UNIT 1

Functions and
Operations
on Functions
(Part 1)
Outline:
● Definition of Relation and Function
● Algebraic Functions and
Transcendental Functions
Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, you should be
able to
1. determine properties of functions;
2. perform operations on functions;
3. sketch the graphs of functions;
4. find the inverse of a function;
5. make conjectures mathematically;
6. prove theorems about functions.

2
Definition 1.1.1 The cartesian product
of sets A and B is A × B where
A × B = {(x,y): x ∈ A and y ∈ B}.

3
Example 1.1.1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4,5},
find A × B and B × A.
Solution:
A × B = {(x,y): x ∈ A and y ∈ B}
= {(1,4), (1,5), (2,4), (2,5), (3,4), (3,5)}
B × A = {(x,y): x ∈ B and y ∈ A}
= {(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3)}.

🖐: What did you learn from this

example? 4
Example 1.1.2: If A = {2}, find A × N where
N is the set of natural numbers.
Solution:
A × N = {(x,y): x ∈ A and y ∈ N}
= {(x,y): x = 2 and y ∈ N}
= {(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), … }

🖐: What did you learn from this

example?
5
Definition 1.1.2 A relation from a
set A into a set B is a subset of A ×
B.
If r is a relation from a set A into a
set B and (x,y) ∈ r, we may also
write
xry
to mean that x is r-related to y.
🖐: If a set has n elements, how many
subsets does the set have?
6
Example 1.1.3 Let
A = {1,2} and B = {3, 4}.

Then
A × B = { (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4)}.

The power set of A × B has 24 = 16

elements so there are 16 possible
relations from A into B.

7
 A × B = { (1,3), (1,4), (2,3),
(2,4)}
a. Let r = {(1,3), (1,4)}.
Since r is a subset of A × B, r is a
relation from A into B.

Since (1,3) ∈ r, 1 r 3.
Since (1,4) ∈ r, 1 r 4.
Since (2,3) ∉ r, 2 r 3.

8
 A × B = { (1,3), (1,4), (2,3),
(2,4)}
b. Let s = {(1,4), (2,3), (2,4)}.
Since s is a subset of A × B , s is a
relation from A into B.

Since (1,4) ∈ s, 1 s 4.
Since (2,4) ∈ s, 2 s 4.
Since (1,3) ∉ s, 1 s 3.
9
Example 1.1.4 Let A = {Jean, Edith, Roly}
and B = {Thea, Jenna}.
Then
A × B = { (Jean,Thea), (Jean,Jenna),
(Edith,Thea), (Edith,Jenna),
(Roly,Thea), (Roly,Jenna)}.

The power set of A × B has 26 = 64 elements

so there are 64 possible relations from A
into B.

10
A × B = { (Jean,Thea), (Jean,Jenna), (Edith,Thea),
(Edith,Jenna), (Roly,Thea), (Roly,Jenna)}.

Let m = { (Jean, Thea), (Edith, Jenna) }

Since m is a subset of A × B , m is a relation from

A into B.

Since (Jean,Thea) ∈ m, Jean m Thea.

Since (Edith, Jenna) ∈ m, Edith m Jenna.
Since (Roly, Jenna) ∉ m, Roly m Jenna.

x m y iff x is the mother of y.

11
Remarks:
Although relations can be defined from any
set into another, the course will deal with relations
from the set of real numbers ℝ (or subsets of ℝ) to
ℝ (or subsets of ℝ) only. We will also adopt the
following notations:
ℕ or ℤ+ : set of natural numbers
ℤ : set of integers
ℤ- : set of negative integers
𝕎 : set of whole numbers
ℚ : set of rational numbers
ℚc : set of irrational numbers

12
Definition 1.1.3 Let r be a relation from a set
A into a set B. The domain of r, written
Dom(r), is

Dom(r) = {x: x ∈ A and for some y ∈ B, x r y}.

Equivalently,

Dom(r) = {x: x∈ A and for some y∈ B, (x,y)∈ r }.

13
Definition 1.1.4 Let r be a relation from a set
A into a set B. The range of r, written
Ran(r), is

Ran(r) = {y: y∈B and for some x∈A, x r y}.

Equivalently,

Ran(r) = {y: y∈B and for some x∈A, (x,y) ∈ r }.

14
Example 1.1.5 Let A = {1,2} and B = {3, 4}.

a. Let r = {(1,3), (1,4)}. Then

Dom(r) = {1},
Ran(r) = {3,4}.

b. Let s = {(1,4), (2,4)}. Then

Dom(s) = {1,2},
Ran(r) = {4}.

15
Example1.1.6 Let A = R and B = R.

a.Let t = {(x,y): y = 2x + 1}. Then

Dom(t) = R,
Ran(t) = R.

b. Let g = {(x,y): y = [|x|]}. Then

Dom(g) = R
Ran(g) = Z.

16
Definition 1.1.5 Let r be a relation
from a set A into a set B where A and
B are subsets of R. The graph of r is
the set of all points (x,y) in R×R = R2
such that (x,y) ∈ r.

17
Example 1.1.7 Sketch the graph of
each relation.
a. t = {(x,y): y = 2x + 1}
b. g = {(x,y): y = [|x|]}
c. b = {(x,y): x2 + y 2 = 1 }
d. p = {(x,y): y 2 = 4(x – 2) }
e. h = {(x,y): x2 - y 2 = 4 }
18
a. t = {(x,y): y = 2x + 1}
y

The graph in R2 of
y = mx + b ∙
is a line with slope m
and y-intercept b. ∙
x
So the graph in R2
of
y = 2x +1
is a line with slope 2
and y-intercept 1.
19
b. g = {(x,y): y = [|x|]} y

By definition, [|x|] is
the largest integer
less than or equal to
x. °
°
° x

°
°
°

20
c. b = {(x,y): x2 + y 2 = 1 }
y
The graph in R2 of
∙
(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r 2

is a circle centered at
(h,k) with radius r. ∙ ∙ x
1
Thus, the graph in
R2 of
x2 + y2 = 1
∙
is a circle centered
at (0,0) with radius
1. 21
d. p = {(x,y): y 2 = 4(x – 2) }
y

The graph in R2 of
(y - k)2 = 4p(x - h) is a
parabola with vertex at ∙
(h,k) and length of latus
rectum |4p|. ∙ x

The graph in R2 of ∙
y2 = 4(x - 2) is a parabola
with vertex at (2,0) and
length of latus rectum 4.
22
e. h = {(x,y): x2 - y 2 = 4 }

The graph in R2 of
A(x - h)2 - B(y - k)2 = r 2
is a hyperbola with vertex at (h,k) and asymptotes
given by
A(x - h)2 - B(y - k)2 = 0.
The graph in R2 of
x2 - y2 = 4
is a hyperbola with vertex at (0,0) and asymptotes
given by
x2 - y2 = 0 or y = ± x
23
x2 - y2 = 4
y

∙ ∙ ∙ x

24
Definition 1.1.6 A function f from a set
A into a set B is a relation from A into B
such that

(2 means that no two ordered-pairs in f

have the same first element.
25
 If f is a function from a set A into a
set B, we denote this by writing

Also, if
and
then since y is unique, we may write

In such a case, we call x as a pre-image of

y, and y or f(x) is the value of the function
at x (or the image of x under f). 26
Example1.1.8 Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {5,6,7}.
Which of the following relations is a function
from A into B?
a. f = {(1,5), (2,6)}
f is not a function since 3 ∈ A but
3 ∉ Dom(f).
b. g = {(1,5), (2,6), (2,7), (3,7)}
g is not a function since (2,6), (2,7) ∈ g.
c. h = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,7)}
h is a function. (🖐 :Why?)
d. k = {(1,5), (2,5), (3,5)}
k is a function. (🖐 :Why?) 27
Remarks:
1. There are four types of relations:
one to one, one to many, many to one
and many to many
2. Only one to one and many to one relations
are functions subject to satisfaction of the
requirement on the domain.
3. In this course, when the domain is not
specified, it is the largest possible subset of R.

28
Definition 1.1.7 Let f: A → B. If C is
a subset of A, then

f(C) = {y: ∃ x ∈ C and y = f(x)}.

Definition 1.1.8 Two functions f and

g are equal iff

29
Example 1.1.9 Let f(x) = 3x + 2
and g(x) = x2 , C is the closed
interval [1,2] and E is the open
interval (1,2). Then

a. f(C) = [5,8]
b. f(E) = (5,8)
c. g(C) = [1,4]
d. g(E) = (1,4)

30
Example 1.1.10 Let

and

Since Dom(f) = Dom(g) and f(x) = g(x)

for each x in the common domain,
f = g.
31
Example 1.1.11 Let

and

Since Dom(f) ≠ Dom(g), f ≠ g.

32
The vertical line test
A graph in R2 is the graph of a
function iff any vertical line
intersects the graph at most once.

Example 1.1.12 Which of the

graphs in Example 1.1.7 are graphs
of functions?

33
Definition 1.1.9 Let A be a non-
empty set. The identity function on A
is the function
where

Example 1.1.13 Let A = {1,2,3}.

Then

🖐: How does the graph of the identity function

on R look like?
34
Definition 1.1.10 Let

Then f is a constant function iff

🖐: How does the range of a

constant function look
like?
35