THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF

MYANMAR

U HAN ZAW
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT
MYANMAR ENGINEERING SOCIETY

30th Japan Road Conference

Toshi Center Hotel October 30~31,2013
1 Myanmar Profile

2 Major Issues on Pavement

3 Establishment and operation of technical

standards

4 Construction of pavement

5 Expected technical supports from Japan

6 Conclusion

2
 I Myanmar Profile

Population

60 Million (2010-2011) Road Length

Area 148689.9 km (2012)

• 676578 km2
• 936 km (East – West)
• 2051 km (North – South)

Number of Registered Vehicles

• 2476672 ( June 2012)

Neighboring Countries
• Bangladesh, India, China,
Laos, Thailand 3
 I Myanmar Profile

Composition Capital City

• Naypyitaw (Government)
• 7 States & 7 Regions
• Yangon (Economic)
• 138 National Races
• Mandalay (Culture)

Official Language
• Myanmar
Climate
• Seasons ( Summer, Raining, Winter)
• Temperature (Mean max: 31˚C)
• Humidity (Mean ~ 70 %)
• Avg. Annual rainfall (~ 1800 mm)

Economy
• Currency – Kyat ( 1 US $ ~ 900 kyats )
• Per capita GDP – 700 US $ (March 2011)
4
Major Issues on Pavement
 Major Issues on Pavement

(1) Geometric Design

( For Safety, Beauty, Comfort and Economy)

(2) Structural Design

( For Stability of Road Structure )

(3) Maintenance

(4) Problems of Roads encountered in Delta Areas

(1)Geometric Design of Road (Public Works)

Class AADT No. of lane Pavement/

Lane Width
D-VI < 50 Single Lane 12’
D-V 50~200 Single Lane 16’
D-IV 200~500 Two Lane 9’
D-III 500~2500 Two Lane 11’ (minimum)
12’ (desirable)
D-II > 2500 Four Lane 11’ (minimum)
12’ (desirable)
D-I > 2500 Four Lane 12’
(Divided)
 (1) Geometric Design
Standard Class DV and DVI
(Public Works)

20’~ 28’
 (2) Structural Design of Road

 For Flexible Pavement Design, Public Works is using Road

Note 31 and Oversea Road Note 31

Both come out from the research works made by Transport

and Road Research Laboratory ( U.K. ).

 For Rigid Pavement Design, Road Note 29, Transport and

Road Research Laboratory, U.K. is adopted.
 (2) Structural Design of Road

Basic Principle

 To distribute traffic load to subgrade

 To make its stress smaller than the bearing

capacity of the subgrade
Traffic Load

load
Pavement distribution

Subgrade
Fig: Concrete minimum thickness of slabs
Fig : Reinforcement: minimum weight for concrete slabs
 (3) Maintenance

• Maintenance Manual for Bituminous Road (Public

Works) is used.

• Manual for maintenance of concrete roads and

management of maintenance system are needed to
maintain economically and effectively within limited
budget.
 (3) Maintenance

• Maintenance Manual for Bituminous Road (Public

Works) is used.

• Manual for maintenance of concrete roads and

management of maintenance system are needed to
maintain economically and effectively within limited
budget.
Fig: Concrete minimum thickness of slabs
Fig : Reinforcement: minimum weight for concrete slabs
 (3) Maintenance

• Maintenance Manual for Bituminous Road (Public

Works) is used.

• Manual for maintenance of concrete roads and

management of maintenance system are needed to
maintain economically and effectively within limited
budget.
 (4) Problems of Ayeyarwady Roads
(Delta Area)
 Soft Soil

 High Embankment (high flood

level, high level of bridges)

 Shortage of Good Quality

Crushed Rock

 Drainage

Ayeyarwady Delta Area

 Data of Ayeyarwady Region

Location - the southern part of the central plains of Myanmar

Area - 13,567 sq-mile (35,138 sq-km)
Population - over 6.5 million
Annual Rainfall - approximately 100 in. (2,500 mm)
Soil Type - mostly Alluvial soil

 A low-lying region and criss-crossed with rivers and lakes

 A flood-prone and tidal area
Establishment and operation of
technical standards
 Factors considered in the Structural Design

 Design CBR of Subgrade

 Traffic Loading (cumulative number of standard axles during the

design life)

 Type and strength of pavement layer

 Cumulative Nos. of Equivalence Standard Axles Load
During the design life
 Commercial Vehicle = Unladen weight of vehicle 1.5 tons and above
 Standard Axle = 18000 pounds.
 Equivalence Factor ={ axle load (lbs) }4.5
18000

= The damage that an be done equivalent to a standard axle

 Design life (n)
 Annual Growth Rate (r) (Growth rate = 1~2 x GDP )
In developed countries - 3 ~ 6 %
In developing countries > developed countries
2+ ( n-1) r
 F={ 2 }

 Cumulative Nos. of Equivalence Standard Axles Load During the design life
= n x 365 x F Total equivalence factor x AADT of each type of C.V
of each type of C.V
Percentage ( % ) of commercial Vehicle on Design Lane

Pavement width % of Commercial Vehicle (both directions)

on Design Lane

12’ 100 %
14’ ~ 18’ 85 %
20’ 80 %
22’ 75 %
Fig: Typical Flexible Pavement Cross Section
Fig: Typical Flexible Pavement Cross Section
Fig: Typical Flexible Pavement Cross Section
Fig: Typical Rigid Pavement Cross Section (Plain Concrete Type)
Layout Plan of Rigid Pavement
 Specifications
• There is manual for construction of roads and
bridges.
• Specifications are written based on above
manual and specifications specified in the
design manuals.
Construction of pavement
Roads managed by Ministry of Construction

Total road length – 39,082.72 km (March, 2012)

3% 2%

22%
Concrete - 661.3 km
44% Bituminous - 17184.8 km
15% Metalled - 5641.7 km
Gravel - 5740.3 km
14% Earth - 8470.6 km
Donkey - 1384 km
 Ratio of Paved and Unpaved Road

Public Works Whole Country

0%
21%
46%
54%
79%

Paved Unpaved road

(As of March, 2012)
 ROAD PROGRESS IN MYANMAR (March, 2012)

175000
Total Length of Road (km)

148,689.9
150000
125000
100000 90,713 Road length of the whole
75000 Country
Road length under the
50000 Ministry of Counstruction
29,497 39,082.7
25000
0
2011
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010

2012

Years
 Achievements in Road Sector

Nyaung Oo – Myingyan Road Pathein – Monywa Highway

Pyimanar - Yamethin Road Meiktila – Taunggyi Road

 Yangon-Mandalay Expressway (586.2km)

12
Naypyitaw November 2nd , 2012
 Mandalay Yangon-Mandalay Expressway
(Rigid pavement) Project Data

Construction Length Opened to

S.N Particular
Period (km) Public

Yangon -
1 10/2005 – 3/2009 323.4 25-3-2009
Naypyitaw
Naypyitaw -
Naypyitaw 2 7/2008 – 12/2010 241 29-12-2010
Sakainn
Sakainn –
1/2011 – 12/2011
3 Tadaoo - 21.8 23-12-2011
Tagonedine

Total Length 586.2

Two Organizations constructed this

expressway are-
1.Public Works
(under the Ministry of Construction)

Yangon 2. Directorate of Military Engineers

(under the Ministry of Defence)
Expected technical supports from Japan

• To Establish Myanmar Road & Bridge Association, based upon the present
Road & Bridge Technical Division of Myanmar Engineering Society,

• To monitor and approve Myanmar Specifications for the Design,

Construction, Operation & Maintenance of Roads & Bridges,

• To introduce pavement management system and maintenance

management system so that management of roads can be made
systematically within the limited budget.

• Technical Cooperation & Support of Japan Road Association for realization

of the above three issues.
 Conclusion
• Great Gratitude to this Japan Road C0nference
for sharing us chances to know about the
development of road sector of Japan and other
Asian countries;
• Hope for the future cooperation in learning,
sharing, exchange and transferring of road
pavement technology ; and
• Difficulties and problems, encountered in our
country to be solved in the near future.
Thank you for Kind Attention