2

Relationsand Functions
INTRODUCTION
Io daily life, we come across many relations such as Teacher and
Student, Mother and Daughter,
Doak and Cost. In mathenatics als0, We come across many relations such as
() number x is square of number y
(ii) line Iis perpendicular to line m
(ii) set A is aproper subset of set B
(iv) area of acircle with radius r is TUr2.
In each of these, we notice that a relation involves pairs of objects in a certain order. In this
chapter, we will learn how to Connect pairs of objects from two sets and then introduce relation
between two objects of the pair. Finally, we shall learn about special type of relations called
functions. From the beginning of modern mathematics in the 17th century, the concept of function
has been at the very centre of mathematical thought. It gives the mathematical rule by which
one quantity corresponds to another quantity.

2.1 ORDERED PAIR

An ordered pair is a pair of objects taken in a specific order.
Anordered pair is written by listing its two members in aspecific order, separating them by a
comma and enclosing the pair in parentheses. In the ordered pair (a, b), ais clled thefirst memter
(or component) and b is called the second member (or component).
Equality of ordered pairs. Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are called equal, written as
(a, b) = (c, d), iffa = c and b = d.
Remarks
1. The word ordered implies that the order in which the two elements of the pair occur is
meaningful. For example, if we have a sock and a shoe, the order in which they are put on
matters. In fact, there are situations in which order is very important and essential.
2. The ordered pairs (a, b) and (b, a) are different unless a = b.
3. The twocomponents of an ordered pair may be equal.
4. Note that fa, b) +(a, b),because (a, b) is a set whereas (a, b) is an ordered pair.

2.2 CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWO SETS

Let Aand Bbe any two non-emntysets. then theset of all ordered pairs (a, b) for alla e Aand b e Bis called
the cartesian product of Aand B. It is woritten as A x B (read as 'A cross B).
Symbolicaly, AxB= {(a, b) : for all a e A, be B}.
For example, let A=(1,2,3! and B=(3, 4), then

Relations and Functions A-49

 AxB= {(1, 3), (1, 4),(2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)} and
BxA=(3, 1),(3, 2),(3, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)).
From this example, we observe that
() Ax B BxA.
(ii) n(Ax B) = 6 = n(B x A).
(iii) n(Ax B)= 6=3x2 =n(A) x n(B).
Remarks
1. A x B Bx Aunless A = B.
2. A x B= when one or
both of A, B are empty sets.
3. A x B* iff A
and B # .
4. If A and B are
(non-empty) finite sets, then
n(A xB) = n(A) x n(B) and n(A x B) = n(B x
5. If A and B are A).
Set. non-empty and either A or Bis an
sets infinite set, then A x B is
also infinite
The concept of cartesian product can be
Let A, B and C be any non-empty sets,
extended to more than two sets.
is called the cartesian product of A, B then the set of all triplets (a, b, c) for all a e A, be B
and C.It is written as Ax Bx C. Thus, and cec
Ax BxC= {(a, b, c) : for all ae A, be B,
ce C).
If A,B and C are
(non-empty) finite sets, then
n(Ax Bx C) = n(A) x n(B) x n(C).

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. If the ordered pairs (x-1,y + 3) and (2, x+4) are equal, find x
Solution. (x -1, y+3) =(2, x+4) andy.
X-1=2 and y +3=x +4
X=3 and y = X+1
X=3 and y=3+1=4.
Hence, x=3 and y = 4.
Example 2. Find x and y if (r2-3x, y² + 4y) =(-2, 5).
Solution. Given (x?-3x, y² + 4y) = (-2, 5)
x2-3x -2 and y² + 4y =5
y2-3x +2 =0 and y² + 4y -5=0
(x-1)(x-2) =0 and (y - 1)(y + 5) = 0
x=1,2 and y= 1, -5.
Hence, x= 1,2; y=1,-5.
Example 3. If P = {a, b, c} and Q = (d), form the sets P x Qand Q x
equal? P. Are these two cartesian proau
Solution. Given P=(a, b, c) and Q= {d), by
PxQ= {(a, d), (b, d), (c, d)) definition cartesian product, we get
of
and Q xP= ((d, a), (d, b), (d, c)}.
By definition of equality of
PxQQxP. ordered pairs, the pair (a, d) is not equal to the pair (d, aa),therefore
 p, ql and B = x :x e: Nand xis a
Example 4. f A = prime number less than 6),
AxB. then find
(p, g) and
Solution.GivenA =
B=(x:xe Nand xis a prime number less than 6)
= (2, 3, 5}.
Then, AxB= (p, 2),(p, 3),(p, 5),((q, 2), (q, 3), (4, 5).
Example 5. If A=(1, 2, 3, 4) and x, ye A, form the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that xis a
ofy. divisor
Solution. Given A= (1, 2, 3, 4} and x, y e A.
The set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that xis a divisor of u
=(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3). (1, 4). (2, 2), (2, 4), (3,3), (4, 4).
Example 6. Express (x, y):y+ 2x =5, X, ye W}as the set of ordered pairs.
Solution. Given y+ 2x =5 and x,ye W,
put x= 0, y+0=5 ’y=5,
x=1, y+ 2x1=5 ’y=3,
x=2, y+2 x2 =5 ’y=1.
For all other values of x e W, we do not get y eW.
Hence, the required set of ordered pairs is {(0,5), (1, 3),(2, 1).
Example 7. Express ((*, y) :x +3y =20, x, ye N).
Solution. Given x+3y =20 ’x= 20 -3y, x, yeN.
When y=1, x= 20-3 x 1= 17;
when y=2, x = 20-3 x 2 = 14;
when y=3, x = 20- 3x 3 = 11;
when y=4, x= 20-3 x 4 =8;
when y=5, x = 20- 3x5=5;
when y=6, X= 20-3 x6=2.
For allother values of y e N, we do not get xe N.
Hence,the required set of ordered pairs is
{(2, 6), (5, 5), (8, 4), (11, 3), (14, 2), (17, 1)).
(Exemplar)
{x:xs2,xe W), find(PUQ)x (P^Q).
Example 8. IfP = (x :x<3, xe N} and Q=
Solution. Given P =(r:x<3, x eN} = {1, 2} and
Q= x:s2,x e W}= (0, 1, 2}
’ PUQ= {0,1,2} and PQ= {1, 2).
2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}.
(PUQ)x (PAQ) = ((0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 1),(1,
verifythat
= (x | xeW, x<3), B= x|xeN, 2 <x< 4} and C=(3, 4), then
Example 9. IfA
(Bx C).
(AUB) xC =(Ax C) U 1, 2)
Solution. Given A = (x | xe W, r<3}= {0,
(2, 3) and C= (3, 4)
B = (x|xe N, 2<x<4} =
AUB = {0,1,2, 3}. ...()
4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4))
(AUB) xC = {(0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 3), (1,
(2, 3), (2, 4)) and
AxC = {(0,3), (0, 4), (1, 3),(1, 4),
BxC = ((2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}. ...(1)
{(0,3), (0, 4), (1, 3), (1, 4),(2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
(Bx C) =
.. (AxC) U
Relations and Functions A-51
 From (i) and (ii), we find that
(AUB) xC= (Ax C)U(Bx C).
Example 10. If A= (1,2), B= (2, 3} andC= (0), form the set Ax Bx C.
Solution. Given A= {1, 2), B= (2,3} and C = (0}), by def.,
AxBxC= {(1,2, 0), (1,3, 0), (2, 2, 0), (2, 3, 0)).
Example 11. If Ris the set of all real numbers, what do the cartesian products R x R and R
x R×R
represent?
Solution. The cartesian product R x Rrepresents the set ((x, y) : x, y e R) which
coordinates
of all represents the
points in two dimensional space.
The cartesian product R x R ×R represents the set {(x, y, z) :x, y, ze R} which
coordinates of all points in three dimensional space. represents the
Example 12. If Ax B= ((0,2), (3,-1), (4, 2), (0, -1), (3, 2), (4, -1)}, then find Bx A.
Solution.Clearly, Bx Acan be obtained from A x Bby interchanging the
pairs in Ax B. components of ordered
BxA= {(2, 0), (-1, 3), (2, 4), (-1, 0), (2, 3), (-1,4)).
Example 13. If AxB={(a, p), (b, q),(c. p), (a, q),(b, p), (c, q)l, find Aand B.
Solution. A = set of first components of A xB= (a, b, c\,
B=set of second components of Ax B= {p, q}.
Example 14. Let A and Bbe two sets such that n (A) = 5 and n (B) = 2. If
(d, 1),(e, 5) are in A x B,findA and B, where a, b, c, d, e (a, 1), (b, 5), (c, 5),
are distinct elements. Also write the remaining
elements of Ax B.
Solution. Since a, b, c, d,e are distinct elements and (a, 1), (b, 5),
(C, 5), (d, 1), (e, 5) are
Ax B, therefore, elements of
a, b, c, d, e e A and 1, 5 e B.
But n(A)= 5 and n (B) = 2,
A= (a, b, c, d, e) and B= {1, 5).
The remaining elements of AxBare (a, 5), (b, 1), (c,
1), (d, 5), (e, 1).
Example 15. The cartesian product A xAhas 9 elements among
set A and the remaining elements of A x A. which are found (-1,0) and (0, 1). Find the
Solution. Let n(A) =m.
Given n(Ax A) =9’n (A). n (A)=9
m.m=9’ m² =9’m=3
Given (-1,0) e AxA-1e Aand 0e A. (:: m>0)
Also, (0, 1) e AxA’ 0e Aand 1 e A.
Thus, -1,0, 1e Abut n(A) =3.
Therefore, A=(-1, 0, 1).
The remaining elements of AxA are (-1, -1),
(-1, 1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (1, -1), (1, 0), (1, 1).
Example 16. Given A ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and R={(x, y) :xe A,y e
the conditions given below: AJ. Find the ordered pairs which satisfy
()) x+y=5
(ii) x+y <5 (ii) x+y> 8.
Solution. Given A={1,2, 3, 4, 5)and R= {(x, y):xeA, y e A} (Exemplar)
i.e. R=Ax A. First, we find Ri.e. A x A.

(A-52 Understanding ISC Mathematics-XI ()

 R=l(1,1), (1, 2), (1,3), (1, 4), (1,5),(2, 1), (2, 2), (2,3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 1), (3, 2),
(3.3), (3,4), (3, 5), (4, 1),(4, 2), (4, 3), (4,4), (4, 5), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5, 5)).
Thus. Rhas 25 different ordered pairs.
(i) The ordered pairs of R which satisfy the condition x+y=5 are
(1, 4), (2, 3), (3,2), (4, 1).
(ih The ordered pairs of R which satisfy the condition x +y<5 are
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3,1).
(i) The ordered pairs of Rwhich satisfy the condition x + y>8 are
(4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 5).

EXERCISE 2.1
Very short answerlobjective questions (1 to 6):
1. Find a and b if
() (a +1, b- 2) =(3, 1)
*-)-63) (NCERT)

(ii) (2a, a + b) = (6,2) (iv) (a + b, 3b-2) = (7,-5).

2. Find x and y if
() (4x+3, y) =(3x +5,-2) (ii) (x-y, x +y) =(6, 10) (Exemplar)
3. If the ordered pairs (a, -1) and (5, b)belong to (x, y):y= 2-3), find the values of aand b.
4. If A=(-1, 0, 1} andB= (3, 5), write the following:
() Ax B (ii) BxA (iii) Bx B.
of elements in
5. If A is a set such that n(A) = 3 and B = (3, 4, 5), then what is the number
Ax B?
(NCERT)
number of elements in each of the
6. If A = (-3, -1, 0, 4} and B =(-1,0, 1, 2, 3), then write the
following cartesian products:
(ii) BxA (iii) AxA (iv) Bx B.
(i) Ax B
Short answer questions (7 to 15):
will A x Bhave? (NCERT)
7. If A= (1,2) and B= (3, 4), then hoW many subsets
ordered pairs (x, y) such that x<y.
8. If xe (2,3,5) and y e (2, 4, 6), form the set of all
form the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that
9. If x e (-1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and y e {0, 3, 6},
X+y=5.
set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that x is a factor
10. If x e(2,3,4) and y e(4, 6, 9, 10}, form the
of y. false,
whether each of the following statements is true or false. If the statement is
11, State
rewrite the given statement correctly.
xQ= {(m, n), (n, m)}.
(i) IfP= (m, n)and Q= (n, n}, then P pairs (x, y) such
A x Bis a non-empty set of ordered
(ii) IfA and Bare non-empty sets, then
that x e B and y e A.
¢.
(iii) IfA= (1,2}, B =(3, 4}, then Ax (Bn) = component of the
subset S of Ax A such that the second
12. If A =-1,0, 1, 2, 3), write the
elements of Sis 0.
1), (3, 2)), find Aand B.
13. If Ax B= {(-1,1), (-1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (3, write the set Bsuch that
14. IfA=(x, y,z} and some elements
of Ax Bare (x, 1), (u, 2), (z, 1), then
n(A x B) = 6.
(x, 2)}, then find BxA.
15. If Ax B= {(x, 1), (u, 2), (x, 3), (u, 3), (y. 1),
Relations and Functions A-53
Long answer questions (16 to 22):
16. If A=(1,2,3, 4) and B= (5,7,9), find
() Ax B (ii) BxA
(iii) Is Ax B= BxA? (io) Is n(Ax B) = n(Bx A)?
17. Let A=(1,2), B= (1, 2,3, 4), C=(5, 6) and D = (5,6, 7, 8}. (Exemplar)
Verify that
() Ax (Bnc) = (Ax B) ^ (Ax C) (ii) AxCis a subset of Bx D.
18. IfA=(xxe W, x< 2), B=(x:xe N, 1<x< 5) and C= (3, 5), find
() Ax (BnC) (i) Ax (BUC).
19. IfA= (r:re Nandxs3), B=(*:xel,-1 Sxs 1l] and C= (1, 2), verify that (Exemplar)
() Ax (BUC) =(A xB) U(A xC) (ii) Ax (BnC) =(Ax B)n (A xC)
(iii) (A-B) xC = AxC- BxC.
20. If P= {1, 2), form the set P x PxP.
21. If A= {a, b, c} and some elements of A x B are (a, p), (b, g), (c, p),
write the setBand find the
(Exemplar)
remaining ordered pairs of Ax Bsuch that n(A x B) = 6.
22. Given B = (2, 3, 5) and some elements of A x B are (a, 2),
(b, 3), (c, 5). Find the set A and the
remaining ordered pairs of AxBsuch that Ax Bis least.
Answers
1 () a=2, b =3
(ii) a=2, b=1 (iii) a=3, b=-1
2. () x=2, y=-2 (iv) a= 8, b =-1
3. a= 1, b=7
(i) x=8, y=2
4. () {(-1,3), (-1,5), (0, 3),(0,5), (1,
3), (1, 5)}
(i) {(3, -1), (3, 0),(3, 1), (5, -1),
5. 9
6. (i) 20
(5,0),(5,1)) (ii) (3, 3),(3, 5), (5, 3),(5, 5)}
(ii) 20 (ii) 16
7. 16
8. {(2, 4), (2,6), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, (io) 25
10. {(2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 10), (3, 6), 6)} 9. {(-1, 6),(2, 3), (5, 0)}
11,
(3, 9), (4, 4))
(i) False; P x Q= {(m, n), (m,
m), (n, n), (1, m))
(ii) False; if A and are
(x, y)such that xe Anon-empty sets, then A xB is a
non-empty set of
(ii) True.
and y eB ordered pairs
12. S= {(-1,0),(0, 0),(1, 0),(2, 0),
15. Bx A={(1, x),(2, y),(3, x), (3, 0) 13. A={-1,2,3) arnd B= (1, 2)
14. B = {1, 2)
16. ()
(3, y), (1, y), (2, x)}
{(1,5), (1, 7),(1, 9), (2, 5), (2, 7), (2,9), (3, 5),
(ii) (5, 1), (5,2), (5,3), (5, 4), (7, (3,7), (3,9),(4, 5), (4, 7), (4, 9)}
(ii) No
1), (7, 2), (7, 3), (7, 4), (9, 1), (9, 2), (9, 3), (9,
18.
(iv) Yes 4))
() {(0, 3), (1, 3)}
(ii) {(0, 2),(0, 3),(0, 4),
20. ((1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1,2, 1),(0,5), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5))
(1, 2, 2), (2,1, 1),(2,1, 2), (2,2, 1),
21. B=p, ql: (a, q), (b. p), (C, (2, 2, 2))
q)
22. A=(a,b, c} ; (a, 3), (a, 5), (b, 2),
(b, 5), (c, 2),(c,3)
2.3 RELATIONS
In everyday life, we
frequently speak of relations between two or
concept properly, consider the following examples: more objects. To learn the

A-54
Understanding ISC Mathematics-XI (I)