Unit

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Unit Outcomes:
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
know specific facts about relation and function.
understand the basic concepts and principles about combination of
functions.
sketch graphs of relations and functions (i.e. of linear and quadratic
functions).

Main Contents
4.1 Relations
4.2 Functions
4.3 Graphs of functions
Key Terms
Summary
Review Exercises
Mathematics Grade 9

INTRODUCTION
In our daily life, we come across many patterns that characterize relations such as
brother and sister, teacher and student, etc. Similarly, in mathematics also, we come
across different relations such as number a is less than number b, angle α is greater than
angle β, set A is subset of set B, and so on. In all these cases, we find that a relation
involves pairs of objects in some specific order. In this unit, you will learn how to link
pairs of objects from two sets and then introduce relations between the two objects in
the pair. You also learn here about special relations which will qualify to be functions.

4.1 RELATIONS
Group Work 4.1
Form a group and do the following.
1 Explain and discuss the meaning of “relation” in your
daily life.
2 Give some examples of relations from your daily life.
3 How do you understand relations in mathematical language?
In our daily life we usually talk about relations between various things. For example, we
say someone is the father of another person, 5 is greater than 3, Addis Ababa is the
capital city of Ethiopia, Wallia Ibex is endemic to Ethiopia, etc.
The Cartesian product of sets is one of the useful ways to describe relations
mathematically. For example, let A = {Addis Ababa, Jimma, Nairobi} and
B = {Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan}. If x and y in the ordered pair (x, y), where x∈A and y∈B,
are related by the phrase “x is the capital city of y”, then the relation can be described by
the set of ordered pairs; {(Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), (Nairobi, Kenya)}. Hence, the given
relation is a subset of A × B.

4.1.1 The Notion of a Relation

In the previous sub-unit, you saw relations in a generalized sense, as relationships
between any two things with some relating phrase. The following Activity will help you
to realize the mathematical definition of a relation.

ACTIVITY 4.1
1 Let A = { 1, 2, 4, 6, 7} and B = { 5, 12, 7, 9, 8, 3}
List all ordered pairs (x, y) which satisfy each of the following
sentences where x∈A, y∈B.
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a x is greater than y b y is a multiple of x

c The sum of x and y is odd d x is half of y
2 Let A = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
List all ordered pairs (x, y) which satisfy each of the following sentences,
where x, y∈A.
a y is a multiple of x b x is the square of y
c x is less than y d x is a prime factor of y
3 Let U = {x: x is a student in your class}
i In each of the following, list all ordered pairs (x, y) which satisfy the given
sentence where x, y ∈ U.
a x is taller than y b x is younger than y
ii Discuss other ways that you can relate the students in your class.
As you have noticed from the above Activity, each sentence involves what is intuitively
understood to be a relationship. Expressions of the type “is greater than”, “is multiple
of”, “is a factor of”, “is taller than”, etc. which express the relation are referred to as
relating phrases.
From Activity 4.1 you might have observed the following:
i In considering relations between objects, order is often important.
ii A relation establishes a pairing between objects.
Therefore, from a mathematical stand point, the meaning of a relation is more precisely
defined as follows.

Definition 4.1
Let A and B be non-empty sets. A relation R from A to B is any subset of A × B.
In other words, R is a relation from A to B if and only if R ⊆ (A × B).

Example 1 Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4} and B = { 1, 3, 5}

i R1 = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)}is a relation from A to B
because R1 ⊆ (A × B). Is R1 a relation from B to A? Justify.
Notice that we can represent R1 in the set builder method as
R1 = { (x, y) | x∈A, y∈B, x < y}
ii R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 3), (4, 1), (4, 3)} is a relation from A to B
because R2 ⊆ (A × B).
In the set builder method, R2 is represented by R2 = { (x, y) | x∈A, y∈B, x ≥ y}

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Example 2 Let A = {1, 2, 3} then observe that

R1 = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)}, R2 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3)}
and R3 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈A, x + y is odd} are relations on A.

Exercise 4.1
1 For each of the following relations, determine the relating phrase:
a R = {(x, y): x is taller than y}
b R = {(x, y): y is the square root of x}
c R = {(x, y) : y = 2x}
2 Let A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 3, 5}
a R = {(2, 2), (4, 4), (6, 6)} is a relation on A. Express the relation using set
builder method.
b Is R = {(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)} a relation from A to B?
Give the reason for your answer.
c If R is a relation from A to B given by R = {(x, y): y = x – 1}, then list the
elements of R.
3 If R = {(x, y): y = 2x +1} is a relation on A, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, then list
the elements of R.
4 Write some ordered pairs that belong to the relation given by
R = {(x, y): y < 2x; x ∈ℤ and y ∈ℤ}

4.1.2 Domain and Range

ACTIVITY 4.2
Let A = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7} and B = {5, 12, 7, 9, 8, 3}
Let R1 and R2 be relations given by:

R1 = {(x, y) | x∈A, y∈B, x > y} and R2 =  ( x, y ) : x ∈ A, y ∈ B, x = y 

1
 2 
Represent each of the following sets using complete listing method.
a D = { x : ( x, y) ∈ R1} b D = { x : ( x, y) ∈ R 2 }

c R = { y : ( x, y) ∈ R1} d R = { y : ( x, y ) ∈ R 2 }

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Observe that in each case, the sets represented by D contain the first coordinates and
sets represented by R contain the second coordinates of the respective relations.
In the above discussion the set of all the first coordinates of the ordered pairs of a
relation R is called the domain of R and the set of all second coordinates of the ordered
pairs of R is called the range of R.
We give the definition of domain and range formally as follows.

Definition 4.2
Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then
i Domain of R = { x : (x, y) belongs to R for some y}
ii Range of R = { y : (x, y) belongs to R for some x}

Example 1 Given the relation R = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (7, 1), (4, 3)}, find the domain and
range of the relation R.
Solution: Since the domain contains the first coordinates, domain = {1, 2, 7, 4} and
the range contains the second coordinates, range = {3, 5, 1}
Example 2 Given A = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7} and B = {5, 12, 7, 9, 8, 3}
Find the domain and range of the relation R = {(x, y): x∈A, y∈B, x > y}
Solution: If we describe R by complete listing method, we will find
R = {(4, 3), (6, 3), (7, 3), (6, 5), (7, 5)}.
This shows that the domain of R = {4, 6, 7} and the range of R = {3, 5}

Exercise 4.2
1 For the relation given by the set of ordered pairs {(5, 3), (–2, 4), (5, 2), (–2, 3)}
determine the domain and the range.
2 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R = {(x, y): y = x +1; x, y ∈ A} List the ordered pairs that
satisfy the relation and determine the domain and the range of R.
3 Find the domain and the range of each of the following relations:

a {
R = (x, y): y = x } b {
R = ( x, y) : y = x 2 }
c R = {(x, y) : y is a mathematics teacher in section 9x}
4 Let A = {x: 1 ≤ x < 10} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8}. If R is a relation from A to B given
by R = {(x, y): x + y = 12}, then find the domain and the range of R.

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4.1.3 Graphs of Relations

By now, you have understood what a relation is and how it can be described using sets.
You will now see how relations can be represented through graphs.
You may graphically represent a relation R from A to B by locating the ordered pairs in
a coordinate system or by using arrows in a diagram displaying the members of both
sets, or as a region on a coordinate system.

ACTIVITY 4.3
Discuss the following.
a A coordinate system (or xy-coordinate system).
b A point on a coordinate system.
c A region on a coordinate system.

From Unit 3, recall that ℝ × ℝ = {(x, y): x ∈ ℝ and y∈ ℝ} is represented by a set of

points in the xy-coordinate system.
Example 1 Let A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {6, 7, 10} and the
relation from A to B be “x is a factor of y.”
Elements of R = {(2, 6), (2, 10), (3, 6), (5, 10)} with
Domain x = {2, 3, 5} and Range y = {6, 10}.
This relation can be graphically represented as
shown in the adjacent figure.

Figure 4.1

Alternatively, we use arrows in a diagram displaying the relation between the members of
both sets as shown below.

2 6
3 7
5 10

Figure 4.2

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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

Group Work 4.2

Form a group and perform each of the following to sketch the
graph of the relation R = {(x, y): x < y, where x and y are real
numbers}
1 Draw the graph of the line y = x on the coordinate system using a broken line.
2 Choose arbitrary ordered pairs, one from one side and the other from another side
of the line(s) and determine which of the pairs satisfy the relation.
3 What do you think will the region that contains the ordered pair satisfying the
relation be?
4 Shade the region which contains points representing the ordered pair satisfying the
relation.
5 Determine the domain and the range of the relation.
In general, to
to sketch graphs of relations involving inequalities,
inequalities, do the
following:
1 Draw the graph of a line(s) in the relation on the xy-coordinate system.
2 If the relating inequality is ≤ or ≥, use a solid line; if it is < or >, use a broken line.
3 Then take arbitrary ordered pairs represented by points, one from one side and the
other from another side of the line(s), and determine which of the pairs satisfy the
relation.
4 The region that contains points representing the ordered pair satisfying the relation
will be the graph of the relation.

Note: A graph of a relation when the relating phrase is an inequality is a region on the
coordinate system.
Example 2 Sketch the graph of the relation
R = {(x, y): y > x, where x and y are real numbers}.
Solution: To sketch the graph, y
5
1 Draw the graph of the line y = x. 4 • (0, 4)
3
2 Since the relation involves y > x, use a broken line. y=x
2
3 Take points representing ordered pairs, say (0, 4) 1
x
and (3, –2) from above and below the line y = x.
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
4 The ordered pair (0, 4) satisfies the relation.
−2 • (3, −2)
Hence, the region above the line y = x, where
−3
the point representing (0, 4) is contained, is the Figure 4.3
graph of the relation R.

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ACTIVITY 4.4
Sketch the graph of the relation R = {(x, y): y ≤ 2x; x ∈ℝ and y ∈ℝ}
Example 3 Sketch the graph of the relation R = {(x, y): y ≥ x + 1; x ∈ℝ and y ∈ℝ}
Solution: y
5 • (0, 5)
1 Draw the graph of the line y = x + 1. 4
2 Since the relating inequality is ≥ use solid line. 3
2 y=x+1
3 Select two points one from one side and another
1
from the other side of the line. For example (2, 0) x
•
points with coordinates (0, 5) and (2, 0). −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
Obviously, (0, 5) satisfies the relation
−2
R = {(x, y): y ≥ x + 1}, as 5 ≥ 0 + 1.
Figure 4.4
4 Shade the region containing the point with coordinates (0, 5). So the graph
of the relation R = {(x, y): y ≥ x + 1} is as shown by the shaded region.
Example 4 Sketch the graph of the relation R = {(x, y): y ≥ x2}.
1 Draw the graph of y = x2 using solid curve. y
5
2 Select two points from inside and outside the 4
curve, say the point with coordinates (0, 2) y = x2
3
from inside of the curve and (3, 0) from 2 • (0, 2)
outside of the curve. Clearly, (0, 2) satisfies 1 (3, 0) x
the relation since 2 ≥ 02 is true. •
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
Hence, the graph of the relation is the shaded part in the −1
figure (containing the point with coordinates (0, 2)). −2

Figure 4.5
We have discussed how to sketch graphs of relations involving one inequality. It is also
possible to sketch a graph of a relation with two or more relating inequalities. The
approach to sketching the graphs is similar, except that, in such cases we consider the
intersection of regions. If a relation has the connective “or”, we use union instead of
intersection.

ACTIVITY 4.5
1 Sketch the graph of each of the following relations

a R1 = {(x, y): x ≥ 0; x, y∈ℝ} b R2 = {(x, y): y ≥ 0; x, y∈ℝ}

c R3 = {(x, y): x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0; x, y∈ℝ}
2 What relation did you observe among the graphs of the relations R1, R2 and R3?
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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

To sketch the graph of a relation with two or more inequalities,

i Using the same coordinate system, sketch the regions of each inequality.
ii Determine the intersection of the regions.
Example 5 Sketch the graph of the relation y
4
3
R = {(x, y): y ≥ x + 2 and y > –x, x ∈ℝ and y ∈ℝ}. 2
y=x+2
1
Solution: x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
First sketch the graph of the relation −1
−2
Figure 4.6
R = {(x, y): y ≥ x + 2, x ∈ℝ and y ∈ℝ}.
y
4
Next, on the same diagram, sketch the graph of y = −x
3
R = {(x, y): y > –x, x ∈ℝ and y ∈ℝ} 2
1
The two shaded regions have some overlap. The x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
intersection of the two regions is the graph of the −1
relation. y = x + 2 −2
−3
Figure 4.7
So, taking only the common region, we obtain the y
y = −x 4
graph of the relation
3
2
y=x+2
R = {(x, y): y ≥ x + 2 and y > –x, x ∈ℝ and y ∈ℝ}
1
as shown in Figure 4.8. x
5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2

Figure 4.8

Group Work 4.3

1 Discuss how you can determine the domain and range of a
relation from its graph.
2 Is there any simple way of finding the domain and range from the graph of a
relation?
It is possible to determine the domain and range of a relation from its graph. The
domain of a relation is the x-coordinate of the set of points through which a vertical
line meets the graph of the relation and the range of a relation is the y-coordinate of
the set of points through which a horizontal line meets the graph of the relation.
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Example 6 Find the domain and the range of the relation

R = {(x, y): y ≥ x + 2 and y > – x; x ∈ℝ and y ∈ℝ }.
From the graph sketched above, since any vertical line meets the graph, the
domain of the relation is the set of real numbers, ℝ.

That is, domain of R = ℝ. But not all horizontal lines meet the graph, only those
that pass through y: y > 1. Hence, the range of the relation is the set {y: y >1}.
Example 7 Sketch the graph of the following relation and determine its domain and
range.
R = {(x, y): y < 2x and y > –x}.
Solution: Sketch the graphs of y < 2x and y > –x on same coordinate system.
Note that these two lines divide the coordinate y
5
system into four regions.
4 • (0, 4)
Take any points one from each region and check if 3 y = 2x
they satisfy the relation. Say, (3, 0), (0, 4), (–1, 0) 2
and (0,–2).
(−1, 0) 1 (3, 0) x
(3, 0) satisfies both inequalities of the relation. So • •
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
the graph of the relation is the region that −1
−2 • (0, −2)
contains (3, 0). y = −x
−3
Hence, Domain of R = {x∈ℝ: x >0}
Figure 4.9
Range of R = {y: y∈ℝ}.

Exercise 4.3
1 Let A = {2, 3, 5} and B = {6, 10, 15}and R: A → B
a If R = {(x, y): y = 2x + 5}, then plot the points of R on a coordinate system,
and determine the domain and range of the relation.
b Let R = {(x, y): x is a divisor of y}. Plot the points of R on a coordinate
system, and determine the domain and range of the relation.
2 For each of the following relations, sketch the graph and determine the domain
and the range.
a R = {(x, y): y ≥ 3x – 2} b R = {(x, y): y ≥ 2x –1 and y ≤ –2x + 1}
c R = {(x, y): y ≥ 2x –1 and y ≤ 2x –1}
3 From the graph of each of the following relations, represented by the shaded
region, specify the relation and determine the domain and the range:

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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

y y
5 5
4 4
y=x
3 y=x+1 3
2 2
1
x=2 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
x=4
−4 −4

a b
Figure 4.10

4.2 FUNCTIONS
In this section, you shall learn about particular types of relations which are called
functions, the domain and range of a function, and combinations of functions.
Remember that the concept of functions is one of the most important in mathematics.
There are many terms such as ‘map’ or ‘mapping’ used to denote a function.

4.2.1 Functions
Group Work 4.4
1 Consider the following relations
R1 = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (2, 5), (5, 6), (4, 7)}
R2 = {(1, 2), (3, 2), (2, 5), (6, 5), (4, 7)}
R3 = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (4, 7)}
a What differences do you see between these relations?
b How are the first elements of the coordinates paired with the second
elements of the coordinates?
c In each relation, are there ordered pairs with the same first coordinate?
2 Let R1 = {(x, y): x and y are persons in your kebele where y is the father of x}
R 2 = {(x, y): x and y are persons in your kebele where x is the father of y}
Discuss the difference between these two relations R1 and R2.

Definition 4.3
A function is a relation such that no two ordered pairs have the same
first-coordinates and different second-coordinates.

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Example 1 Consider the relation R = {(1, 2), (7, 8), (4, 3), (7, 6)}
Since 7 is paired with both 8 and 6 the relation R is not a function.
Example 2 Let R = {(1, 2), (7, 8), (4, 3)}. This relation is a function because no
first-coordinate is paired (mapped) with more than one element of the second-
coordinate.
Example 3 Consider the following arrow diagrams.

R1 R2 R3
1 a 4 1 a
1
3 5 3 b
3
b 6 c
5 5 5
7

Figure 4.11

Which of these relations are functions?

Solution: R1 is a function. (Why?)
R2 is not a function because 1 and 3 are both mapped onto two numbers.
R3 is a function. (Why?)
Example 4 The relation R = {(x, y): y is the father of x} is a function because no
child has more than one father.
Example 5 Consider the relation R = {(x, y): y is a grandmother of x}.
This relation is not a function since everybody (x) has two grandmothers.

Domain and range of a function

In Section 4.1.2 you learnt about the domain and range of a relation. As a function is a
special type of a relation, the domain and range of a function are determined in exactly
the same way.
Example 6 For each of the following functions, determine the domain and the range.
a F = {(2, –1), (4, 3), (0, 1)} b F = {(2, –1), (4, 3), (0, –1), (3, 4)}
Solution:
a Domain D = {0, 2, 4} and range R = {–1, 1, 3 }
b Domain D = {0, 2, 3, 4} and range R = {–1, 3, 4}
You will now consider some functions that are defined by a formula.

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Example 7 Is the relation R = {(x, y): x = y2} a function?

Solution: This is not a function because numbers for x are paired with more than
one number in y. For example, (9, –3) and (9, 3) satisfy the relation with
9 being mapped to both –3 and 3.
Example 8 Is R = {( x, y) : y = x } a function?
Solution: Since for every number there is unique absolute value, each number x is
mapped to one and only one number y, so the relation R = {(x, y): y = x }is
a function.
Notation: If x is an element in the domain of a function f, then the element in the
range that is associated with x is denoted by f (x) and is called the image
of x under the function f. This means f = {( x, y) : y = f ( x)}
The notation f (x) is called function notation. Read f (x) as “f of x”.
Note: f, g and h are the most common letters used to designate a function. But, any
letter of the alphabet can be used.
A function from A to B can sometimes be denoted as f: A→B, where the domain of f is
A and the range of f is a subset of B, in which case we say B contains the images of the
elements of A under the function f.
Example 9 Consider the function R = {(x, y): y = x }. Here the rule y = x can be
written as f (x) = x As a result of which, f (0) = |0| = 0, f (−2) = |−2| = 2
and f (3) = |3| = 3.
Example 10 If R = {(x, y): y is twice x}, then we can denote this function by f (x) = 2x.

ACTIVITY 4.6
1 Consider the following arrow diagram of a function f.
f

0 0
1 6
2 9
3 3

Figure 4.12
Find an algebraic rule for f.
2 For each of the following functions find the domain and the range:
range:

a f (x) = 5x – 1 b f (x) = x2 c f (x) = x2 − 3

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Observe that the domain of a function is the set on which the given function is defined.
Example 11 Consider f (x) = 2x + 2.

Since f (x) = 2x + 2 is defined for all x∈ℝ, the domain of the function is the set of
all real numbers. The range is also ℝ since every real number y has a real number
x such that y = f (x) = 2x + 2.

Example 12 Let f (x) = x −3

Since the expression in the radical must be non-negative, x – 3 ≥ 0.
This implies x ≥ 3. So the domain is the set D = {x: x ≥ 3}.

Since the value of x − 3 is always non-negative, the range is the set

R = {y: y ≥ 0}.
Example 13 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 7, 9}

If f : A → B is the function given by f (x) = 2x + 1, then find the domain and the
range of f.
Solution: Since f (1) = 3 ∈ B, f (2) = 5 ∈ B, f (3) = 7∈ B and f (4) = 9 ∈ B, the
domain of f is D = {1, 2, 3, 4} and the range of f is R = {3, 5, 7, 9}.

Remark: If f: A → B is a function, then, for any x∈A the image of x under f, f (x) is
called the functional value of f at x. For example, if f (x) = x – 3, then the
functional value of f at x = 5 is f (5) = 5 – 3 = 2. Finding the functional value
of f at x is also called evaluating the function at x.

Example 14 Take f (x) = x − 3 and evaluate:

a f (3) b f (12)
Solution:
a f (3) = 3−3 = 0 = 0 b f ( x ) = 12 − 3 = 9 = 3

Example 15 For the function f (x) = 1– x2

a Find the domain and the range b Evaluate f (2) and f (–1)
Solution:

a The domain of the function is D = {x: x∈ℝ}, since it is defined for all real
numbers. The range is R = {y : y ≤ 1}
b f (2) = 1– (2)2 = 1– 4 = –3 and f (–1) = 1 – (–1)2 = 1–1 = 0.

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Exercise 4.4
1 Determine whether each of the following relations is a function or not, and give
reasons for those that are not functions.
a R = {(–1, 2), (1, 3), (–1, 3)}
b R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (–1, 3), (2, 1)}
c R = {(x, y): y is the area of triangle x}
d R = {(x, y): x is the area of triangle y}
e R = {(x, y): y is a multiple of x}
f R = {(x, y): y = x2 + 3}
g R = {(x, y): y < x}
h R = {(x, y): x is the son of y}
2 Is every function a relation? Explain your answer.
3 Find the domain and the range of each of the following functions:
a f (x) = 3 b f (x) = 1 – 3x
1
c f (x) = x+4 d f (x) = x − 1 e f (x) =
2x
4 If f (x) = 2x + x + 4 , evaluate each of the following:
a f (−4) b f (5)
5 Match each of the functions in column A with its corresponding domain in
column B:
A B
1 f ( x) = 2 −x a {x: x ≥ 3}
2 f (x) = 2x – 1 b {x: x ≤ 2}
3 f (x) = x −3 c {x: x ∈ℝ}
6 Match each of the functions in column A with its corresponding range in column B.
A B
1 f (x) = 2− x a {y: y ≥ 0}

2 f (x) = 2x – 1 b {y: y ∈ℝ}

3 f (x) = x −3 c {y: y ≥ 10}

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4.2.2 Combinations of Functions

In this sub-section, you will learn how to find the sum, difference, product and quotient
of two functions, all known as combinations of functions.

Group Work 4.5

1 Consider the functions f (x) = x − 3 and g(x) = 10 − x
f
a Find f + g; f – g; f g and .
g
b Determine the domain and the range of each function.
c Is the domain of f and g the same as the domain of f + g? Is this always true?

A Sum of functions
Suppose f and g are two functions. The sum of these functions is a function which is
defined as f + g, where (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x).
Example 1 If f (x) = 2 – x and g(x) = 3x + 2 then the sum of these functions is given by
(f + g)(x) = (2 – x) + (3x + 2) = 2x + 4, which is also a function.

The domain of f = ℝ and the domain of g = ℝ.

The function (f + g)(x) = 2x + 4 has also domain = ℝ.

Example 2 Let f (x) = 2x and g(x) = 2 x . Determine
a the sum f + g b the domain of (f + g)
Solution:
a (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) = 2x + 2x b Domain of f + g = {x: x ≥ 0}.

B Difference of functions
Suppose f and g are two functions. The difference of these functions is also a function,
defined as f – g, where (f – g)(x) = f (x) – g (x).
Example 3 If f (x) = 3x + 2 and g (x) = x – 4, then the difference of these functions is
(f – g)(x) = f (x) – g (x) = (3x + 2) – (x – 4) = 2x + 6 and

the domain of f – g =ℝ.

Example 4 Let f (x) = 2x and g (x) = 1 − x . Determine:
a the difference f – g b the domain of f – g

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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

Solution:
a (f – g)(x) = f (x) – g (x) = 2x – 1 − x

b Domain of f − g = {x: x ≤ 1}.

C Product of functions
Suppose f and g are two functions. The product of these functions is also a function,
defined as fg, (fg)(x) = f (x)g(x). Again,
Example 5 If f (x) = 2x and g (x) = 3 – x then the product of these functions
(fg)(x) = f (x) g (x) = (2x) (3 – x) = 6x – 2x2 and
the domain of fg = ℝ.
Note: The domain of the sum, difference and product of functions f and g is the
intersection of the domain of f and of the domain of g.

D Quotients of functions
Suppose f and g are two functions with g ≠ 0. The quotient of these functions is also a
f f f ( x)
function, defined as where ( x) = .
g g g ( x)
Example 6 If f (x) = 3 and g (x) = 2 + x then the quotient of these functions
f f ( x) 3 f
( x) = = and the domain of = ℝ\{–2}.
g g ( x) 2 + x g
x x−3
Example 7 Let f (x) = and g (x) = .
x−2 2x
f
1 Find a f+g b f–g c fg d and
g
2 Determine the domain of each function.
Solution:
x x − 3 3x 2 − 5x + 6
1 a (f + g)(x) =f (x) + g (x) = + =
x−2 2x 2 x ( x − 2)

x x − 3 x 2 + 5x − 6
b (f – g)(x) =f (x) – g (x) = − =
x−2 2x 2 x( x − 2)
 x  x − 3  x ( x − 3) x−3
c (f g)(x) =f (x) g (x) =   = =
 x − 2  2 x  2 x ( x − 2 ) 2 ( x − 2 )

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Mathematics Grade 9

x
f f ( x) x−2  x  2 x  2x 2
d   (x) = = =   = 2
g g ( x) x−3  x − 2  x − 3  x − 5x + 6
2x
2 Domain of f + g = Domain of f – g = Domain of f g
= ℝ\{0, 2} or (–∞, 0) ∪ (0, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
f
Domain of = ℝ\{0, 2, 3} or (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 2) ∪ (2, 3) ∪ (3, ∞).
g
Example 8 Let f (x) = 8 – 3x and g (x) = –x –5. Determine:
4g
a 2f + g b 3g – 2f c (3f)g d
3f
Solution:
a 2f (x)+ g (x) = 2(8 – 3x) + (– x – 5) = 11 – 7x
b 3g (x) – 2f (x) = 3(–x – 5) – 2(8 – 3x) = –3x – 15 – 16 + 6x = 3x – 31
c (3f (x))g (x) = 3(8 – 3x)( – x – 5) = 9x2 + 21x – 120
4 g ( x) 4(−x − 5) −4x − 20
d = =
3 f ( x) 3(8 − 3x) 24 − 9x
Through the above examples, you have seen how to determine the combination of
functions. Now, you shall discuss how to evaluate functional values of combined
functions for given values in the domains in the examples that follow.
f
Example 9 Let f (x) = 2 – 3x and g(x) = x – 3. Evaluate (4) and (f + g)(4)
g

f f ( x) 2 − 3x f 2 − 3(4)
Solution: ( x) = = . So (4) = = −10
g g ( x) x−3 g 4−3
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g (x) = –2x – 1. So (f + g) (4) = –2(4) – 1 = –9.
Example 10 Let f (x) = x – 1 and g(x) = 3x. Determine:
f
a (2f+3g)(1) b (3)
2g
Solution:
f 3 −1 2 1
a (2f + 3g) (1) = 2(1 – 1) + 3(3(1)) = 9 b (3) = = =
2g 2(3)(3) 18 9

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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

Exercise 4.5
1 If f = {(1, 2), (–3, 2), (2, 5)} and g = {(2, 4), (1, 5), (3, 2)}. Find:
a f + g and f – g b the domain of (f + g)
2 Let f = {(2, 3), (4, 9), (3, −8)} and g = {(1, 2), (2, 5), (3, 10), (4, 17)}. Determine:
a –2f b fg c fg(2) d g2
3 Write down the domain of each function in question number 2.
2 2x − 2
4 Let f (x) = and g (x) = . Find:
x −1 3x + 3
a f+g b fg c domain of (f + g) and fg
2
5 Let f (x) = 3x –3 and g(x) = . Evaluate:
x −1
 f 
a 2fg (2) b  − 2 f (3) c (f – g)(4)
g 
6 Is it always possible to deduce the domain of
f
i f+g ii f–g iii f.g iv
g
from the domain of f and g? If your answer is yes, how?

4.3 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

In this section, you will learn how to draw graphs of functions, with special emphasis on
linear and quadratic functions. You will also study some of the important properties of
these graphs.

4.3.1 Graphs of Linear Functions

Definition 4.4
If a and b are fixed real numbers, a ≠ 0, then f(x) = ax + b for x ∈ ℝ is
called a linear function. If a = 0, then f(x) = b is called a constant
function. Sometimes linear functions are written as y = ax + b.

Example 1 f (x) = 2x +1 is a linear function with a = 2 and b = 1

Example 2 f (x) = 3 is a constant function.

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Mathematics Grade 9

From Section 4.2.1 recall that functions are special types of relations. Hence, a linear
function is also a relation. From the description we used for relations, linear functions
can also be described as
R = {(x, y): y = ax + b; x, y∈ℝ}; or R = {(x, f (x)): f (x) = ax + b; x, y∈ℝ}
What are the properties of linear functions? What do a and b stand for?
Drawing graphs of linear functions will help us to answer these questions. Let us recall
how to evaluate functions:
Example 3 If f (x) = 3x – 1, then f (2) = 3(2) – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5.
You will now evaluate functions at selected points from the domain and then use
these points to draw graphs of linear functions.
Example 4 Consider the linear function f (x) = 2x + 3.
Evaluate the values of the function for the x values in the table below.
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3

f (x)

At x = –3, f (–3) = 2(–3) + 3 = –3 and at x = –2, f (–2) = 2(–2) + 3 = –1.

In the same way, f (–1) = 1; f (0) = 3; f (1) = 5; f (2) = 7; and f (3) = 9. So the table
becomes
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3

f (x) –3 –1 1 3 5 7 9

This table is pairing the values of x and f (x). This is taken as a representative of
R = {(–3, –3), (–2, –1), (–1, 1), (0, 3), (1, 5), (2, 7), (3, 9)}
Now you can plot these points in a coordinate system to draw the graph of the given
function. y
• 9
Example 5 Draw the graph of the linear function 8

f (x) = –2x + 3. • 7
6
Solution: •5
4
a First you construct a table of values from the 3• y = −2x + 3
domain. 2
1 • x
x −3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
−3 −2 −1
−1 •
−2
f (x) 9 7 5 3 1 –1 –3 −3 •
−4
Figure 4.13

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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

b Now you plot these points on a coordinate system and draw a line through
these points. This line is the graph of the linear function f (x) = –2x + 3.
(see Figure 4.12). y
4
Example 6 Draw the graph of the constant function 3
f (x) = 2
• • • 2• • • •
f (x) = 2. 1
x
Solution: You construct a table of values of the function, −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
plot the ordered pairs and draw a line through the −2
points to get the required graph.
Figure 4.14

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3

f (x) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

ACTIVITY 4.7
Write down what you observe from the graphs of the linear functions
drawn above.
In a linear function f (x) = ax + b, a is called the coefficient of x. This a is also the slope
of the graph of the linear function. From the graphs given above, you should have
noticed that:
i Graphs of linear functions are straight lines.
ii If a > 0, then the graph of the linear function f (x) = ax + b is increasing,
iii If a < 0, then the graph of the linear function f (x) = ax + b is decreasing,
iv If a = 0, then the graph of the constant function f (x) = b is a horizontal line.
v If x = 0, then f (0) = b. This means (0, b) lies on the graph of the function,
and the graph passes through the ordered pair (0, b). This point is called the
y-intercept. It is the point at which the graph intersects the y-axis.
−b −b
vi If f (x) = 0, then 0 = ax + b ⇒ x = . This means ( , 0) lies on the graph
a a
−b
of the function and the graph passes through the ordered pair ( , 0). This
a
point is called the x-intercept. It is the point at which the graph intersects
the x-axis.

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Mathematics Grade 9

Example 7 For the linear function f (x) = 7x + 2, determine the y-intercept and the
x-intercept.
Solution: At the y-intercept, x = 0 and f (0) = 2. So the y-intercept is (0, 2).

2 2
At the x-intercept y = 0 and 0 = 7x + 2 ⇒ x = − . So the x-intercept is ( − , 0).
7 7
Example 8 Is the graph of the linear function f (x) = 2 – 2x increasing or decreasing?
Solution: Since f (x) = 2 – 2x is the same as f (x) = – 2x + 2 and the coefficient of x is
–2, the graph is decreasing.
You have learnt how to use table of values of a linear function to draw its graph. It
is also possible to draw the graph of a linear function by using the x-intercept and
y-intercept. y
4
3
Example 9 Draw the graph of f (x) = 4x – 4. f (x) = 4x − 4
2

Solution: The x-intercept is the ordered pair with 1 (1, 0) x

•
y = 0. That is, (1, 0). −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
The y-intercept is the ordered pair with x = 0. −2
−3
That is, (0, –4).
−4 • (0, −4)
Plot these intercepts on a coordinate system and −5
Figure 4.15
draw a line that passes through them.
You can also use the concept of slope for drawing the graph of linear functions.
To draw the graph of a linear function f (x) = ax + b, first mark the y-intercept.
Then from the y-intercept move a units up (if a > 0) or a units down (if a < 0) and
one unit to the right, and locate a point. Then, draw the line that passes through
the y-intercept and this point. This line is the graph of the linear function.
Example 10 Draw the graph of f (x) = 2x + 1. y
4
3 • (1, 3)
Solution: The slope of the graph of the linear function
2 f (x) = 2x + 1
f (x) = 2x + 1 is 2 and the y-intercept is (0, 1). 1 • (0, 1)
If you move 2 units up from the y-intercept x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
and one unit to the right, you will get the −1

point (1, 3). So the line that passes through −2

−3
(0, 1) and (1, 3) is the graph of the function
−4
f (x) = 2x + 1. Figure 4.16

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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

Example 11 Draw the graph of the linear function f (x) = –3x + 1.

y
4
Solution: The slope of the graph of the linear
3
function f (x) = –3x + 1 is –3 and 2
the y-intercept is (0, 1). 1 • (0, 1)
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
If you move 3 units down from the −1

y-intercept and one unit to the right, you will −2 • (1, −2)
−3 f (x) = −3x + 1
get the point (1, –2). Then the line that −4
passes through (0, 1) and (1, –2) is the graph −5

of the function f (x) = –3x + 1. Figure 4.17

Exercise 4.6
1 Determine whether each of the following is a linear function or not.
a f (x) – 1 = 3x b 3 = x – 2y
c x + y = 1 – 3x d 2x2 – 2x = y
2 Construct tables of values of the following functions for the given domain A:
x
a f (x) = 2x – 1; A = {–1, 1, 2, 3} b y= − 1 ; A = { –6, –3, 0, 3, 6}
3
c f (x) = 1 – 3x; A = {–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
3 Determine the slope, y-intercept and x-intercept of each of the following linear
functions:
a x + y –1 = 0 b f (x) = 3x – 4
c y–3=x d f (x) – 5 = 3x
4 State if the graph of each of the following linear functions is increasing or
decreasing:
a 3x – 2 = 2y b y – 2x + 5 = 1
c f (x) – 7 = 2 d f (x) = 4
5 Draw the graph of each of the following by constructing a table of values for
−3 ≤ x ≤ 3:
a y – 3x – 5 = 4 b 4 =4x – 2y
c f (x) = 1 – 7x d y=1
6 Draw the graph of each of the following by using the intercepts:
a 3x – 5 = y b 4 +2y =4x c f (x) = 3x – 5
7 Draw the graph of each of the following by using the value of slope:
a 3y – 3x – 5 = 4 b f (x) = 4x + 2 c 3x – 4 =5x – 2y
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Mathematics Grade 9

4.3.2 Graphs of Quadratic Functions

In the previous sub-section, you have discussed linear functions, their graphs and some
important properties. In this sub-section, you will learn about quadratic functions, their
graphs and some properties that include the minimum and maximum value of quadratic
functions.

Definition 4.5
A function defined by f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c∈ℝ and a ≠ 0 is
called a quadratic function. a is called the leading coefficient.

Example 1 f (x) = 2x2 + 3x + 2 is a quadratic function with a = 2, b = 3, and c = 2.

Note: Any function that can be reduced to the form
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c is also called a quadratic function.
Example 2 f (x) = (x – 2) (x + 2) can be expressed as f (x) = x2 – 4.
So f (x) = (x – 2) (x + 2) is a quadratic function with a = 1, b = 0, and c = – 4.
Let us now draw graphs of quadratic functions by constructing tables of values.

ACTIVITY 4.8
1 Construct a table of values for each of the following quadratic
functions, for −3 ≤ x ≤ 3:
a f (x) = x2 b f (x) = x2 + 3x + 2 and c f (x) = –2x2 + x – 4
2 Using the tables in Question 1a plot the points (x, x2) on xy-coordinate systems.
Connect those points by smooth curves.
3 Discuss the type of graphs you obtained.
The graph of a quadratic function is a curve known as parabola. y
2
Example 3 Draw the graph of f (x) = –x2.
1
x
Solution: The table of values is
1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
•−1 •
x –2 –1 0 1 2 −2
−3
f (x) = −x2
f (x) –4 –1 0 –1 –4 • −4 •
−
−5
The graph is as shown in Figure 4.18. Figure 4.18

ACTIVITY 4.9
Write down what you observe from the graphs of the quadratic
functions drawn above.
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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

You may have noticed that:

i The graph of the parabola is opened either upward or downward depending
on the sign of the coefficient of x2.
ii There is a turning point on the graphs.
iii These graphs are symmetrical.
The turning point of the graph of a quadratic function is called the vertex of the parabola
and the vertical line that passes through the vertex is called the axis of the parabola.
y
Example 4 For the quadratic function f (x) = x2, 5
determine the vertex and the axis of the 4
parabola. 3
f (x) = x2
Solution: The graph of the quadratic function f (x) = x2 2

is as given, the vertex of the parabola is (0, 0) 1

x
and the axis of the parabola is the y-axis. −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 (0, 0)
−2
Figure 4.19
Having drawn the graphs of f (x) = x2 and f (x) = –x2, you shall now examine quadratic
functions of the type f (x) = ax2 + c for some c ∈ℝ.

Group Work 4.6

1 Using the same coordinate system, sketch the graphs of
the following quadratic functions by using table of values:
i a f (x) = 3x2 b f (x) = 3x2 – 1 c f (x) = 3x2 + 1
ii a f (x) = –3x2 b f (x) = –3x2 – 1 c f (x) = –3x2 + 1
2 Write down your observations from the graphs and discuss in groups.
3 Can you sketch these graphs using some other methods? Explain and discuss.

Sketching graphs of quadratic function using a table of

y
values 5

Example 5 Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x2. 4

3
f (x) = 2x2
x –2 –1 0 1 2 2
1
f (x) 8 2 0 2 8 x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 (0, 0)
−2
Figure 4.20
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Mathematics Grade 9
y
Example 6 Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x2 – 3. 5
4
3
f (x) = 2x2 − 3
2
x –2 –1 0 1 2 1
x
f(x) 5 –1 –3 –1 5 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3 • (0, −3)
Figure 4.21

Example 7 Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x2 + 3. y

8
7
6
x –2 –1 0 1 2 5
4
f (x) = 2x2 + 3
f(x) 11 5 3 5 11
3•
2 (0, 3)

1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1

Figure 4.22
Observe that the graphs are all parabolas and they all open upward but their vertices are
in different places. Also note that the corresponding values of f (x) = 2x2 + 3 are 3 units
more than the values of f (x) = 2x2 and the corresponding values of f (x) = 2x2 – 3 are 3
units less than the values of f (x) = 2x2. Using this, the graphs of the functions of
f (x) = 2x2 – 3 and f (x) = 2x2 + 3 can be obtained from the graph of f (x) = 2x2.
This leads us to another way of sketching graphs of quadratic functions.
From graphs of quadratic functions of the form
f (x) = ax2 and f (x) = ax2 + c, a ≠ 0, c ∈ ℝ, we can summarize:
Case 1: If a > 0,
1 The graph opens upward.
2 The vertex is (0, 0) for f (x) = ax2 and (0, c) for f (x) = ax2 + c.
3 The domain is all real numbers.
4 The range is {y: y ≥ 0} for f (x) = ax2 and {y: y ≥ c} for f (x) = ax2 + c.
5 The vertical line that passes through the vertex is the axis of the parabola (or
the axis of symmetry).

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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

Case 2: If a < 0,
1 The graph opens downward.
2 The vertex is (0, 0) for f (x) = ax2 and (0, c) for f (x) = ax2 + c.
3 The domain is all real numbers.
4 The range is {y: y ≤ 0} for f (x) = ax2 and {y: y ≤ c} for f (x) = ax2 + c.
5 The vertical line that passes through the vertex is the axis of the parabola (or
the axis of symmetry).

Sketching graphs of quadratic functions, using the

shifting rule
So far we have used tables of values to sketch graphs of quadratic functions. Now we
shall see how to use the shifting rule to sketch the graphs of quadratic functions. As you
have seen in Examples 5, 6 and 7, you can sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x2 + 3 by shifting
the graph of f (x) = 2x2 by 3 units upward, and the graph of f (x) = 2x2 – 3 can be
obtained by shifting the graph of f (x) = 2x2 by 3 units downward.
Example 8 Sketch the graph of f (x) = x2 –1 and f (x) = x2 + 1 by shifting
f (x) = x2 and determine the vertex of each graph.
Solution: The graph of f (x) = x2 is as shown in Figure 4.23a.

y f (x) = x2 + 1
y 5 f (x) = x2
5
4
4 f (x) = x2 − 1
3
f (x) = x2 3

2 2

1 1
x (0, 1)
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 (0, 0) −1 (0, 0)
−2 −2
(0, −1)
−3 −3
a b
Figure 4.23
The graph of f (x) = x2 –1 is obtained by shifting the graph of f (x) = x2 by 1 unit
downward giving a vertex at (0, –1); that of f (x) = x2 + 1 is obtained by shifting
the graph of f (x) = x2 by 1 unit upward, to a vertex at (0, 1). See Figure 4.23b.
Example 9 Sketch the graph of
f (x) = (x – 3)2 and contrast it with the graph of f (x) = x2.
Solution: By constructing a table of values, you can draw the graph of
f (x) = (x – 3)2 and see that it is a shifting of the graph of f (x) = x2 by 3
units to the right. The vertex of the graph is (3, 0) (See Figure 4.24).

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Mathematics Grade 9

y f (x) = (x + 3)2 y
5 5
4 4
3
f (x) = x2 f (x) = x2
3
2
f (x) = (x − 3)2 2
1 1
x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 (0, 0) −1 (0, 0)
(3, 0) (−3, 0)
−2 −2
Figure 4.24 Figure 4.25
Example 10 Sketch the graph of
f (x) = (x + 3)2 and contrast it with the graph of f (x) = x2.
Solution: Using a table of values, you get the graph of f (x) = (x + 3)2 and see
that it is a shifting of the graph of f (x) = x2 by 3 units to the left,
giving a vertex at (–3, 0) (See Figure 4.25).
Let k > 0, then the graph of f (x) = (x – k)2 is obtained by shifting the graph of f (x) = x2
by k units to the right and the graph of f (x) = (x + k)2 is obtained by shifting the graph
of f (x) = x2 by k units to the left.
By shifting the graph of f (x) = x2 in the x and y directions you can sketch graphs of
quadratic functions such as
a f (x) = (x + 3)2 + 2 b f (x) = (x – 3)2 – 2 c f (x) = x2 + 4x + 2
Example 11 Sketch the graph of f (x) = (x + 3)2 + 2
Solution: First sketch the graph of f (x) = x2. To obtain the graph of
f (x) = (x + 3)2 shift the graph of f (x) = x2 to the left by 3 units.
After this, to obtain the graph of f (x) = (x + 3)2 + 2 shift the graph of f (x) = (x + 3)2
by 2 units upward.
f (x) = (x + 3)2 + 2 y
7
6
y f (x) = (x + 3)2 y
5 5 5
4 4 4
3
f (x) = x2 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
x x (−3, 2) x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−1 (0, 0) −1 −1
(−3, 0)
−2 −2 −2
a b c
Figure 4.26

166
 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

Example 12 Sketch the graph of f (x) = (x – 3)2 – 2.

Solution: First sketch the graph of f (x) = x2.
To obtain the graph of f (x) = (x – 3)2 shift the graph of f (x) = x2 to the
right by 3 units so that the vertex is at (3, 0). After this, to obtain the
graph of f (x) = (x – 3)2 – 2, shift the graph of f (x) = (x – 3)2 by 2 units
downward so that the vertex is at (3, –2).
y f (x) = (x − 3)2 y
5 y 5
5
4
f (x) = x2 4
4 f (x) = (x − 3)2 − 2
3 3
3
2 2 2
1 1 1
x x x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 (0, 0) −1 −1
(3, 0)
−2 −2 −2
−3 (3, −2)
−3 −3

a b c
Figure 4.27
Example 13 Sketch the graph of f (x) = x2 + 4x + 2.
Solution: In order to sketch the graph of f (x) = x2+4x+2, first we need to transform
this function into the form of f (x) = (x + k)2 + c by completing the
square. y
5
Therefore f (x) = x2 + 4x + 2 can be expressed 4
2
f (x) = (x + 2)2 − 2
f (x) = (x + 2) – 2 3
2
Now you can sketch the graph of f (x) = (x + 2)2 – 2
1
as above by shifting the graph of f (x) = x2 by 2 units x
to the left and then by 2 units downward. −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
−1
−2
(−2, −2) −3
Figure 4.28
Note:
1 The graph of f (x) = (x + k)2 + c opens upward.
2 The vertex of the graph of f (x) = (x + k)2 + c is (–k, c) and the vertex of the graph of
f (x) = (x– k)2 – c is (k, –c). Similarly the vertex of the graph of f (x) = (x + k)2 – c is
(–k, –c) and the vertex of the graph of f (x) = (x – k)2 + c is (k, c).

Minimum and maximum values of quadratic functions

Suppose you throw a stone upward. The stone turns down after it reaches its maximum
height. Similarly, a parabola turns after it reaches a maximum or a minimum y value.
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Mathematics Grade 9

Group Work 4.7

1 Let f (x) be a quadratic function. Discuss how to
determine the maximum or minimum value of f (x).
2 Justify your conclusion by considering some parabolas.
Recall that if the leading coefficient of the quadratic function f (x) = ax2 + bx + c is
positive (a > 0), then the graph of the function opens upward (and if a < 0, then the
graph opens downward). When the graph of a quadratic function opens upward, the
function has a minimum value, whereas if the graph opens downward, it has a
maximum value. The minimum or the maximum value of a quadratic function is
obtained at the vertex of its graph.
Example 14 The minimum value of a quadratic function expressed as
f (x) = (x + k)2 + c is c.
Similarly, the maximum value of f ( x) = −( x + k ) 2 + c is c.
y
Example 15 Sketch the graph of f (x) = x2 + 6x – 5 and 12
10
f (x) = x2
determine the minimum value of f (x). 8
6
Solution: f (x) = x2 + 6x + 9 – 9 – 5 = (x + 3)2 – 14. 4
f (x) = (x + 3)2 2
x
Hence the graph can be sketched by shifting the
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
graph of f (x) = x2 by 3 units to the left side and −2
−4 f (x) = (x + 3)2 – 14
then downward by 14 units. −6
−8
Hence, the minimum value of f is –14. −10
−12
In this case, the range of the function is −14
Figure 4.29
{y: y ≥ –14} = [–14, ∞).
y
Example 16 Find the maximum value of the function 4
f (x) = –x2 + 6x – 8, and sketch its graph. 2 f (x) = −(x − 3)2 + 1
x
Solution: f (x) = –x2 + 6x – 9 + 9 – 8 4 6 8
−2 2
2 −2
= –( x – 6x + 9) + 1;
−4
f (x) = –(x – 3)2 + 1.
−6
The graph of f (x) = –(x – 3)2 +1 has vertex (3, 1)
−8
and hence the maximum value of f is 1.
−10
In this case, the range of the function is Figure 4.30

{y: y ≤ 1} = (–∞, 1]

168
 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

Exercise 4.7
1 For each of the following quadratic functions, determine a, b and c:
a f (x) = 2 + 3x – 2x2 b f (x) = 3x2 – 4x + 1 c f (x) = (x – 3)(2 – x)
2 For each of the following quadratic functions prepare a table of values in the
interval –3 ≤ x ≤ 3.
a f (x) = –4x2 b f (x) = 3x2 + 2 c f (x) = 2x2 – 3x + 2
3 Sketch the graph for each of the following quadratic functions by constructing tables
of values:
a f (x) = –3x2 b f(x) = 7x2 – 3 c f (x) = 2x2 + 6x + 1
4 Find the domain and range of each of the following functions:
a f (x) = 3 + 4x – x2 b f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 c f (x) = (x – 3)(x – 2)
d f (x) = –3x2– 2 e f (x) = 3x2 + 2
5 Sketch the graph of each of the following quadratic functions by using the shifting
rule:
a f (x) = 9x2 + 1 b f (x) = x2 –3 c f (x) = (x – 5)2
d f (x) = (x – 2)2 + 13 e f (x) = (x + 1)2 –7 f f (x) = 4x2 + 7x + 3
6 Find the vertex and the axis of symmetry of the following functions:
a f (x) = x2 – 5x + 8 b f (x) = (x – 4)2 – 3 c f (x) = x2 – 8x + 3
7 Determine the minimum or the maximum value of each of the following functions
and draw the graphs:
a f (x) = x2 + 7x – 10 b f (x) = x2 + 4x + 1 c f (x) = 2x2 – 4x + 3
d f (x) = 4x2 + 2x + 4 e f (x) = –x2 – 4x f f (x) = –6 – x2 – 4x

Key Terms
axis of symmetry leading coefficient turning point
combination of functions linear functions vertex
constant function quadratic function x-intercept
coordinate system relation y-intercept
domain range
function slope

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Mathematics Grade 9

Summary
1 In a relation, two things are related to each other by a relating phrase.
2 Mathematically, a relation is a set of ordered pairs. If A and B are two non-empty
sets, then the relation from A to B is a subset of A × B that satisfies the relating
phrase.
3 If A and B are any sets and R ⊆ (A × B), we call R a binary relation from A to B
or a binary relation between A and B.A relation R ⊆ (A × A) is called a relation in
or on A.
4 The set {x: (x, y) ∈ R for some y} is called the domain of the relation R.
The set {y: (x, y) ∈ R for some x} is called the range of the relation R.
5 A function is a special type of a relation in which each x-coordinate is paired with
exactly one unique y-coordinate.

6 A function from A to B can sometimes be denoted as f: A→B, where the domain

of f is A and the range of f is a subset of B, in which case B contains the images of
the elements of A by the function f.
7 Let f and g be functions. We define the sum f + g, the difference f – g, the product
f
fg, and the quotient as:
g

f + g : (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g (x) fg :(fg)(x) = f (x) g (x)

f f f ( x)
f – g : (f – g)(x) = f( x) – g (x) : ( x) = ; g ( x) ≠ 0
g g g ( x)

8 If a and b are fixed real numbers, a ≠ 0, then f (x) = ax + b for x ∈ℝ is called a

linear function. If a = 0 then f (x) = b is called a constant function. Sometimes
linear functions are written as y = ax + b.

9 In f (x) = ax + b for a ≠ 0, x∈ℝ, a represents the slope, (0, b) represents the

−b 
y-intercept and  , 0  represents the x-intercept.
 a 

10 A function defined by f (x) = ax2 + bx + c (a, b, c∈ℝ and a ≠ 0) is called quadratic

function. a is called the leading coefficient.

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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

11 We can sketch the graph of a linear function by using either a table of values, or
the x- and y-intercepts.
12 We can sketch the graph of a quadratic function by using either a table of values
or the shifting rule.
13 The graph of f (x) = ax2 + bx + c opens upward if a > 0 and downward if a < 0.
14 The vertex is the point on a coordinate system at which a graph of a quadratic
function turns either upward or downward.
15 The axis of a parabola (or axis of symmetry) is a vertical line that passes through
the vertex of the parabola.
16 The domain and range of linear functions is the set of all real numbers.
17 The domain of a quadratic function is the set of all real numbers, whereas the
range is;
{y: y ≥ k} if the leading coefficient is positive and k is the value of y at the vertex.
{y: y ≤ k} if the leading coefficient is negative and k is the value of y at the vertex.
18 The maximum or minimum point (depending on the sign of a) of a quadratic
 b  b 
function f (x) = ax2 + bx + c is  − , f  −   .
 2a  2a  

Review Exercises on Unit 4

1 For the relation {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)} find the domain and the range.
2 If the domain of the relation R = {(x, y): y = x + 3} is A = {1, 2, 3, 4} then list all
the ordered pairs that are members of the relation and find the range.
3 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {a, b, c}
a Find A × B.
b Determine relations as subsets of A × B such that:
i R1 = {(x, y): x is odd} ii R2 = {(x, y): 1≤ x ≤3}
4 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 5}
a If R is a relation from A to B then, is it true that R is also a relation from B
to A? Explain your answer.
b If R⊆ (A × B) such that R = {(2, 4), (2, 2), (4, 4), (4, 2)}, then is R also a
relation from B to A?
c What can we conclude from b?
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Mathematics Grade 9

5 Let R = {(x, y): x is taller than y}.

a Does (x, x) belong to the relation? Explain.
b Is it true that if (x, y) belongs to R, then (y, x) also belongs to R?
c If (x, y) and (y, z) belong to R, then is it true that (x, z) belongs to R?
6 Let R = {(x, y): y = x}. Show that each of the statements in Question 5 is true.
7 Find the domain and the range of each of the following relations:
a R = {(x, y): y = 2x} b R = {(x, y): y = x }

c R = {(x, y): x, y ∈{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and y = 2x – 1}

d R = {(x, y): y = x2 − 4 }
8 Sketch the graph of each of the following relations and determine the domain and
the range:
a R = {(x, y): y ≥ – 2x+3} b R = {(x, y): y = 2x + 1}
c R = {(x, y): y < – x + 3} d R = {(x, y): y ≥ x }

e R = {(x, y): y ≤ x and y ≥ 1 – x} f R = {(x, y): y ≤ x and y ≥ 0}

g R = {(x, y): y = x+1 and y = 1 – x}

h R = {(x, y): y ≤ x+1, y ≥ 1 – x and x ≥ 0}
i R = {(x, y): y > x – 2, y ≥–x – 2 and y ≤ 4}
9 For the following graph, specify the relation and write down the domain and
range:
y
5
(0, 4)
4•
3
2

(−2, 0) 1 (2, 0) x
• •
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2 • (0, −2)
−3
−4

Figure 4.31

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 Unit 4 Relations and Functions

10 Determine whether each of the following relations is a function. If it is not, give a

reason.
a R = {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3)}
b R = {(1,3), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3)}
c R = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (5, 4), (5, 5)}
11 If A = {2, 5, 7} and B ={2, 3, 4, 6}, then is A×B a function? Explain your answer.
12 Let f = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (5, 6), (7, 8)}
a Find the domain and range of f
b Evaluate f (2) and f (5)
13 Let f (x) = 2x + 1 and g (x) = – 3x – 4
i Determine:

f
a f+g b f–g c fg d
g
ii Evaluate:

3f
a (2f + 3g)(1) b (3fg)(3) c (4)
2g
f
iii Find the domain of :
g
x+4 2x + 4
14 Let f (x) = and g(x) = .
2x x +1
i Determine:
g f
a fg b c 2f –
f g
ii Find the domains of

g f
a fg b c 2f –
f g
iii Evaluate

g f
a (f – g)(1) b (2) c (2f – )(3)
f g

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Mathematics Grade 9

15 Construct tables of values and sketch the graph of each of the following:
a f (x) = 3x + 2 b x – 2y = 1
c f (x) = 2 – 7x d f (x) = –3x2 –1
e f (x) = 3 – 2x + x2
16 Sketch the graph of each of the following by using x- and y-intercepts:
a f (x) = 7 + 2x b f (x) = 3x – 5
c 3x – y = 4
17 By using shifting rule, sketch the graph of each of the following:
a f (x) = 4x2 – 2x b f (x) = x2 – 8x + 7
c f (x) = 4x + 6 – 3x2
18 For the function f (x) = 3x2 – 5x + 7, determine:
a whether it turns upward or downward
b the vertex
c the axis of symmetry
19 Determine the minimum (or the maximum) value of the following functions:
a f (x) = (x – 4)2 – 5 b f (x) = 2x2 – 6x + 7
c f (x) = 3x2 – 5x + 8 d f (x) = −x2 + 6x − 5
e f (x) = –2 + 4x − 2x2
20 Determine the range of each of the following functions:
a f (x) = (x + 5)2 + 3 b f (x) = x2 – 9x + 10
c f (x) = –8 – x2 – 6x d f (x) = –x2 + 2x + 4
21 A mobile phone technician uses the linear function c (t) = 2t + 15 to determine
the cost of repair, where t is the time in hours and c (t) the cost in Birr. How
much will you pay if it takes him 3 hours to repair your mobile?
22 A real estate sells houses for Birr 200,000 plus Birr 400 per one square metre.
a Find the function that represents the cost of the house that has an area of x m2.
b Calculate the cost of the house that has an area of 80 m2.

174