Designation: A1021/A1021M – 05 (Reapproved 2010)

Standard Specification for

Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings and Forging Stock for
High-Temperature Service1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1021/A1021M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-

1.1 This specification covers martensitic chromium stainless quirements
steel forgings, forged bar, and forging stock for high tempera- E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
ture service. The mechanical properties are developed by E292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture
suitable heat treatment, as indicated for each alloy. Notch Tension Tests of Materials
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units E381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets,
and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract Blooms, and Forgings
specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), E562 Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by
the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either Systematic Manual Point Count
inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as 3. Ordering Information
standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.
The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; 3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall specify the
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon- grade designation, heat treatment condition, class and finish,
formance with the standard. and include a sketch or written description of the forging with
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are the inquiry and order.
provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supple- 4. General Requirements
mentary requirements shall apply only when specified indi-
vidually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract. 4.1 Materials supplied to this specification shall conform to
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, including any
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the supplementary requirements that are indicated in the purchase
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- order. Failure to comply with the general requirements of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Specification A788/A788M constitutes non-conformance with
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. this specification. In case of conflict between the requirements
of this specification and Specification A788/A788M, this
2. Referenced Documents specification shall prevail.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 5. Manufacture
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination
of Steel Forgings 5.1 Melting Process—All melting processes of Specifica-
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing tion A788/A788M are permitted unless the purchaser invokes
of Steel Products Supplementary Requirement S1.
5.2 Forging Process—Either the closed impression die or
the open die, including ring rolling, forging processes may be
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, utilized unless the purchaser specifies a process.
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
5.3 Heat Treatment—Quenched and tempered classes shall
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originally be heat-treated in accordance with Table 1.
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as A1021/A1021M – 05. 5.3.1 Number of Heat Treatments—Heat treatment as de-
DOI: 10.1520/A1021_A1021M-05R10. fined in Table 1 shall consist of austenitizing, quenching, and
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
tempering. Retempering is permitted but purchaser approval is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on required for more than one complete reheat treatment.
the ASTM website.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 A1021/A1021M – 05 (2010)
TABLE 1 Heat Treatment, °F [°C]
Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D Grade E Grade F
Class 1 & 2 Class 1 Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 & 2 Class 1 Class 2
Austenitizing 1725-1775 1600-1750 1825-1875 1725-1875 1875-1925 2075-2125 1725-1775 2000–2050
[940-970] [870-955] [995-1025] [940-1025] [1025-1050] [1135-1165] [940-970] [1095–1120]
Quenching Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid Air or liquid Rapid air or oil
Single Tempering 1050 min 1050 min 1050 min 1050 min 1150 min 1250 min 1100 min 1185 min
[565 min] [565 min] [565 min] [565 min] [620 min] [675 min] [595 min] [640] min
Double Tempering ... ... 1025 min 1025 min ... ... ... ...
[550 min] [550 min]
Stress Relieving 1025 min 1025 min 1000 min 1000 min 1100 min 1200 min 1050 min 1135 min
[550 min] [550 min] [540 min] [540 min] [595 min] [650 min] [565 min] [610] min

5.4 Stress Relief—When heat treatment for mechanical the requirements of Table 3 if fully heat-treated or Table 4 if
properties is followed by straightening, a stress-relieving heat annealed. Mechanical property requirements, including hard-
treatment is required in accordance with Table 1. ness, do not apply to forging stock when it is to be tested after
5.4.1 Quenching after Stress Relief—Liquid quenching of forging and heat treatment.
stress-relieved forgings is prohibited. 7.2 Test Specimens—Forgings may be lot tested. Test speci-
5.5 Finish—Forgings may be furnished in one of the fol- mens may be obtained from production forgings or from
lowing hot-finished conditions: separately forged test blanks prepared from the stock used to
5.5.1 Finish F—As forged without descaling. make the finished part. Forgings that are lot tested shall be
5.5.2 Finish FD—Forged and descaled. produced from the same heat of steel and heat treated at the
5.5.3 Finish RT—Rough turned or rough machined to same time. Separately forged test blanks shall receive essen-
specified dimensions. Billets or blooms ordered as forging tially the same type of hot-working and forging reduction as
stock shall be furnished with a ground, machined, or descaled the production forgings; however, a longitudinally forged bar
surface unless otherwise specified in the ordering document. with dimensions not less than T by T by 3 T may be used to
5.6 Camber—Camber shall not exceed 1⁄4 in. [5 mm] in 5 ft represent a ring forging. The dimension T shall be representa-
[150 cm]. tive of the heaviest effective cross section of the forging.
7.3 Test Specimen Orientation—Mechanical property re-
6. Chemical Composition quirements are for samples oriented in the direction of grain
6.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemical flow. Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, manu-
composition prescribed in Table 2. facturers may orient the samples in any direction provided the
mechanical property requirements are met.
7. Mechanical Properties 7.4 Test Specimen Location—When transverse or circum-
7.1 Tension, Impact, Stress Rupture, and Hardness Tests— ferential specimens are tested, they shall be taken from as close
All testing shall be performed after heat treatment and stress as possible to a mid-radius or mid-wall location of the forging.
relief, as applicable. The material and test specimens shall meet When longitudinal specimens are tested, they shall be taken

TABLE 2 Chemical RequirementsA

Composition %
Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D Grade E Grade F
UNS Designation S41005 S41428 S42225
Type—Similar to 403/410 SS 403/410 SS XM-32 Mod 422 SS UNS S41041 UNS S42226
UNS S41000 MOD.
Carbon 0.15 0.10-0.15 0.10-0.17 0.20.-0.25 0.13-0.18 0.15–0.20
Manganese 1.00 0.25-0.80 0.65-1.05 0.50-1.00 0.40-0.60 0.50–0.80
Phosphorus 0.018 0.018 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.020
Sulfur 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.010 0.030 0.010
Silicon 1.00 0.50 0.35 0.50 0.50 0.20–0.60
Nickel 0.75 0.75 2.25-3.25 0.50-1.00 0.50 0.30–0.60
Chromium 11.5-13.5 11.5-13.0 11.25-12.75 11.0-12.5 11.5-13.0 10.0–11.5
Molybdenum 0.50 0.50 1.50-2.00 0.90-1.25 0.20 0.80–1.10
Vanadium ... Report only 0.25-0.40 0.20-0.30 ... 0.15–0.25
Tungsten ... 0.10 0.10 0.9-1.25 ... 0.25
Nitrogen ... 0.08 0.020-0.045 Report only ... 0.04–0.08
Aluminum ... 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.050 0.05
Columbium ... 0.20 ... ... 0.15-0.45 0.35–0.55
Cobalt ... ... ... 0.20 ... 0.25
Titanium ... 0.05 0.05 0.025 ... 0.05
Copper ... 0.50 0.50 0.50 ... ...
Tin ... 0.05 0.05 0.02 ... 0.04
Lead 0.005
A
Maximum or range unless otherwise specified.

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 A1021/A1021M – 05 (2010)
TABLE 3 Mechanical Properties—Quenched & Tempered Classes
Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D Grade E Grade F
Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 Class 2 Class 1
Tensile strength, 100 [690] 110 [760] 110 [760] 145 [1000] 160 [1105] 140 [965] 140 [965] 115 [795] 110 [760] 140 [965]
KSI min [MPa]
Yield Strength min, 70 [485] 80 [550] 90 [620] 115 [795] 120 [825] 90 [620] 100 [690] 75 [515] 80 [550] 100 [690]
KSI [MPa], 0.2 % Offset
Elongation in 2 in., min % 20 18 18 15 16 13 13 15 18 15
Reduction of area, min, % 60 50 50 30 50 30 35 50 55 45
Impact Strength, min, avg., 30 [41] 25 [34] 30 [41] 30 [41] 40 [54] 8 [11] 13 [18] 20 [27] 25 [34] 8 [11]
CV, RT, ft-lb [J]
Impact Strength, 20 [27] 17 [23] 20 [27] 20 [27] 27 [36] 5 [7] 9 [12] 13 [18] 17 [23] 5 [7]
min of one specimen
per Test Methods A370,
CV, RT, ft-lb [J]
Hardness, Brinell, max 255 269 269 352 375 331 331 277 262 321
Hardness, Rockwell C, max 26 28 28 38 40 36 36 29 27 34

TABLE 4 Mechanical Properties—Annealed Classes

Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D Grade E Grade F
Class 3 Class 2 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 2
Hardness, Brinell, max 248 248 311 248 248 302
Hardness, Rockwell C, max 24 24 33 24 24 32

from extensions. Extending the axial length of a larger section TABLE 5 Rupture Testing
of a forging for a sufficient distance over a smaller section is Grade F
also an acceptable location for transverse or circumferential
Temperature, °F [°C] 1200 [650]
specimens. Stress, ksi [MPa], min 33 [230]
7.5 Number Of Tests—Where more than one location is Time to rupture, h, min 25
designated on a forging drawing, tension tests shall be made
from each location.
7.6 Hardness—The manufacturer shall perform Brinell or discontinued after the time specified, provided notation in the
Rockwell hardness testing after final heat treatment and after certification. Stress rupture testing is not required on bars less
machining to the forging drawing requirements. than 1⁄2 in. in diameter or thickness.
7.7 Stress rupture testing of Grade F shall be conducted in
accordance with Table 5 using a combination test bar in 8. Keywords
accordance with Test Methods E292. Rupture must occur in the 8.1 martensitic stainless steel; stainless steel billets; stain-
smooth section of each test specimen. The test may be less steel forgings

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the
contract or order.

S1. Secondary Melting and Refining S4. Magnetic Particle Inspection

S1.1 ESR or VAR is required. Use of either is permitted S4.1 Each forging shall be magnetic particle inspected in
unless otherwise specified. accordance with Test Method A275/A275M. The maximum
acceptable indication size shall be 1⁄8 in. [3 mm] unless
S2. Ingot Chemical Analysis otherwise specified by the purchaser.
S2.1 If consumable electrode remelting is used, then chemi-
cal analyses of each remelted ingot shall meet the chemical S5. Ultrasonic Inspection
composition requirements listed and shall be reported. S5.1 Ultrasonic inspection is required. The test method,
location, and acceptance criteria shall be as agreed upon by the
S3. Macrostructure purchaser and producer.
S3.1 Samples shall be taken from the top and bottom of the
first and last ingot of each heat. The structure of the starting S6. Microstructure
billets shall meet the criteria of Method E381, S-3, R-2, C-3 # S6.1 The microstructure shall be tempered martensite with
36 in.2[0.84 m2] and S-3, R-3, C-3 > 36 in.2 [0.84 m2]. no more than 2 % delta ferrite.

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 A1021/A1021M – 05 (2010)
S6.2 Metallographic inspection shall be performed at 1003 S10. Forging Temperature
magnification to determine the metallurgical structure, grain S10.1 The maximum part temperature during forging is
size, and delta ferrite content. Visual examination for the 2150°F [1175°C].
volume fraction of delta ferrite of various representative areas
of examination is acceptable. When the visual estimation S11. Decarburization
method indicates the delta ferrite content is greater than the S11.1 Surface decarburization of forgings shall not exceed
allowed limit, the manufacturer may employ Test Method E562 0.06 in. [1.5 mm].
for determining the acceptability of the lot.
S7. Stress Rupture Testing—Grade D S12. Forging Stock
S7.1 Stress rupture testing shall be conducted at 1200°F S12.1 Forging stock shall be supplied in the annealed
[650°C] and 26 000 psi [180 MPa] using a combination test bar condition meeting the requirements of Table 4.
in accordance with Test Methods E292. Rupture must occur in
S13. Stress Relief
the smooth section of each test specimen. The test may be
discontinued after 25 h provided the certification so notes. S13.1 Material shall be stress relieved in accordance with
Stress rupture testing is not required on bars less than 1⁄2 in. in the requirements of Table 1.
diameter or thickness.
S14. Microstructure-Grade F
S8. Grain Size—Grade D and F S14.1 The microstructure shall be tempered martensite with
S8.1 The average grain size shall be 4 or finer. The no more than 1% delta ferrite.
maximum size of individual grains, distributed at random, shall S14.2 Metallographic inspection shall be performed at 1003
be a 2. When the average grain size is 5 or finer, only the magnification to determine metallurgical structure, grain size,
average size need be reported. Grain size determination shall and delta ferrite content. Visual examination for the volume
be performed in accordance with Test Method E112. fraction of delta ferrite of various representative areas of
examination is acceptable. When the visual estimation method
S9. Mechanical Properties indicates the delta ferrite content is greater than the allowed
S9.1 Test samples shall be taken from an integral part of limit, the manufacturer may employ Test Method E562 for
each forging whose drawing weight is over 500 lb [225 kg]. determining the acceptability of the lot.

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