Logic Circuit & Switching Theory

Find the two’s complement of the binary number 11011010 38 100110 00100110

It is a system that manipulates discrete elements of information represented internally in

binary form. Digital System

Find the four-bit sum of 1011+0101 0000 100 1111

These are electronic circuits that operate on one or more input signals to produce an output
signal. Logic gates

It deals with variables that take on two discrete values, and operations that assume logical
meaning. Binary Logic

What is the objective of abstraction? Hiding the complexity

The ______ of a number system gives the number of symbols used in a system; it is always
expressed in decimal numbers and is indicated by a subscript. Radix

We use _______________ to find the decimal equivalent of a particular value expressed in a

different number system. Positional notation

Find the sum of 11001+(-11110). 11011

Evaluate the output F3F3 if A=1, B=0, C=0, D=1. Refer to the figure below.

What is the equivalent of 3456 in the decimal number system? 13710

What is the equivalent of  10110.0101210110.01012 in hexadecimal number system? 16.516

This is the graphic symbol of a 2-input XNOR gate x

Evaluate the output F3 if A=1, B=0, C=0, D=1. Refer to the

figure below.
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory

Evaluate the output F3F3 if A=1, B=0, C=1, and D=0. Refer

to the figure below:

The simplified form of the Boolean expression, 

ABC+A′B+ABC is _____________.
B

It is a Boolean term composed of one or more literals joined by the AND operation.
Product

How many Boolean functions can we construct with two input variables involved? 16

It states that every algebraic expression that we can logically construct from the postulates
of Boolean algebra are valid even when the operators and identity elements interchange.
Duality Principle

What is the complement of xy′+x′yxy′+x′y? Use parentheses when necessary.

Which figures represents an equivalent two-level

implementation of F=xy+x′y′+y′zF=xy+x′y′+y′z?
It is a product term involving all inputs of the function.
Minterm

Convert the Boolean function described

by F(x,y)=∑(1,2,3)F(x,y)=∑(1,2,3) to the other canonical
form F=x+y

It is a sum term involving all inputs of the function.

Maxterm

It is part of mathematics that deals with operations involving logical elements, variables and
operators, axioms and postulates.
Boolean Algebra
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
Which of the following best represents the sum of minterms form of the function f=bd′
+acd′+ab′c+a′c′f=bd′+acd′+ab′c+a′c′? f(a,b,c,d)=∑(0,2,3,4,6,11,12,14)

f(a,b,c,d)=∑(0,1,4,5,6,10,11,12,14)

The simplified form of the Boolean expression, x(x′+y)x(x′+y) is __________.

xy
Which of the figures below best represents an equivalent two-level implementation of the
Boolean function y=(u⊕v)′+wy=(u⊕v)′+w?

This is a term in a Boolean expression that is redundant and can be eliminated so that a
simpler expression can be obtained.
Consensus term

He is an English mathematician after whom Boolean algebra was named. George Boole

The 8-bit sum of the signed numbers (-23) and (+11) in two’s complement form is _________.
1111 1101

Convert 4021.25 to decimal. The answer is _________________.

511.410
Binary logic consists of binary variables and a set of Logical operators

The output of (x+y′)′+(xz) if x=0;y=1 and z=1 is: 1

Reduce the Boolean expression, A'B(D'+C'D)+B(A+A'CD), to one literal. D

Simplify the Boolean expression, xy'+y' z'+x'z' to a minimum number of literals. x+y′

x+y′x+y′

Find the two’s complement of the binary number 01110010

Use the complement and DeMorgan’s theorems to express the Boolean function F=xy+x'
y'+y'z with NAND and NOT operations. XY + Y'

Reduce the Boolean expression, A'B(D'+C'D)+B(A+A'CD), to one literal.

B
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
Use the complement and DeMorgan’s theorems to express the Boolean function, F=xy+x'
y'+y'z, with OR and NOT operations.

Which of the following is a self-complementing binary code? 2421

Finding the complements of numbers simplifies which operation in digital systems?

Subtraction

This operator is typically represented by the absence of an operator. AND operator

Use the complement and DeMorgan’s theorems to express the Boolean function F=xy+x'
y'+y'z with NAND and NOT operations. XY + Y'

Use the complement and DeMorgan’s theorems to express the Boolean function, F=xy+x'
y'+y'z, with OR and NOT operations. XY + Z

What is the complement of xy′+x′yxy′+x′y? Use parentheses when necessary.

Which of the following is a self-complementing binary code? 2421

Evaluate the output F3F3 if A=0, B=1, C=0 and D=A

Logic Circuit & Switching Theory

Which Boolean function best describes the logic diagram

below?

This operator is typically represented by the absence of an operator.

AND operator

The simplified form of the Boolean expression, ABC+A′ABC+A′ B+ABC′B+ABC′ is

B
Evaluate the output F3F3 if A = 1, B = 1, C = 0, D = B
0

Convert the Boolean function described by F(x,y)=∑(1,2,3) to the other canonical form.

F = x+y
Evaluate the output F3F3 if A = 1, B = 1, C = 0, D = B 1

Obtain the simplified Boolean expression for the output FF in terms of the input variables in
the circuit shown below. Give the expression only (no need to include F=F=), and do not
put spaces between the variables and operators. B+C+AC+ABD

Simplify the function F=wx′+y′z′+w′yz′F=wx′+y′z′+w′yz′ and express the simplified

function with OR operations. F=(w′+x)′+(y+z)′+(w+z)′

TRUE OR FALSE: The number of adjacent squares that can be combined in a K-map must be
a multiple of 2. FLASE

TRUE OR FALSE: When adding negative numbers in two's complement system, signed
overflow occurs when there is a carry into and a carry out of the sign bit. False

Obtain the simplified Boolean expression for the output GG in terms of the input variables
in the circuit shown below. Give the expression only (no need to include G=G=), and do not
put spaces between the variables and operators. BD’+CD’

It is a combinational circuit that performs addition of two bits. Half-adder

Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
These are combinational circuits that perform the addition of three bits. full adders

Which of the following best corresponds to a circuit diagram of a 1:2 demultiplexer? The
demultiplexer accepts one input (IN) and passes this to one of the two outputs (A or B),
depending on the selection (SEL) bit. The truth table is shown below: b

Give the simplified Boolean expression for the outputs of the combinational circuit
described as follows:
The combinational circuit has three inputs (x,y,z) and three outputs (A,B,C). When the binary
input is 0, 1, 2 or 3, the binary output is one greater than the input. For example,
if x=0,y=1,z=1, the output is A=1,B=0,C=0.
When the binary input is 4, 5, 6, or 7, the binary output is two less than the input. For
example, if the binary input is x=1,y=0,z=0, the output is A=0,B=1,C=0.

Which of the following is not an equivalent expression of the Boolean

function F(A,B,C,D)=Σ(2,4,10,12,14) F=D+A′BC

Why would you build a BCD-to-binary converter circuit?

Different parts of the system may use different binary codes.
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
We combine adjacent squares of the K-map that contain zeros to obtain which simplifies
form of Boolean Function? Product-of-sum form
TRUE OR FALSE: The numbers of adjacent squares that can be combined in K map must
be multiple of 2. True
Which of the following best corresponds to the simplified Boolean function
F(a, b, c, d)= (1,3,5,7,13,15) F=ac+b’d (a+c’)(c+d)
The following are equivalent functions of F(A,B,C,D)=Σ(0,6,8,13,14)F(A,B,C,D)=Σ(0,6,8,13,14) with
don't-care conditions d(A,B,C,D)=Σ(2,4,10)d(A,B,C,D)=Σ(2,4,10), except one.
F=D⊕ABC′
This occurs only when adding numbers in two's complement system that have the same sign, and whose
result appears to be in the opposite sign. Signed overflow
It is a digital circuit that produces the arithmetic sum of n-bit binary numbers. Binary adder

Simplify the Boolean function F(w,x,y,z)=Σ(2,4,7,10,12)F(w,x,y,z)=Σ(2,4,7,10,12) together with its

don't-care conditions d(w,x,y,z)=Σ(0,6,8)d(w,x,y,z)=Σ(0,6,8) and express the simplified function in
SOP form. Do not include spaces between characters. Write only the equation. Do not include F=F=.

xz'+w'yz' F=(X'Z')+(Y'Z')+(YX)

It is a product term obtained by combining the maximum possible number of adjacent squares.
Prime implicant

Minterm

It is a table or diagram made up of squares which provides a simple way to minimize Boolean functions.
Karnaugh Mapping

It is a logic circuit consisting of gates whose outputs at any time are a function of the combination of
inputs. Combinational logic circuit

Which of the following is the simplified Sum of Products equivalent of the Boolean function
F(w,x,y,z)=Π(1,3,5,7,13,15) F=wz′+x′z′
Z’+wx’

W’z’ + xz’

It is a logic circuit composed of logic gates and storage elements. Its output is a function of the inputs
and the state of the storage elements. Sequential logic circuit

TRUE OR FALSE: When adding positive numbers in two's complement system, there is no
signed overflow when neither a carry into nor a carry out of the sign bit occurs. True
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
In a four-variable K-Map, how many adjacent squares will produce a product term with 2
literals? 4

We combine adjacent squares of the K-map that contain zeros to obtain which simplified
form of Boolean function? Product-of-sum form
The following are steps involved in designing combinational circuits except one label

It is a logic circuit composed of logic gates and storage elements. Its output is a function of
the inputs and the state of the storage elements. Sequential logic circuit

It is a digital circuit that takes in 2n input lines and produces aggregated n output lines.
Encoder

It is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from nn input lines to a

maximum of 2n2n unique output lines. Decoder

TRUE or FALSE: Multiplexers can be used as lookup tables to perform logic functions. True

TRUE or FALSE: One of the underlying causes of delay in circuits includes the time taken by
capacitors in the circuit to charge and discharge. False

What is the output of an encoder when two of its inputs are active simultaneously?
Undefined

This combinational circuit chooses an output from among several possible inputs based on
the value of the select signal. Multiplexer

TRUE or FALSE: The critical path is the shortest and fastest path from a circuit's input to its
output. False

It is the minimum time from when an input changes until any output starts to change its
value.
Contamination delay

In timing logic circuits, the transition from LOW signal to HIGH signal is called _________.
Rising edge

Select the minimized Boolean equation that best corresponds to the function performed by
the circuit shown below:
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory

A
TRUE or FALSE: A single input transition will never cause more than a single output
transition. FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: One way to eliminate glitches is to introduce redundant implicants. True

Which Boolean function represents the schematic diagram below?

Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory

It is the maximum time from when the input changes until the output reaches its final value.
Propagation delay

Select the minimized Boolean equation that best corresponds to the function performed by the circuit
shown below:

Select one:

a. Y=AC⊕D’

b. Y=A+C′D+CD′
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
c. Y=A+(C′+D)′

d. Y=A+(C⊕D)′
e. A⊕CD

A larger multiplexer can be built from any of the following, except:

Select one:

a. None of the above

b. Tristate buffers

c. SOP logic

d. Smaller multiplexers

TRUE OR FALSE: One way to eliminate glitches is to introduce redundant implicants.

Select one:

True

False

A four-bit priority encoder has its inputs specified below. In the figure, D0 has the lowest priority while
D3 has the highest priority.

What Boolean equations describe the outputs xx and yy if we give D0 the highest priority, and D3 the
lowest priority?

y= Answer 1
Choose...
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
D0'D1+D0'D2'
D2+D3
D3+D1D2'
D0'D1'
Answer 2
Choose...
x= D0'D1+D0'D2'
D2+D3
D3+D1D2'
D0'D1'

TRUE or FALSE: The critical path is the shortest and fastest path from a circuit's input to its output.

Select one:

True

False

What is the output of an encoder when two of its inputs are active simultaneously?

Select one:

a. It has no output.

b. Undefined

c. 0

d. 1

Complete the truth table of the circuit below:

NOTE: Fill the boxes with 0 or 1.

Logic Circuit & Switching Theory

Truth table

AA BB CC YY
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

In timing logic circuits, the transition from LOW signal to HIGH signal is called _________.

Select one:

a. Rising edge

b. Transient response

c. 50% point

d. Falling edge

Which Boolean function represents the schematic diagram below?

Select one:

a. Y=C′+AB

b. Y=A+BC′

c. Y=B+A′C′
d. Y=A+B+C′
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory

Which of the following diagrams will match the output given in the truth table below?

A
B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
Select one:

a.

b.

c.

d.
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory

Determine the contamination delay, in ps, of the circuit. Use the delays given in the table below. Write
the number only

Answer:130

TRUE or FALSE: A single input transition will never cause more than a single output transition.

Select one:

True

False

TRUE or FALSE: One of the underlying causes of delay in circuits includes the time taken by capacitors in
the circuit to charge and discharge.
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
Select one:

True

False

It is the minimum time from when an input changes until any output starts to change its value.

Select one:

a. Propagation delay

b. Contamination delay

c. Glitch

d. Transient response

Select the minimized Boolean equation that best corresponds to the function performed by the circuit
shown below:

Select one:

a. Y=AB′+A′C′+BC′

b. Y=AB′C′D+C′D′+A′B

c. Y=ABC′+AC′D+B′C′

d. Y=A′C′D′+B′C′D′+A′B′

Complete the truth table of the Boolean equation, Y=A′BC+(BC′)′+BCY=A′BC+(BC′)′+BC.

Truth Table

AA BB CC YY
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
0 1 1 1
0
1 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
Which of the following best describes the simplified form of the Boolean function above?

B'+C A'+B A+B'C' B+A'C'

Determine the Boolean functions that best correspond to outputs of a four-bit 2's complementer circuit.
The 2's complementer circuit is described as follows:

 It has four inputs (A,B,C,D)(A,B,C,D)

 It has four outputs (w,x,y,z)(w,x,y,z)
 Each output is expressed in terms of its input signals
 Each output generates the 2's complement of the input binary number

Answer 1
z=z= Choose...
A'
Answer 2
x=x= Choose...
B XOR (C+D)
Answer 3
y=y= Choose...
C XOR D
Answer 4
w=w= Choose...
A(B XOR C XOR D)
It is a digital circuit that takes in 2n2n input lines and produces aggregated nn output lines.

Select one:

a. Encoder

b. Demultiplexer

c. Multiplexer

d. Decoder
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory
Determine the propagation delay, in ps, of the circuit. Use the delays given in the table below. Write the
number only.

Answer:25

What kind of output is illustrated below

Logic Circuit & Switching Theory

Which of the following is the Boolean function that correspond to the truth table?

A majority circuits is a combinational circuits whose output is equal to 1 if the input variable
have more than 1’s than 0’s C
Logic Circuit & Switching Theory

A Which of the following is the Boolean

function that correspond to the 2-input Nor Gate implementation of the function

Which of the following is is the Boolean function that

correspond to the truth table