Suitable for Norway Iron and Machine Steel
shown. A groove is ground the entire length of the threaded portion,

after the tap has been hardened. This allows the oil to penetrate to
the point in threading, and also provides clearance for the chips to
back out. When made from Stubbs’ imported drill rod and carefully
hardened, this tap can be worked at a cutting speed of from 35 to 40
feet per minute, which would be impossible with an ordinary tap.
Taps for threading copper have their flutes cut spirally and should
also have an odd number of flutes. A right-hand spiral of about one
turn in 12 inches should be used.
Tap Drills
The tapping size drills as recommended by the A. S. M. E. are not
suitable for general work. The question of tap drills cannot be settled
by giving a table and saying that the sizes therein contained are the
best. Of course, to a certain extent, the sizes used in various shops
do not vary greatly, but nevertheless there is really no standard size.
- Considering this, the
Writer submits a list of
t a pp in g size drills
which have been adopt
ed by the Northern
Electric & Mfg. Co. for
general work. These
sizes have given good
wº results in practice. The
Fig. 16. .**** of the sizes as given in Table
XI are used for all
classes of work and material. The amount of thread obtained by these
sizes is from 5% to 34 of a full thread.
Speeds for Dies and Taps
As a general rule, a die can be operated at a higher rate of speed
than a tap, for the following reasons: A die can be left harder than
a tap; and the die can be supplied with oil much easier than can the
tap. The following surface speeds have been found suitable for taps
and dies made from ordinary carbon steel and used on the materials
specified below:
SURFACE SPEEDS FOR DIES
Material Feet per Minute
* Brass (ordinary quality). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190-200
Norway iron and machine steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-40
Drill rod and tool steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-30
SURFACE SPEEDS FOR TAPS

Material Feet per Minute
Brass (ordinary quality) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150-160
Norway iron and machine steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-30
Drill rod and tool steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-20
Die and Tap Holders
The manner in which a die or tap is held when being applied to the
work has a considerable bearing on the results obtained. The die or
tap holders supplied by the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. give satisfactory
results in most cases, and, therefore, these holders should be used for
general automatic screw machine work. In Fig. 16 is shown a button
die holder of the draw-out type, as made by the above firm. This
holder gives good results when the work is not required to be threaded
up to a shoulder. In Fig. 17 is shown an improved design of releasing
button die holder also made by this firm, a section through the holder
§
Bººt
*Fººt
:Tººn
:Tap
: : : : :,
Drill
ºDecimal
SSize
Screw
ofizeSize
of
0.1440
256
–
*0.177
0.0465
840 –
—
0.060
27 3*0.190
0.0595
0.1660
72 53
53
19
—
0.073 604 0.0730
320
—
0.190
0.0595
0.1610
–
*0.073 221
–
*0.190
64 0.0700
0.086
0.1590
49 0.216–28
56 0.0820
–
*0.086
0.1850
50
13 214
–
*0.216
546 5
—
0.099
0.1820
45 246
–
0.242
0.0810
40.2055
*0.099
48 *0.242
27
–0.0935
40.2010
0.112
42 08 1 20 —
0.0890
40.2280
*0.112
2
—
0.268
43 2*0.268
0.0890
130.2280
*0.112
43 +
06 0.1040
0.294–20
0.125–44
37 4#
0.2500 *0.294
10.1040
–*0.125
0.2500
37 80 #}
0.1130
30.2968
—
*0.138
33
1
– #
86 *0.346
0.346 10.1160
—3*0.138
0.2968
32 #}
62 0.1285
130
–
*0.372 3#
!
386 00.398
0.151
0.8281 *0.151
1
–0.1250 #
60 0.1405
.3437 1028
–
*0.398
3.3437
— 30#
46 16
0.164 --
*0.424
0.1405
—
*0.164
28.3750 ##
2 0.1520
124
–
*0.450
0.4062
3
0.177 0#
62 0.1520
0.450–14
3*0.177
–
24.3906
0
TAP
XI.
TABLE
A.
FOR
DRILLS
SCREW’s
MACEIINE
SPECIAL
AnD
STANDARD
S.
M.
E.
2J
–
0.320
0.1015
30.2770
—
*0.125
38 06 J 132
—
*0.320
0.1160
40.2770
–
0.138
80 1!
0P
–
0.372
3.1250
—
*0.151
.3230
62 0.424–14
0.1405
3U
—
*0.164
0.3680
28 0
*
marked
are
sizes
Special
|
being shown at A. The main feature of this die holder is that it can
be reversed without shock; therefore, when threading small screws,
it has less tendency to break off the screw in the die. At B and C
are shown two views at the cross-section X Y. At B and C are also
Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 17. Illustration showing Operating Parts of Releasing

Button Die Holder
shown two small balls e which are used, allowing this die holder to
reverse Without shock. The operation of the holder is as follows:
When the die holder or spindle a draws out from the body b, the driving
pins C are also withdrawn, so that the ends of these pins are drawn out
flush With the plate m. When the machine spindle is reversed, spindle
Fig. 18. Releasing Tap Holder
a revolves with the work, the centrifugal force throwing the ball e
out of the deep part of the pocket as shown at B into the position as
shown at C. This locks the holder, allowing it to be backed off the
work. This holder can be used either for right- or left-hand threading
simply by inserting the balls e in the different pockets, e.g., when ball
TAPS AND DIES 29
e is placed in pocket f it will cut a right-hand thread, and when

placed in pocket g it will cut a left-hand thread. This holder is used
to advantage, especially when cutting up to a shoulder.
In Fig. 18 is shown a releasing tap holder. The spindle A carries
a pawl a, which is held back against the shoulder C by the spring b.
When the spindle A is drawn out, the beveled portion on the pawl a
allows it to slide past block B, thus allowing the Spindle A to make one
- revolution, when the op
posite face of pawl b
Comes in contact with
block B, thus allowing
the tap to back out of
the work. A blank
bushing d is shown in
the holder.
Using Two Taps

When a full thread is
desired and the size of
the tap will not stand
the cutting pressure, it
is sometimes found con
venient to use two
taps. The first tap should
be ground tapered some
what similar to a
starting tap used for
hand tapping. The taper
should extend back a
distance equal to that
which the tap is to go
into the work, so that
the first thread in the
work will be to the full
diameter. The second
*… x tap is left With a full
Fig.19. Cutting Thread Lobe on a Circular thread. To set the taps,
Milling Attachment the dogs on the drum
should be set so that the spindle will be reversing at about the same
point on both the thread lobes. Then the first tap is set and made
to travel into the work the desired distance. The second tap is then
set in the turret, the distance from the face of the turret being the
same as for the first tap. If this procedure is followed, little difficulty
will be encountered. A releasing tap holder as shown in Fig. 18 is
preferable to the draw-out type for this purpose, as the taps are not
required to be set as accurately.
Cutting the Thread Lobe
In Fig. 19 is shown a circular milling attachment in position on the
Brown & Sharpe universal milling machine, equipped with a vertical
milling attachment. Before cutting the cam the various lobes are
laid out in their respective positions as designated on the drawing,
and the metal is removed either by shearing in a punch press or
by drilling a series of 3/16-inch holes about 1/16 inch from the outline
of the various lobes. The cam is then placed on block A, as shown,
which has a projecting stud, nut B being used to hold down the cam
tightly against the face of this block. The block is held to the circular
milling attachment by two screws not shown in the illustration. To
cut the cam, raise the knee until the end mill passes the lower face
of the cam C as shown, and bring the end mill into position at the
bottom of the lobe, in other words, at the point where the die would
start on the work. Then feed in the end mill the desired distance.
The micrometer collars on the shafts carrying handles D and E are
then set at zero. Referring to Fig. 10, we find that the lead on the
lobe is one thousandth inch for each 31% minutes of its circumference,
but the Smallest division on this attachment is five minutes. We will,
therefore, revolve the attachment five minutes for each 0.0015 inch
that we feed in the cam, continuing in this manner until that side
of the lobe is finished. The attachment is then SWung around and
the other side of the lobe completed in the same manner. Milling
the cam in this manner leaves a series of slight flats on the lobe which
can be removed by filing, giving the cam lobe an approximately
true Curve.
CHAPTER III
THREAD ROLLING
The rolling of threads has for a considerable time been practiced

in the manufacture of machine and wood screws, the threads being
formed by dies which have V-grooves in their opposing faces, cut at
an angle equal to the helix of the thread. The operation of rolling a
screw in a thread rolling machine consists in passing the screw be.
tween two flat dies, one of which is stationary and the other recipro
cating. This is the principle on which some of the thread rolling
machines on the market work, while others have one stationary hol
low cylindrical die and one revolving circular die. However, the
principle on which they act is the same; that is, part of the material
is raised to form the thread by forming a corresponding depression in
the blank. This action makes the diameter of the finished screw larger
than the blank.
The adaptation of thread rolling to the automatic screw machine
is, however, of comparatively recent application—hence the scarcity
of definite information on the subject. After considerable experi
menting with this class of work, the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. has
found that the rolling of threads on steel parts is a very unsatisfac
tory practice, and thus confines the rolling of threads to brass and
similar materials. The information given in this chapter, therefore,
applies exclusively to the rolling of threads on these materials.
Obtaining the Diameter of the Blank

The rolling of a thread differs from cutting a thread with a V-tool,
in that by the former method no material is cut away, the thread
being formed by displacing the material, as stated. Theoretically, in
a sharp V-thread, the volume of one convolution of thread above the
pitch diameter should be greater than that of the space between the
threads below the pitch diameter, on account of the greater circum
ference. Therefore, the diameter of the blank before rolling should
presumably be greater than the pitch diameter. This, however, is
not the case for all materials, brass in particular being an exception.
As a rule, the diameter of the blank for brass should be approximately
equal to the pitch diameter.
When rolling a U. S. standard thread, the pitch diameter is found
to be slightly greater than the required diameter of the blank, because
of the impracticability of making the thread roll with a flat top. If a
thread roll is not made with a sharp V at the top, it will require a
considerably greater pressure to force it into the work, and the roll
does not produce as smooth and perfect a thread. Therefore, . it has
been found advisable to make all thead rolls, whether for forming
a sharp V or a U. S. standard thread, with a sharp V top and bottom.
It is not necessary to make the bottom of the thread on the roll sharp,
but there would be no advantage in having it flat, as the outside
diameter of the screw is governed by the diameter of the blank.
The shape of the thread produced by a thread roll when the U. S.
standard form is required is shown at B in Fig. 20. The pitch diameter
d, is the same as the pitch diameter of the U. S. standard form shown
at A. ' The root diameter da, however, is less than the root diameter
d, of the U. S. standard thread shown at A. The pitch diameter d,
is slightly greater than the required diameter of the blank, which can
be found approximately by the following formula:
(1)
in which
D = diameter of the blank,
d, = pitch diameter of the screw,
ds = depth of U. S. standard thread. (See A Fig. 20.)
#A /\!
-Y, \
re w
° Machinerv, N.Y.
Fig. 20. Notation used in Calculating Diameters of Thread Rolls
The depth of the thread d. can be found by the following formula:

ds = % X p X cos 30 deg. = 0.6495 p (2)
- 1
where p = the pitch of the thread or ——
number of threads per inch
The pitch diameter is found by the formula:
2 = d – ds (3)
where d = the nominal external diameter of the screw.
When rolling a thread having a sharp V-form, the pitch diameter d,
as shown at C in Fig. 20, can be used as the approximate diameter
of the blank. The correct diameter of the blank in any case cannot
be found by any formula, but by experiments only. It might be pos
sible, however, to derive an empirical formula by making a series of
experiments, and in each case determining the hardness of the metal.
Then the results could be tabulated and used under similar conditions
—when the metal is of the same hardness and the thread of the same
shape. It is a simple matter, however, in the automatic screw machine,
to reduce or increase the diameter of the blank, so as to give the
correct finished diameter; thus it seems that any elaborate method of
accurately obtaining the diameter of the blank by calculation is un
necessary.
TH READ ROLLING 33
Preparing Work for Thread Rolling

In most cases that part of the work on which a thread is to be
rolled can be formed by the circular form tool. The thread to be
rolled is generally at the rear of a shoulder, so that the thread roll
has to be of a certain width, thus making it necessary to bevel the
edges of the roll to prevent the threads at the ends from chipping.
It is, therefore, desirable, when the work is to be threaded up to a
shoulder, to make the form tool of Such a shape that it will neck the
work, as shown at A in Fig. 21, and also to reduce the diameter at B
where the work is to be cut off.
The angle a should be 45 degrees, and the distance C should be
equal to at least half the single depth of the thread, so that the part B
will be slightly smaller than the root diameter of the finished piece.
The distance E should be made equal to C, and the distance F equal to
I a... "
—-a--- F pi*-PITCH
→11, F
| º |-4-
B 2^/kſ: |
|AH
x: #
#| | | || |
; h p
H.H.
- N. |
* Leap
.45 i
Fig.2 →
Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 21. Preparing a Piece with Fig. 22. Thread Roll with a Double Thread
a Circular Form Tool —Note Beveled Edges
at least the pitch of the thread. When it is not necessary to roll

the thread up to a shoulder, the work need not be necked. However,
better results are obtained, in most cases, by necking the work, when
ever it would not be seriously weakened thereby.
Making the Thread Roll

The best results are obtained by using a thread roll with a single
thread, but when the piece to be rolled is less than 5% inch in
diameter, it is necessary to make the roll with a multiple thread in
order to have it of the proper size. The roll should be made the op
posite hand to that which it is required to produce; that is to say,
for a right-hand thread, the thread roll is cut left-hand.
Owing to the displacement of the metal in forming a thread by roll
ing, there is no point in the formation of the thread where the contact
is perfect. If the pitch diameter of the roll was made an exact mul
tiple of the pitch diameter of the piece to be rolled, the contact would
be perfect when the thread was completed, but not at any other point
during the formation of the thread, and, therefore, would not allow
the metal to flow. The Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. has found that
the pitch diameter of the roll should not be an exact multiple of the
pitch diameter of the finished piece, but should be slightly less. The
pitch diameter of the roll for a U. S. standard thread can be found
by the following formula:
de
in which,
o-xx(0-4) (4)
D, = pitch diameter of roll (see Fig. 22),

N = approximate ratio between pitch diameter of roll and pitch
diameter of piece to be threaded,
|
ºSNS
-
cHucking FEED STOck

REVERSE SPINDLE
*10 onlu
00007
9wn
ſº
_{||||Will-– BLANK DiA.
ºf ill; 4 5 0.397" §-2
L | / -
"d A 34.26 P.
- U. S. S. Form
PECE To MAKE
#sound BRAs8
Rod
DRILL _18
LARGE HOL wr
s, FEED, 0.076
Nº.
,-
EAD BOTTOM ~29

.0037 // / -
3 w - \
CAM
LEAD –
Nº.jº-H
wºme, tº |- * wº
41 spinoLE SPEED-1800 R.P.M.
- -
1. PIECE IN 15 SECOND8
FRONT------ \ }{" ,
REAR —-—-- 54% 51 50 46
Machinery, N. Y.
Fig. 23. Lay-out of a Set of Cams for Performing a Thread-rolling Operation
D = diameter of blank (see Fig. 21),

d, = depth of thread (see B, Fig. 20).
The depth of a U. S. standard thread as produced by thread rolling
can be found by the following formula (for notation see B, Fig. 20):
de = % X p X cos 30 deg. = 0.7578 p (5)
where p = the pitch of the thread.
To illustrate clearly the method used in designing a thread roll for
producing a U. S. standard thread, as shown at B in Fig. 20, take
a practical example: Assume that it is necessary to design a thread
THREAD ROLLING 35
roll for producing the thread on the piece shown at A in Fig. 23. As
this is a U. S. standard thread, and it is impracticable to use a roll
with a flat top, we use the blank diameter for calculating the pitch
diameter of the roll, instead of the pitch diameter of the thread, as
would be the case with a sharp V-thread. The blank diameter can be
found by Formula (1). Before finding the blank diameter, however,
it is necessary to find the depth of the thread, which can be found by
substituting the known values in Formula (2), as follows:
de – 0.6495 p = 0.6495 × 0.0555 = 0.0360 inch.
Then
d, = d – d. = 0.4375 — 0.0360 = 0.4015 inch

and
ds 0.036
D = d. — — = 0.4015 — — = 0.4015 — 0.0045 = 0.397 inch.
8 8
The pitch diameter of the thread roll can then be found by Formula
(4), but before finding the pitch diameter it is necessary to find the
depth of the thread de (see B, Fig. 20) by inserting the values in
Formula (5):
de = p X 0.7578 = 0.0555 × 0.7578 = 0.042 inch.
Then
de
D, - N X | D —
3
=2 X (ºn—º 0.042
3
= 0.766 inch.
The root diameter D, and the outside diameter Da of the thread

roll (see Fig. 22) can be found by the following formulas:
D,- D, - d. (See C, Fig. 20) . (6)
Ds - D, + di (7)
inserting the values, we have:
D, - 0.766 – 0.048 = 0.718 inch,
and
D, = 0.766 -- 0.048 = 0.814 inch.
The same method as that given for the U. S. standard form of
thread is used for the A. S. M. E. standard screws when designing a
thread roll. A thread roll for a sharp V-thread, however, is calculated
from the pitch diameter, which is also used as the approximate di
ameter of the blank. For a sharp V-thread the root, pitch and outside
diameters of the roll are found by the following formulas:
D, = N × (*- ) di \ .
3 -
(8)
D2 = D1 – d. (9)
Da = D. -- d. (10)
in which
D, = pitch diameter of thread roll,
D, - root diameter of thread roll,
36 No. 10/–SCREW MACHINE PRACTICE
Ds - outside diameter of thread roll,
N = approximate ratio between pitch diameter of roll and pitch
diameter of piece to be threaded,
d, = pitch diameter of thread or diameter of blank,
d; = 0.866 p (see C Fig. 20).
In making a thread roll the outside diameter is turned to the size
required, and the ends are beveled at an angle of 45 degrees, as shown
in Fig. 22, to prevent the threads on the ends of the roll from chipping.
If the roll is to be made with a multiple thread, the lathe must, of
course, be geared to correspond. Before cutting the thread it is pre
ferable to bevel the edges at an angle of 30 degrees, or equal to the
angle of one side of the thread. This facilitates the starting of the
thread tool. After the threads have been cut, the roll should again be
beveled, but at an angle of 45 degrees.
ſ ºº
|
H
Fig. 24. Samples of Pieces having Rolled Threads
Thread rolls should be made from steel containing a high percentage

of carbon. Precautions should be taken in hardening, because if the
sharp edges become burnt the roll will be useless. Thread rolls, as
a rule, are lapped after hardening. This is done by holding them on
an arbor in the lathe, and using emery and oil on a piece of hard wood.
A thread roll, to give good results, should not be made to fit loosely in
the slot in the holder, but should be made a good running fit. If the
roll is made to fit loosely in the holder, it will “chew up” the threads.
The hole in the roll should also be made a good running fit on the
pin in the holder, and in most cases should not be larger than 5/16 inch,
14 inch being usually adopted for rolls 1 inch in diameter or less.
Applying a Thread Roll to the Work
The shape of the work and the character of the operations necessary
to produce it, govern, to a large extent, the method employed in ap
plying the thread roll. There are, however, other considerations to
be observed, some of which are as follows:
THREAD ROLLING 37
Diameter of the part to be threaded.
:
4.
Location of the part to be threaded.
Length of the part to be threaded.
Relation that the thread rolling operation bears to the other
operations. -
5. Shape of the part to be threaded, whether straight, tapered or

otherwise.
6. Method adopted in applying the support.
When the diameter to be rolled is much smaller than the diameter
of the shoulder preceding it, a cross-slide knurl-holder should be used.
Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 25. Top Cross-slide Roll-holder
If the part to be threaded is not behind a shoulder, a holder on the

swing principle should be used. When the work is long—greater in
length than two-and-one-half times its diameter—a swing roll-holder
should be employed, carrying a support. When the work can be cut
off directly after the thread is rolled, a cross-slide roll-holder should be
used. The method of applying the support to the work also governs
to some extent the method of applying the thread roll, but as this de
pends entirely on the shape of the work, it would be impossible to say
what method should be employed, unless the shape of the work were
known.
When no other tool is working at the same time as the thread roll,
and when there is freedom from chips, the roll can be held more rigidly
by passing it under instead of over the work. When passing the roll
over the work, it has a tendency to raise the cross-slide, while, on the
other hand, if the roll is passed under the work, the pressure is down
ward, and hence the holder is more rigidly supported. Where the part
to be threaded is tapered as shown on the aluminum piece G in Fig. 24,
the roll can be best presented to the work by holding it in a cross-slide
roll-holder.
Holders for Thread Rolls

As previously mentioned, certain considerations govern the method
of applying the thread roll; the holder for the roll, therefore, has to
be designed to suit these requirements. There are various types of
special holders in use for holding thread rolls; a few of the more com
mon or standard types will be described.
In Fig. 25 is shown what is called a “top” roll-holder. This holder
22-Fºss
CIRCULAR cuT-OFF TOOL 2. SSS
zz N
º
Machinery,N.Y.
Fig, 26. Holder used when the Roll is passed under the Work
is held on a boss turned on the circular cut-off tool, and is clamped

by the circular cut-off tool and the screw which holds the latter to
the toolpost. The thread roll is held in a slot cut in the forward end of
the holder on a "pin, the latter being driven into the holder, as shown.
As considerable pressure is required to force the roll into the work,
there is a tendency to turn the pin in the holder; to obviate this, a
flat is filed on the pin and a setscrew A is provided. The set-screw
B is used for setting the roll to the proper depth, and rests on the
toolpost. By making hole C in the holder to fit the screw in the toolpost,
this holder could be held on the outside of the toolpost, instead of fit
ting on the circular cut-off tool. This thread-roll holder can be used
for holding rolls for threading pieces such as shown at A, B and C
in Fig. 24.
A thread-roll holder which is held on the cross-slide but passes under
the work is shown in Fig. 26. This holder is held on a projection on
the cut-off tool in a manner similar to that shown in Fig. 25. The
support, the set-screw A, rests on the cross-slide, and is used for
adjusting the roll to the proper depth, as well as for supporting the
THREAD ROLLING 39
holder. This holder can be held more rigidly than the top roll-holder
shown in Fig. 25; it is used when no other tool is operating on the
work at the same time, and also where there is an absence of objec
tionable chips. Thread-roll holders which are held on the cross-slide
---------------
Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 27. Swing Holder for Holding a Thread Roll
can only be used when the work is cut off directly after the thread is
rolled, and for this reason they should be held on the same slide as the
cut-off tool. If the roll is brought back over the work, it produces a
poor thread.
When it is necessary to bring in the cut-off or form tool more than
once for the same piece, a cross-slide holder should not be used. Of
Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 28. Another Swing Roll-holder
course it would be possible to design a holder in which the roll would

be held in a member free to oscillate, and held in position by a spring.
This type of holder would be objectionable, however, owing to the fact
that chips would get in between the movable member and the body, and
prevent the part holding the roll from coming back into the same
place each time, thus causing an endless amount of trouble.
When the work is of such a shape as to necessitate bringing in the
form and cut-off tools more than once for the same piece, a swing
holder should be used. Two holders of this type are shown in Figs.
27 and 28. These holders are made on the same principle as the
ordinary swing tool, with the exception of the change in the swinging
member to hold the roll. A hole is drilled in the Shank of the holder
and a set-screw provided for holding a support.
A thread-roll holder which is held on the cross-slide and holds a roll
for threading the beveled piece shown at G in Fig. 24, is shown in
Fig. 29. This holder is held to the toolpost in ..a manner similar to
Machinery, N. Y.
Fig. 29. Cross-slide Holder for applying a Thread Roll to a Beveled Piece
that of the holders previously described, but the roll in this case is
held at an angle on the Stud A.
Rise on Cam when using Cross-slide Roll-holder
In thread rolling, the roll is first brought against the work, then
fed at a certain feed per revolution until the center of the roll is in
line with the center of the work, and finally removed from the work
on the quick rise of the cam. As the roll is removed from the work,
the cut-off tool is brought into position. The rise on the cross-slide cam
for thread rolling, when using a holder held to the toolpost, can be
found by the aid of the following formulas derived from the diagram
Fig. 30. This shows the outside circumference of the thread roll
touching the circumference of the blank, and a horizontal line is drawn
tangent to the root diameter of the finished screw.
Let D = diameter of blank,
d, = theoretical root diameter of screw,
R = blank radius,
R, - largest or outside radius of thread roll,
d = difference between radius of blank and radius of root of
thread.
THREAD ROLLING 41
Then,
A = R + R, (11)
B = R + R, -d (12)
C = V A* – Bº (13)
For example, let it be required to find the rise on the cross-slide cam
for threading the piece shown at A in Fig. 23. Substituting the known
values of the diameter of the roll and the diameter of the blank in the
above formulas, we have:
A = 0.1985 + 0.407 = 0.6055 inch.
B = 0.1985 + 0.407 — 0.0218 = 0.5837 inch.
C = V (0.6055) - (0.5837) = V 0.02634 = 0.162 inch.
Then the rise R, on the cam (see Fig. 23) equals C (Fig. 30) plus
from 0.010 to 0.015 inch, depending on the diameter of the roll and work.
FulcRUM OF THREAD
ouTSIDE DIAMETER Rol-L-HOLDER
of THREAD ROLL
| PATH OF ROLL
dutside DIAMETER
\o: THREAD ROLL.
|
D PoſNT OF ~U' \t l
| APPLICATION OF
4. == -º- i
- Rising blook
*-- -
–– --~~
l, F-C Fig.11 Fig.12 --R
3 Machinery, N. Y.
Fig. 30. Diagram used in Calculating Fig. 31. Diagram used in Finding
the Rise on the Cam for Thread Rolling Rise on Cross-slide Cam when using
when a Cross-slide Bolder is used Roll-holder of the Swing Type
This calculation is for rolling a U. S. standard thread, but the same

method can be used for rolling any other shape, substituting, of course,
the correct values.
Total Rise On Cross-slide Cam
As the work is cut off with the same cam, it is necessary to find the
total rise on the cam for thread rolling and cutting off the piece;
this can be found by the following formulas, which are derived from the
diagram Fig. 32. Here the thread roll is shown touching the circum
ference of the blank, and the circular cut-off tool and thread-roll holder
are shown in their relative positions.
Let T = total rise on cam (see Fig. 23),
C = distance from center of roll to center of work,
Ra = actual rise required to roll thread, which equals C + from
0.010 to 0.015 inch,
R = radius of theoretical root of thread on piece, d
r, = radius of work turned down with circular form tool, or —
(see Fig. 21), 2
L = distance of bevel on cut-off tool (see Fig. 23),
r2 = actual rise on cam to cut off piece, which equals r, + L +
0.010 inch (to approach) + 0.005 inch (to pass center),
R1 = outside radius of thread roll,
R. = largest radius of circular cut-off tool,
R. = radius of thread-roll holder,
c = distance that cut-off tool is cut below center,
. THREAD ROLL- HOLDER
- - ToolPost
THREAD Roll Z –-T_-------~
——F
i-T-sº CIRCULAR cut-OFF Tool.
RISING blockT
Machinery, N.Y.
Fig. 32. Diagram used in Finding the Total Rise on the Cam for
Thread Rolling and Cutting-off -
E = distance from center of circular tool to edge, when tool is

cut down below center,
F = distance from center of cut-off to center of roll, when it is
touching piece as shown,
Then if
A = R + Riº — c
F = 1/T&T Xī
Now the difference between the dimensions E and F, or the distance
D, always remains constant, so that it is only necessary now to find
the actual distances or rises required on the cam for thread rolling,
approaching the work with the cut-off tool, and cutting the piece from
the bar.
The rise ra required to bring the cut-off tool up into position, after
thread rolling, to cut off the piece = D — ri + 0.010.
The total rise T on the cam equals R, + r. -- rs.
§
|0.5.00.0070
|# 4|06.503|0.25|0 6.015|0.1 0(#,
.5047|. 3057.|03 625|0. 60|2.051|.0 5 |01. 450 |#
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5.03 00.0053
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0#
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|0.0045
0.0046
|º,
||
0.7065.|005|.08450. |0350. .250 .02 U7.015
CROSS
WITH
ROLLING
THREAD
FOR
FEEDS
XII.
TABLE
HOLDERS
SLIDE
FEEDS
XIII.
SVING
TABLE
WITEl
ROLLING
THREAD
FOR
BioLDERS |0.03 .0.0040
|* 25|010.35|01|. 0.10 0. 53|.5
|
*
**
|0. 1|00.0036
|+
|0.0020
. . 130|.|05. 05. 305.|05. 0|.25
.|}
0 50.45|0.0.365|00.|250. .0150|Q. 0.50.5:
Inch
per
Threads
of
Number Revolution
per
Feed
Inches
in |0.% 015|.40 35|0.. 035|.20 15.0 5. .
*
… Inch
per
Threads
of
Number Inches
in
Revolution
per
Feed
0.65| 0.5|0 .45|Q0 .35|Q0 .250 .150 .105. ;|

#, |0.85 0|.75 0|.650|.35Q0 .450 .350 .30|#
# 25.30829|. 01053:. 0.:%0|.|0Q03. .0502. 49.08%
|*
.|0.0005
.
|0.0028
|......
|0.0025
|0.0020
0.0.0033
0|. 1.5|.0.0. 0.8
|.201.5|0 .05|3.0|.!.0. 0. 2.5'.

0*
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|0.0020
0.15403|.0154|0. 140.| 503|.Q05]3.0| .02
is
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i of
4.
-:
*
44 . . . . . . . . . No. froy-SCREW MACHINE PRACTICE

Rise on Cross-slide Cam when using Swing Roll-holder
When using a roll-holder of the type shown in Figs. 27 and 28, the
rise on the cam can be found by the following formula derived from
the diagram Fig. 31, where the thread roll is shown in two positions—
before and after rolling the thread. The distance d, which in this case
is taken to be 0.020 inch, represents the distance between the radius of
the blank and the theoretical root diameter of the thread of the piece
to be rolled. To this dimension, from 0.010 to 0.015 inch is added for
the roll to approach the work. Let d, = d -- from 0.010 to 0.015 inch.
Then,
di X r,
Ra = — + (16)
r
For example, let d, = 0.030 inch, r = 1% inch, and r, = 2% inches.

Then,
0.030 × 214
R, = — = 0.060 inch.
1%
There is another method of holding the thread roll when applying it
to the work which has not been mentioned. This consists in holding
the roll in a holder fastened to the cross-slide, but instead of passing
the roll over or under the work, it is presented radially to the work.
The rise on the cross-slide would then be d – from 0.010 to 0.015 inch
(see Fig. 31).
Speeds and Feeds for Thread Rolling
When the thread roll is made from high-carbon steel and used on
brass, a surface speed as high as 200 feet per minute can be used.
Better results, however, are obtained by using a lower speed than this.
When the roll is held in a holder attached to the cross-slide, and is
presented either tangentially or radially to the work, it can be fed at a
considerably higher speed than if it is held in a swing tool. This is
due to the lack of rigidity in a holder of the swing type. Table XII
gives the feeds to be used when a cross-slide roll-holder is used;
and Table XIII gives the feeds to be used for thread rolling with swing
tools. - -
The feeds given

in Tables XII and XIII are applicable for rolling
threads without a support when the root diameter of the blank is
not less than five times the double depth of the thread. When the root
diameter is less than this amount, a support should be used. A support
should also be used when the width of the roll is more than two-and
one-half times the smallest diameter of the piece to be rolled, irre
spective of the pitch of the thread. When the smallest diameter of
the piece to be rolled is much less than the root diameter, the smallest
diameter should be taken as the deciding factor for the feed to be used.
- -- - --------- ----- - - -

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MACHINERY'S REFERENCE SERIES

EACH NUMBER IS A UNIT IN A SERIES ON ELECTRICAL AND

THREADING OPERATIONS ON THE BROWN & SHARPE

Arrangement of Machine for Threading Operations - 3

Copyright, 1913, The Industrial Press, Publishers of MACHINERY

ARRANGEMENT OF MACHINE FOR

The subject of threading on the Brown & Sharpe automatic screw

plunger, acting through the medium of the friction clutch B, reverses

in succession) requires 4% hundredths of the cam surface on account

= — = 5 revolutions; to reverse the Spindle from forward to

Setting the Tripping Dogs for Threading

Fig. 4. Reversing Dogs in Position on Drum

illustrated in Fig. 4, where two tripping dogs are shown in position on

that it requires five hundredths to feed stock, plus one hundredth

ill FACE OF CHuck

Fig. 6. Position of Roll on Thread Lobe when setting Die or Tap

actual number of revolutions required for threading 'can be found by

From 28 to 48 threads per inch, R = Lp + 3 (1)

then — = 0.05, or 5 hundredths of the cam surface.

THEORETICAL RISE REQUIREd

Fig. 7. Graphical Method of Constructing Thread Lobe

d, e, and f. Then divide the Spaces between the points d, e, and f

Improved Method of Constructing Thread Lobe

R = revolutions required for threading,

Number of Threads per Inch

7.0.7.0.0.5) 3.04.04.04.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

TABLE III. SPINDLE REVOLUTIONS AND CAM RISE FOR THREADING

Number of Threads per Inch

55.25||11934||63.75|| 13770 || 72.25 | 15606 || 80.75 17442 || 89.25 19278 || 97.75

or approximately 2 minutes. The equivalents of hundredths and

Ratio Threading Attachment

The attachment A, shown in position in the turret in Fig. 9, serves

Fig. 9. Ratio Threading Attachment

Belt Shifting Attachment

The ratio threading attachment as shown in Fig. 9 is only suitable

05 "... 1188’ s."

This attachment would not be entirely satisfactory for the No. 0 or

Then the hundredths required equals — = 0.0647, or approximately

TAPS AND DIES FOR SCREW MACHINE WORK

In Fig. 11 is shown the common form of spring screw threading die

Fig. 12. Split Spring Screw Threading Die

which gives good results. In Fig. 13 is shown a type of adjustable

out AFTER HARDENING

cut Away BEFORE HARDENING -

MAx-Roor otAMETER OF SCREw

A. S. M. E. standard and special screw sizes. The formulas used for

- Size of Screw External Pitch -

tº, #: | D:er | Dier

Making the external diameter equal to the basic external diameter

Size of Screw External -

º, D1ameter Dººler Dièer

0.073 – 64 0.073 0.0629 0.0510

Tables for laying-out button dies are given in MACHINERY's Data

0.0447 9/16 9/16

In Tables VIII and IX are given the manufacturing limits, as

as obtained by the various formulas are given, which simplifies the

###| ##| | *s, H | | | | | #, #| | #|-

80 0.0014 0.0009 0.0019 0.0028 0.0014 0.0081 0.0162

An ordinary machine tap is suitable for cutting brass, but it does