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CS F222: Discrete Structures For Computer Science: Tutorial - 4 (Set Theory and Functions)

This document summarizes key concepts in set theory and functions covered in Tutorial 4 of the course CS F222: Discrete Structures for Computer Science. It includes proofs and examples related to set relations, Cartesian products, power sets, binary and ternary relations, and determining if functions are bijections from the real numbers to themselves. Solutions are provided for questions on these topics.

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Utkarsh Tiwari
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76 views

CS F222: Discrete Structures For Computer Science: Tutorial - 4 (Set Theory and Functions)

This document summarizes key concepts in set theory and functions covered in Tutorial 4 of the course CS F222: Discrete Structures for Computer Science. It includes proofs and examples related to set relations, Cartesian products, power sets, binary and ternary relations, and determining if functions are bijections from the real numbers to themselves. Solutions are provided for questions on these topics.

Uploaded by

Utkarsh Tiwari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS F222: Discrete Structures for Computer Science

Tutorial - 4 (Set Theory and Functions)

1. Prove or give a counter example for the following.


(a) Let A and B be two sets such that 2A ⊆ 2B . Then A ⊆ B. (2X is the power set of X.)
(b) Let A, B, and C be sets such that A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C then A ⊆ C.
(c) Let A, B, and C be sets such that A ∈ B and B ∈ C then A ∈ C.
(d) Let A, B, and C be sets such that A ⊂ B and A ⊂ C then A ⊂ B ∩ C.
Solution: (a) Recall that 2A is the set of all subsets of A, including A itself. The condition tells us
that every subset of A is also a subset of B, and in particular A itself is a subset of B. So A ⊆ B.
(b) Consider any element a ∈ A. Since A ⊆ B, every element of A is also an element of B, so a ∈ B.
By the same reasoning, a ∈ C since B ⊆ C. Thus every element of A is an element of C, so A ⊆ C.
(c) Let A = {x}, B = {x, {x}}, and C = {{x, {x}}, y}. These sets satisfy A ∈ B and B ∈ C, but
A∈/ C.
(d) Note that ⊂ denotes the proper subset. Hence the statement will not hold to true for the case
A = B ∩ C.
2. Prove the following qualities for sets
(a) A ∪ B = A ∩ B
(b) A ∩ B = A ∪ B (Home work)
Proof of (a). We show that A ∪ B ⊆ A ∩ B and A ∩ B ⊆ A ∪ B.
To show that A ∪ B ⊆ A ∩ B, let x ∈ A ∪ B. Thus, x ∈ / A ∪ B, which implies x ∈
/ A and x ∈
/ B. This
implies, x ∈ A and x ∈ B. Hence, , x ∈ A ∩ B. Hence, A ∪ B ⊆ A ∩ B.
To show that A ∩ B ⊆ A ∪ B, let x ∈ A ∩ B. Thus, x ∈
/ A and x ∈
/ B, which implies x ∈
/ A ∪ B. Hence,
x ∈ A ∪ B. Therefore, A ∩ B ⊆ A ∪ B.
Proof of (b) is similar.
3. Prove that S = (S ∩ T ) ∪ (S − T ) for all sets S and T .
Solution: We will show both of the following: S ⊆ (S ∩ T ) ∪ (S − T ) and (S ∩ T ) ∪ (S − T )S.

To prove first case, consider any element x ∈ S. Either x ∈ T or x ∈


/ T.
• If x ∈ T , then x ∈ S ∩ T , and thus also x ∈ (S ∩ T ) ∪ (S − T ).
• If x ∈
/ T , then x ∈ (S − T ), and thus again x ∈ (S ∩ T ) ∪ (S − T ).
To prove the latter part, consider any x ∈ (S ∩ T ) ∪ (S − T ). Either x ∈ S ∩ T or x ∈ S − T

• If x ∈ S ∩ T , then x ∈ S.
• If x ∈ S − T , then also x ∈ S

4. Answer the following questions on Cartesian product of sets.

(a) Let A = {a, b, c} and P(A) be the power set of A. Find the set P(A) × A.
(b) Find a set A such that A ⊆ A × A.
(c) Let A, B, C and D be sets such that A ⊆ C and B ⊆ D, show that A × B ⊆ C × D.

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(d) Let A, B, C and D be sets such that A × B ⊆ C × D. Prove or disprove that A ⊆ C and B ⊆ D.

Solution: (a) Here, A = {a, b} and P(A) = {φ, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}.
Thus, P(A) × A = {(φ, a), (φ, b), ({a}, a), ({a}, b), ({b}, a), ({b}, b), ({a, b}, a), ({a, b}, b)}
(b) A = φ. Note that A × A = φ when A = φ.
(c) We know that A ⊆ C and B ⊆ D. To show that A × B ⊆ C × D, let (a, b) ∈ A × B where a ∈ A
and B ∈ B. Since A ⊆ C and B ⊆ D, a ∈ C and b ∈ D. Thus, (a, b) ∈ C × D. Hence, A × B ⊆ C × D.
(d) Not true. Let A = {a}, B = ∅, C = {c}, and D = {d}. In this case, A × B = φ, hence
A × B ⊆ C × D. But, A is not a subset of C.
2
5. Let A be a set with n elements. Prove that there are 2n binary relations on A by using mathemat-
ical induction. Also, compute that number of ternary relations on A and prove the correctness by
mathematical induction.
Solution:
We prove this by induction on number of elements in A i.e., n.
Base Case: If n = 0 then, number of relations is 20 = 1 (Empty set). If n = 1 then, number of binary
relations is 21 = 2 In particular, if A = {x} then, A × A = {(x, x)}).
Hypothesis: Assume that the statement is true for all sets with at most k elements where k ≥ 1.
Induction Step: Let A be the set with k + 1 elements, k ≥ 1. Let A = {x1 , x2 , ..., xk , xk+1 }. From hy-
2
pothesis, we know that for k elements, number of binary relations are 2k . For (k+1)th element, we have
the following 2k+1 binary elements: (x1 , xk+1 ), (x2 , xk+1 ), ..., (xk , xk+1 ), (xk+1 , x1 ), (xk+1 , x2 ), ..., (xk+1 , xk ), (xk+1 , xk+1
2 2 2
Therefore, number of binary relations for the set A = 2k × 22k+1 = 2k +2k+1 = 2(k+1)
3
The number of ternary relations on A are 2n .
6. Determine whether each of the following function is a bijection from R to R.

(a) f (x) = 2x + 1
(b) f (x) = −3x2 + 7
(c) f (x) = (x2 + 1)/(x2 + 2)
(d) f (x) = (x + 1)/(x + 2)

Solution:
(a) Yes. One-to-one: Let f (x1 ) = f (x2 ), which implies 2x1 + 1 = 2x2 + 1. Thus, x1 = x2 .
Onto function. Let y be a real number (in co-domain) such that f (x) = y, which gives us 2x + 1 = y.
Thus, x = (y − 1)/2 is also a real number. Thus, for any real number y in the co-domain, there exists
a pre-image (y − 1)/2 in the domain.
(b). No. The function is not one-to-one function. For x = 1 and x = −1, the function maps to the
same number 4 in the co-domain.
(c). No. The function is not one-to-one function. For x = 1 and x = −1, the function maps to the
same number 2/3 in the co-domain.
(d) No. The function is not define at x = −2.

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