Relations and Functions

RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS
ORDERED PAIR :
A pair of objects listed in a specific order is called an ordered pair. It is written by listing the two objects
in specific order separating them by a comma and then enclosing the pair in parentheses.
In the ordered pair (a, b), a is called the first element and b is called the second element.
Two ordered pairs are set to be equal if their corresponding elements are equal.
i.e. (a, b) = (c, d) if a = c and b = d.

CARTESIAN PRODUCT :
The set of all possible ordered pairs (a, b), where a  A and b  B i.e. {(a, b) ; a  A and b  B} is
called the Cartesian product of A to B and is denoted by A × B. Usually A × B  B × A.
Similarly A × B × C = {(a, b, c) : a  A, b  B, c  C} is called ordered triplet.

RELATION :
Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of A × B. Thus, R is a relation from A
to B  R  A × B. The subsets is derived by describing a relationship between the first element and
the second element of ordered pairs in A × B e.g. if A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and
R = {(a, b) : a = b2, a  A, b  B} then R = {(1, 1), (4, 2), (9, 3)}. Here a R b  1 R 1, 4 R 2, 9 R 3.

NOTE :
(i) Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets consisting of m and n elements respectively. Then
A × B consists of mn ordered pairs. So total number of subsets of A × B i.e. number of possible
relations from A to B is 2mn.
(ii) A relation R from A to A is called a relation on A.

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A RELATION :

Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the set of all first components of coordinates of the
ordered pairs belonging to R is called to domain of R, while the set of all second components of
coordinates of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of R.
Thus, Dom (R) = {a : (a, b)  R} and Range (R) = {b : (a, b)  R}
It is evident from the definition that the domain of a relation from A to B is a subset of A and its range is
a subset of B.

Example # 1 :If A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}, then find A × B.

Solution : A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

Example # 2 : Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} be two sets and let R be a relation from A to B defined by
the phrase "(x, y)  R  x > y". Find relation R and its domain and range.
Solution : Under relation R, we have 3R2, 5R2, 5R4, 7R2, 7R4 and 7R6
i.e. R = {(3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6)}
  Dom (R) = {3, 5, 7} and range (R) = {2, 4, 6}

Example # 3 : Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Let R be the relation on A defined by

{(x, y) : x  A, y  A & x2 = y or x = y2}. Find domain and range of R.

Solution : The relation R is
R = {(2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 2), (9, 3)}
Domain of R = {2, 3, 4, 9}
Range of R = {2, 3, 4, 9}

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Self Practice Problem :

(1) If (2x + y, 7) = (5, y – 3) then find x and y.

(2) If A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 6), (7, 2), (7, 3), (7, 6)} then find sets A and B.

(3) If A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2} then find number of relations from A to B.

(4) Write R = {(4x + 3, 1 – x) : x  2, x  N}

5
Answers (1) x = – , y = 10 (2) A = {1, 7}, B = {2, 3, 6}
2
(3) 64 (4) {(7, 0), (11, –1)}

TYPES OF RELATIONS :

In this section we intend to define various types of relations on a given set A.

(i) Void relation : Let A be a set. Then   A × A and so it is a relation on A. This relation is
called the void or empty relation on A.

(ii) Universal relation : Let A be a set. Then A × A  A × A and so it is a relation on A. This

relation is called the universal relation on A.

(iii) Identity relation : Let A be a set. Then the relation IA = {(a, a) : a  A} on A is called the
identity relation on A. In other words, a relation IA on A is called the identity relation if every
element of A is related to itself only.

(iv) Reflexive relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if every element of A is

related to itself. Thus, R on a set A is not reflexive if there exists an element a  A such that
(a, a)  R.

Note : Every identity relation is reflexive but every reflexive relation in not identity.
(v) Symmetric relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation

iff (a, b)  R  (b ,a)  R for all a, b  A. i.e. a R b  b R a for all a, b  A.

(vi) Transitive relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on A is said to be a transitive relation

iff (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R for all a, b, c  A

i.e. a R b and b R c  a R c for all a, b, c  A

(vii) Equivalence relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence relation on A iff

(i) it is reflexive i.e. (a, a)  R for all a  A

(ii) it is symmetric i.e. (a, b)  R  (b, a)  R for all a, b  A

(iii) it is transitive i.e. (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R for all a, b  A

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Example # 4 : Which of the following are identity relations on set A = {1, 2, 3}.
R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2)}, R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}, R3 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}.
Solution: The relation R3 is identity relation on set A.
R1 is not identity relation on set A as (3, 3)  R1.
R2 is not identity relation on set A as (1, 3)  R2

Example # 5 : Which of the following are reflexive relations on set A = {1, 2, 3}.
R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (2, 1)}, R2 = {(1, 1), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2)}..
Solution : R1 is a reflexive relation on set A.
R2 is not a reflexive relation on A because 2  A but (2, 2)  R2.

Example # 6 : Prove that on the set N of natural numbers, the relation R defined by x R y  x is less than y is
transitive.
Solution : Because for any x, y, z  N x < y and y < z  x < z  x R y and y R z  x R z. so R is
transitive.

Example # 7 : Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R a relation in T given by R = {(T 1 , T2) : T1 is
congruent to T2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Solution : Since a relation R in T is said to be an equivalence relation if R is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive.
(i) Since every triangle is congruent to itself
  R is reflexive
(ii) (T1 , T2)  R  T1 is congruent to T2  T2 is congruent to T1  (T2, T1)  R
Hence R is symmetric
(iii) Let (T1, T2)  R and (T2, T3)  R  T1 is congruent to T2 and T2 is congruent to T3
 T1 is congruent to T3   (T1, T3)  R
 R is transitive
Hence R is an equivalence relation.

Example # 8 : Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b) : a  b} is transitive.

Solution : Let (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R
 (a  b) and b  c  ac  (a, c)  R Hence R is transitive.

Example # 9 : Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} is symmetric.
Solution : Let (a, b)  R [ (1, 2)  R]
 (b, a)  R [ (2, 1)  R]
Hence R is symmetric.

Self Practice Problem :

(5) Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and let R be a relation defined on L by the rule (x ,y)  R 
   x is perpendicular to y. Then prove that R is a symmetric relation on L.

(6) Let R be a relation on the set of all lines in a plane defined by (1, 2)  R  line 1 is parallel to
line 2. Prove that R is an equivalence relation.

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FUNCTION
Definition :
Function is a rule (or correspondence), from a non empty set A to a non empty set B, that associates
each member of A to a unique member of B. Symbolically, we write f: A  B. We read it as "f is a
function from A to B".
For example, let A  {–1, 0, 1} and B  {0, 1, 2}.
Then A × B  {(–1, 0), (–1, 1), (–1, 2), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2)}
Now, " f : A  B defined by f(x) = x 2 " is the function such that
f  {(–1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)}
f can also be shown diagramatically by following mapping.
A B

Note : Every function say y = f(x) : A  B. Here x is independent variable which takes its values from A while
'y' takes its value from B. A relation will be a function if and only if
(i) x must be able to take each and every value of A and
(ii) one value of x must be related to one and only one value of y in set B.

Graphically : If any vertical line cuts the graph at more than one point, then the graph does not represent a
function.
Example # 10 : (i) Which of the following correspondences can be called a function ?
(A) f(x) = x3 ; {–1, 0, 1} {0, 1, 2, 3}

(B) f(x) = ± x ; {0, 1, 4} {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}

(C) f(x) = x ; {0, 1, 4} {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}

(D) f(x) = – x ; {0, 1, 4} {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}

(ii) Which of the following pictorial diagrams represent the function

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Solution :
(i) f(x) in (C) and (D) are functions as definition of function is satisfied. while in case of (A) the
given relation is not a function, as f(–1) 2nd set. Hence definition of function is not satisfied.
While in case of (B), the given relation is not a function, as f(1) = ± 1 and f(4) = ± 2 i.e. element
1 as well as 4 in 1st set is related with two elements of 2nd set.Hence definition of function is not
satisfied.
(ii) B and D. In (A) one element of domain has no image, while in (C) one element of 1st set has
two images in 2nd set

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Self practice problem :

(7) Let g(x) be a function defined on [1, 1]. If the area of the equilateral triangle with two of its
vertices at (0,0) and (x,g(x)) is 3 / 4 sq. unit, then the function g(x) may be.

(A) g(x) =  (1  x2 ) (B) g(x) = (1  x 2 ) (C) g(x) =  (1  x2 ) (D) g(x) = (1  x2 )

(8) Represent all possible functions defined from {} to {1, 2}.
Answers : (7) B, C

(8) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Domain, Co-domain and Range of a Function :

Let y = f(x) : A  B, then the set A is known as the domain of f and the set B is known as co-domain of
f.

If x1 is mapped to y1, then y1 is called as image of x1 under f. Further x1 is a pre-image of y1 under f.

If only expression of f (x) is given (domain and co-domain are not mentioned), then domain is complete
set of those values of x for which f (x) is real, while codomain is considered to be (– , ) (except in
inverse trigonometric functions).
Range is the complete set of values that y takes. Clearly range is a subset of Co-domain.
A function whose domain and range are both subsets of real numbers is called a real function.
Example # 11 : Find the domain of following functions :

(i) f(x) = x2  5 (ii) sin (x3 – x)

Solution : (i) f(x) = x2  5 is real iff x2 – 5  0

 |x|  5  x– 5 or x  5

 the domain of f is (–, – 5 ]  [ 5 , )

(ii) x3 – x  R   domain is x  R

Algebraic Operations on Functions :

If f and g are real valued functions of x with domain set A and B respectively, then both f and g are
defined in A  B. Now we define f + g, f  g, (f . g) and (f /g) as follows:

f f (x)
(iii)   (x) = domain is {x  x  A  B such that g(x)  0}.
g g(x)

Note :  For domain of (x) = {f(x)}g(x) , conventionally, the conditions are f(x) > 0 and g(x) must be real.
 For domain of (x) = f(x)Cg(x) or (x) = f(x)Pg(x) conventional conditions of domain are f(x)  g(x)
and f(x)  N and g(x)  W.

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3
Example # 12 : Find the domain of function f(x) = log(x3  x)
4  x2

Solution : Domain of 4  x2 is [2, 2] but 4  x2 = 0 for x = ± 2  x  (–2, 2)

log(x3  x) is defined for x3  x > 0 i.e. x(x  1)(x + 1) > 0.
  domain of log(x3  x) is (1, 0 )  (1, ).
Hence the domain of the given function is {(1, 0 )  (1, )} (2, 2)  (1, 0 )  (1, 2).
Self practice problems :
(9) Find the domain of following functions.
1 2x  1
(i) f(x) = + x 1 (ii) f(x) = 1  x – sin
log(2  x) 3

Answers : (i) [–1, 1)  (1, 2) (ii) [–1, 1]

Methods of determining range :

(i) Representing x in terms of y

If y = f(x), try to express asx = g(y), then domain of g(y) represents possible values of y, which
is range of f(x).

(ii) Graphical Method :

The set of y– coordinates of the graph of a function is the range.

x2  x  1
Example # 13 : Find the range of f(x) =
x2  x  1

x2  x  1
Solution : f(x) = {x2 + x + 1 and x2 + x – 1 have no common factor}
x2  x  1

x2  x  1
y=
x2  x  1
 yx2 + yx – y = x2 + x + 1
 (y – 1) x2 + (y – 1) x – y – 1 = 0
If y = 1, then the above equation reduces to –2 = 0. Which is not true.
Further if y  1, then (y – 1) x2 + (y – 1) x – y – 1 = 0 is a quadratic and has real roots
if
(y – 1)2 – 4 (y – 1) (–y – 1)  0
i.e. if y  –3/5 or y  1 but y  1
Thus the range is (–, –3/5]  (1, )

x2  4
Example # 14 : Find the range of f(x) =
x2

Solution :

x2  4
f(x) = = x + 2; x  2
x2

 graph of f(x) would be

Thus the range of f(x) is R – {4}
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Further if f(x) happens to be continuous in its domain then range of f(x) is [min f(x), max. f(x)]. However
for sectionally continuous functions, range will be union of [min f(x), max. f(x)] over all those intervals
where f(x) is continuous, as shown by following example.

Example # 15 : Let graph of function y = f(x) is

Then range of above sectionally continuous function is [y2, y3]  [y7, y6)  (y4, y5]

(iii) Using monotonocity : Many of the functions are monotonic increasing or monotonic decreasing. In case
of monotonic continuous functions the minimum and maximum values lie at end points of domain.
Some of the common function which are increasing or decreasing in the interval where they are
continuous is as under.

For monotonic increasing functions in [a, b]

(i) f(x)  0 (ii) range is [f(a), f(b)]
for monotonic decreasing functions in [a, b]
(i) f(x)  0 (ii) range is [f(b), f(a)]

Example # 16 : Find the range of function y = n (2x – x2)

Solution : Step – 1
We have 2x – x2  (–, 1]
Step – 2 Let t = 2x – x2
For nt to be defined accepted values are (0, 1]
Now, using monotonocity of n t,
n (2x – x2)  (–, 0]
 range is (– , 0] Ans.

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Self practice problems :

(10) Find domain and range of following functions.
x 2  2x  5 1
(i) y = x3 (ii) y= 2 (iii) y=
x  2x  5 x x
2

3  5 3  5 
Answers : (i) domain R; range R (ii) domain R ; range  , 
 2 2 
(iii) domain R – [0, 1] ; range (0, )

Classification of Functions :
Functions can be classified as "One  One Function (Injective Mapping)" and "Many  One Function" :

One - One Function :

A function f : A  B is said to be a one-one function or injective mapping if different elements of A have
different f images in B.
Thus for x1, x2  A and f(x1), f(x2)  B, f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2).
Diagrammatically an injective mapping can be shown as

OR

Many - One function :

A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function if there exist at least two or more elements of A
having the same f image in B.
Thus f : A  B is many one iff there exist atleast two elements x 1, x2  A, such that f(x1) = f(x2) but x1 
x2.
Diagrammatically a many one mapping can be shown as

OR
Note :  If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa.

Methods of determining whether a given function is ONE-ONE or MANY-ONE :

(a) If x1, x2  A and f(x1), f(x2)  B, equate f(x1) and f(x2) and if it implies that x 1 = x2, then and only
then function is ONE-ONE otherwise MANY-ONE.
(b) If there exists a straight line parallel to x-axis, which cuts the graph of the function atleast at two
points, then the function is MANY-ONE, otherwise ONE- ONE.
(c) If either f(x)  0,  x  domain or f(x)  0  x  domain, where equality can hold at discrete
point(s) only i.e. strictly monotonic, then function is ONE-ONE, otherwise MANY-ONE.
Note : If f and g both are one-one, then gof and fog would also be one-one (if they exist). Functions can also
be classified as "Onto function (Surjective mapping)" and "Into function":
Onto function :
If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B (codomain) must have atleast one
preimage in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B. Thus f : A  B is surjective iff  b  B,
there exists some a  A such that f (a) = b.
Diagrammatically surjective mapping can be shown as

OR
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Into function :
If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into.

Diagrammatically into function can be shown as

OR
Note : (i) If range  codomain, then f(x) is onto, otherwise into
(ii) If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa.
A function can be one of these four types:

(a) oneone onto (injective and surjective)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective)

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective)

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective)

Note : (i) If f is both injective and surjective, then it is called a bijective mapping. The bijective
functions are also named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
(ii) If a set A contains 'n' distinct elements, then the number of different functions defined
from
A  A is nn and out of which n! are one one.
(iii) If f and g both are onto, then gof or fog may or may not be onto.
(iv) The composite of two bijections is a bijection iff f and g are two bijections such that gof
is defined, then gof is also a bijection only when co-domain of f is equal to the domain of g.

Example # 17 : (i) Find whether f(x) = x + cos x is one-one.

3 2
(ii) Identify whether the function f(x) = –x + 3x – 2x + 4 for f : R  R is ONTO or INTO
(iii) f(x) = x2 – 2x; [0, 3]  A. Find whether f(x) is injective or not. Also find the
set A, if f(x) is surjective.
Solution : (i) The domain of f(x) is R. f (x) = 1  sin x.
 f (x)  0  x  complete domain and equality holds at discrete points only
 f(x) is strictly increasing on R. Hence f(x) is one-one.
(ii) As range  codomain, therefore given function is ONTO
(iii) f(x) = 2(x – 1); 0  x  3

ve ; 0  x  1
 f(x) = 
 ve ; 1  x  3
 f(x) is non monotonic. Hence it is not injective.
For f(x) to be surjective, A should be equal to its range. By graph range is [–1, 3]
 A  [–1, 3]

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Self practice problems :

(11) For each of the following functions find whether it is one-one or many-one and also into or onto
1
(i) f(x) = 2 tan x; (/2, 3/2)  R (ii) f(x) = ; (–, 0)  R
1  x2
(iii) f(x) = x2 + n x
Answers : (i) one-one onto (ii) one-one into (iii) one-one onto

Equal or dentical Functions :

Two functions f and g are said to be identical (or equal) iff :
(i) The domain of f  the domain of g.
(ii) f(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their common domain.
1 x
e.g. f(x) = and g(x) = 2 are identical functions. Clearly the graphs of f(x) and g(x) are
x x
exactly same

x2
But f(x) = x and g(x) = are not identical functions.
x
Clearly the graphs of f(x) and g(x) are different at x = 0.

Example # 18 : Examine whether following pair of functions are identical or not ?

x2  1
(i) f(x) = and g(x) = x + 1
x 1
(ii) f(x) = sin2x + cos2x and g(x) = sec2x – tan2x
Solution : (i) No, as domain of f(x) is R – {1}
while domain of g(x) is R
(ii) No, as domain are not same. Domain of f(x) is R
  
while that of g(x) is R –  2n  1 ; n  I
 2 
Self practice problems
(12) Examine whether the following pair of functions are identical or not :
 x
 x0
(i) f(x) = sgn (x) and g(x) =  | x |
 0 x0

(ii) f(x) = cosec2x – cot2x and g(x) = 1
Answers : (i) Yes (ii) No

Composite Function :
Let f: XY1 and g: Y2 Z be two functions and D is the set of values of x such that if x  X, then
f(x)  Y2. If D  , then the function h defined on D by h(x) = g{f(x)} is called composite function of g and
f and is denoted by gof. It is also called function of a function.

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Note :  Domain of gof is D which is a subset of X (the domain of f ). Range of gof is a subset
of the range of g. If D = X, then f(X) Y2.

Pictorially gof(x) can be viewed as under

Note that gof(x) exists only for those x when range of f(x) is a subset of domain of g(x).

Properties of Composite Functions :

(a) In general gof  fog (i.e. not commutative)
(b) The composition of functions are associative i.e. if three functions f, g, h are such that
fo (goh) and (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.

Example # 19 : Describe fog and gof wherever is possible for the following functions
(i) f(x) = x  3 , g(x) = 1 + x2 (ii) f(x) = x , g(x) = x2  1.
Solution : (i) Domain of f is [3, ), range of f is [0, ).
Domain of g is R, range of g is [1, ).
For gof(x)
Since range of f is a subset of domain of g,
 domain of gof is [3, ) {equal to the domain of f }
gof (x) = g{f(x)} = g ( x  3 ) = 1 + (x+3) = x + 4. Range of gof is [1, ).

For fog(x)
since range of g is a subset of domain of f,
  domain of fog is R {equal to the domain of g}
fog (x) = f{g(x)}= f(1+ x 2 ) = x2  4 Range of fog is [2, ).
(ii) f(x) = x , g(x) = x2  1.
Domain of f is [0, ), range of f is [0, ).
Domain of g is R, range of g is [1, ).
For gof(x)
Since range of f is a subset of the domain of g,
 domain of gof is [0, ) and g{f(x)}= g(x) = x  1. Range of gof is [1, )
For fog(x)
Since range of g is not a subset of the domain of f
i.e. [1, )  [0, )
 fog is not defined on whole of the domain of g.
Domain of fog is {xR, the domain of g : g(x) [0, ), the domain of f}.
Thus the domain of fog is D = {xR: 0  g(x) < }
i.e. D = { xR: 0  x2  1}= { xR: x  1 or x  1 }= (, 1]  [1, )
fog (x) = f{g(x)} = f(x21) = x2  1 Its range is [0, ).

  
Example # 20 : Let f(x) = ex ; R+  R and g(x) = sinx ;   ,  [–1, 1]. Find domain and range of fog(x)
 2 2
Solution : Domain of f(x) : (0, ) Range of g(x) : [–1, 1]
 
values in range of g(x) which are accepted by f(x) are  0, 
 2

 0 < g(x)  1  0 < sinx  1  0 < x 
2

Hence domain of fog(x) is x  (0, ]
2

Therefore Domain : (0, ]
2
Range : (1, e]

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 Relations and Functions

Example # 21 : If f (x) = 1 + x  2, 0  x  4

g (x) = 2  x,  1  x  3
Then find fog (x) and gof (x). Also draw their rough sketch.
Solution : f og (x) = { 1 + g(x)  2, 0  g(x)  4,  1  x  3
= { 1 + 2  x 2, 0  2  x 4,  1  x  3
= {–1 + x ,  2  x  2,  1  x  3

(1  x ) ,  1 x  0
=  ;
 x  1 , 0 x 2

gof (x) = {2  f(x),  1  f(x)  3, 0  x  4

= {2  1 + x  2,  1  1 + x  2 3, 0  x  4
= {2  1 + x  2, –2  x  6, 0  x  4

x 1 , 0  x 1

3  x , 1 x  2
=  ;
x 1 , 2x3
5  x , 3x4

Self practice problems

(13) Define fog(x) and gof(x). Also find their domain and range.
(i) f(x) = [x], g(x) = sin x
(ii) f(x) = tan x, x  (–/2, /2); g(x) = 1  x2
(14) Let f(x) = ex : R+  R and g(x) = x2 – x : R  R. Find domain and range of fog (x) and gof (x)
Answers :
(13) (i) gof = sin [x] domain : R range { sin a : a  }
fog = [ sin x] domain : R range : {–1, 0, 1}
  
(ii) gof  1  tan2 x , domain :   ,  range : [0, 1]
 4 4
fog  tan 1  x2 domain : [–1, 1] range [0, tan 1]
(14) fog (x) gof (x)
Domain : (–, 0)  (1, ) Domain : (0, )
Range : (1, ) Range : (0, )

Odd and Even Functions :

(i) If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’, then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x; g (x) = x² + 3.
(ii) If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’, then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x; g (x) = x 3 + x.
Note : (i) A function may neither be odd nor even. (e.g. f(x) = ex , cos–1x)
(ii) If an odd function is defined at x = 0, then f(0) = 0

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Properties of Even/Odd Function

(a) The graph of every even function is symmetric about the yaxis and that of every odd
function is symmetric about the origin.
For example graph of y = x 2 is symmetric about y-axis, while graph of y = x 3 is
symmetric about origin

(b) All functions (whose domain is symmetrical about origin) can be expressed as the sum of an
even and an odd function, as follows

f(x) =
(c) The only function which is defined on the entire number line and is even and odd at the same
time is f(x) = 0.
(d) If f and g both are even or both are odd, then the function f.g will be even but if any one of
them is odd and the other even then f.g will be odd.
(e) If f(x) is even then f(x) is odd while derivative of odd function is even. Note that same cannot
be said for integral of functions.

Example # 22 : Show that ax +a–x is an even function.

Solution : Let f(x) = ax + a–x
Then f(–x) = a–x + a–(–x) = a–x +ax = f(x). Hence f(x) is an even function

 x x
Example # 23 : Prove that f(x) = x  x   is odd function
 e  1 2 
 x x  x x   x x
Solution : Let g(x) =  x   then g(–x) =   x   =  x  
 e 1 2   e 1 2   e 1 2 
 g(x) is even
 x x
hence f(x) = x.g(x) = x  x   is odd function.
 e 1 2 

Self practice problems

(15) Determine whether the following functions are even / odd / neither even nor odd?
e x  e x
(i) f(x) = x
e  e x
(ii) f : [–2, 3] 0, 9] , f(x) = x2
(iii) 
f(x) = x log x  x2  1 
Answers (i) Odd (ii) neither even nor odd (iii) Even

Periodic Functions :
A function f(x) is called periodic with a period T if there exists a real number T > 0 such that for each x
in the domain of f the numbers x – T and x + T are also in the domain of f and f(x) = f(x + T) for all x in
the domain of f(x). Graph of a periodic function with period T is repeated after every interval of 'T'.
e.g. The function sin x and cos x both are periodic over 2 and tan x is periodic over 
 The least positive period is called the principal or fundamental period of f(x) or simply the
period of the function.
Note : Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
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 Relations and Functions

Properties of Periodic Functions :

1
(a) If f(x) has a period T, then and f (x) also have a period T.
f (x)
T
(b) If f(x) has a period T, then f (ax + b) has a period .
|a|
(c) Every constant function defined for all real x, is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
(d) If f (x) has a period T1 and g (x) also has a period T2 then period of f(x) ± g(x) or f(x) . g(x) or
f(x)
is L.C.M. of T1 and T2 provided their L.C.M. exists. However that L.C.M. (if exists) need
g(x)
f(x)
not to be fundamental period. If L.C.M. does not exists then f(x) ± g(x) or f(x) . g(x) or is
g(x)
nonperiodic.
a p  L.C.M.(a, p, )
L.C.M. of  , , =
 b q m  H.C.F. (b, q, m)
e.g. |sinx| has the period , | cosx | also has the period 

 |sinx| + |cosx| also has a period . But the fundamental period of |sinx| + |cosx| is .
2

(e) If g is a function such that gof is defined on the domain of f and f is periodic with T,
then gof is also periodic with T as one of its periods.
Example # 24 : Find period of the following functions
x x
(i) f(x) = sin + cos
2 3
(ii) f(x) = {x} + sin x, where {.}denotes fractional part function
3x x 2x
(iii) f(x) = 4 cos x . cos 3x + 2 (iv) f(x) = sin – cos – tan
2 3 3
x x x x
Solution : (i) Period of sin is 4 while period of cos is 6 . Hence period of sin + cos is 12 
2 3 2 3
{L.C.M. of 4 and 6 is 12}
(ii) Period of sin x = 2
Period of {x} = 1
but L.C.M. of 2 and 1 is not possible as their ratio is irrational number
 it is aperiodic
(iii) f(x) = 4 cos x . cos 3x + 2
 2 
period of f(x) is L.C.M. of  2, = 2
 3 
2
but 2 may or may not be fundamental periodic, but fundamental period = , where
n
n  N. Hence cross-checking for n = 1, 2, 3, ....we find  to be fundamental period
f( + x) = 4(– cos x) (– cos 3x) + 2 = f(x)
2 2  4 3
(iv) Period of f(x) is L.C.M. of , , = L.C.M. of , 6 , = 12
3 / 2 1/ 3 2 / 3 3 2
Inverse of a Function :
Let y = f(x) : A  B be a one-one and onto function. i.e. bijection, then there will always exist bijective
function x = g(y) : B  A such that if (p, q) is an element of f, (q, p) will be an element of g and the
functions f(x) and g(x) are said to be inverse of each other. g(x) is also denoted by f 1(x) and f(x) is
–1
denoted by g (x)
Note : (i) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
(ii) Inverse of an even function is not defined.

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Properties of Inverse Function :

(a) The graphs of f and g are the mirror images of each other in the line y = x. For example
f(x) = ax and g(x) = loga x are inverse of each other, and their graphs are mirror images of each
other on the line y = x as shown below.

(b) Normally points of intersection of f and f–1 lie on the straight line y = x. However it must be noted
–1
that f(x) and f (x) may intersect otherwise also. e.g f(x) = 1/x
(c) In general fog(x) and gof(x) are not equal. But if f and g are inverse of each other, then
gof = fog. fog(x) and gof(x) can be equal even if f and g are not inverse of each other.
–1
e.g. f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = x + 2. However if fog(x) = gof(x) = x, then g(x) = f (x)
(d) If f and g are two bijections f : A  B, g : B  C, then the inverse of gof exists and
(gof)1 = f 1 o g1.
1
(e) If f(x) and g(x) are inverse function of each other, then f(g(x)) =
g(x)
2x  3
Example # 25 : (i) Determine whether f(x) = for f : R  R, is invertible or not? If so find it.
4
(ii) Let f(x) = x2 + 2x; x  –1. Draw graph of f –1(x) also find the number of solutions of the
equation, f(x) = f–1(x)
(iii) If y = f(x) = x2 – 3x + 2, x  1. Find the value of g(2)where g is inverse of f
Solution : (i) Given function is one-one and onto, therefore it is invertible.
2x  3 4y  3 –1 4x  3
y=  x=  f (x) =
4 2 2
(ii) f(x) = f–1(x) is equivalent to f(x) = x  x2 + 2x = x  x(x + 1) = 0  x = 0, –1
Hence two solution for f(x) = f –1(x)

(iii) f(x) = x2 – 3x + 2, x  1
f(g(x) = g(x)2 – 3 g(x) + 2
 2 = g(2)2 – 3g(2) + 2
 g(2) = 0, 3  1
so g(2) = 0
f(x) = 2x – 3
1 1 1
f(g(x) = x  f(g(x)) . g(x) = 1  g(2) = = =–
f (g(2)) f (0) 3

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Self practice problems :

–1
(16) Determine f (x), if given function is invertible
2
f : (–, –1)  (–, –2) defined by f(x) = –(x + 1) – 2
Answers : – 1 – x  2

Inverse Trigonometry Functions

Introduction : The student may be familiar about trigonometric functions viz sin x, cos x, tan x, cosec x, sec x,
cot x with respective domains R, R, R – {(2n + 1) /2}, R – {n}, R – {(2n + 1) /2}, R – {n} and
respective ranges [–1, 1], [–1, 1], R, R – (–1, 1), R – (–1, 1), R.
Correspondingly, six inverse trigonometric functions (also called inverse circular functions) are defined.

Inverse Domain Range Graph

Trigonometric
Function
f(x) = sin–1x or [–1, 1] [–/2, /2]
arcsinx

f(x) = cos–1x or [–1, 1] [0, ]

arccosx

y
f(x) = tan–1x or R (–/2, /2)
arctanx

/2

o x

/2

f(x) = cot–1x or R (0, )

arccotx

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 Relations and Functions

f(x) = sec–1x or R – (–1, 1) [0, ] – {/2}

arcsecx

f(x) = cosec–1x R – (–1, 1) [–/2, /2] – {0}

or arccosecx

  1  1 
Example # 26 : Find the value of tan . cos1    tan1   
 2  3  
  1  1        1
Solution : tan cos1    tan1     = tan       = tan   = .
 2  3    3  6  6 3

Example # 27 : Find domain of sin–1 (2x2 + 1)

Solution : Let y = sin–1 (2x2 + 1)
For y to be defined – 1  (2x2 + 1)  1  –2  2x2  0  x  {0}

Self practice problems :

  1 
(17) Find the value of (i) cos   sin1    
3  2 
(ii) cosec [sec–1 ( 2 ) + cot–1 (1)]

(18) Find the domain of

(i) y = sec–1 (x2 + 3x + 1)
 x2 
(ii) y = sin–1 
 1  x 2 
 
(iii) y = cot–1 ( x 2  1)

(19) Find the range of (i) sin–1|x| + sec–1|x|

(ii) sin–1 x2  x  1

Answers : (17) (i) 0 (ii) 1

(18) (i) (– , – 3]  [ – 2, – 1]  [0, ) (ii) R
(iii) (– , –1]  [1, )
(19) (i) {/2} (ii) [/3, /2]

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Property 1 : T(T–1)
(i) sin (sin1 x) = x,   1  x  1

Proof : Let  = sin–1x. Then x  [–1, 1] &  [–/2, /2].

 sin  = x, by meaning of the symbol  sin (sin–1 x) = x

Similar proofs can be carried out to obtain

(ii) cos (cos1 x) = x, 1  x  1 (iii) tan (tan1 x) = x, x  R

(iv) cot (cot1 x) = x, x  R (v) sec (sec1 x) = x, x  1, x  1
(vi) cosec (cosec1 x) = x, |x|  1

Property 2 : T–1(T)
 2n  x, x  [2n   / 2, 2n   / 2]
(i) sin–1 (sin x) = 
(2n  1)   x, x  [(2n  1)    / 2, (2n  1)   / 2], n  Z
Graph of y = sin–1 (sin x)

2n  x, x  [2n, (2n  1)]

(ii) cos–1 (cos x) = 
 2n  x, x  [(2n  1) , 2n], n  
Graph of y = cos–1 (cos x)

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 Relations and Functions

(iii) tan–1 (tan x) = – n + x, n – /2 < x < n + /2, n  z

Graph of y = tan–1 (tan x)

(iv) cosec–1 (cosec x) is similar to sin–1 (sin x)

Graph of y = cosec–1 (cosec x)

(v) sec–1 (sec x) is similar to cos–1 (cos x)

Graph of y = sec–1 (sec x)

(vii) cot–1 (cot x) = –n + x, x  (n , (n + 1)  ), n  Z

Graph of y = cot–1 (cot x)

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 Relations and Functions

Remark : sin (sin–1x), cos (cos–1x), .... cot (cot–1x) are aperiodic (non periodic) functions where as
sin–1 (sin x), ..., cot–1(cot x) are periodic functions.

Property 3 : “–x”

The graphs of sin–1x, tan–1 x, cosec–1x are symmetric about origin.

Hence we get sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1x
tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1x
cosec–1 (–x) = – cosec–1x.
Also the graphs of cos–1x, sec–1x, cot–1x are symmetric about the point (0, /2). From this, we get
cos–1 (–x) =  – cos–1x
sec–1 (–x) =  – sec–1x
cot–1 (–x) =  – cot–1x.

Property 4 : “/2”

(i) sin1 x + cos1 x =, 1  x  1
2
Proof : Let A = sin–1x and B = cos–1x  sin A = x and cos B = x
 sin A = cos B  sin A = sin (/2 – B)
 A = /2 – B, because A and /2 – B  [–/2, /2]
 A + B = /2.
Similarly, we can prove
 
(ii) tan1 x + cot1 x = , x  R (iii) cosec1 x + sec1 x = , x  1
2 2
  3  
Example # 28 : Find the value of cosec cot  cot 1 .
  4  
Solution :
 cot (cot–1 x) = x,  x  R
 3  3
 cot  cot 1  = 4
 4 
  3    3 
cosec cot  cot 1   = cosec  =. 2
  4   4 

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 Relations and Functions

 3 
Example # 29 Find the value of tan–1  tan .
 4 
  
Solution :  tan–1 (tan x) = x if x    , 
 2 2
3      3  3
As   ,   tan–1  tan   
4  2 2  4  4
3   3 
     , 
4 2 2 
graph of y = tan–1 (tan x) is as :

 3
   from the graph we can see that if < x< ,
2 2
then tan–1 (tan x) = x – 
 3  3 
 tan–1  tan  = – =–
 4  4 4

Example # 30 : Find the value of sin–1 (sin7) and sin–1 (sin (–5)).
Solution. Let y = sin–1 (sin 7)
   5
sin–1 (sin 7)  7 as 7    ,    2 < 7 <
 2 2  2
–1
graph of y = sin (sin x) is as :

5
From the graph we can see that if 2  x  , then
2
y = sin–1(sin x ) can be written as :
y = x – 2
 sin–1 (sin 7) = 7 – 2
Similarly if we have to find sin–1 (sin(–5)) then
3
 – 2 < – 5 < –
2
 from the graph of sin–1 (sin x), we can say that sin–1 (sin(–5)) = 2 + (–5) = 2 – 5
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 Relations and Functions


Example # 31 : Solve sin–1 (x2 – 2x + 1) + cos–1(x2 – x) =
2

Solution : sin–1(f(x)) + cos–1(g(x)) =  f(x) = g(x) and –1  f(x), g(x)  1
2
x2 – 2x + 1 = x2 – x  x = 1, accepted as a solution

Self practice problems :

   
(20) Find the value of (i) cos sin  sin1  
  6 
  3  
(ii) sin cos  cos1  (iii) cos–1 (cos 13)
  4  
  7     1 
(iv) cos–1 (– cos 4) (v) tan–1 tan    (vi) tan–1 cot    
  8    4 
 5 
(21) Find sin–1 (sin ), cos–1(cos), tan–1 (tan ), cot–1(cot) for    , 3 
 2 
(22) –1 –1
Solve the following equations (i)5 tan x + 3 cot x = 2 (ii) 4 sin–1x =  – cos–1x

(iii) Solve sin–1(x2 – 2x + 3) + cos–1(x2 – x) =
2
3
Answer : (20) (i) (ii) not defined (iii) 13 – 4
2
  1 
(iv) 4 –  (v) (vi) 4  2
8  
(21) 3 – , – 2,  – 3,  – 2
1
(22). (i) x = 1 (ii) x= (iii) No solution
2

Interconversion & Simplification

Interconversion of any trigonometric ratio inverse means its conversion in remaining five trigonometric
ratio inverse. Example
 for x  (0,1) for x  (–1,0)
 1
 cos 1  x
2
 cos 1 1  x2
 x x
 tan1 tan1
 1 x 2
1  x2

sin–1 x =  1  x2 1  x2
cot 1   cot 1
 x x

sec 1 1 1
 sec 1
 1  x2 1  x2

 cos ec 1 1 cos ec 1
1
 x x

Example # 32 : Convert (i) tan–13, (ii) sin–1 (–1/3) in terms of cosine inverse.
1 1
Sol. (i) Let  = tan–13  tan = 3  cos =   = cos–1
10 10
(ii) sin–1 (–1/3) = – sin–1 (1/3)
1 2 2 2 2
Let  = sin–1 (1/3)  sin =  cos =   = cos–1
3 3 3
2 2
 sin–1 (–1/3) = – cos–1
3

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 Relations and Functions

 1
 tan (1/ x), x0
Example # 33 : Show that cot–1x = 
1
  tan (1/ x), x  0

–1
Sol. Let cot x =  (x = cot)   (0, )
  
     0, 
  2 
Now tan–1(1/x) = tan–1tan() = 

      ,  
 2 
 
 1
 cot x x0
= 
1
cot x   x  0

 1
 tan (1/ x), x0
 cot–1x = 
1
  tan (1/ x), x  0


 2 tan1 x if | x |  1
2x 
Example # 34 : Show that sin 1
=    2 tan1 x if x  1
1  x2 
 
    2 tan1 x  if x  1

  
Sol : Let tan–1 x = (x = tan)    ,   2 (–)
 2 2
     
  2 2   ,   or     ,  
  2   2 4 
2x         
Now sin–1 = sin–1sin2 =  2 2    ,  or     , 
1  x2   2 2  4 4
    
   2 2   ,   or    , 
 2  4 2
 2 tan1 x if x  [–1, 1]

=    2 tan1 x if x 1

 
    2 tan1 x  if x  1

Example # 35 : Define y = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x) in terms of cos–1 x

Solution :  Let cos–1x = (x = cos)    [0, ]  3 = [0, 3]
Now y = cos (4x – 3x) = cos cos3
–1 3 –1

  
 3 3  [0,  ] or    0, 
  3
   2 
= 2  3 3  [, 2 ] or    ,  
 3 3 
  2 
 3   3  [2, 3] or    ,  
 3 
 1 1
 3cos x ;  x 1
2

 1 1
  y = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x) =  2  3cos1 x ;   x 
 2 2
 1 1
2  3cos x ; 1  x   2


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 Relations and Functions

   2   
Example # 36 : Simplify (i) sin   tan cot 1   
  3   
 
 1
(ii) sin  2 tan1 
 2
(iii) cos (2cos–1(1/5) + sin–1(1/5))

  2  
Solution : (i) Let y = tan cot 1   ........(A)
  3 
 cot–1 (–x) =  – cot–1x, x  R
(A) can be written as
  2 
y = tan   cot 1   
  3 
 2
y = – tan  cot 1 
 3
1
 cot–1 x = tan–1 if x>0
x
 3 3    2     3 
 y = – tan  tan1   y =– so sin   tan cot 1     = sin  2  = 1
 2 2   3     
 
 1  1 1   1 1   1 1   1 2 
(ii) sin  2 tan1  = 2sin  tan 2  cos  tan 2  = 2sin  sin  × cos  cos 
 2       5  5
1 2 4
=2×  
5 5 5
 1 1  1 1 1
(iii) cos  2cos1  sin1  = cos  cos1  sin1  cos1 
 5 5  5 5 5
 1   1 
= cos   cos1  = – sin  cos1    .........(i)
2 5   5 
2
 1 2 6
=– 1   =– .
5 5

Self practices problem :

 1  x2 
(23) Define (i) cos1 
 1  x2  in terms of tan–1x
 
 3x  x3 
(ii) tan–1   in terms of tan–1 x
 1  3x 2
 

  2   1  1  
(24) Find the value of (i) sec  cos1    , (ii) cosec  sin    ,
  3    3  
 41   1 16  1 1  3  
(iii) tan  cos ec 1  , (iv) sec  cot 63  , (v) sin  2 cot  4  
 4      

  1 
(vi) tan 2 tan1     ,
  5  4

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 Relations and Functions

(25) If x  (–1, 1) and 2 tan–1 x = tan–1y then find y in term of x.

1
(26) Find the value of sin (2cos–1x + sin–1x) when x =
5
1  x2  2 tan1 x if x  0
Answers : (23) (i) cos1 =  1
1  x2   2 tan x if x  0
 1 1 1
 3 tan x ;  x
 3 3
 3x  x3   1 1
(ii) tan–1   =    3 tan x ;   x  
2 
 1  3x   3
 1 1
  3 tan x ; x
 3
3 4 65 2 5 7
(24) (i) (ii) – 3 (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
2 5 16 5 17
2x
(25) y=
1  x2
1
(26)
5

Identities on addition and subtraction :

S.No. Identities Condition

(1) tan–1x + tan–1y = /2 x, y > 0 & xy = 1
(2)  xy  x, y  0 & xy < 1
tan–1x + tan–1y = tan1  
 1  xy 
(3)  xy  x, y  0 & xy > 1
tan–1x + tan–1y =   tan1  
 1  xy 
(4)  xy  x  0, y  0
tan–1x – tan–1y = tan–1  
 1  xy 
(5)

sin1 x + sin1 y = sin1 x 1  y2  y 1  x 2  x  0, y  0 and (x2 + y2)  1

(6)

sin1 x + sin1 y =   sin1 x 1  y2  y 1  x2  x  0, y  0 and (x2 + y2)  1

(7)

sin–1x – sin–1y = sin–1 x 1  y2  y 1  x2  x, y  [0, 1]

(8)

cos–1 x + cos–1y = cos–1 xy  1  x2 1  y2  x, y  [0, 1]

(9) cos–1 x – cos–1y = cos1  xy  1 x 1 y  2 2 0x<y1

(10) cos–1 x – cos–1y = – cos1  xy  1 x 1 y  2 2 0y<x1

Some useful Results :

(i) If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z =  , then x + y + z = xyz

(ii) If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = , then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
(iii) tan1 1 + tan1 2 + tan1 3 =  

1 1 
(iv) tan1 1 + tan1 + tan1 =
2 3 2
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 Relations and Functions

4 15  84
Example # 37 : Show that cos–1 + sin–1 = + cos–1
5 17 2 85
4 3
Solution : cos–1 = sin–1 
5 5
2 2
3 15 3  15  8226
   > 0, > 0 and   +   = >1
5 17  
5  
17 7225

3 15 3 225 15 9 
  sin–1 + sin–1 =  – sin–1  1  1 
5 17 5 289 17 25 

3 8 15 4  84   84  84
=  – sin–1  .  .  =  – sin–1   =– + cos–1 = + cos–1
5 17 17 5  85  2 85 2 85

1 4
Example # 38 : Evaluate cot–1 + cot–1 + cot–11
9 5
1 4 5
Solution : cot–1 + cot–1 + cot–11 = tan–1 9 + tan–1 + cot–11
9 5 4

5  5
   9 > 0, > 0 and  9   > 1
4  4

 5 
5  9 4 
 tan–1 9 + tan–1 + cot–11 =  + tan–1   + cot–11 =  + tan–1 (– 1) + cot–11
4  1  9. 5 
 4 

=– + cot–11 =  .
4

Self practice problems:

4 5 16
(27) Evaluate sin–1 + sin–1 + sin–1
5 13 65
(28) If tan–14 + tan–1 5 = cot–1 , then find ‘’
3 16 1 7
(29) Prove that 2 cos–1 + cot–1 + cos–1 = 
13 63 2 25

 19 1
Answers. (27) (28) =– (29) x=
2 9 2

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
The calculus is the greatest aid we have to the appreciation
of physical truth in the broadest sense of the word. .......Williams F .Osgood
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
ifjHkk"kk (Definition) :
Qyu fdlh vfjDr leqPp; A ls vfjDr leqPp; B esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk fu;e ¼;k laxrrk½ gS ftlds vUrxZr A
ds izR;sd vo;o dk] B ds vf}rh; vo;o ls lEc) gksrk gSA izrhdkRed :i esa f: A  B fy[krs gS& bls ge ^^f,
leqPp; A ls leqPp; B esa ,d Qyu gSA^^ i<+rs gSA
mnkgj.kr% ekukfd A  {–1, 0, 1} ,oa B  {0, 1, 2}. rc A × B{(–1, 0), (–1, 1), (–1, 2), (0,0), (0, 1), (0, 2),
(1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2)} vc, " f : A  B, f(x) = x2 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr ,d Qyu gS rks
f  {(–1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)} Qyu f dks vkjs[kh; :i esa fuEu fp=k }kjk Hkh n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA
A B

uksV : izR;sd Qyu y = f(x) : A  B tgk¡ x Lora=k pj gSa ftldk eku leqPp; A dk dksbZ vo;o tcfd y dk eku
leqPp; B dk dksbZ vo;o gSA ;g lEcU/k Qyu gksxk ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn (i) x leqPp; A dk izR;sd eku ys
ldrk gks rFkk (ii) x ds ,d eku ds fy, leqPp; B esa y dk dsoy ,d eku gksA

Graphically : ;fn dksbZ m/okZ/kj js[kk vkys[k dks ,d ls vf/kd fcUnqvks a ij izfrPNsn djrh gks] rks ;g vkys[k Qyu
dks iznf'kZr ugha djrk gS&
mnkgj.k # 10 : (i) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&dkSu lEcU/k] Qyu gSA
(A) f(x) = x3 ; {–1, 0, 1} {0, 1, 2, 3}
(B) f(x) = ± x ; {0, 1, 4} {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
(C) f(x) = x ; {0, 1, 4} {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
(D) f(x) = – x ; {0, 1, 4} {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
(ii) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSuls vkjsf[kr ys[kkfp=k Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrs gS&

(A) (B)

(C) (D)
gy : (i) (C) ,oa (D) esa Qyu dh ifjHkk"kk lUrq"V gS tcfd (A) dh fLFkfr esa fn;k x;k laEcU/k Qyu ugha gS]
tSls f(–1)  lgizkUr vr% Qyu dh ifjHkk"kk lUrq"V ugha gksrh gSA
tcfd(B)dh fLFkfr esa fn;k x;k lEcU/k Qyu ugha gS]pw¡fd f(1) = ± 1,oa f(4) = ± 2 vFkkZr izkUr esa 1 ,oa 4
lgizkUr ds nks vo;oksa ls laEcf/kr gSA vr% Qyu dh ifjHkk"kk lUrq"V ugha gSA
(ii) (B vkSj D)
(A) esa izkUr ds ,d vo;o dk izfrfcEc lgizkUr esa ugha gS tcfd (C) esa izkUr ds ,d vo;o ds nks izfrfcEc
lgizkUr esa gSA
vH;kl dk;Z :
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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
(1) ekuk [1, 1] ij ifjHkkf"kr Qyu g(x) gSA ;fn leckgq f=kHkqt ftlds nks 'kh"kZ (0,0) ,oa (x,g(x)) ij gS]
dk {ks=kQy 3 / 4 oxZ bdkbZ gS] rks Qyu g(x) gks ldrk gS&
(A) g(x)=  (1  x2 ) (B) g(x) = (1  x 2 ) (C) g(x) =  (1  x2 ) (D) g(x) = (1  x2 )

(2) {} ls {1, 2} esa ifjHkkf"kr lHkh laHko Qyu iznf'kZr dhft,A

Answers : (1) B, C

(2) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Qyu dk izkUr] lgizkUr ,oa ifjlj (Domain, Co-domain & Range of a Function) :
;fn f: A  B }kjk ifjHkkf"kr dksbZ ,d Qyu gks rks leqPp; A Qyu f dk izkUr rFkk leqPp; B Qyu f dk lgizkUr
dgykrk gSA

;fn x1 dk izfrfp=k.k y1 gks] rks y1 dks f ds vUrxZr x1 dk izfrfcEc ,oa x1 dks y1 dk iwoZ izfrfcEc dgrs gSA ;fn
dsoy Qyu f (x) fn;k x;k gks ¼izkUr ,oa lgizkUr ugha n'kkZ, x, gksA ½ rks izkUr] ' x' ds mu ekuksa dk leqPp; gS
ftuds fy, Qyu f (x) okLrfod gS tcfd lgizkUr (– , ) fy;k tkrk gSA (ITFs ds vykok)
ifjlj y ds ekuksa dk iw.kZ leqPp; gksrk gS Li"Vr;k ifjlj lgizkUr dk mileqPp; gksrk gS
,slk Qyu ftlds izkUr o ifjlj nksuksa okLrfod la[;kvksa ds mileqPp; gks] rks og okLrfod Qyu dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k # 11 : fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa dk izkUr Kkr dhft,&
(i) f(x) = x2  5 (ii) sin (x3 – x)
gy : (i) f(x) = x2  5 okLrfod gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn x2 – 5  0 
    |x|  5  x– 5 ;k x  5
   f dk izkUr (–, – 5 ]  [ 5 , ) gSA
(ii) x –x R
3

   izkUr x  R gSA
Qyuksa ij chth; lafØ;k, (Algebraic Operations on Functions) :
;fn x ds okLrfod eku Qyu f vkSj g ds izkUr leqPp; Øe'k% A ,oa B gS] rks nksuksa f vkSj g, A  B.esa ifjHkkf"kr
gSA vc ge f + g, f  g, (f. g) ,oa (f /g) dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr djrs gS&

f f (x)
(iii)   (x) = dk izkUr {x  x  A  B rkfd g(x)  0} gSA
g g(x)
uksV :  (x) = {f(x)}g(x) ds izkUr ds fy, lkekU;r% izfrcU/k f(x) > 0 ,oa g(x) okLrfod gksuk pkfg,A
 (x) = f(x)Cg(x) ;k (x) = f(x)Pg(x) ds izkUr ds fy, izkUr dh 'krsZ f(x)  g(x) rFkk f(x)  N o g(x)  W gSA
3
mnkgj.k # 12 : Qyu f(x) = log(x3  x) dk izkUr Kkr dhft,&
4  x2
gy : 4  x2 dk izkUr [2, 2] gS ysfdu x = ± 2 ds fy, 4  x2 = 0  x  (–2, 2)
x  x > 0 ds fy, log(x  x) ifjHkkf"kr gS vFkkZr x(x  1)(x + 1) > 0.
3 3

   log(x3  x) dk izkUr (1, 0 )  (1, ) gSA

vr% fn, x, Qyu dk izkUr {(1, 0 )  (1, )} (2, 2)  (1, 0 )  (1, 2) gSA
vH;kl dk;Z :
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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
(3) fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa dk izkUr Kkr dhft,&
1 –1 2x  1
(i) f(x) = + x 1 (ii) f(x) = 1  x – sin
log(2  x) 3
Answers : (i) [–1, 1)  (1, 2) (ii) [–1, 1]

ifjlj Kkr djus dh fof/k;k¡ (Methods of determining range) :

(i) x dks y ds inksa esa iznf'kZr djds
;fn y = f(x)  x = g(y) gks] rks g(y) dk izkUr y ds laxr ekuksa ¼vFkkZr f(x) izkUr½ dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
(ii) xzkQh; fof/k : Qyu ds xzkQ ds y-funsZ'kkadks dk leqPp; Qyu dk ifjlj gksrk gSA
x2  x  1
mnkjg.k # 13 : f(x) = dk ifjlj Kkr dhft,A
x2  x  1
x2  x  1
gy : f(x) = {x2 + x + 1 ,oa x2 + x – 1 dk mHk;fu"V xq.ku[k.M ugha gSA}
x2  x  1
x2  x  1
y= 2  yx2 + yx – y = x2 + x + 1  (y – 1) x2 + (y – 1) x – y –1=0
x  x 1
;fn y = 1 gks rks mijksDr lehdj.k –2 = 0 gks tkrh gS] tks lR; ugha gSA
bl izdkj ;fn y  1 gks rks (y – 1) x2 + (y – 1) x – y – 1 = 0 f}?kkr lehdj.k gS ,oa ewy okLrfod gS
;fn (y – 1)2 – 4 (y – 1) (–y – 1)  0 vFkkZr ifjlj y  –3/5 vkSj y  1 ysfdu y  1
vr% ifjlj (–, –3/5]  (1, ) gSA
x2  4
mnkjg.k # 14 : f(x) = dk ifjlj Kkr dhft,A
x2
x2  4
gy : f(x) = = x + 2; x  2  f(x) dk ys[kkfp=k gksxkA
x2
vr% f(x) dk ifjlj R – {4} gSA
;fn y = f(x) blds izkUr esa lrr~ gS rks Qyu f(x) dk ifjlj [min f(x), max. f(x)] gksxkA rFkk . foHkkxksa esa lrr~
Qyu dh fLFkfr esa ifjlj [min f(x), max. f(x)] mu lHkh vUrjkyksa dk loZfu"V gS tgk¡ f(x) lrr~ gS ftls fuEu
mnkgj.k }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gS&

mnkgj.k # 15 : ;fn Qyu y = f(x) dk xzkQ&

rc mijksDr foHkkxh lrr~ Qyu dk ifjlj [y2, y3]  (y4, y5]  (y6, y7] gSA
(iii) ,dfn"Vrk }kjk :
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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
cgqr lkjs Qyu ,dfn"V o}Zeku ;k ,d fn"V Ðkleku gksrs gS ,dfn"V lrr~ Qyuksa dh fLFkfr esa fuEure ,oa
mPpre eku izkUr ds vfUre fcUnqvksa ij gksrs gSA dqN lkekU; Qyuksa ds vUrjky tgk¡ os lrr~ gS] esa o}Zeku ;k
Ðkleku gks fups fn, x;s gSA

[a, b] esa ,dfn"V o}Zeku Qyu ds fy,

(i) f(x)  0 (ii) ifjlj [f(a), f(b)]
[a, b] esa ,dfn"V Ðkleku Qyu ds fy,
(i) f(x)  0 (ii) ifjlj [f(b), f(a)]
mnkgj.k # 16 : fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa dk ifjlj Kkr dhft,&
y = n (2x – x2)
gy : in – 1 2x – x2  (–, 1]
in – 2 ekukfd t = 2x – x2
y?kqx.kd ifjHkkf"kr gksus ds fy, Lohd`r eku (0, 1] gSA vc n t dh ,dfn"Vrk ds mi;ksx ls &
n (2x – x2)  (–, 0]  ifjlj (– , 0] gS
vH;kl dk;Z :
(4) fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds izkUr ,oa ifjlj Kkr dhft,A
x 2  2x  5 1
(i) y = x3 (ii) y= (iii) y=
x  2x  5
2
x2  x
3  5 3  5 
Answers : (i) izkUr R; ifjlj R (ii) izkUr R ; ifjlj  , 
 2 2 
(iii) izkUr R – [0, 1] ; ifjlj (0, )

Qyuksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Functions) :

Qyuksa dks ,dSdh ,oa cgq,dSdh Qyu esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS

,dSdh Qyu (One - One Function) :

Qyu f : A  B ,dSdh Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn A ds fHkUu&fHkUu vo;oksa ds B esa fHkUu&fHkUu izfrfcEc gksA
bl izdkj x1, x2  A rFkk f(x1), f(x2)  B ds fy, f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 ;k x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2)

,dSdh izfrfp=k.k dks vkjs[kh; :i esa bl izdkj n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA

;k

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
cgq,dh Qyu (Many - One function) :
Qyu f : A  B cgq,dSdh Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn A ds nks ;k nks ls vf/kd vo;oksa dk ,d gh izfrfcEc B esa gksaA
bl izdkj f : A  B cgq,dSdh gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn de ls de nks vo;o x1, x2  A bl izdkj fo|eku gks] rkfd
f(x1) = f(x2) ysfdu x1  x2.
cgq,dSdh Qyu dks vkjs[kh; :i esa bl izdkj n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS&

;k
uksV :;fn Qyu ,dSdh gS rks ;g cgq,dSdh ugha gks ldrk ,oa foykser%A

Qyu ,dSdh gS ;k cgq,dSdh fu/kkZfjr djus dh fof/k;k¡

(Methods of determining whether a given function is ONE-ONE or MANY-ONE) :
(a) ;fn x1, x2  A ,oa f(x1), f(x2)  B, f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2), rc Qyu
,dSdh gS vU;Fkk cgq,dSdhA
(b) ;fn ,d ljy js[kk x-v{k ds lekUrj fo|eku gS tks Qyu ds vkjs[k dks de ls de nks fcUnqvksa ij
dkVrh gS rc Qyu cgq,dSdh gksrk gS vU;Fkk ,dSdh gksrk gSA
(c) ;fn f(x)  0,  x  lEiw.kZ izkUr ;k f(x)  0  x  lEiw.kZ izkUr gks] tgk¡ lerk dsoy fofHkUu fcUnqvksa ij
gks ldrh gS rks Qyu ,dSdh gS vU;Fkk cgq,dSdhA
uksV : ;fn f ,oa g nksuksa ,dSdh gks] rks gof ,oa fog Hkh ,dSdh gksxkA ¼;fn os fo|eku gSa½ Qyuksa dks vkPNknd ,oa vUr{kZsih
Qyuksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkPNknd Qyu (Onto function) :
;fn Qyu f : A  B bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd B (lgizkUr) ds izR;sd vo;o dk de ls de ,d iwoZ&izfrfcEc A
esa gksuk pkfg,] rc ge dgrs gS fd f, A ls B esa vkPNknd Qyu gSA vr% f : A  B vkPNknd gS ;fn vkSj dsoy
;fn  b  B  a  A rkfd f (a) = b.
vkPNknd izfrfp=k.k dks vkjs[kh; :i esa fuEu izdkj n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS&

;k

vUr{kZsih Qyu (Into function) :

;fn Qyu f : A  B bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd de ls de ,d vo;o lgizkUr eas fo|eku gks tks izkUr ds fdlh
vo;o dk izfrfcEc u gks] rc Qyu f(x) vUr{ksZih gksrk gSA
vkjs[kh; :i esa vUr{ksZih izfrfp=k.k bl izdkj iznf'kZr dj ldrs gSSA

;k

uksV : (i) ;fn ifjlj  lg izkUr gks] rks f(x) vkPNknd gS] vU;Fkk vUrZ{ksih
(ii) ;fn Qyu vkPNknd gS rks og vUr{ksZih ugha gks ldrk gS ,oa foykser%A
vr% Qyu bu pkjksa esa ls ,d gks ldrk gS

(a) ,dSdh vkPNknd (,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd)

(b) ,dSdh vUr{kZsih (,dSdh ijUrq vkPNknd ugha)

(c) cgq,dSdh vkPNknd (vkPNknd ijUrq ,dSdh ugha)

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu

(d) cgq,dSdh vUr{ksZih (u rks ,dSdh u gh vkPNknd)

uksV : (i) ;fn Qyu f ,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd nksuksa gS rks ;g ,dSdh vkPNknd izfrfp=k.k dgykrk gSA ,dSdh
vkPNknd Qyu dks izfrykseh;] O;qRØe.kh; ;k ,dleku Qyu ds uke ls Hkh tkurs gSA
(ii) ;fn fofHkUu 'n' vo;oksa ls leqPp; A cuk;k tkrk gS] rc A ls A esa ifjHkkf"kr Qyuksa dh la[;k
nn gksrh gS ,oa buesa ls n! ,dSdh gksrs gSA
(iii) ;fn f ,oa g nksuksa vkPNknd gks rks gof ;k fog vkPNknd gks ldrk gS vkSj ugha HkhA
(iv) nks ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyuksa dk la;qDr Qyu ,dSdh vkPNknd gksrk gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn f ,oa
g ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu bl izdkj gks rkfd gof ifjHkkf"kr gks] rks gof Hkh ,dSdh vkPNknd dsoy
rHkh gksxk tc f dk lg izkUr] g ds izkUr ds cjkcj gksA
mnkgj.k # 17 : (i) Kkr dhft, fd f(x) = x + cos x ,dSdh gSA
3 2
(ii) f : R  R ds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f(x) = –x + 3x – 2x + 4 vkPNknd gS ;k vUrZ{ksih] lR;kfir
dhft,A
(iii) f(x) = x2 – 2x; [0, 3]  A f(x) ,dSdh gS ;k ugha Kkr dhft,A ;fn f(x) vkPNknd gS rks leqPp;
A Hkh Kkr dhft,
gy : (i) f(x) dk izkUr R gSA f (x) = 1  sin x.
   f (x)  0  x  lEiw.kZ izkUr ,oa lerk fHkUu&fHkUu fcUnqvksa ij izkIr gksrh gSA
   f(x), R ij ,dfn"V o)Zeku gSA vr% f(x) ,dSdh gSA
(ii) ifjlj  lgizkUr, vr% ;g Qyu vkPNknd gSA
ve ; 0  x  1
(iii) f(x) = 2(x – 1); 0  x  3   f(x) = 
 ve ; 1  x  3

   f(x) ,dfn"V ugha gSA vr% ;g ,dSdh ugha gSA

f(x) ds vkPNknd gksus ds fy, A blds ifjlj ds cjkcj gksuk pkfg,A vkys[k ls ifjlj [–1,3] gSA
   A  [–1, 3]
vH;kl dk;Z :
(5) fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds fy, Kkr dhft, fd ;g ,dSdh ;k cgq,dh rFkk vkPNknd ;k vUrZ{ksih gSA
1
(i) f(x) = 2 tan x; (/2, 3/2)  R (ii) f(x) = ; (–, 0)  R
1  x2
(iii) f(x) = x2 + n x
Answers : (i) ,dSdh vkPNknd (ii) ,dSdh vUrZ{ksih (iii) ,dSdh vkPNknd
leku ;k rqY; Qyu (Equal or Identical Functions) :
nks Qyu f ,oa g rqY; Qyu (;k leku) dgykrs gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn
(i) f dk izkUr  g dk izkUr
(ii) f(x) = g(x), izR;sd x ds fy,] x muds mHk;fu"V izkUr dk vo;o gksA
1 x
mnkgj.kr% f(x) = rFkk g(x) = 2 rqY; Qyu gSA Li"Vr;k f(x) ,oa g(x) ds vkys[k leku gS ysfdu f(x) = x ,oa
x x
x2
g(x) = rqY; Qyu ugha gSA Li"Vr;k f(x) ,oa g(x) ds vkys[k x = 0 ij fHkUu gSA
x

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu

mnkgj.k # 18 : tk¡p dhft, fd fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds ;qXe rqY; gS ;k ugha A

x2  1
(i) f(x) = ,oa g(x) = x + 1
x 1
(ii) f(x) = sin2x + cos2x ,oa g(x) = sec2x – tan2x
gy : (i) ugha f(x) dk izkUr R – {0} gS] tcfd g(x) dk izkUr R gS
(ii) ugha] izkUr leku ugha Gsa
  
f(x) dk izkUr R gS tcfd g(x) dk izkUr R –  2n  1 ; n  I
 2 
vH;kl dk;Z
(6) tk¡p dhft, fd fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds ;qXe rqY; gS ;k ugha A
 x
| x | x0

(i) f(x) = sgn (x) ,oa g(x) = 

 0 x0
(ii) f(x) = cosec2x – cot2x ,oa g(x) = 1
Answers : (i) gk¡ (ii) ugha
la;qDr Qyu (Composite Function) :
ekuk f: XY1 ,oa g: Y2 Z nks Qyu gS rFkk leqPp; D = {x X: f(x) Y2} gSA ;fn D   rks Qyu
h, tks D esa ifjHkkf"kr gS] h(x) = g{f(x)}, g ,oa f dk la;qDr Qyu dgykrk gS ,oa gof }kjk iznf'kZr djrs gSA ;g
Qyu dk Qyu Hkh dgykrk gSA
uksV :  Qyu gof dk izkUr D gS tks X (f dk izkUr ) dk mileqPp; gSA Qyu gof dk ifjlj Qyu g ds
ifjlj dk mileqPp; gksrk gSA ;fn D = X, rc f(X) Y2.

gof(x) dks fuEu fp=k }kjk n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA

/;ku jgs gof(x), x ds mUgh ekuksa ds fy, ifjHkkf"kr gS tc f(x) dk ifjlj g(x) ds izkUr dk mileqPp; gksA

la;qDr Qyuksa ds xq.k (Properties of Composite Functions) :

(a) lkekU;r;k gof  fog gksrk gS (vFkkZr Øefofue; ugha)
(b) la;qDr Qyu lgp;Z fu;e dk ikyu djrs gSa vFkkZr~ ;fn rhu Qyu f, g, h bl izdkj gS fd
fo (goh) rFkk (fog) oh ifjHkkf"kr gks rks fo (goh) = (fog) oh.

mnkjg.k # 19 : tgk¡ laHko gks ogk¡ fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds fog ,oa gof Kkr dhft, &
(i) f(x) = x  3 , g(x) = 1 + x2 (ii) f(x) = x , g(x) = x2  1.
gy : (i) f dk izkUr [3, ) gS] ifjlj [0, ) gSA
g dk izkUr R gS] g dk ifjlj [1, ) gSA
gof(x) pwafd f dk ifjlj] g ds izkUr dk mileqPp; gS
   gof dk ifjlj [3, ) gSA {f ds izkUr ds cjkcj gS }
gof (x) = x  3 g{f(x)} = g ( x  3 ) = 1 + (x+3) = x + 4. gof dk ifjlj [1, ) gSA
fog(x) g dk ifjlj] f ds izkUr dk mileqPp; gSA
   fog dk izkUr R gSA {g ds izkUr ds cjkcj gSA}
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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
fog (x) = f{g(x)}= f(1+ x 2 ) = x2  4 fog dk ifjlj [2, ) gSA
(ii) f(x) = x , g(x) = x2 1.
f dk izkUr [0, ) gS] f dk ifjlj [0, ) gSA
g dk izkUr R gS] g dk ifjlj [1, ) gSA
gof(x) pwafd f dk ifjlj] g ds izkUr dk mileqPp; gSA
 gof dk izkUr [0, ) gS rFkk g{f(x)}= g(x) = x  1. gof dk ifjlj [–1, ) gSA
fog(x) g dk ifjlj] f ds izkUr dk mileqPp; ugha gSA
vFkkZr~ [1, )  [0, )
   fog, g ds lEiw.kZ izkUr ij ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
fog dk izkUr {xR, g dk izkUr : g(x) [0, ), f dk izkUr}.
bl izdkj fog dk izkUr D = {xR: 0  g(x) < } gSA
vFkkZr D = { xR: 0  x2  1}= { xR: x  1 or x  1 }= (, 1]  [1, )
fog (x) = f{g(x)} = f(x21) = x2  1 bldk ifjlj [0, ) gSA

 
mnkgj.k # 20 : ekuk f(x) = ex ; R+  R rFkk g(x)=sinx;   ,  [–1, 1].. fog (x) dk izkUr ,oa ifjlj Kkr dhft,A
 2 2
gy : f(x) dk izkUr (0, ) g(x) dk ifjlj [–1, 1]
 
g(x) ds ifjlj ds eku tks f(x) }kjk Lohd`r gS]  0,  gSA
 2

  0 < g(x)  1  0 < sinx  1  0<x
2

vr% fog(x) izkUr x  (0, ] gSA
2

vr% izkUr : (0, ]
2
ifjlj : (1, e]

mnkgj.k # 21 : ;fn f (x) = 1 + x  2, 0  x  4

g (x) = 2  x,  1  x  3
rc fog (x) vkSj gof (x) dks Kkr dhft,A rFkk mudk dPpk vkjs[k Hkh cukb;sA
gy : f og (x) = { 1 + g(x)  2, 0  g(x)  4,  1  x  3
= { 1 + 2  x 2, 0  2  x 4,  1  x  3
= {–1 + x ,  2  x  2,  1  x  3

(1  x) , 1  x  0
=  ;
 x 1 , 0  x  2

gof (x) = {2  f(x),  1  f(x)  3, 0  x  4

= {2  1 + x  2,  1  1 + x  2 3, 0  x  4

= {2  1 + x  2, –2  x  6, 0  x  4

x 1 , 0  x 1

3  x , 1 x  2
=  ;
x 1 , 2x3
5  x , 3x4

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu

vE;kl dk;Z %
(7) fog(x) ,oa gof(x) dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A buds izkUr ,oa ifjlj Kkr dhft,A
(i) f(x) = [x], g(x) = sin x (ii) f(x) = tan x, x  (–/2, /2); g(x) = 1  x2
(8) ekuk f(x) = ex : R+  R ,oa g(x) = x2 – x : R  R. fog (x) ,oa gof (x) izkUr ,oa ifjlj Kkr djksA
Answers :
(7) (i) gof = sin [x] izkUr : R ifjlj { sin a : a  }
fog = [ sin x] izkUr : R ifjlj: {–1, 0, 1}
 
(ii) gof  1  tan2 x , izkUr :   ,  ifjlj : [0, 1]
 4 4
fog  tan 1  x2 izkUr : [–1, 1] ifjlj [0, tan 1]
(8) fog (x) gof (x)
izkUr : (–, 0)  (1, ) izkUr : (0, )
ifjlj : (1, ) ifjlj : (0, )

le ,oa fo"ke Qyu (Odd & Even Functions) :

(i) ;fn Qyu f ds izkUr esa x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy, f(x) = f (x) gks] rks ‘f’ le Qyu dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k % f (x) = cos x; g (x) = x² + 3.
(ii) ;fn Qyu f ds izkUr esa x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy, f (x) = f (x) gks] rks ‘f’ fo"ke Qyu dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k % f (x) = sin x; g (x) = x3 + x.
uksV : (i) dksbZ Qyu u rks fo"ke u gh le gks ldrk gSA (mnkjg.k% f(x) = ex , cos–1x)
(ii) dksbZ x = 0 ij fo"ke Qyu ifjHkkf"kr gS] rks f(0) = 0
le@fo"ke Qyuksa ds xq.k/keZ (Properties of Even/Odd Function) :
(a) izR;sd le Qyu dk xzkQ yv{k ds lkis{k lefer gksrk gS rFkk izR;sd fo"ke Qyu ewy fcUnq ds
lkis{k lefer gksrk gSA
mnkgj.kr% y = x2 dk vkys[k y-v{k ds izfr lefer tcfd y = x3 ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA

(b) lHkh Qyuksa ¼ftudk izkUr ewy fcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA½ dks le Qyuksa ds ;ksx ,oa fo"ke Qyuks
ds ;ksx esa foLrkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fuEu izdkj gS&

f(x) =
(c) f(x) = 0 dsoy ,d Qyu gS] tks la[;k js[kk ij ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk ;g le ,oa fo"ke ,d lkFk gSA
(d) ;fn f ,oa g nksuksa le ;k fo"ke gS rks Qyu f.g le Qyu gksxk ysfdu buesa ls dksbZ ,d fo"ke gks
,oa vU; le gks] rks f.g fo"ke Qyu gksxkA
(e) ;fn f(x) le gS rks f(x) fo"ke tcfd fo"ke Qyu dk vodyu le gksrk gSA ;s lHkh ckrs Qyu ds
lekdyu ds fy, ugha dgh tk ldrh gSA
mnkgj.k # 13 : iznf'kZr dhft, fd ax +a–x le Qyu gSA
gy : ekuk f(x) = ax + a–x
rc f(–x) = a–x + a–(–x) = a–x +ax = f(x). vr% f(x) le Qyu gSA

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu

mnkgj.k # 14 : Prove that f(x) = x  x

x x
 is odd function
 e 1 2 
 x x  x x   x x
gy : Let g(x) =  x   then g(–x) =   x   =  x    g(x) is even
 e 1 2   e 1 2   e 1 2 
 x x
hence f(x) = x.g(x) = x  x   is odd function.
 e 1 2 
vH;kl dk;Z %
(9) Kkr dhft, fd fuEufyf[kr Qyu le gS ;k fo"ke ;k dksbZ Hkh ughaA
(i) f(x) =
e x  e x
e e
x x
(ii) f : [–2, 3] 0, 9] , f(x) = x2 
(iii) f(x) = x log x  x2  1 
Answers (i) fo"ke (ii) u fo"ke u gh le (iii) le
\ vkorhZ Qyu (Periodic Functions) :
Qyu f(x), vkorZdky T dk vkorhZ Qyu dgykrk gS ;fn okLrfod la[;k T > 0 fo|eku gks rkfd Qyu f ds izkUr
esa izR;sd x ds fy, la[;k,¡ x – T ,oa x + T Hkh Qyu f ds izkUr esa gks rFkk Qyu f ds izkUr esa x ds fy,
f(x) = f(x + T) gksA vkorhZ Qyu dk izkUr lnSo vifjc) gksrk gSA T vkorZdky ds vkorhZ Qyu dk vkjs[k T ds
izR;sd vUrjky ds ckn iqujko`r gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k % Qyu sin x ,oa cos x nksuksa 2 ls vkorhZ ,oa tan x,  ls vkorhZ gSA 
 U;wure /kukRed vkorZdky] Qyu f dk eq[; ;k vk/kkjHkwr ewyHkwr vkorZdky ;k Qyu f dk vkorZdky dgykrk gSA
uksV : vkorhZ Qyu dk izfrykse fo|eku ugha gksrk gSA
vkorhZ Qyu ds xq.k/keZ (Properties of Periodic Functions) :
1
(a) ;fn Qyu f(x) dk vkorZdky T gS rks ,oa f (x) dk Hkh vkorZdky T gksrk gSA
f (x)
T
(b) ;fn Qyu f(x) dk vkorZdky T gS rks f (ax + b) dk vkorZdky gksrk gSA
|a|
(c) izR;sd vpj Qyu tks x ds lHkh okLrfod ekuksa ds fy, ifjHkkf"kr gks fcuk ewyHkqr vkorZ dky ds lnSo
vkorhZ gksrk gSA
f(x)
(d) ;fn Qyu f (x) dk vkorZdky T1 ,oa g (x) dk vkorZdky T2 gS rks f(x) ± g(x) ;k f(x) . g(x) ;k dk
g(x)
vkorZdky , T1 o T2 dk L.C.M. gksrk gS c'krZ fd mudk L.C.M. fo|eku gksA L.C.M. (;fn fo|eku gks)
ewyHkwr vkorZdky gksuk vko';d ugha gSA ;fn L.C.M. fo|eku ugha gks rks f(x) ± g(x) ;k f(x) . g(x) ;k
f(x) a p  L.C.M.(a, p, )
vukorhZ gksrs gSA  , ,  dk L.C.M. =
g(x)  b q m  H.C.F. (b, q, m)
mnkgj.kr% |sinx| dk vkorZdky gksrk gS] | cosx | dk Hkh vkorZdky gksrk gSA

|sinx| + |cosx| dk Hkh vkorZdky  gksrk gSA ysfdu |sinx| + |cosx| dk ewyHkwr vkorZdky gksrk gSA
2
(e) ;fn g ,d Qyu bl izdkj gS rkfd Qyu f ds izkUr ij gof ifjHkkf"kr gks rFkk f, T vkorZdky dk vkorhZ
Qyu gks rks gof Hkh ,d vkorhZ Qyu gksrk gS ftldk ,d vkorZdky T gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k # 15 : fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds vkorZdky Kkr dhft,&
x x
(i) f(x) = sin + cos
2 3
(ii) f(x) = {x} + sin x, tgk¡ {.} fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu dks O;Dr djrk gSA
3x x 2x
(iii) f(x) = 4 cos x . cos 3x + 2 (iv) f(x) = sin – cos – tan
2 3 3
x x x x
gy : (i) sin dk vkorZdky 4 gS tcfd cos dk 6 gSA vr% sin + cos dk vkorZdky
2 3 2 3
12  gSA {4 ,oa 6 L.C.M., 12 gS}
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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
(ii) sin x dk vkorZdky 2 gSA
{x} dk vkorZdky 1 gSA
ijUrq 2 ,oa 1 dk L.C.M. laHko ugha gS] D;ksafd mudk vuqikr ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
   vr% ;g vukorhZ gSA
(iii) f(x) = 4 cos x . cos 3x + 2
 2 
f(x) dk vkorZdky  2, dk L.C.M. 2 gSA
 3 
2
ijUrq 2 ewyHkwr vkorZdky gks ldrk gS vkSj ugh Hkh] ijUrq ewyHkwr vkorZdky gS] tgk¡
n
n  N vr%n = 1, 2,3,.. j[k dj tk¡pus ij gesa f( + x) = 4(– cos x) (– cos 3x) + 2 = f(x) dk
vk/kkjHkwr vkorZdky  izkIr gksrk gSA
2 2 
(iv) f(x) dk vkorZdky , , dk L.C.M. gSA
3 / 2 1/ 3 2 / 3
4 3
= , 6, dk L.C.M. = 12
3 2

Qyu dk izfrykse (Inverse of a Function) :

ekuk y = f(x) % A  B esa ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu gS] rc x = g(y) : B  A esa ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu ges'kk bl
izdkj fo|eku gksxk ;fn (p, q) Qyu f dk vo;o gks] rks (q, p) Qyu g dk vo;o gksrk gS rFkk Qyu f(x) ,oa
g(x) dks ,d nwljs dk izfrykse dgk tkrk gS ,oa g(x) dks f1(x) ,oa f(x) dks g1(x) ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
Note : (i) ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu dk izfrykse vf}rh; gksrk gSA
(ii) le Qyu dk izfrykse ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
izfrykse Qyu ds xq.k (Properties of Inverse Function) :
(a) f ,oa g dk vkjs[k y = x js[kk ij niZ.k izfrfcEc gksrs gSA mnkgj.k% f(x) = ax ,oa g(x) = loga x ,d nwljs ds
izfrykse gksrs gS; ,oa muds xzkQ y = x js[kk ij ,d nwljs ds niZ.k izfrfcEc gksrs gS tks uhps n'kkZ;s x, gS&

(b) lkekU;r% f ,oa f–1 ds izfrPNsn fcUnq ljy js[kk y = x ij fLFkr gksrs gSA fQj Hkh ;g /;ku jguk pkfg, fd
–1
f(x) ,oa f (x) vU; dgh Hkh izfrPNsn dj ldrs gSA mnkgj.k % f(x) = 1/x.
(c) lekU;r% fog(x) ,oa gof(x) cjkcj ugha gksrs ysfdu ;fn f ,oa g ,d nwljs ds izfrykse gks] rc gof = fog.
ysfdu ;fn f ,oa g ,d nwljs ds izfrykse u gks rc Hkh fog(x) ,oa gof(x) cjkcj gks ldrs gS
mnkgj.k % f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = x + 2.
–1
rFkkfi ;fn fog(x) = gof(x) = x, rc g(x) = f (x)
(d) ;fn nks ,dSdh vkPNknd Qyu f ,oa g f : A  B, g : B  C gks] rks gof dk izfrykse fo|eku gksrk gS rFkk
(gof)1 = f 1 o g1
1
(e) ;fn f(x) ,oa g(x) ,d nwljs ds izfrykse Qyu gS rks f(g(x)) =

g (x)

2x  3
mnkjg.k # 16 : (i) Kkr dhft, fd f : R  R ds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f(x) = izfrykseh; gS ;k ugha\ ;fn gS
4
rks bls Kkr dhft,A
(ii) ekuk f(x) = x2 + 2x ; x  –1, f–1(x) dk vkjs[k [khafp, rFkk lehdj.k f(x) = f–1(x) ds gyksa dh
la[;k Hkh Kkr dhft,A
(iii) ;fn y = f(x) = x2 – 3x + 2, x  1 gks] rks g(2) dk eku Kkr dhft, tgk¡ g, f dk izfrykse gSA
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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
gy : (i) fn;k x;k Qyu ,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd gS] vr% ;g izfrykseh; gSA
2x  3 4y  3 –1 4x  3
y=   x=  f (x) =
4 2 2
(ii) f(x) = f–1(x), f(x) = x ds leku gSA
   x2 + 2x = x  x(x + 1) = 0 
    x = 0, –1
vr% f(x) = f–1(x) ds fy, nks gy gS&

(iii) f(x) = x2 – 3x + 2, x  1
f(g(x) = g(x)2 – 3 g(x) + 2
 2 = g(2)2 – 3g(2) + 2
 g(2) = 0, 3  1
so g(2) = 0
f(x) = 2x – 3
1 1 1
f(g(x) = x  f(g(x)) . g(x) = 1  g(2) = = =–
f (g(2)) f (0) 3
vE;kl dk;Z :
–1
(10) f (x) Kkr dhft,] ;fn fn, x, Qyu izfrykseh; gSA
2
f : (–, –1)  (–, –2) }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f(x) = –(x + 1) – 2
Answers :– 1 – x  2
izfrykse f=kdks.kfefr; Qyu (Inverse Trigonometry Functions)
izLrkouk (Introduction) :
ge f=kdks.kehrh; Qyuksa tSls sin x, cos x, tan x, cosec x, sec x, cot x ds ckjs esa i<+ pqds gS] ftuds fd izkUr
Øe'k% R, R, R – {(2n + 1) /2}, R – {n}, R – {(2n + 1) /2}, R – {n} rFkk ifjlj Øe'k% [–1, 1], [–1, 1],
R, R – (–1, 1), R – (–1, 1), R gSA
N% izfrykse f=kdks.kfefÙk; Qyu ¼izfrykse o`fÙk; Qyu½ ifjHkkf"kr gS&
sin–1x : izrhd sin–1x ;k arcsinx dks.k  dks bl rjg fu:fir djrs gSa fd sin  = x. bldk lh/kk vFkZ gS fd sin–1x ,d
Qyu ugha gS D;ksafd ;g Qyu gksus ds fy;s vko';d fu;eksa dks larq"V ugha djrk gS] ysfdu mIk;qDr fodYi ds :i
esa [–1, 1] dks izkUr ds :i esa vkSj ekud leqPp; [–/2, /2] dks blds ifjlj :i esa ysus ij sin–1 x ,d ,dy
eku Qyu (single valued function) cu tkrk gSA
vr% sin–1x dks izkUr [–1, 1] vkSj ifjlj [–/2, /2] esa ,d Qyu ds :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA
y = sin–1x dk vkys[k uhps n'kkZ;k x;k gS] ftls y = sin x ds x = –/2 ls x = /2 rd ds Hkkx dks js[kk y = x ij
niZ.k izfrfcEc ysdj izkIr fd;k x;k gSA

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
cos–1x : Åij fn;s x;s dFkuksa ds vuqlkj cos–1 x ;k arccos x dks ,d Qyu dks rjg fy;k tkrk gS ftldk izkUr
[–1, 1] vkSj ifjlj [0, ] gSA
y = cos–1x dk vkys[k Hkh blh rjg y = cos x ds x = 0 ls x = rd ds Hkkx dks js[kk y = x ij n.kZ.k
izfrfcEc ysdj izkIr fd;k x;k gSA

tan–1x : tan–1 x ;k arctanx dks ,d Qyu ds :i esa ysus ds fy;s mldk izkUr R vkSj ifjlj (–/2, /2) j[krs
gSA y = tan–1x dk vkys[k
y

/2

o x

/2

cosec–1x : cosec–1x ;k arccosec x ,d Qyu gS ftldk izkUr R – (–1, 1) vkSj ifjlj [–/2, /2] – {0} ysrs gSA
y = cosec–1x dk vkys[k

sec–1x : sec–1x ;k arcsec x ,d Qyu gS ftldk izkUr R – (–1, 1) vkSj ifjlj [0,] – {/2} gSA
y = sec–1x dk vkys[k

cot–1 x : cot–1x ;k arccot x ,d Qyu gS ftldk izkUr R vkSj ifjlj (0, ) gSA
y = cot–1x dk vkys[k

  1 
mnkgj.k # 17 : tan cos1    tan1    dk eku Kkr dhft,A
1
  
2  3  

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  1  1        1
gy: tan cos1    tan1     = tan       = tan   = .
  
2  3    3  6   
6 3

mnkgj.k # 26 : sin–1 (2x2 + 1) dk izkUr Kkr dhft,A

gy: ekuk y = sin–1 (2x2 + 1)
y ifjHkkf"kr gksus ds fy, – 1  (2x2 + 1)  1  –2  2x2  0  x  {0}
vH;kl dk;Z :
  1 
(17) (i) cos   sin1     dk eku Kkr dhft,A
3  2 
(ii) cosec [sec–1 ( 2 ) + cot–1 (1)] dk eku Kkr dhft,A
(18) (i) y = sec (x + 3x + 1) dk izkUr Kkr dhft,A
–1 2

 x2 
(ii) y = sin–1 
 1  x2  dk izkUr Kkr dhft,A
 
(iii) y = cot–1 ( x2  1) dk izkUr Kkr dhft,A
Answers : 17.(i) 0 (ii) 1
18. (i) (– , – 3]  [ – 2, – 1]  [0, ) (ii) R (iii) (– , –1]  [1, )
xq.k/keZ 3 : “–x”
sin–1x, tan–1 x, cosec–1x ds vkys[k ewyfcUnq ds lkis{k lefer gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1x
tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1x
cosec–1 (–x) = – cosec–1x.
rFkk cos–1x, sec–1x, cot–1x ds vkys[k fcUnq (0, /2) ds lkis{k lefer gS] blls ge dg ldrs gSa fd
cos–1 (–x) =  – cos–1x
sec–1 (–x) =  – sec–1x
cot–1 (–x) =  – cot–1x.

xq.k/keZ 1 : T(T–1)
(i) sin (sin1 x) = x,   1  x  1
Proof : ekuk  = sin–1x. rks x  [–1, 1] vkSj  [–/2, /2].
 sin  = x, izrhd ds vFkZ }kjk
 sin (sin–1 x) = x
blh rjg ge fuEu dks fl) dj ldrs gSA
(ii) cos (cos1 x) = x, 1  x  1
(iii) tan (tan1 x) = x, x  R
(iv) cot (cot1 x) = x, x  R
(v) sec (sec1 x) = x, x  1, x  1
(vi) cosec (cosec1 x) = x, |x|  1
y = sin (sin–1x)  cos (cos–1x) dk vkys[k

y = tan (tan–1x)  cot (cot–1x) dk vkys[k

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu

y = cosec (cosec–1x)  sec (sec–1x) dk vkys[k

xq.k/keZ 2 : T–1(T)

 2n  x, x  [2n   / 2, 2n   / 2]

(i) sin–1 (sin x) = 
(2n  1)   x, x  [(2n  1)    / 2, (2n  1)   / 2], n  Z
Proof : ;fn x  [2n – /2, 2n + /2], rks –2n + x  [–/2, /2] vkSj sin (–2n + x) = sin x.

vr% sin–1 (sin x) = –2n + x for x  [2n – /2, 2n + /2].

2nd Hkkx dk lR;kiu fo|kFkhZ Lo;a djsA

y = sin–1 (sin x) dk vkys[k

2n  x, x  [2n, (2n  1)]

(ii) cos–1 (cos x) = 
 2n  x, x  [(2n  1) , 2n], n  
y = cos–1 (cos x) dk vkys[k

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(iii) tan–1 (tan x) = – n + x, n – /2 < x < n + /2, n  z

y = tan–1 (tan x) dk vkys[k

(iv) cosec–1 (cosec x) dk vkys[k Hkh sin–1 (sin x) ds leku gh gSA

y = cosec–1 (cosec x) dk vkys[k

(v) sec–1 (sec x) dk vkys[k cos–1 (cos x) ds leku gS

y = sec–1 (sec x) dk vkys[k

(vi) cot–1 (cot x) = –n + x, x  (n , (n + 1)  ), n 

y = cot–1 (cot x) dk vkys[k

fVIIk.kh : sin (sin–1x), cos (cos–1x), .... cot (cot–1x) vukorhZ (non periodic) Qyu gS tcfd

sin–1 (sin x), ..., cot–1(cot x) vkorhZ Qyu gSA

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
xq.k/keZ 4 : “/2”

(i) sin1 x + cos1 x = , 1  x  1
2
gy : ekuk A = sin–1x vkSj B = cos–1x
 sin A = x vkSj cos B = x  sin A = cos B
 sin A = sin (/2 – B)
 A = /2 – B, D;ksfd A vkSj /2 – B  [–/2, /2]
 A + B = /2.
blh izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd
 
(ii) tan1 x + cot1 x = , xR (iii) cosec1 x + sec1 x = , x  1
2 2

  3  
mnkgj.k # 28 : cosec cot  cot 1  dk eku Kkr dhft,&
  4  
gy :  cot (cot x) = x,  x  R
–1

 3  3 
 cot  cot 1 =
 4  4
  3    3 
cosec cot  cot 1   = cosec  = 2
  4   4 

 3 
mnkgj.k # 29 tan–1  tan dk eku Kkr dhft,&
 4 
 
gy :  tan–1 (tan x) = x ;fn x    , 
 2 2
3      3  3
tSlk fd   ,   tan–1  tan   
4  2 2  4  4
3    3 
    , 
4 2 2 
y = tan–1 (tan x) dk vkys[k bl izdkj gS&

 3
 mijksDr xzkQ ls ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;fn < x< ,
2 2
rks tan–1 (tan x) = x – 
 3  3 
 tan–1  tan  = – =–
 4  4 4

mnkgj.k # 30 : sin–1 (sin7) vkSj sin–1 (sin (–5)) dk eku Kkr djks&
gy ekuk y = sin–1 (sin 7)
   5
sin–1 (sin 7)  7 D;ksafd 7    ,    2 < 7 <
 2 2 2

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
y = sin–1 (sin x) dk xzkQ bl rjg gS&

5
xzkQ ls ge dg ldrs gS fd ;fn 2  x  , rks
2
y = sin–1(sin x ) dks bl rjg fy[k ldrs gS
y = x – 2
 sin–1 (sin 7) = 7 – 2
blh rjg ;fn ge sin–1 (sin(–5)) dk eku Kkr djuk gS] rks
3
 – 2 < – 5 < –
2
 sin–1 (sin x) ds vkys[k ls ge dg ldrs gS fd
sin–1 (sin(–5)) = 2 + (–5) = 2 – 5

mnkgj.k # 36 : eku Kkr dhft,&

   2   
(i) sin   tan cot 1   
  3   
 
 1
(ii) sin  2 tan1 
 2
(iii) cos (2cos–1(1/5) + sin–1(1/5))

  2  
gy : (i) ekuk y = tan cot 1   ........(i)
  3 
 cot (–x) =  – cot–1x, x  R
–1

(i) dks bl rjg fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

  2 
y = tan   cot 1   
  3 
 2
y = – tan  cot 1 
 3
1
 cot–1 x = tan–1 ;fn x>0
x
 3   2    3 
blfy, sin   tan cot 1     = sin    = 1
3
 y = – tan  tan1   y = –
 2 2    3    2 

 1  1  1  1   1 2 
(ii) sin  2 tan1  = 2sin  tan1  cos  tan1  = 2sin  sin 1  × cos  cos 
 2  2  2  5  5
1 2 4
=2×  
5 5 5

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 1 1  1 1 1
(iii) cos  2cos1  sin1  = cos  cos1  sin1  cos1 
 5 5  5 5 5
 1   1 
= cos   cos1  = – sin  cos1    .........(i)
2 5   5 
2
 1 2 6
=– 1   =– .
5 5

1 1  
Aliter : Let cos1 =  cos  = vkSj    0, 2 
5 5  
24
 sin =
5
 24 
 sin–1 (sin ) = sin–1 
 5 
..........(ii)
 
 
   0,    sin–1 (sin ) = 
 2
  lehdj.k (ii) dks bl rjg fy[kk tk ldrk gS&
 24   1  1  24 
  = sin–1   = cos–1   
 5 
cos–1   = sin–1 
 5 

  5 5  
vc lehdj.k (i) dks bl rjg fy[kk tk ldrk gS&

  24  

y = – sin sin1 
 5  
........(iii)

  
24 
  24  
 24
 [–1, 1]  sin sin1 
 5  
 =
5 
   5

24
 lehdj.k (iii) ls ge y = – izkIr djrs gSA
5


mnkgj.k # 26 : sin–1 (x2 – 2x + 1) + cos–1(x2 – x) = gy dhft,&
2

gy : sin–1(f(x)) + cos–1(g(x)) =  f(x) = g(x) vkSj –1  f(x), g(x)  1
2
x2 – 2x + 1 = x2 – x  x = 1, dks ,d gy fd rjg fy;k tk ldrk gSa
vE;kl dk;Z :
   
(16) cos sin  sin1   dk eku Kkr djksA
  6 
  3  
(17) sin cos  cos1  dk eku Kkr djksA
  4  
(18) cos–1 (cos 13) dk eku Kkr djksA
 5 
(19) sin–1(sin ), cos–1(cos), tan–1 (tan ), cot–1(cot) dk vUrjky   , 3  esa eku Kkr djksA
 2 
  7  
(20) cos–1 (– cos 4) dk eku Kkr djksA (21) tan–1 tan     dk eku Kkr djksA
  8 
  1    2 
(22) tan–1 cot     dk eku Kkr djksA (23) sec  cos1    dk eku Kkr djksA
  4    3 

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  1 
(24) cosec  sin1     dk eku Kkr djksA
 3  
 
1
(25) x = ij sin (2cos–1x + sin–1x) dk eku Kkr djksA
5
(26) fuEu lehdj.kksa dks gy dhft, (i) 5 tan–1x + 3 cot–1x = 2 (ii) 4 sin–1x =  – cos–1x
 41   1 16 
(27) tan  cos ec 1  dk eku Kkr dhft,A (28) sec  cot dk eku Kkr dhft,A

 4   63 
1  3     1 
(29) sin  cot 1    dk eku Kkr dhft,A (30)tan 2 tan1     tandkeku Kkr dhft,A
2  4    5  4

(31) gy dhft, sin–1(x2 – 2x + 3) + cos–1(x2 – x) =
2
3
Answers : (16) (17) ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSa
2
(18) 13 – 4 (19) 3 – , – 2,  – 3,  – 2
  1 
(20) 4 –  (21) (22) 4  2
8  
3 1
(23) (24) – 3 (25)
2 5
1
(26) (i) x=1 (ii) x=
2
4 65 2 5 7
(27) (28) (29) (30)
5 16 5 17
(31) dksbZ gy ugha

xq.k/keZ 6 : ;ksx o vUrj dh loZlfedk,¡(Identities on addition and substraction) :

1 1


sin x + sin y = 

 sin1 x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 , x  0, y  0
 , oa (x 2  y 2 )  1

 
(i)
  sin1 x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 , x  0, y  0 , oa x2  y2  1


gy: ekuk A = sin–1 x vkSj B = sin–1y tgk¡ x, y  [0, 1].
sin (A + B) = x 1  y2 + y 1  x2

 
sin–1 sin (A + B) = sin–1 x 1  y2  y 1  x 2 
 
sin–1 x 1  y2  y 1  x 2 
 A  B tc 0  A  B   / 2  1 1
 sin x  sin y, x2  y2  1
=  = 
  (A  B) tc  / 2  A  B    1 1
  (sin x  sin y), x  y  1
2 2

(ii) 
sin–1x – sin–1y = sin–1 x 1  y2  y 1  x 2  ; x, y  [0, 1]
(iii) 
cos–1 x + cos–1y = cos–1 xy  1  x2 1  y2  ; x, y  [0, 1]


cos–1x – cos–1y = 

 cos1 xy  1  x 2 1 y  ; 0  x  y  1
2

 1 y  ; 0  y  x  1
(iv)
 cos1 xy  1  x 2 2



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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
 /2 ; fn x, y  0 & xy  1

  / 2 ; fn x, y  0 & xy  1
  xy 

(v) tan–1x + tan–1y =  tan1   ; fn x, y  0 & xy  1
  1  xy 
  xy 
  tan1   ; fn x, y  0 & xy  1
  1  xy 
 xy 
(vi) tan–1x – tan–1y = tan–1   , x  0, y  0
 1  xy 

Notes :(i) x2 + y2  1 & x, y 0    0  sin1 x + sin1 y 
2

vkSj x2 + y2  1 & x, y  0    sin1 x + sin1 y  
2

 (ii) xy < 1 vkSj x, y  0  0  tan1 x + tan1 y < ; xy > 1 vkSj x, y  0
2

 < tan1 x + tan1 y < 
2
(iii)x < 0 ;k y < 0 ds fy;s bu loZlfedkvksa dks xq.k/keZ “– x” dh lgk;rk ls iz;qDr dj ldrs gSA
vFkkZr~ x dks – x ,oa y dks  y esa cnyrs gS tks fd /kukRed gSa
4 15  84
mnkgj.k # 27 : n'kkZb;s fd cos–1 + sin–1 = + cos–1
5 17 2 85
2 2
4 3 3 15 3  15  8226
gy :  cos–1 = sin–1  > 0, > 0 vkSj   +   = >1
5 5 5 17  
5  
17 7225
3 15 3 225 15 9 
 sin–1 + sin–1 =  – sin–1  1  1 
5 17 5 289 17 25 
 3 8 15 4   84   84  84
=  – sin–1  .  .  =  – sin–1   =– + cos–1 = + cos–1
 5 17 17 5   85  2 85 2 85

1 4
mnkgj.k # 28 : cot–1 + cot–1 + cot–11 dk eku Kkr dhft,A
9 5
1 4 5 5  5
gy : cot–1 + cot–1 + cot–11 = tan–1 9 + tan–1 + cot–119 > 0, > 0 vkSj  9   > 1
9 5 4 4  4
 5 
5  9 4 
 tan–1 9 + tan–1 + cot–11 =  + tan–1   + cot–11 =  + tan–1 (– 1) + cot–11
4  1  9. 5 
 4

=– + cot–11 =  .
4

mnkgj.k # 29: y = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x) dks cos–1 x ds inksa esa fyf[k, rFkk bldk xzkQ Hkh [khafp,A
gy : Hkkx : ekuk y = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x)
 izkUr : [–1, 1] vkSj ifjlj : [0, ]
ekuk cos–1 x =    [0, ] rFkk x = cos 
 y = cos (4 cos  – 3 cos  )
–1 3

y = cos–1 (cos 3) ...........(i)

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu

Fig.: cos–1 (cos x) dk xzkQ

  [0, ]
 3 [0, 3]
 y = cos–1 (cos 3), dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy;s ge vUrjky cos–1 (cos x) [0, 3] esa
ds xzkQ ij fopkj djrs gSA mijksDr xzkQ ls Li"V gS fd

(i) ;fn 0  3      cos–1 (cos 3) = 3

   lehdj.k (i), ls
y = 3 ;fn  3

 y = 3 ;fn 0
3
1
 y = 3 cos–1x ;fn x1
2

(ii) ;fn   3   2  cos–1 (cos 3) = 2– 3

   lehdj.k (i) ls
y = 2 – 3 ;fn   3   2
 2
 y = 2 – 3 ;fn <
3 3
1 1
y = 2 – 3cos–1 x ;fn – x<
2 2

  (iii)   3   3  cos–1 (cos 3) = – 2 + 3

   lehdj.k (i), ls
 y = – 2 + 3 ;fn   3   3
2
 y = – 2 + 3 ;fn     
3
1
 y = – 2 + 3 cos–1 x ;fn – 1  x – 
2
   lehdj.k (i), (ii) vkSj (iii) ls ge dg ldrs gS fd
 1 1
 3cos x ;  x 1
2

 1 1
y = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x) =  2  3cos1 x ;   x 
 2 2
 1 1
2  3cos x ; 1  x   2

Hkkx : y = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x) ds fy,
izkUr : [–1, 1]
ifjlj : [0, ]
1 dy 3
(i) ;fn  x  1 , y = 3 cos–1x.  = = – 3(1 – x2)–1/2 .........(i)
2 dx 1 x 2

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
dy 1 
 <0 ;fn x  , 1
dx 2 

;fn x   , 1 gks] rks ;g Ðkleku gksxk

1

2 
iqu% lehdj.k (i) dk x ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij&
d2 y 3x
=–
dx 2 (1  x 2 )3 / 2
d2 y
;fn x  , 1  uhps dh vksj vory gksxk ;fn x 1 
1
   <0  2 , 1 gksA
dx 2 2   
1 1
(ii) ;fn – x< , y = 2 – 3cos–1 x.
2 2
dy 3 dy  1 1
 =  > 0 ;fn x   2 , 2 
dx 1 x 2 dx  

o)Zeku gksxk ;fn x    , 

1 1 d2 y 3x
 vkSj =
 2 2 dx 2 (1  x 2 )3 / 2

;fn x    , 0  gks] rks

1 d2 y  1 
(a) 2
< 0 uhps dh vksj vory gksxk ;fn x    , 0  gksA
 2  dx  2 

;fn x  0,  gks] rks

2
1 d y   1
(b) 2
> 0 Åij dh vksj vory gksxk ;fn x  0,  gksA
 2  dx  2 
1 dy d2 y
(iii) blh izdkj ;fn –1x<– gks rks < 0 vkSj > 0.
2 dx dx 2

   y = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x) dk xzkQ gksxk&

vE;kl dk;Z :
4 5 16
(32) sin–1 + sin–1 + sin–1 dk eku Kkr dhft,A
5 13 65
(33) ;fn tan–14 + tan–1 5 = cot–1 , rks ‘’ dk eku Kkr dhft,A
3 16 1 7
(34) fl) dhft, fd 2 cos–1 + cot–1 + cos–1 =
13 63 2 25
2
(35) lehdj.k sin–1x + sin–1 2x = dk eku Kkr dhft,A
3
(36) y = sin–1 (3x – 4x3) dks sin–1x ds inksa esa fyf[k, vkSj bldk xzkQ Hkh [khafp,A
 3x  x3 
(37) y = tan–1 
  dks tan–1 x ds inksa esa fyf[k, vkSj bldk xzkQ Hkh [khafp,A
 1  3x
2

 19 1
Answers. (32) (33) =– (35) x=
2 9 2

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 lacU/k ,oa Qyu
 1 1 1
 3 sin x ;  x
2 2

 1
(36) y = sin–1 (3x – 4x3) =   3 sin1 x ;  x 1
 2
 1 1
   3 sin x ; 1  x  
 2
  y = sin–1 (3x – 4x3) dk xzkQ

 1 1 1
 3 tan x ;  x
 3 3
 3x  x3   1 1
(37) y = tan–1  
2 
=   3 tan x ;   x  
 1  3x   3
 1 1
   3 tan x ; x
 3

 3x  x3 
fp=k : y = tan–1   dk xzkQ
2 
 1  3x 
xq.k/keZ 7 : fofo/k loZlfedk,¡ ( Miscellaneous identities)
 1
 2 sin x ; fn |x|  1

2
(i) sin 1
2 x 1 x 2
 =    2sin 1 x

; fn 1  x 1
2


    2sin x

1
 ; fn 1  x   1
2

y = sin1 2 x 1  x 2  dk xzkQ

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 2cos1 x ;fn 0  x 1
(ii) cos1 (2 x2  1) = 
1
2   2cos x ;fn  1  x  0
y = cos (2 x  1) dk xzkQ
1 2

 2 tan1 x ; fn | x |  1

2x
(iii) tan1
=    2 tan1 x ; fn x  1
1  x2 
 
    2 tan1 x  ; fn x  1

2x
y = tan1 dk xzkQ
1  x2

 2 tan1 x ; fn | x |  1
2x 
(iv) sin1 =    2 tan1 x ; fn x  1
1  x2 
 
    2 tan1 x  ; fn x  1

2 x
y = sin1 dk xzkQ
1  x2

1  x2  2 tan 1 x ; fn x  0
(v) cos1 = 
1x   2 tan 1 x
2
; fn x  0
1 x 2
y = cos1 dk xzkQ
1  x2

(vi) ;fn tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z =  rks x + y + z = xyz


(vii) ;fn tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = , rks xy + yz + zx = 1
2
(viii) tan1 1 + tan1 2 + tan1 3 =  


1 1 
(ix) tan1 1 + tan1 + tan1 =
2 3 2

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Hkkx - I : fo"k;kRed iz'u ¼SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS½

Section (A) : Ordered pair , Cartesian product, Relation, Domain and Range of Relation
[k.M (A) : Øfer ;qXe] dkrhZ; xq.ku] lEcU/k] lEcU/k dk izkar rFkk ifjlj
A-1. If A = {2, 4, 5}, B = {7, 8, 9}, then find n(A × B).
;fn A = {2, 4, 5}, B = {7, 8, 9}, rks n(A × B) dk eku gS&
Ans. 9

A-2. A and B are two sets having 3 and 4 elements respectively and having 2 elements in common. Find the
number of possible relations which can be defined from A to B.
Ans. 212
A vkSj B nks leqPp; gS ftuesa vo;oksa dh la[;k Øe'k% 3 vkSj 4 gS vkSj nksuksa esa 2 vo;o mHk;fu"B gSA rc A ls B
esa ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/kksa dh la[;k gS&
Ans. 212
A-3. If A = {2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7} and a relation R : A B such that y = 2x –3, xA, yB, then find R.
;fn A = {2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7} rFkk ,d lEcU/k R : A B rkfd y = 2x –3, xA, yB, rc R gS&
Ans. R = { (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 5), (5, 7)}
 x – 1
2
A-4. Let R be a relation defined as R = { (x, y) : y = , x  Z and –3  x  3} then find

ekuk R ,d lEcU/k gS tks fd R = { (x, y) : y =  x – 1 , x  Z rFkk –3  x  3} ls ifjHkkf"kr gSA

2

(i) Domain of R (ii) Range of R (iii) Relation R

(i) R dk izkUr gSA (ii) R dk ifjlj gSA (iii) lEcU/k R cjkcj gSA
Ans. (i) {– 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3} (ii) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
(iii) {(–3, 4), (–2, 3), (–1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2)}

A-5. The Certesian product A × A has 16 elements S = {(a,b)  A × A| a < b}. (–1,2) and (0,1) are two
elements belonging to S. Find the set containing the remaining elements of S.
dkfrZ; xq.ku A × A, 16 vo;o j[krk gS S = {(a,b)  A × A| a < b}. (–1,2) vkSj (0,1) esa S ds nks vo;o gS rc S
ds 'ks"k vo;o j[kus okyk leqPp; Kkr dhft,A
Ans. {(–1,0), (–1,1), (0,2), (1,2)}

Section (B) : Types of Relation

[k.M (B) : lEcU/k ds izdkj
B-1. Identify the type of relation among reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
LorqY;] lefer vkSj laØked lEcU/kksa dks igpkfu,A
(i) R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} on set A = {1, 2, 3}.
(ii) P = {(x, y) | x2 + y2 = 1, x, y  R}
Ans. (i) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(ii) neither reflexive nor transitive but it is symmetric
(i) LorqY; vkSj laØked ijUrq lefer ugha
(ii) u rks LorqY; vkSj u gh laØked ijUrq lefer gSA

B-2. Prove that the relation ''less than'' in the set of natural number is transitive but not reflexive and
symmetric.
fl) dhft, izkÑr la[;kvksa ds leqPp; es lEcU/k ''ls de'' laØked gS ijUrq LorqY; ugha gS vkSj lefer Hkh ugha gSA
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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

B-3. Let A = {p, q , r}. Which of the following is an equivalence relation on A ?

ekuk A = {p, q , r} rc A ij fuEu es ls dkSulk rqY;rk lEcU/k gS ?
(i) R = {(p, q), (q, r), (p, r) (p, p)}
(ii) R = {(p, p), (q, q), (r, r) (q, p)}
(iii) R = {(p, p), (q, q), (r, r)}
(iv) R = {(p, p), (q, q), (r, r), (p, q), (q, r), (p, r)}
(v) R = {(p, p), (q, q), (r, r), (p, q), (q, p)}
Ans. (iii) & (v)

B-4. Let R be a relation on the set N be defined by {(x, y)| x, y  N, 2x + y = 41}. Then prove that R is neither
reflexive nor symmetric and nor transitive.
ekuk lEcU/k R, leqPp; N ij {(x, y)| x, y  N, 2x + y = 41} }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS] rc fl) dhft, fd R u rks
LorqY; gS] u gh lefer vkSj u gh laØked gS&

B-5. Let n be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R on the set of integers Z, aRb n|(a – b). Then
prove that R is equivalence
ekuk n ,d fuf'pr /kukRed iw.kk±d gSA iw.kk±dksa ds leqPp; Z ij aRb n|(a – b) ls ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k R gS] rc
fl) dhft, R ,d rqY;rk lEcU/k gSA

B-6. Let S be a set of all square matrices of order 2. If a relation R defined on set S such that
AR B AB = BA, then identify the type of relation of R (A, B S) among reflexive, symmetric and
transitive.
ekuk 2 Øe ds lHkh oxZ vkO;wg dk leqPp; S gSA ;fn lEcU/k R, S bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd AR B AB = BA,
rc LorqY;] lefer vkSj laØked es ls lEcU/k R (A, B S) dks igpkfu,A

Ans. Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive

LorqY; vkSj lefer ijUrq laØked ughaA

Section (C) : Definition of function, Domain and Range, Classification of Functions

[k.M (C) : Qyu dh ifjHkk"kk] izkUr ,oa ifjlj] Qyuksa dk oxhZdj.k
C-1. Check whether the followings represent function or not
tk¡p dhft, fd fuEu esa ls dkSulk Qyu gS ;k ugha \
(i) x2 + y2 = 36, y  [0, 6] (ii) x2 + y2 = 36, x  [0, 1]
(iii) x2 + y2 = 36, x  [–6, 6] (iv) x2 + y2 = 36

Ans. (i) yes gk¡ (ii) no ugha (iii) no ugha (iv) no ugha

C-2. Find the domain of each of the following functions :

fuEufyf[kr izR;sd Qyuksa ds izkUr Kkr dhft,&
x3  5x  3
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = sin(cos x)
x2  1
1
(iii) f(x) = (iv) f(x) = ex+sinx
x | x |
1 log2 (x  2)
(v) f(x) = + x2 (vi) f(x) =
log10 (1  x) log1/ 2 (3x  1)
(vii) f(x) = n [x2 + x + 1], where [.] GIF. tgk¡ egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks O;Dr djrk gS
cos x  1
(viii) f (x) = 2
6  35 x  6 x 2

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 
Ans. (i) R – {–1, 1} (ii) 2n –  x  2n + , n  (iii) (0, ) (iv) R
2 2
(v) [–2, 0)  (0, 1) (vi) (2, 3] (vii) (– –1]  [0,
 1  5 
  (viii)   ,    , 6
 6 3  3 

C-3. Find the domain of definitions of the following functions :

fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds izkUr Kkr dhft,&
(i) f (x) = 3  2x  21  x (ii) f (x) = 1  1  x2
x2 1 x
(iii) f (x) = (x2 + x + 1)–3/2 (iv) f (x) = +
x2 1 x
1
(v) f(x) = tan x  tan2 x (vi) f (x) =
1  cos x
 5 x  x2 
(vii) f (x) =og1/ 4   (viii) f (x) = og10 (1 – og10(x2 – 5x + 16))
 4
 
Ans. (i) [0, 1] (ii) [– 1, 1] (iii) R (iv) 
 
(v) n, n  4  (vi) R – {2n}, n (vii) (0, 1]  [4,5) (viii) (2, 3)
nI  
 

C-4. Find the range of each of the following functions :

fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds ifjlj Kkr dhft, &
x |x4|
(i) f(x) = | x – 3 | (ii) f(x) = (iii) f(x) = 16  x2 (iv) f(x) =
1 x 2 x4
 1 1
Ans. (i) [0, ) (ii)   ,  (iii) [0, 4] (iv) {–1, 1}
 2 2
C-5. Find the domain and the range of each of the following functions :
fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds izkUr ,oa ifjlj Kkr dhft,&
1 x2  9
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = x ! (iii) f(x) = (iv) f(x) = sin2(x3) + cos2(x3)
4  3 sin x x3
1
Ans. (i) Domain : R, Range :  y  1 (ii) Domain : N  {0}, Range : (n! : n = 0, 1, 2,...}
7
(iii) Domain R – {3}, Range : R – {6} (iv) Domain : R, Range : {1}
1
(i) izkUr : R, ifjlj :  y  1 (ii) izkUr : N  {0}, ifjlj : (n! : n = 0, 1, 2,...}
7
(iii) izkUr : R – {3}, ifjlj : R – {6} (iv) izkUr : R, ifjlj : {1}
C-6. Find the range of each of the following functions : (where {.} and [.] represent fractional part and
greatest integer part functions respectively )
fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds ifjlj Kkr dhft,&(tgk¡ {.} vkSj [.] Øe'k% fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu rFkk egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks
O;Dr djrs gSA)
1
(i) f(x) = 5 + 3 sin x + 4 cos x (ii) f(x) =
1 x
(iii) f(x) = 2 – 3x – 5x2 (iv) f(x) = 3 | sin x| – 4 |cos x|
sin x cos x  8  x2 
(v) f(x) = + (vi) f(x) = n  
1  tan2 x 1  cot2 x  x2 
 
 1 
(vii) f(x) =  
 sin{x} 

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49
Ans. (i) [0, 10] (ii) (0, 1] (iii) (–  , ] (iv) [–4, 3] (v) [–1, 1] (vi) R
20
(vii) n  N

C-7. Find the range of the following functions : (where {.} and [.] represent fractional part and greatest
integer part functions respectively )
fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds ifjlj Kkr dhft,& (tgk¡ {.} vkSj [.] Øe'k% fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu rFkk egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu
dks O;Dr djrs gSA)
1
(i) f (x) = 1 – | x – 2 | (ii). f(x) =
16  4 x  x
2

1 x2
(iii) f (x) = (iv) f (x) = 2
2  cos 3 x x  8x  4
x2  2 x  4 2
(v) f (x) = (vi) f (x) = 3 sin  x2
x  2x  4
2 16
(vii) f (x)=  2 x2 + 5
x4 (viii) f (x) = x3 – 12x, where (tgk¡) x  [–3, 1]
(ix) f (x) = sin x + cos x
2 4

(x) f(x) = [sin x + [cos x + [tan x+ [secx]]]] Here tcfd x  (0, /4)

(xi) f(x) = sec2x – tan2x + sin (sinx + cos x)

 1  1 
Ans. (i) (– , 1] (ii)  ,  (iii)  , 1 
 16  1/ 2  3 

 1  1  1   3 
(iv)  ,      ,   (v)  , 3  (vi)  0 , 
 4   20   3   2 
3 
(vii) [4, ) (viii) [–11, 16] (ix)  , 1
4 
(x) 1 (xi) 1  sin 2, 1  sin 2 
 

C-8. Find whether the following functions are one-one or many-one & into or onto if f : D  R where D is its
domain.
tk¡p dhft, fd fn;s x;s Qyu ,dSdh gS ;k cgq,dsdh vkSj vkPNknd gS ;k vUr{kSZih ;fn f : D  R tgk¡ D bldk
izkUr gS \
(i) f(x) = |x2 + 5x + 6 | (ii) f(x) = |nx|
   1
(iii) f(x) = sin 4x :   ,   ( 1, 1) (iv) f(x) = x + , x  (0, )
 8 8 x
1 
 1 3x 2
(v) f(x) = 
1 e x  (vi) f(x) = – cos x
4

1  x6 1
(vii) f(x) = (viii) f(x) = x cos x (ix) f(x) =
x3 sin | x |
Ans. (i) many-one & into (ii) many-one & into (iii) one-one & onto (iv) many-one & into

(v) one – one & into (vi) many-one & into (vii) many-one & into (viii) many-one & onto
(ix) many-one & into
(i) cgq,dSdh ,oa vUr{ksZih (ii) cgq,dSdh ,oa vUr{ksZih (iii) ,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd (iv) cgq,dSdh ,oa vUr{ksZih

(v) ,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd (vi) cgq,dSdh ,oa vUr{ksZih (vii) cgq,dSdh ,oa vUr{ksZih
(viii) cgq,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd (ix) cgq,dSdh ,oa vUr{ksZih

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C-9. Classify the following functions f(x) defined in R  R as injective, surjective, both or none.
Qyu f(x), R  R }kjka ifjHkkf"kr fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa dks ,dSdh] vkPNknd] nksuksa ;k dksbZ ugha esa oxhZd`r dhft,&
2
(i) f (x) = x |x| (ii) f (x) = x 2 (iii) f(x) = x3  6 x2 + 11x  6
1 x
Ans. (i) bijective (injective as well as surjective) (ii) neither surjective nor injective
(iii) surjective but not injective
(i) ,dSdh vkPNknd (ii) u ,dSdh u vkPNknd
(iii) vkPNknd ysfdu ,dSdh ugha

C-10. Check whether the following functions is/are many-one or one-one & into or onto
tk¡p dhft, fd fn, x;s Qyu cgq,dSdh gS ;k ,dSdh ,oa vUr{ksZih gS ;k vkPNknd
(i) f(x) = tan (2 sin x) (ii) f(x) = tan (sin x)
Ans. (i) many-one & onto cgq,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd (ii) many-one & into cgq,dSdh ,oa vUr{ksZih

C-11. Let f : A  A where A = {x : –1  x  1}. Find whether the following functions are bijective.
ekukfd f : A  A, tgk¡ A = {x : –1  x  1}. tk¡p dhft, fd fn;s x;s Qyu ,dSdh vkPNknd gSa ;k ugha\
x
(i) x – sin x (ii) x |x| (iii) tan (iv) x4
4
Ans. (i) No ugha (ii) Yes gk¡ (iii) Yes gk¡ (iv) No ugha

C-12. Let A be a set of n distinct elements. Then find the total number of distinct functions from A to A ? How
many of them are onto functions ?
;fn A, n fHkUu-fHkUu vo;oksa dk leqPp; gks] rks A ls A esa ifjHkkf"kr fdrus fHkUu -fHkUu Qyu gksxsa \ buesa ls fdrus
Qyu vkPNknd gS \
Ans. nn , n!

Section (D) : Identical functions, Composite functions

[k.M (D) : rRled Qyu] la;qDr Qyu
D-1. Check whether following pairs of functions are identical or not ?

 x 1
2
(i) f(x) = x 2 and g(x) = (ii)_ f(x) = tanx and g(x) =
cot x
1  cos2x
(iii) f(x) = and g(x) = cos x (iv) f(x) = x and g(x) = enx
2
tk¡p dhft, dh fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds ;qXe rqY; gS ;k ughaA
 x 1
2
(i) f(x) = x 2 vkSj g(x) = (ii)_ f(x) = tanx vkSj g(x) =
cot x
1  cos2x
(iii) f(x) = vkSj g(x) = cos x (iv) f(x) = x vkSj g(x) = enx
2
Ans. (i) No ugha (ii) No ugha (iii) No ugha (iv) No ugha

D-2. Find for what values of x, the following functions would be identical.
 x  1
f(x) = log (x  1)  log (x  2) and g (x) = log  
 x  2
x ds og eku Kkr djks ftlds fy, fuEufyf[kr Qyu rqY; Qyu gSA
 x  1
f (x) = log (x  1)  log (x  2) ,oa g (x) = log  
 x  2
Ans. (2, )

D-3. Let f(x) = x2 + x + 1 and g(x) = sin x. Show that fog  gof
;fn f(x) = x2 + x + 1 ,oa g(x) = sin x gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd fog  gof.
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D-4. Let f(x) = x2, g(x) = sin x, h(x) = x , then verify that [fo (goh)] (x) and [(fog) oh] (x) are equal.
;fn f(x) = x2, g(x) = sin x, h(x) = x gks] rks lR;kfir dhft, fd [fo (goh)] (x) ,oa [(fog) oh] (x) cjkcj gSA
Ans. [fo(goh)] (x) = [(fog) oh] (x) = sin2 x

D-5. Find fog and gof, if

fog ,oa gof(x) Kkr dhft, ;fn&
(i) f(x) = ex ; g(x) = n x (ii) f(x) = |x| ; g(x) = sin x
1
(iii) f(x) = sin x ; g(x) = x 2 (iv) f(x) = x2 + 2 ; g(x) = 1 – ,x1
1 x
Ans. (i) fog = x, x > 0 ; gof = x, x  R (ii) |sin x|, sin |x|
3x 2  4x  2 x 2  2
(iii) sin (x2), (sin x)2 (iv) , 2
(x  1)2 x 1

D-6. If f(x) = n(x2 – x + 2) ; R  R and

g(x) = {x} + 1 ; [1, 2]  [1, 2] , where {x} denotes fractional part of x.
Find the domain and range of f(g(x)) when defined.
;fn f(x) = n(x2 – x + 2) ; R  R ,oa
g(x) = {x} + 1 ; [1, 2]  [1, 2] , tgk¡ {x}, x ds fHkUukRed Hkkx dks iznf'kZr djrk gS ;fn
f(g(x)) ifjHkkf"kr gks rks bldk izkUr ,oa ifjlj Kkr dhft,A
Ans. Domain : [1 , 2 ] ; Range : [n2 , n4)
izkUr : [1 , 2 ] ; ifjlj : [n2 , n4)

1  x 2 ; x 1
D-7. If f(x) =  and g(x) = 1 – x ; – 2 < x < 1, then define the function fog(x).
 x  1; 1  x2

;fn f(x) = 1  x ; x 1
2
vkSj g(x) = 1 – x ; – 2 < x < 1 gks] rks Qyu fog(x) dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
 x  1; 1 x  2
2  2x  x 2 , 0  x  1
Ans. f(g(x)) = 
 2  x, 1  x  0

x2 x2
D-8. If f(x) = and g(x) = , then find the domain of
x 1 x
x2 x2
;fn f(x) = vkSj g(x) = rc fuEu dk izkUr Kkr dhft,
x 1 x
(i) fog(x) (ii) gof(x) (iii) fof(x) (iv) fogof(x)
Ans. (i) x  R – {0, 1} (ii) x  R – {–2, –1}
 3 
(iii) x  R –  ,  1 (iv) x  R – {–2, –1}
 2 


 2x x  Q  {0}
D-9. If f(x) =  , then define fof(x) and hence define fofof.....f(x) where f is ‘n’ times.

 3x x  Qc
 2x x  Q  {0}
;fn f(x) =  gks] rks fof(x) dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, vkSj Qyr fofof.....f(x) tgk¡ f ‘n’ ckj gS] dks

 3x x  Qc
ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

3 2 x x  Q  {0} 
3
n1
2x x  Q  {0}
Ans. fof (x) =  , fofof.....f(x) = 

2
 3 x x  Qc 
n
 3 x x  Qc

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 x 1 x4
 
 x2 1  x  3
D-10. Let f(x)  2x  1 4  x  9 and g(x) =  then, find f(g(x)).
 x  7 x9 x  2 3  x  5


 x 1 x4
 
 x2 1  x  3
ekuk f(x)  2x  1 4  x  9 vkSj g(x) =  rks, f(g(x)) Kkr dhft,A
 x  2 3  x  5

 x  7 x9
 x 2  1 x  [ 1, 2]

Ans. f(g(x)) = 2x 2  1 x  (2, 3)
 2x  5 x  [3, 5]

4x
D-11. If f(x) = , then show that f(x) + f(1 – x) = 1
4x  2
4x
;fn f(x) = x gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd f(x) + f(1 – x) = 1
4 2

Section (E) : Even/Odd Functions & Periodic Functions

[k.M (E) : le@fo"ke Qyu ,oa vkorhZ Qyu
E-1. Determine whether the following functions are even or odd or neither even nor odd :
fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds le ;k fo"ke ;k u rks le vkSj u gh fo"ke gksus dk fu/kkZj.k dhft,A
 ax  1 
(iii) f(x) = x  x
 a  1 
(i) sin (x 2 + 1) (ii) x + x2
 
(iv) f(x) = sin x + cos x (v) f(x) = (x2 – 1) | x |
 x
| ne | ; x  1

(vi) f(x) = [2  x]  [2  x] ; 1  x  1 , where [.] is GIF. tgk¡ [.] = egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu gSA

 e nx ; x 1
Ans. (i) even, (ii) neither even nor odd (iii) even,
(iv) neither even nor odd (v) even (vi) even
Ans. (i) le (ii) u le u fo"ke (iii) le (iv) u le u fo"ke
(v) le (vi) le

E-2. Examine whether the following functions are even or odd or neither even nor odd, where [ ] denotes
greatest integer function.
fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds le ;k fo"ke gksus ;k u le u fo"ke gksus dh tkap dhft,A (tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu
dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA½
(1  2x )7 sec x  x 2  9
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) =
2x x sin x
 x | x |, x  1

(iii) f (x) = 1 x  x 2
– 1 x  x 2
(iv) f (x) = [1  x]  [1  x], 1  x  1
  x | x |, x 1


Ans. (i) neither even nor odd (ii) even (iii) odd (iv) even
(i) u le u fo"ke (ii) le (iii) fo"ke (iv) le

E-3. Which of the following functions are not periodic (where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function) :
fl) dhft, fd fuEufyf[kr Qyu] vkorhZ Qyu ugha gSa& ¼tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kkaZd Qyu dks O;ä djrk gSA½
(i) f(x) = sin x (ii) f(x) = x + sin x
(iii) f(x) = [sin 3x] + |cos 6x|

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
E-4. Find the fundamental period of the following functions :
fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds ewyHkwr vkorZdky Kkr dhft,

(i) f (x) = 2 + 3cos (x – 2) (ii) f(x) = sin 3x + cos2x + | tanx |

x x 3 2
(iii) f (x) = sin + sin (iv) f(x)= cos x  sin x.
4 3 5 7
1
(v) f(x) =
1  cos x
sin12x
(vi) f(x) = (vii) f(x) = sec3x + cosec3x
1  cos2 6x
Ans. (i) 2 (ii) 2 (iii) 24 (iv) 70 
(v) 2 (vi)/6 (vii) 2

Section (F) : Inverse of a function
[k.M (F) : Qyu dk izfrykse
F-1. Let f : D  R, where D is the domain of f. Find the inverse of f, if it exists
ekukfd f : D  R, tgk¡ D, f dk izkUr gSA f dk izfrykse Kkr dhft,] ;fn fo|eku gSA
 
1/ 5
(i) f (x) = 1  2 x (ii) f (x) = 4  (x  7)3

(iii) f(x) = n (x + 1  x2 )
(iv) Let f [0, 3]  [1, 13] is defined by f(x) = x2 + x + 1, then find f – 1 (x).
ekuk f [0, 3]  [1, 13] esa ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f(x) = x2 + x + 1 gS rc f– 1 (x) Kkr dhft,A

Ans. (i) f–1 Does not exists (ii) f –1 : R  R ; f 1 = 7 + (4  x5)1/3

ex  e x 1  4x  3
(iii) f–1 : R  R ; f –1 = (iv) f –1(x) =
2 2
(i) f–1 fo|eku ugha gSA (ii) f –1 : R  R ; f 1 = 7 + (4  x5)1/3
ex  e x 1  4x  3
(iii) f–1 : R  R ; f –1 = (iv) f –1(x) =
2 2

e2x  e2x
F-2. Let f : R  R be defined by f(x) = . Is f(x) invertible ? If yes, then find its inverse.
2
e2x  e2x
ekukfd f : R  R bl izdkj gS fd f(x) = . D;k f(x) izfrykseh; gS \ ;fn gk¡] rks bldk izfrykse Kkr
2
dhft,A
1
Ans. f–1 : R  R, f –1(x) = n (x + x2  1 )
2

F-3. (a) If f(x) = –x|x|, then find f –1(x) and hence find the number of solutions of f(x) = f–1(x).
;fn f(x) = –x|x| gS rc f–1(x) Kkr dhft, Qyr% f(x) = f–1(x) ds gyksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
5  9  8x 5
(b) Solve 2x2 – 5x + 2 = , where x <
4 4
5  9  8x 5
gy dhft,% 2x2 – 5x + 2 = tgk¡ x <
4 4
  x x  0 3 5
Ans. (a) f–1(x) =  ,3 (b) x=
 x x  0 2
 
F-4. If g is inverse of f(x) = x 3 + x + cosx, then find the value of g(1).
;fn g, f(x) = x3 + x + cosx dk izfrykse Qyu gS] rks g(1) dk eku Kkr dhft,
Ans. 1
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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions


 (  1)x x  Qc 
x x  Qc
F-5. If f(x) =  and g(x) =  are inverse to each other then find all
 x    3x  1 x  Q 1  x
 x Q
2

possible values of .
 (  1)x x  Qc  x  Qc
;fn f(x) =  2 rFkk g(x) = x ,d nwljs ds izfrykse Qyu gS rc  ds
 x    3x  1 x  Q
 1  x
 x Q
lHkh laHkkfor eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. =2

Section (G) : Definition, graphs and fundamentals & Inverse Trigonometry

[k.M (G) : ifjHkk"kk] vkjs[k rFkk ewyHkwr fl)kUr ,oa izfrykse f=kdks.kfefr
G-1. Find the domain of each of the following functions :
fuEufyf[kr izR;sd Qyuksa ds izkUr Kkr dhft,&
sin1 x  3x  1  1 1
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = 1  2x + 3 sin–1   (iii) f(x) = 2sin x
+
x  2  x2
 1 1
Ans. (i) [–1, 1] – {0} (ii)   , (iii) 
 3 2 

G-2. Find the range of each of the following functions :

fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds ifjlj Kkr dhft,&
 3x 2  1 
(i) f(x) = n (sin–1x) (ii) f(x) = sin–1  
 5x 2  1 
 
 (x  1)(x  5) 
(iii) f(x) = cos–1  
 x(x  2)(x  3) 
Ans. (i) (– , n /2](ii) (0, /2] (iii) [0, ]

G-3. Find the simplified value of the following expressions :

fuEufyf[kr O;atdks ds ljy eku Kkr dhft,&
  1   1  1 
(i) sin   sin1     (ii) tan cos1  tan1   
3  2   2  3  
   3  
sin–1 cos sin1  
 2  
(iii)
    
1 
Ans. (i) 1 (ii) (iii)
3 6
n n
G-4. (i) If 
i 1
cos1 i = 0, then find the value of  i· 
i 1
i

n n
;fn 
i 1
cos1 i = 0 gks] rks  i· 
i 1
i dk eku Kkr dhft;sA

2n 2n
(ii) If 
i1
sin1 xi  n , then show that x
i1
i  2n

2n 2n
;fn i1
sin1 xi  n gS, rks fl) dhft, fd x i1
i  2n

 n  1
Ans. (i) n  
 2 
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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

G-5. Solve the following inequalities:

fuEufyf[kr vlfedkvksa dks gy dhft, &
(i) cos 1 x > cos 1 x2
(ii) arccot2 x  5 arccot x + 6 > 0
(iii) sin–1 x > – 1 (iv) cos–1 x < 2 (v) cot–1 x < – 3
Ans. (i) [ 1, 0) (ii) (  cot 3) U (cot 2, )


(iii) – sin 1 < x  1 (iv) cos2 < x  1

(v) no solution (dksbZ gy ugha)

  
G–6. Let f :   ,   B defined by f (x) = 2 cos2x + 3 sin2x + 1. Find B such that f –1 exists. Also find
 3 6
f –1 (x).
 
ekuk Qyu f (x) = 2 cos2x + 3 sin2x + 1, f :   ,   B }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gSA B Kkr dhft, rkfd f –1 fo|eku
 3 6
gksA f (x) Hkh Kkr dhft,A
–1

1  1  x  2   
Ans. B = [0, 4] ; f –1 (x) =  sin   
2   2  6

Section (H) : Trig (trig–1x), trig–1 (trig x), trig–1 (–x) and Property (/2)
[k.M (H) : Trig (trig–1x), trig–1 (trig x), trig–1 (–x) rFkk xq.k/keZ (/2)
H-1. Evaluate the following inverse trigonometric expressions :
fuEufyf[kr izfrykse o`Ùkh; O;atdks ds eku Kkr dhft,&
 7   2 
(i) sin–1  sin (ii) tan–1  tan
 6   3 
 5   7 
(iii) cos–1  cos (iv) sec–1  sec
 4   4 
  3 
Ans. (i) – (ii) – (iii) (iv)
6 3 4 4

H-2. Find the value of the following inverse trigonometric expressions :

fuEufyf[kr izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; O;atdks ds eku Kkr dhft,&
(i) sin–1 (sin 4) (ii) cos–1 (cos 10)
(iii) tan–1 (tan (– 6)) (iv) cot–1 (cot (– 10))
 1  9 9  
(v) cos–1   cos 10  sin 10  
 2  
Ans. (i)  –4 (ii) 4 – 10 (iii) 2 – 6
17
(iv) 4 – 10 (v)
20

H-3. Find the value of following expressions :

fuEufyf[kr O;atdks dk eku Kkr dhft,&
(i) cot (tan–1 a + cot–1 a) (ii) sin (sin–1x + cos–1x) , | x |  1

Ans. (i) 0 (ii) 1

H-4. Solve the inequality tan–1 x > cot–1 x.

vlfedk tan–1 x > cot–1 x dks gy dhft,.

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Ans. x>1

Section (I) : Interconversion/Simplification

[k.M (I) : ijLij@:ikUrj.k
I-1. Evaluate the following expressions :
fuEufyf[kr O;atdks dk eku Kkr dhft,&
 3  1
(i) sin  cos1  (ii) tan  cos1 
 5  3
 41   65 
(iii) cosec  sec 1  (iv) tan  cosec 1

 5   63 
 1  4 2
(v) sin   cos1  (vi) cos  sin1  cos1 
 6 4   5 3 
       1
(vii) sec  tan tan1      (viii) cos tan– 1 sin cot–1  
  3    2
 
 3 3 
(ix) tan cos1    sin1    sec 1 3 
 4 4 
4 41 63
Ans. (i) (ii) 2 2 (iii) (iv)
5 4 16
1 3 5 64 5 5
(v) (vi) (vii) 2 (viii)
8 15 3
1
(ix)
2 2

I-2. Find the value of sin–1 (cos(sin–1x)) + cos–1 (sin (cos–1x))

sin–1 (cos(sin–1x)) + cos–1 (sin (cos–1x)) dk eku Kkr dhft,A

Ans.
2

1
I-3. If tan–1x + cot–1 + 2tan–1z = , then prove that x + y + 2z = xz2 + yz2 + 2xyz
y
1
;fn tan–1x + cot–1 + 2tan–1z =  gks rks fl) dhft, x + y + 2z = xz2 + yz2 + 2xyz
y

1  x 2 – xy
I-4. If cos–1x + 2sin–1x + 3cot–1y + 4tan–1y = 4sec–1z + 5cosec–1z , then prove that z2 – 1  =
x  y 1– x 2
1  x 2 – xy
;fn cos–1x + 2sin–1x + 3cot–1y + 4tan–1y = 4sec–1z + 5cosec–1z gks rks fl) dhft, z2 – 1  =
x  y 1– x 2

2  2 
I-5. Consider, f(x) = tan–1   , g(x) = sin–1   and h(x) = tan (cos–1(sinx)), then show that
x  4x 
2

0 , x  0
(h(f(x)) + h(g(x)) = 
x , x  0
 
ekuk fd, f(x) = tan–1   , g(x) = sin–1 
2 2
 rFkk h(x) = tan (cos–1(sinx)), rc n'kkZb;sa fd
x  4x 
2

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
0 , x  0
(h(f(x)) + h(g(x)) = 
x , x  0

I-6. Prove each of the following relations :

fuEufyf[kr lEcU/kksa dks fl) dhft,&
1 x 1
(i) tan–1 x = –  + cot–1 = sin–1 = – cos–1 when tc x < 0.
x 1  x2 1  x2
1 1  x2 x
(ii) cos–1x = sec–1 =  – sin–1 1  x2 = + tan–1 = cot –1 when tc – 1<x< 0
x x 1  x2
I-7. Express in terms of
2x 1
(i) tan–1 to tan–1 x for x > 1 (ii) sin–1 (2x 1  x2 ) to sin–1 x for 1  x >
1  x2 2
(iii) cos–1 (2x2 – 1) to cos–1x for – 1  x < 0

O;Dr dhft,&
2x
(i) x > 1 ds fy, tan–1 dks tan–1 x ds inksa esa
1 x 2

1
(ii) 1  x > ds fy, sin–1 (2x 1  x2 ) dks sin–1 x ds inksa esa
2
(iii) – 1  x < 0 ds fy, cos–1 (2x2 – 1) dks cos–1x ds inksa esa

Ans. (i) 2tan–1x –  (ii)  – 2sin–1x (iii) 2 – 2cos–1x


1  2x  1 
1 1  y
2 
Simplify tan  sin1     
I-8.  2 cos , if x > y > 1.
 1  x2   1  y2
2
  
1  1  y2 
;fn x > y > 1 gks] rks tan  sin1   
2x 1
2 
 cos1   dks ljy dhft,A
2 
2    2  

 1 x  1 y 

1  xy
Ans.
xy

I-9. Solve for x

x ds fy, gy dhft,A
1 
(i) cos (2 sin–1x) = (ii) cot–1 x + tan–1 3 =
3 2
 x 1   x 1  2
(iii) tan–1   + tan–1  = (iv) sin–1x + sin–12x =
 x2  x2 4 3

1 1 1
Ans. (i) ± (ii) x=3 (iii) ± (iv) x=
3 2 2

Section (J) : Addition and Subtraction Rule

[k.M (J) : ;ksxQy vkSj O;odyu fu;e
J-1. Prove that
fl) dhft, fd &
3  8  77 3 5 33
(i) sin–1   + sin–1   = sin–1 (ii) tan–1 + sin–1 = cos–1
 
5  
17 85 4 13 65
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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 1    1  1  1  1 
(iii) sin–1  –1
 + cot 3 = (iv) tan–1   + tan–1   + tan–1   + tan–1   =
 5  4  
3  
5  
7 8 4

J-2. Find the sum of each of the following series :

1 1 1 1
(i) tan1 2 + tan1 2 + tan1 2 + tan1 2 ........ upto
x  x  1 x  3x  3 x  5x  7 x  7 x  13
n terms.
1 2 2n1
(ii) tan1 + tan1 + ..... + tan1 + .....................upto infinite terms
3 9 1  22n  1
1 2  1 n  n  1
 (iii) sin1 + sin1 + ..... + sin1 + ............ upto infinite terms
2 6 n (n  1)
fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa dk ;ksxQy Kkr dhft, &
1 1 1 1
(i) tan1 + tan1 + tan1 + tan1 +....+ n inksa
x 2
 x  1 x  3x  3
2
x  5x  7
2
x  7 x  13
2

rd
1 2 2n1
(ii) tan1 + tan1 + ..... + tan1 + ........ vuUr inksa rd
3 9 1  22n  1
1 2  1 n  n  1
 (iii) sin1 + sin1 + ..... + sin1 + ...... vuUr inksa rd
2 6 n (n  1)
 
Ans. (i) tan–1 (x + n)  tan–1 x (ii) (iii)
4 2

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx - II : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)

Section (A) : Ordered pair , Cartesian product, Relation, Domain and Range of Relation
[k.M (A) : Øfer ;qXe] dkrhZ; xq.ku] lEcU/k] lEcU/k dk izkar rFkk ifjlj
A-1. If A = {a, b}, B = {c, d}, C = {d, e}, then {(a, c), (a, d), (a, e), (b, c), (b, d), (b, e)} is equal to
;fn A = {a, b}, B = {c, d}, C = {d, e}, rc {(a, c), (a, d), (a, e), (b, c), (b, d), (b, e)} =
(A) A  (B  C) (B) A  (B  C) (C*) A × (B  C) (D) A × (B  C)

A-2. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2} and C = {4, 5, 6}, then what is the number of elements in the set A  B  C
?
;fn A = {1, 2, 3} vkSj B = {1, 2} vkSj C = {4, 5, 6}, rc leqpP; A  B  C esa vo;oksa dh la[;k gS ?
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 15 (D*) 18

A-3. Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}. Consider a relation R defined from set A to set B. Then R can equal to
set
ekuk A = {a, b, c} rFkk B = {1, 2} ekuk lEcU/k R leqPp; A ls B esa ifjHkkf"kr gSA rc lEcU/k R fdl leqPp; ds
cjkcj gks ldrk gS&
(A) A (B) B (C*) A × B (D) B × A

A-4. Let R be relation from a set A to a set B, then

ekuk leqPp; A ls leqPp; B esa ,d lEcU/k R gS] rc &
(A) R = A  B (B) R = A  B (C*) R  A × B (D) R  B × A

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A-5. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Y = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Which of the following is not a relation from X to Y
ekuk X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} rFkk Y = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} fuEu esa ls dkSulk X ls Y esa lEcU/k ugha gS&
(A) R1 = {(x, y) | y = 2 + x, x  X, y  Y} (B) R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 5)}
(C) R3 = {(1, 1), (1, 3) (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 7)} (D*) R4 = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (2, 4), (7, 9)}

A-6. The relation R defined in A = {1, 2, 3} by a R b if –5  a2 – b2  5. Which of the following is false?

(A*) R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)} (B) Co-domain of R = {1, 2, 3}
(C) Domain of R = {1, 2, 3} (D) Range of R = {1, 2, 3}
leqPp; A = {1, 2, 3} esa ,d lEcU/k R, aRb ls ifjHkkf"kr gSA ;fn –5  a2 – b2  5 fuEu esa ls dkSulk vlR; gS
(A) R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)} (B) R dk lgizkUr = {1, 2, 3}
(C) R dk izkUr = {1, 2, 3} (D) R dk ifjlj = {1, 2, 3}

Section (B) : Types of Relation

[k.M (B) : lEca/k ds izdkj
B-1. The relation R defined in N as aRb b is divisible by a is
(A*) Reflexive but not symmetric (B) Symmetric but not transitive
(C) Symmetric and transitive (D) Equivalence relation
N esa aRb b, a ls HkkT; gS] ls ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k R gS&
(A*) LorqY; ijUrq lefer ugha (B) lefer ijUrq laØked ugha
(C) lefer rFkk laØked (D) rqY;rk lEcU/ka

B-2. In the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} a relation R is defined by R = {(x, y)| x, y  A and x < y}. Then R is
(A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric (C*) Transitive (D) Equivalence relation
leqPp; A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ij ,d lEcU/k R = {(x, y)| x, y  A rFkk x < y} }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS rc R gS&
(A) LorqY; (B) lefer (C*) laØked (D) rqY;rk lEcU/k

B-3. Which one of the following relations on R is equivalence relation-

(A*) x R1y  x2 = y2 (B) x R2y  x  y (C) x R3y  x | y (x divides y) (D) x R4y  x < y
fuEUk esa ls dkSulk lEcU/k R esa ,d rqY;rk lEcU/k gksxk &
(A*) x R1y  x2 = y2 (B) x R2y  x  y
(C) x R3y  x | y (x foHkkftr djrk gS y dks) (D) x R4y  x < y

B-4. Let R1 be a relation defined by R1 = {(a, b)| a  b ; a, b  R} . Then R1 is

(A) An equivalence relation on R (B*) Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(C) Symmetric, Transitive but not reflexive (D) Neither transitive nor reflexive but symmetric
ekuk R1 = {(a, b)| a  b ; a, b  R} }kjk ifjHkkf"kr LkEcU/k R1 gS] rc R1 gS&
(A) R ij rqY;rk lEcU/k (B*) LorqY;] laØked] ijUrq lefer ugha
(C) lefer] laØked] ijUrq LorqY; ugha (D) u rks laØked u gh LorqY; ijUrq lefer gSA

B-5. Let L denote the set of all straight lines in a plane. Let a relation R be defined by R ,, L.
The R is
(A) Reflexive (B*) Symmetric (C) Transitive (D) equivalence relation
ekuk fdlh ry esa fLFkr lHkh ljy js[kkvksa ds leqPp; dks L ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gS rFkk R ,,
L }kjk ifjHkkf"kr ,d lEcU/k R gS] rc R gS&
(A) LorqY; (B*) lefer (C) laØked (D) rqY;rk lEca/k

B-6. Let S be the set of all real numbers. Then the relation R =
{(a, b) : 1 + ab > 0} on S is
(A*) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive (B) Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(C) Symmetric, transitive but not reflexive (D) Reflexive, transitive and symmetric
ekuk lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; S gSa] rc S ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k R = {(a, b) : 1 + ab > 0} gS&
(A*) LorqY; vkSj lefer ysfdu laØked ugha (B) LorqY; vkSj laØked ysfdu lefer ugha
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(C) lefer vkSj laØked ysfdu LorqY; ugha (D) LorqY;] lefer vkSj laØked

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B-7. Consider the following :
1. If R = {(a, b)  N × N : a divides b in N} then the relation R is reflexive and symmetric but not
transitive.
2. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and R = {(S1, S2) : S1, S2 are subsets of A, S1  S2}, then the relation R is
not reflexive, not symmetric and not transitive.
Which of the statements is/are correct ?
(A) 1 only (B*) 2 only (C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2
ekukfd dFku gS :
1. ;fn R = {(a, b)  N × N : N esa a, b dks foHkkftr djrk gS rc lEcU/k R LorqY; vkSj lefer gS ijUrq
laØked ughaA
2. ;fn A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} vkSj R = {(S1, S2) : S1, S2 ,A ds mileqPp; gS, S1  S2} rc lEcU/k R LorqY;
ugha] lefer ugha vkSj laØked ughaA
fuEe esa ls dkSuls dFku lgh gS?
(A) dsoy 1 (B*) dsoy 2 (C) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (D) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2

B-8. Let R be a relation over the set N × N and it is defined by (a, b) R (c, d)  a + d = b + c. Then R is
(A) Symmetric only (B) Transitive only (C) Reflexive only (D*) Equivalence only
ekukfd R leqPp; N × N esa ,d lEcU/k gS vkSj ;g (a, b) R (c, d)  a + d = b + c }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
rc R gS&
(A) dsoy lefer (B) dsoy laØked (C) dsoy LorqY; (D*) dsoy rqY;rk

B-9. Let L be the set of all straight lines in the Euclidean plane. Two lines 1 and 2 are said to be related by
the relation R if 1 is parallel to 2. Then R is
(A) Symmetric only (B) Transitive only (C) Reflexive only (D*) Equivalence only

ekukfd L ;qDysfM;u ry esa lHkh js[kkvksa dk leqPp; gSA nks js[kkvksa 1 vkSj 2 lEcU/k R ds }kjk lEcfU/kr dgk
tkrk gS ;fn 1, 2 ds lekUrj gSA rc R gS&
(A) dsoy lefer (B) dsoy laØked (C) dsoy LorqY; (D*) dsoy rqY;rk

B-10. Let R = {(x, y) : x, y  A, x + y = 5} where A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then R is

(A) Reflexive (B*) symmetric (C) Transitive (D) Equivalence
ekuk R = {(x, y) : x, y  A, x + y = 5} tgk¡ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} rc R gS
(A) LorqY; (B*) lefer (C) laØked (D) rqY;rk

B-11. Let S be a set of all square matrices of order 2. If a relation R defined on set S such that
AR B AB = O, where O is zero square matirx of order 2, then relation R is (A, B S)
(A) Reflexive (B) Transitive
(C) Symmetric (D*) Not equivalence
ekuk S, 2 Øe ds lHkh oxZ vkO;wgksa dk leqPp; gSA ;fn lEcU/k R leqPp; S ij bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd AR
B AB = O, tgk¡ O, 2 Øe dk 'kwU; oxZ vkO;wg gS rc lEcU/k R (A, B S) gS&
(A) LorqY; (B) laØked (C) lefer (D*) rqY;rk ugha

Section (C) : Definition of function, Domain and Range, Classification of Functions

[k.M (C) : Qyu dh ifjHkk"kk] izkUr ,oa ifjlj] Qyuksa dk izdkj
 log0.3 (x  1)
C-1. The domain of the function f(x) = is
x 2  2x  8
 log0.3 (x  1)
Qyu f(x) = dk izkUr gSa&
x 2  2x  8
(A) (1, 4) (B) (– 2, 4) (C) (2, 4) (D*) [2, )

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C-2. Range of f(x) = n (3x2 – 4x + 5) is
Qyu f(x) = n (3x2 – 4x + 5) dk ifjlj gSa&
 11   11   11 
(A*)  n ,   (B) [n 10 , ) (C)  n ,   (D)  n , 
 3   6   12 
C-3. Range of f(x) = 4x + 2x + 1 is
Qyu f(x) = 4x + 2x + 1 dk ifjlj gSa&
(A) (0, ) (B*) (1, ) (C) (2, ) (D) (3, )

C-4. Range of f(x) = log 5

( 2 (sinx – cosx) + 3) is
 3
(A) [0, 1] (B*) [0, 2] (C) 0,  (D) [1, 2]
 2
Qyu f(x) = log 5
( 2 (sinx – cosx) + 3) dk ifjlj gSa&
 3
(A) [0, 1] (B) [0, 2] (C) 0,  (D) [1, 2]
 2
2 x2  x  5
C-5. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x) = , then f is :
7 x 2  2x  10
(A) one  one but not onto (B) onto but not one  one
(C) onto as well as one  one (D*) neither onto nor one  one
2 x2  x  5
;fn f : R  R, f(x) = 2 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu gks] rks f gS&
7 x  2x  10
(A) ,dSdh fdUrq vkPNknd ugha (B) vkPNknd fdUrq ,dSdh ugha
(C) ,dSdh rFkk vkPNknd (D) u rks ,dSdh u gh vkPNknd

C-6. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x) = x 3 + x2 + 3x + sin x. Then f is:

(A*) one  one and onto (B) one  one and into
(C) many one and onto (D) many one and into
;fn Qyu f : R  R, f(x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sin x }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gks] rks Qyu f gS&
(A) ,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd (B) ,dSdh ,oa vUr%{ksih
(C) cgq,sdh ,oa vkPNknd (D) cgq,sdh ,oa vUr%{ksih

3
C-7. Domain of definition of the function f(x) = + log10(x3 – x), is :
4 – x2
3
Qyu f(x) = + log10(x3 – x) dk izkUr gS&
4 – x2
(A) (1,2) (B) (–1,0)  (1,2) (C) (1,2)  (2, ) (D*) (–1,0)  (1,2)  (2, )
x
C-8. If f : [0, )  [0, ), and f (x) = , then f is:
1 x
(A) one-one and onto (B*) one-one but not onto
(C) onto but not one-one (D) neither one-one nor onto
x
;fn f : [0, )  [0, ), ,oa f (x) = gks, rks f
1 x
(A) ,dSdh vkSj vkPNknd gS (B*) ,dSdh ysfdu vkPNknd ugha gS
(C) vkPNknd ysfdu ,dSdh ugha gS (D) u rks ,dSdh u gh vkPNknd gS
(x  2)2
C-9. Range of the function f(x) = is
(x  1)(x  3)
(x  2)2
Qyu f(x) = dk ifjlj gS
(x  1)(x  3)
(A) (1, ) (B) (–, 1) (C*) R – (0, 1] (D) (0, 1]

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x2
C-10. Range of the function f(x) = is
x  4x  3
2

x2
Qyu f(x) = dk ifjlj gS
x  4x  3
2

(A) (–, 0) (B*) R (C) (0, ) (D) R – {0}

C-11. Statement - 1 If f (x) and g (x) both are one one and f(g (x)) exists, then f(g (x)) is also one one.
Statement - 2 If f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 , then f(x) is one-one.
(A*) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct
explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
dFku - 1 ;fn f(x) ,oa g(x) nksuksa ,dSdh gks rFkk f(g(x)) ifjHkkf"kr gks] rks f(g(x)) Hkh ,dSdh gksrk gSA
dFku - 2 ;fn f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 gks] rks f(x) ,dSdh gSA
(A) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA
(B) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ugha gSA
(C) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 vlR; gSA
(D) dFku&1 vlR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gSA
(E) nksuksa dFku vlR; gSA

C-12. Statement - 1 If y = f (x) is increasing in [], then its range is [f (), f () ]
Statement - 2 Every increasing function need not to be continuous.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation
for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D*) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
dFku - 1 ;fn y = f (x), [] esa o/kZeku gS rc bldk ifjlj [f (), f () ] gksrk gSA
dFku - 2 lHkh o/kZeku Qyuksa dk lrr~ gksuk vko';d ugha gSA
(A) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA
(B) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ugha gSA
(C) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 vlR; gSA
(D) dFku&1 vlR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gSA
(E) nksuksa dFku vlR; gSA
0 , x  rational
C-13. If the functions f(x) and g(x) are defined on RR such that f(x) =  ,
 x , x  irrational
0 , x  irrational
g(x) =  , then (f – g) (x) is
 x , x  rational
(A*) one-one and onto (B) neither one-one nor onto
(C) one-one but not onto (D) onto but not one-one
;fn Qyu f(x) ,oa g(x), R R ij bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS rkfd
0
 , x  vifjes; 
0 , x  ifjes;
f(x) =  ,oa g(x) =  , rks (f – g) (x) gS&

x , x  ifjes;  x , x  vifjes;

(A) ,dSdh ,oa vkPNknd (B) u rks ,dSdh u gh vkPNknd
(C) ,dSdh ysfdu vkPNknd ugha (D) vkPNknd ysfdu ,dSdh ugha

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Section (D) : Identical functions, Composite functions
[k.M (D) : rRled Qyu] la;qDr Qyu
D-1. Which of the following pair of functions are identical –
(A*) f(x) = sin2x + cos2x and g(x) = 1 (B) f(x) = sec2x – tan2x and g(x) = 1
(C) f(x) = cosec2x – cot2 x and g(x) = 1 (D) f(x) = nx2 and g(x) = 2nx
fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa esa ls dkSulk ;qXe rqY; gSa&
(A) f(x) = sin2x + cos2x ,oa g(x) = 1 (B) f(x) = sec2x – tan2x ,oa g(x) = 1
(C) f(x) = cosec2x – cot2 x ,oa g(x) = 1 (D) f(x) = nx2 ,oa g(x) = 2nx

D-2. Let f(x) be a function whose domain is [– 5, 7]. Let g(x) = |2x + 5|, then domain of (fog) (x) is
(A) [– 4, 1] (B) [– 5, 1] (C*) [– 6, 1] (D) [– 5, 7]
ekuk f(x) ,d Qyu gS ftldk izkUr [– 5, 7] gSA ;fn g(x) = |2x + 5| gks] rks (fog) (x) dk izkUr gSa&
(A) [– 4, 1] (B) [– 5, 1] (C*) [– 6, 1] (D) [– 5, 7]

 1 , x  0

D-3. Let g (x) = 1 + x  [ x ] and f (x) =  0 , x  0 . Then for all x, f (g (x)) is equal to (where [.] denotes
1 , x  0

greatest integer function)
 1 , x  0
ekuk g (x) = 1 + x  [ x ] ,oa f (x) =  0 , x  0 . gks rks lHkh x ds fy,] f (g (x)) cjkcj gS ¼tgk¡ [.] egÙke
1 , x  0

iw.kkZad Qyu dks O;ä djrk gSA
(A) x (B*) 1 (C) f (x) (D) g (x)

Section (E) : Even/Odd Functions & Periodic Functions

[k.M (E) : le@fo"ke Qyu vkSj vkorhZ Qyu
 1  sin x 
E-1. The function f(x) = log   is
 1  sin x 
(A) even (B*) odd
(C) neither even nor odd (D) both even and odd
 1  sin x 
Qyu f(x) = log   gS&
 1  sin x 
(A) le Qyu (B) fo"ke Qyu (C) u rks le u gh fo"ke (D) le ,oa fo"ke nksuksa

1
E-2. The function f(x) = [x] + , x   is a/an (where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function)
2
(A) Even (B*) odd (C) neither even nor odd (D) Even as well as odd
1
Qyu f(x) = [x] + , x  (tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA½ gS&
2
(A) le (B*) fo"ke (C) u le u fo"ke (D) le ds lkFk lkFk fo"ke

E-3. The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then :
;fn y = f(x) dk vkjs[k] js[kk x = 2 ds lkis{k lefer gks] rks&
(A) f(x + 2) = f(x – 2) (B*) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x) (C) f(x) = f(–x) (D) f(x) = –f(–x)
E-4. Fundamental period of f(x) = sec (sin x) is

(A) (B) 2 (C*)  (D) aperiodic
2
f(x) = sec (sin x) dk ewyHkwr vkorZdky gSa&

(A) (B) 2 (C)  (D) vukorhZ
2
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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

E-5. If f (x) = sin  

[ a ] x (where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function) has  as its fundamental period,
then
;fn f (x) = sin  [ a ] x  (tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA½ dk ew yHkwr vkorZdky  gks] rks
(A) a = 1 (B) a = 9 (C) a  [1, 2) (D*) a  [4, 5)

E-6. Find the area below the curve y =  2  2cos2x  but above the x-axis in [–3, 6] is
 
(where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function) :
(A) 2 square units (B)  square units (C*) 6 square units (D) 8 square units
[–3, 6] esa x-v{k ls Åij vkSj oØ y =  2  2cos2x  ls uhps dk {ks=kQy Kkr dhft,
 
(tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA½
(A) 2 oxZ bdkbZ (B)  oxZ bdkbZ (C) 6 oxZ bdkbZ (D) 8 oxZ bdkbZ

(A) 2 oxZ bdkbZ (B)  oxZ bdkbZ (C*) 6 oxZ bdkbZ (D) 8 oxZ bdkbZ

Section (F) : Inverse of a function

[k.M (F) : Qyu dk izfrykse
e x  e x
F-1. The inverse of the function f(x) = is
e x  e x
e x  e x
Qyu f(x) = dk izfrykse gS&
e x  e x
1 1 x 1 2x 1 1 x
(A*) n (B) n (C) n (D) 2 n (1 + x)
2 1 x 2 2x 2 1 x

1
F-2. If f: [1, )  [2, ) is given by f (x) = x + , then f 1 (x) equals:
x
1
;fn f: [1, )  [2, ),, f (x) = x + , }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gks] rks f 1 (x) cjkcj gS&
x
x x2  4 x x x2  4
(A*) (B) (C) (D) 1  x 2  4
2 1 x 2
2
F-3. If f : R  R is an invertible function such that f(x) and f –1(x) are also mirror image to each other about
the line y = –x, then
(A*) f(x) is odd
(B) f(x) and f–1(x) may not be mirror image about the line y = x
(C) f(x) may not be odd
(D) f(x) is even
;fn f : R  R izfrykseh; Qyu blizdkj gs fd f(x) vkSj f–1(x) js[kk y = –x ds lkis{k ,d nwljs ds niZ.k izfrfcEc
gS rc
(A) f(x) fo"ke gSA
(B) f(x) rFkk f–1(x), js[kk y = x ds lkis{k niZ.k izfrfcEc ugha gSA
(C) f(x)] fo"ke ugha gks ldrk gSA
(D) f(x) le gS

ax  b
F-4. If f(x) = , then (fof) (x) = x, provided that
cx  d
ax  b
;fn f(x) = gks] rks (fof) (x) = x, c'krsZ gS] fd&
cx  d
(A*) d + a = 0 (B) d – a = 0 (C) a = b = c = d = 1 (D) a = b = 1

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

x 1  x  1
F-5. Let f(x) =  2 the range of h–1(x), where h(x) = fof(x) is

x 1 x  2
 x 1  x  1
ekuk f(x) =  2 rc h–1(x) dk ifjlj gS tgk¡ h(x) = fof(x) gS

x 1 x  2
(A*)  1, 2 (B) [–1, 2] (C) [–1, 4] (D) [–2, 2]
 

F-6. Statement – 1 All points of intersection of y = f (x) and y = f – 1 (x) lies on y = x only.
Statement – 2 If point P (, ) lies on y = f (x), then Q (, ) lies on y = f – 1 (x).
Statement – 3 Inverse of invertible function is unique and its range is equal to the function domain.
Which of the following option is correct for above statements in order
(A) T T F (B*) F T T (C) T T T (D) T F T
LrEHk – 1 oØ y = f (x) vkSj y = f – 1 (x) ds izfrPNsnu ds lHkh fcUnq dsoy y = x ij fLFkr gSA
LrEHk – 2 ;fn fcUnq P (, ), y = f (x) ij fLFkr gS rc Q (, ), y = f – 1 (x) ij fLFkr gSA
LrEHk – 3 izfrykseh; Qyu dk izfrykse vf}rh; gksrk gS rFkk bldk ifjlj] Qyu ds izkUr ds cjkcj gksrk gS
mijksDr dFkuksa ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSu ls dFku Øe eas lgh gSA
(A) T T F (B*) F T T (C) T T T (D) T F T

Section (G) : Definition, graphs and fundamentals of Inverse Trigonometric functions

[k.M (G) : f=kdks.kfefr; izfrykseh; Qyuksa dh ifjHkk"kk] vkys[k rFkk fl)kUr
G-1. The domain of definition of f(x) = sin1 (x  1  2) is:
Qyu f(x) = sin1 (x  1  2) dk izkUr gSa&
(A*) [ 2, 0]  [2, 4] (B) (2, 0)  (2, 4) (C) [ 2, 0]  [1, 3] (D) ( 2, 0)  (1, 3)

G-2. The function f(x) = cot1 (x  3) x + cos1 x2  3x  1 is defined on the set S, where S is equal to:

;fn Qyu f(x) = cot1 (x  3) x + cos1 x2  3x  1 leqPp; S esa ifjHkkf"kr gks] rks leqPp; S gSa&
(A) {0, 3} (B) (0, 3) (C*) {0,  3} (D) [ 3, 0]

G-3. Domain of f(x) = cos–1 x + cot–1 x + cosec–1 x is

(A) [– 1, 1] (B) R (C) (– ]  [1, ) (D*) {– 1, 1}
f(x) = cos–1 x + cot–1 x + cosec–1 x dk izkUr gS&
(A) [– 1, 1] (B) R (C) (– ]  [1, ) (D*) {– 1, 1}

G-4. Range of f(x) = sin–1 x + tan–1 x + sec–1 x is

  3    3    3    3 
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C*)  ,  (D)  , 
4 4  4 4  4 4  4 4 
f(x) = sin–1 x + tan–1 x + sec–1 x dk ifjlj gS&
  3    3    3    3 
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D)  , 
4 4  4 4  4 4  4 4 

G-5. cosec–1 (cos x) is real if

(A) x  [– 1, 1] (B) x  R

(C) x is an odd multiple of (D*) x is a multiple of 
2
 cosec–1 (cos x) okLrfod gksxk ;fn&
(A) x  [– 1, 1] (B) x  R

(C) x , dk fo"ke xq.kt gS (D) x, dk xq.kt gSA
2


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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

G-6. Domain of definition of the function f (x) = sin1 (2 x)  for real valued ' x ' is:
6

Qyu f (x) = sin1 (2 x)  dk ' x ' ds okLrfod ekuksa ds fy, izkUr gSa&
6
 1 1  1 1  1 1  1 1
(A*)  4 , 2  (B)  2 , 2  (C)   ,  (D)   , 
     2 9  4 4
   3 
The solution of the equation sin1  tan   sin1   = 0 is
 x  6
G-7.
 4  
(A) x = 2 (B) x =  4 (C*) x = 4 (D) x = 3
   
lehdj.k sin1  tan   sin1    = 0 dk gy gS&
3
 4   x  6
(A) x = 2 (B) x =  4 (C) x = 4 (D)x = 3

3
G-8. Number of solutions of the equation cot–1 4  x2  cos1(x2  5)  is :
2
3
lehdj.k cot–1 4  x2  cos1(x2  5)  ds gyksa dh la[;k gS
2
(A*) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

Section (H) : Trig (trig–1x), trig–1 (trig x), trig–1 (–x) and Property (/2)
[k.M (H) : Trig (trig–1x), trig–1 (trig x), trig–1 (–x) rFkk xq.k/keZ (/2)
H-1. If x2, then cos–1 (cosx) is equal to
;fn x2gks] rks cos–1 (cosx) =
(A) x (B)  – x (C) 2 + x (D*) 2 – x

2
H-2. If sin–1 x + sin–1 y = , then cos–1x + cos–1y is equal to
3
2
;fn sin–1 x + sin–1 y = gks] rks cos–1x + cos–1y =
3
2  
(A) (B*) (C) (D) 
3 3 6

H-3. If x  0 and  = sin1x + cos1x  tan1x, then

;fn x  0 rFkk  = sin1x + cos1x  tan1x gks] rks &
 3    
(A)    (B) 0    (C) 0   < (D*)    
2 4 4 2 4 2
H-4. Number of solutions of equation tan–1(e–x) + cot–1(|nx|) = /2 is :
lehdj.k tan–1(e–x) + cot–1(|nx|) = /2 ds gyksa dh la[;k gS
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D*) 2

Section (I) : Interconversion/Simplification
[k.M (I) : ijLij :ikUrj.k@ljyhdj.k
 3 3
I-1. The numerical value of cot  2sin1  cos1  is
 5 5
 3 3
cot  2sin1  cos1  dk lkaf[;d eku gS &
 5 5
4 3 3 4
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
3 4 4 3

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

I-2. STATEMENT-1 : tan2 (sec–1 2) + cot2 (cosec– 1 3) = 11.

STATEMENT-2 : tan2  + sec2  = 1 = cot2 + cosec2 
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation
for STATEMENT-1
(C*) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
dFku -1 : tan2 (sec–1 2) + cot2 (cosec– 1 3) = 11.
dFku -2 : tan2  + sec2  = 1 = cot2 + cosec2 
(A) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA
(B) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ugha gSA
(C*) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 vlR; gSA
(D) dFku&1 vlR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gSA
(E) nksuksa dFku vlR; gSA
1 
I-3. If  is a real root of the equation x3 + 3x – tan2 = 0, then cot–1  + cot–1 – can be equal to
 2
1 
;fn  lehdj.k x3 + 3x – tan2 = 0 dk okLrfod ewy gS rc cot–1  + cot–1 – dk eku cjkcj gSA
 2
 3
(A) 0 (B) (C*)  (D)
2 2
 x   x  2
If sin–1  + sin–1  1–  + tan–1y =
 2 
I-4. , then :
 4  3
   
49
(A*) maximum value of x2 + y2 is (B) maximum value of x 2 + y2 is 4
3
1
(C) minimum value of x 2 + y2 is (D) minimum value of x 2 + y2 is 3
2
 x  x 2
;fn sin–1   + sin–1  1–  + tan–1y = gks] rc
 2   4 3
49
(A*) x2 + y2 dk vf/kdre eku gSA (B) x2 + y2 dk vf/kdre eku 4 gS
3
1
(C) x2 + y2 dk U;wure eku gS (D) x2 + y2 dk U;wure eku 3 gSA
2
 1
I-5. If x < 0, then value of tan–1(x) + tan–1   is equal to
x
 
(A) (B*) – (C) 0 (D) –
2 2
 1
 ;fn x < 0 gks] rks tan–1(x) + tan–1   dk eku gS &
x
 
(A) (B*) – (C) 0 (D) –
2 2
 1 
I-6. If sin–1x + cot–1   = , then x is equal to
2 2
 1 
;fn sin–1x + cot–1   = gks, rks x =
2 2
1 2 3
(A) 0 (B*) (C) (D)
5 5 2

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 1 
I-7. The numerical value of tan  2 tan1   is
 5 4
 1 
tan  2 tan1   dk lkaf[;d eku gS &
 5 4
7 7 17 2
(A*) (B) (C) (D) –
17 17 7 3

Section (J) : Addition and Subtraction Rule

[k.M (J) : ;ksxQy] O;odyu fu;e

 3x – 3x   x 
J-1. If f(x) = tan–1 
 3 3  x 2 
+ tan–1   , 0  x  3, then range of f(x) is
   3
 3x – 3x   x 
;fn f(x) = tan–1   + tan–1 
2   , 0  x  3 rc f(x) dk ifjlj gS
3 3x   3
       
(A) 0,  (B*) 0,  (C)  ,  (D) 0, 
 2  4 6 3  3

a b 
J-2. STATEMENT-1 : If a > 0, b > 0, tan– 1   + tan– 1   = .  x = ab .
x x 2
m nm 
STATEMENT-2 : If m, n  N, n  m, then tan– 1   + tan– 1   = .
n nm 4
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B*) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation
for STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false


dFku -1 :;fn a > 0, b > 0, tan– 1   + tan– 1   = .  x = ab .
a b
 
x  
x 2
nm 
dFku-2 :;fn m, n  N, n  m gks] rks tan– 1 
m
 + tan– 1   = .
n nm 4
(A) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA
(B*) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gS ; dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ugha gSA
(C) dFku&1 vlR; gS] dFku&2 lR; gSA
(D) dFku&1 lR; gS] dFku&2 vlR; gSA
(E) nksuksa dFku vlR; gSA
y
J-3. If cos–1x – cos–1 = , then 4x2 – 4xy cos  + y2 is equal to-
2
y
;fn cos–1x – cos–1 = gks] rks 4x2 – 4xy cos  + y2 dk eku gS &
2
(A) 2 sin 2 (B) 4 (C*) 4sin2  (D) – 4 sin2 

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

Hkkx - III : dkWye dks lqesfyr dhft, (MATCH THE COLUMN )

1. Match the relation defined on set A = {a,b,c} in column I with the corresponding type in column II
Column I Column II
(1) {a,b), (b,a) (p) symmetric but not reflexive and transitive
(2) {(a,b), (b,a), (a,a), (b,b)} (q) equivalence
(3) {(a,b), (b,c), (a,c)} (r) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
(4) {(a,a), (b,b), (c,c)} (s) transitive but not reflexive and symmetric
LrEHk&I esa leqPp; A = {a,b,c} ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k dk LrEHk–II es fn, x, lEcU/kksa ds izdkj ls feyku dhft,&
LrEHk I LrEHk II
(1) {a,b), (b,a) (p) lefer ijUrq LorqY; vkSj laØked ugha
(2) {(a,b), (b,a), (a,a), (b,b)} (q) rqY;rk
(3) {(a,b), (b,c), (a,c)} (r) lefer vkSj laØked ijUrq LorqY; ugha
(4) {(a,a), (b,b), (c,c)} (s) laØked ijUrq LorqY; vkSj lefer ughA
Ans. (1)  (p), (2)  (r), (3)  (s), (4)  (q)
2. Column –  Column – 
(A) If S be set of all triangles and f : S  R+, f() = Area (p) one-one
of , then f is
 3 
(B) f : R   ,   and f(x) = cot–1(2x – x2 – 2), then f(x) is (q) many one
 4 
2x 2  x  1
(C) If f : R  R such that f(x) = , then f(x) is (r) onto function
7x 2  4x  4
(D) f : R  R and f(x) = epx sinqx where p, q  R+, then f(x) is (s) into function
LrEHk –  LrEHk – 
(A) ;fn S lHkh f=kHkqtksa dk leqPp; gS rFkk f : S  R+, f() =  (p) ,dSdh
dk {ks=kQy gks] rks f gS
 3 
(B) f : R   ,   rFkk f(x) = cot–1(2x – x2 – 2), rc f(x) gSA (q) cgq,sdh
 4 
2x 2  x  1
(C) ;fn f : R  R bl izdkj gS fd f(x) = , rks f(x) gSA (r) vkPNknd Qyu
7x 2  4x  4
(D) f : R  R rFkk f(x) = epx sinqx tgk¡ p, q  R+, rc f(x) gSA (s) vUr{ksZih Qyu
Ans. (A) (q,r), (B) (q,r), (C) (q,s), (D) (q,r),

3. Match The column

(A) If f(x) is even & g(x) is odd (p) then fog must be odd
(B) If g(x) is periodic (q) then fog must be manyone
(C) If f(x) & g(x) are bijective (r) then fog is periodic
(D) If f(x) is into (s) then fog is injective
(t) then fog is into
Ans. (A q ; B r,q ; C s ; D t)

LrEHk feyku dhft;sA

(A) ;fn f(x) le gS vkSj g(x) fo"ke gSA (p) rc fog vo'; fo"ke gksxkA
(B) ;fn g(x) vkorhZ gSA (q) rc fog vo'; cgq,sdh gksxkA
(C) ;fn f(x) rFkk g(x) ,dSdh vkPNknd gSA (r) rc fog vkorhZ gSA
(D) ;fn f(x) vUr{ksZih gSA (s) rc fog ,dSdh gSA
(t) rc fog vUr{ksZih gSA
Ans. (A q ; B r,q ; C s ; D t)

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
4. Let f (x) = sin–1 x, g (x) = cos–1 x and h(x) = tan –1 x. For what complete interval of variation of x the
following are true.
ekuk dh f (x) = sin–1 x, g (x) = cos–1 x vkSj h(x) = tan –1x, rc x ds fdu lHkh ekuksa ds fy, fuEu lR; gSa
Column –  Column – 
LrEHk –  LrEHk – 
(A) f  x + g  x = /2 (p) [0, )

(B) f (x) + g  1 x 2
=0 (q) [0, 1]

 1  x2 
(C) g   = 2 h (x) (r) (– , 1)
 1  x2
 
 1 x 
(D) h(x) + h(1) = h   (s) [– 1, 0]
 1 x 
Ans. (A) (q), (B) (s), (C) (p), (D) (r),

5. Match the column

Column -         Column - 
 (A) Let a, b, c be three positive real numbers     (p) 
a (a  b  c) b (a  b  c) c (a  b  c)
   = tan– 1 + tan– 1 + tan– 1 ,
bc ca ab
then is equal to

(B) The value of the expression

1  
tan 1  tan 2 A  + tan 1 (cot A) + tan 1 (cot3A) for 0 < A < (/4) (q) –
2  2
is equal to
1
(C) If x < 0, then {cos– 1(2x2 – 1) + 2cos–1 x} is equal to (r) –
2
3  12   16  
(D) The value of sin–1   – cos–1   + cos–1   is equal to (s)
 
5  
13  65  2

LrEHk feyku dhft, &

LrEHk -         LrEHk - 
 (A) ekuk a, b, c rhu /kukRed okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa rFkk     (p)  
a (a  b  c) b (a  b  c) c (a  b  c) 
   = tan– 1 + tan– 1 + tan– 1 gks, (q) –
bc ca ab 2
rks dk eku cjkcj gS&

(B) 0 < A < (/4) ds fy, O;atd

1 
tan 1  tan 2 A  + tan 1 (cot A) + tan 1 (cot3A) (r) –
 2 
dk eku gS&

1
(C) {cos– 1(2x2 – 1) + 2cos–1 x} cjkcj gS
;fn x < 0 gks] rks
2
3  12   16  
(D) sin–1   – cos–1   + cos–1   dk eku gSA (s)
 
5  
13  65  2
Ans. (A)  (p), (B)  (p), (C) (p), (D) (s)

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
Hkkx-I : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)

1. For real numbers x and y, we write x R y  x – y + 2 is an irrational number. Then the relation R is-
(A*) Reflexive (B) Symmetric (C) Transitive (D) Equivalence relation
okLrfod la[;kvksa x vkSj y ds fy, ges fn;k gS fd x R y  x – y + 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA rc lEcU/k R
gksxk&
(A) LorqY; (B) lefer (C) laØked (D) rqY;rk lEcU/k

2. Let A = N × N be the Certesian product of N and N. Let

S = {((m, n), (p, q))  A × A : m + q = n + p}
Consider the following statements:
I.If ((m,n), (p , q))  S, and ((p,q), (r, s))  S then ((r,s), (m,n))  S
II.There exists at least one element ((m,n), (p, q))  S such that ((p , q), (m, n))  S
Which of the statements given above is / are correct ?
(A*) I only (B) II only (C) Both I and II (D) Neither I nor II.
ekuk A = N × N, N vkSj N dk dkrhZ; xq.ku gS ekuk
S = {((m, n), (p, q))  A × A : m + q = n + p}
ekuk fd dFku :
I. ;fn ((m,n), (p , q))  S, vkSj ((p,q), (r, s))  S rc ((r,s), (m,n))  S
II. de ls de ,d vo;o ((m,n), (p, q))  S bl izdkj gS fd ((p , q), (m, n))  S
fuEu dFkuksa esa ls dkSulk lgh gS ?
(A*) dsoy I (B) dsoy II (C) I vkSj II nksuksa (D) u rks I vkSj u gh II.

3. Let A = Z, the set of integers. Let R1 = {(m, n)  Z × Z : (m + 4n) is divisible by 5 in Z}.

Let R2 = {(m, n)  Z × Z : (m + 9n) is divisible by 5 in Z}.
Which one of the following is correct ?
(A) R1 is a proper subset of R2 (B) R2 is a proper subset of R1
(C*) R1 = R2 (D) R1 is not a symmetric relation on Z
ekuk A = Z iw.kk±dksa dk leqPp; gSA ekuk R1 = {(m, n)  Z × Z : (m + 4n), Z esa 5 ls foHkkftr gS}
ekuk R2 = {(m, n)  Z × Z : (m + 9n), Z esa 5 ls foHkkftr gS}
fuEu es ls dkSulk lgh gS ?
(A) R1 , R2 dk mfpr mileqPp; gSA (B) R2 , R1 dk mfpr mileqPp; gSA
(C*) R1 = R2 (D) R1 , Z ij lefer lEcU/k ugh gS

4. Let X be the set of all persons living in a state. Elements x, y in X are said to be related if ‘x < y’,
whenever y is 5 years older than x. Which one of the following is correct?

(A) The relation is an equivalence relation

(B) The relation is transitive only
(C) The relation is transitive and symmetric, but not reflexive
(D*) The relation is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive
ekukfd X ,d jkT; esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk leqPp; gSA X esa vo;o x vkSj y bl izdkj ls lEcfU/kr gS fd ‘x < y’,
tcfd y, x ls 5 o"kZ cM+k gS rc fuEu esa ls dkSulk dFku lgh gS\
(A) lEcU/k rqY;rk lEcU/k gSA
(B) lEcU/k dsoy laØked gSA
(C) lEcU/k laØked vkSj lefer gS ijUrq LorqY; ughaA
(D*) lEcU/k u rks LorqY; gS vkSj u gh lefer vkSj u gh laØked gSA

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
  1  
5. The domain of the f unction f (x) = log 1 / 2   log2  1  4   1 is:
  x 
(A) 0 < x < 1 (B) 0 < x  1 (C) x  1 (D*) null set
  1  
Qyu f (x) = log 1 / 2   log2 1  4   1 dk iz k Ur gS &
  x 
(A) 0 < x < 1 (B) 0 < x  1 (C) x  1 (D) fjDr leq P p;

6. If q 2  4 p r = 0, p > 0, then the domain of the function f (x) = log (p x 3 + (p + q) x 2 + (q +

r) x + r) is:
 q    q 
(A) R     (B*) R   (   ,  1]   
 2p    2p  
  q 
(C) R   (   ,  1)    (D) R
  2p  
;fn q 2  4 p r = 0, p > 0 gks , rks Qyu f (x) = log (p x 3 + (p + q) x 2 + (q + r) x + r) dk iz k Ur gS &
 q    q 
(A) R     (B) R   (   ,  1]   
 2p    2p  
  q 
(C) R   (   ,  1)    (D) R
  2p  

x  [x]
7. Let f (x) = , R  A is onto then find set A. (where {.} and [.] represent fractional part
1  x  [x]
and greatest integer part functions respectively )

x  [x]
;fn f (x) = , R  A vkPNknd gS ] rks leq P p; A Kkr djks (tgk¡ {.} vkSj [.] Øe'k% fHkUukRed Hkkx
1  x  [x]
Qyu rFkk egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks O;Dr djrs gSA )
 1  1  1  1
(A)  0 ,  (B) 0 ,  (C*) 0 ,  (D)  0 , 
 2   2  2  2 
x
ex  e
8. Let f be a real v alued f unction def ined by f (x) = , then the range of f (x) is :
x
ex  e
x
ex  e
ekukfd ,d okLrfod eku Qyu f bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd f (x) = x
] rks f (x) dk ifjlj gS &
ex  e
(A) R (B) [0, 1] (C) [0, 1) (D*) 0 , 1
 2 

9. The range of the f unction f (x) = log

2
2  log 16sin x  1 is
2
2


Qyu f (x) = log 2 2  log2 16sin2 x  1 dk ifjlj gS a
(A) (  1)

(B) (  2)

(C) (   1] (D*) (   2]

10. W hich of the f ollowing pair of f unctions are identical ?

fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds ;qXe esa ls dkSulk loZle Qyu gS&
x x x2
(A) 1  sin x , sin + cos (B) x,
2 2 x

 x
2
(C) x2 , (D*) n x 3 + n x 2 , 5 n x

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
11. If domain of f(x) is (– , 0], then domain of f(6{x}2 – 5 {x} + 1) is (where {} represents fractional part
function).
 1 1  1   1 1
(A*) n  3 , n  2  (B) (– , 0) (C) n  6 , n  1 (D) n  2 , n  3 
n   n   nI  
;fn Qyu f(x) dk iz k Ur (– , 0] gks rks f(6{x}2 – 5 {x} + 1) dk iz k Ur gS a ¼tgk¡ { . }, fHkUukRed
HkkxQyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS ½
 1 1  1   1 1
(A*) n  3 , n  (B) (– , 0) (C) n  6 , n  1 (D) n  2 , n  3 
n 
2  n   nI  

12. Let f: (e, )  R be defined by f(x) =n (n(n x)), then

(A) f is one one but not onto (B) f is onto but not one - one
(C*) f is one-one and onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto
ekuk f: (e, )  R, f(x) =n (n(n x)) }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS ] rks
(A) f ,dS d h gS ys f du vkPNknd ugha (B) f vkPNknd gS ys f du ,dS d h ugha
(C) f ,dS d h ,oa vkPNknd gS (D) f u rks ,dS d h gS u gh vkPNknd gS A

13. If f (x) = 2 [x] + cos x, then f: R  R is: (where [ . ] denotes greatest integer f unction)
(A) oneone and onto (B) oneone and into
(C*) manyone and into (D) manyone and onto
;fn f (x) = 2 [x] + cos x gks ] tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw . kk± d Qyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS rks f: R  R es a gS &
(A) ,dS d h ,oa vkPNknd (B) ,dS d h ,oa vUr%{ks Z i h
(C) cgq , s d h ,oa vUr%{kZ s i h (D) cgq , s d h ,oa vkPNknd

 x | x | 4 ; x  Q

14. If f : R  R be a f unction such that f (x) =  , then f (x) is
x | x |  3 ; x  Q

(A) one-one, onto (B) many one, onto (C) one-one, into (D*) many one, into
 x | x | 4 ; x  Q
;fn f : R  R esa ,d Qyu bl izdkj gS fd f (x) =  , rc f(x) gS
x | x |  3 ; x  Q

(A) ,dSdh vkPNknd (B) cgq,sdh vkPNknd (C) ,dsdh vUrZ{ksih (D*) cgq,sdh vUrZ{ksih

15. f (x) = x  1, f: R +  R, g(x) = e x , g: [ 1, )  R. If the f unction f og (x) is

def ined, then its domain and range respectiv ely are:
(A) (0, ) and [0, ) (B*) [ 1, ) and [0, )
 1  1 
(C) [ 1, ) and 1  ,   (D) [ 1, ) and   1,  
 e  e 
f (x) = x  1, f: R +  R, g (x) = e x , g: [ 1, )  R ;fn Qyu f og (x) ifjHkkf"kr gks
rks blds iz k Ur vkS j ifjlj Øe'k% gS &
(A) (0, ) vkS j [0, ) (B*) [ 1, ) vkS j [0, )
 1  1 
(C) [ 1, ) vkS j 1  ,   (D) [ 1, ) vkS j   1,  
 e  e 

x
16. Let f : (2, 4)  (1, 3) be a f unction defined by f (x) = x    (where [. ] denotes the
2
greatest integer f unction), then f  1 (x) is equal to :
x
;fn f (2, 4)  (1, 3), ,d Qyu gS tks f (x) = x    }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS rks f  1 (x) dk eku gS &
2
( tgk¡ [. ] egÙke iw . kkZ a d Qyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS )
x
(A) 2x (B) x +     (C*) x + 1 (D) x  1
2
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17. The mapping f : R  R giv en by f (x) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c is a bijection if

iz f rfp=k.k f : R  R, f (x) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu ,dS d h vkPNknd gS ;fn&
(A) b 2  3a (B*) a 2  3b (C) a 2  3b (D) b 2  3a

18. If the function f: [1, ) [1, ) is defined by f(x) = 2x(x – 1) then f –1 is

(A) (1/2)x(x – 1) (B*)
2
1

1  1  4log2 x 
(C)
2
1
1  1  4log2 x  (D) Not defined

;fn Qyu f : [1, ) [1, ) es a f(x) = 2x(x – 1) ls ifjHkkf"kr gS rc f–1 gS

(A) (1/2)x(x – 1) (B*)
2
1

1  1  4log2 x 
(C)
1
2
1  1  4log2 x  (D) ifjHkkf"kr ugha

19. Let f : N  N, where f(x) = x + (–1)x – 1 , then the inverse of f is.

(A*) f –1(x) = x + (–1)x – 1 , x  N (B) f –1(x) = 3x + (–1)x – 1 , x  N
(C) f (x) = x , x  N
–1
(D) f –1(x) = (–1)x – 1 , x  N
ekuk f : N  N rFkk f(x) = x + (–1) rc f dk iz f ryks e gS
x–1

(A*) f –1(x) = x + (–1)x – 1 , x  N (B) f –1(x) = 3x + (–1)x – 1 , x  N

(C) f (x) = x , x  N
–1
(D) f –1(x) = (–1)x – 1 , x  N

 1   1 
20. tan   cos1 x  + tan   cos1 x  , x  0 is equal to
4 2  4 2 
 1  1
;fn x  0 gks] rks tan   cos1 x  + tan   cos1 x  dk eku gS &
4 2  4 2 
2 x
(A) x (B) 2x (C*) (D)
x 2


 1  sin x  1  sin x 
 
21. The v alue of cot  1   , where < x < , is:
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
  2

 
 1  sin x  1  sin x  
;fn < x <  gks] rks cot  1
  dk eku gS&
2 
 1  sin x  1  sin x 

x  x x x
(A)  (B*) + (C) (D) 2 
2 2 2 2 2

 1  x3 
22. The domain of the f unction f (x) = sin  1  3 / 2  + sin (sin x) + log ( 3 { x } + 1 ) (x 2 + 1),
 2x 
 
where {.} represents f ractional part f unction, is:
(A) x  {1} (B) x  R  {1,  1} (C) x > 3, x  I (D*) x 
 1 x 3 
Qyu f (x) = sin  1  3 / 2  + sin (sin x) + log ( 3 { x } + 1 ) (x 2 + 1), dk iz k Ur gS &
 2x 
¼tgk¡ {.} fHkUukRed HkkxQyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS ½
(A) x  {1} (B) x  R  {1,  1} (C) x > 3, x  I (D) x 

23. A function g(x) satisfies the following conditions

(i) Domain of g is (–, ) (ii) Range of g is [–1, 7]
(iii) g has a period  and (iv) g(2) = 3
Then which of the following may be possible.

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Qyu g(x) fuEuizfrcU/k dks lUrq"V djrk gS
(i) g dk izkUr (–, ) gSA (ii) g dk ifjlj [–1, 7] gSA
(iii) g,  vkorZ j[krk gSA (iv) g(2) = 3
rc fuEu esa ls dkSulk laHkkfor gSA
 3 ; x  n
(A*) g(x) = 3 + 4 sin (n + 2x – 4), n  (B) g(x) = 
 3  4 sin x ; x  n
(C) g(x) = 3 + 4 cos (n + 2x – 4), n  (D) g(x) = 3 – 8 sin (n + 2x – 4), n 

24. The complete solution set of the inequality [cot – 1 x] 2 – 6 [cot – 1 x] + 9  0, where [.]
denotes greatest integer f unction, is
(A*) (– , cot 3] (B) [cot 3, cot 2] (C) [cot 3, ) (D) (– , cot 2]
vlfedk [cot – 1 x] 2 – 6 [cot – 1 x] + 9  0, tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kkZd Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] ds lEiw.kZ gyksa dk
leqPp; gS&
(A) (– , cot 3] (B) [cot 3, cot 2] (C) [cot 3, ) (D) (– , cot 2]

25. The inequality sin– 1 (sin 5) > x2 – 4x holds for

vlfedk sin– 1 (sin 5) > x2 – 4x lR; gksxh ;fn

(A*) x  2 – 9  2 , 2  9  2  (B) x > 2 + 9  2

(C) x < 2 – 9  2 (D) x 

 x2 x3   x 4 x6  
26. If sin - 1  x    .......  + cos - 1  x 2    .......  = f or 0 < | x | < 2 , then x
 2 4   2 4  2
   
equal s

(A) 1/2 (B*) 1 (C) – 1/2 (D) –1

 x2
x 3   2 x 4 x6  
;fn 0 < | x | < 2 ds fy, sin - 1  x    .......  + cos - 1
  x    .......  =

gks rks x
 2 4   2 4  2
dk eku gS&
(A) 1/2 (B*) 1 (C) – 1/2 (D) –1
27. cot–1  cos   – tan–1  
cos  = x. then sin x is equal to -

cot–1  cos   – tan–1  cos   = x gks] rks sin x dk eku gS &

  

(A*) tan2   (B) cot2   (C) tan  (D) cot  
2 2 2
28. The Inverse trigonometric equation sin–1 x = 2 sin–1 , has a solution for
3 3 1 1
(A) – << (B) all real values of  (C*) ||  (D) || 
2 2 2 2
f=kdks.kfefr; lehdj.k sin x = 2 sin , dk ,d gy fo|eku gS ;fn
–1 –1

3 3
(A) – << (B) ds lHkh okLrfod eku ds fy,
2 2
1 1
(C*) ||  (D) || 
2 2
 
29. If f(x) = cot–1x : R+   0, 
 2
and g(x) = 2x – x2 : R  R. Then the range of the function f(g(x)) wherever define is
       
(A)  0,  (B)  0,  (C*)  ,  (D)  
 2  4   4 2  4
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 
;fn f(x) = cot–1x : R+   0,  ,oa
 2
g(x) = 2x – x2 : R  R gks rks Qyu f(g(x)) tgk¡ ifjHkkf"kr gS ] dk ifjlj gS &
       
(A)  0,  (B)  0,  (C*)  ,  (D)  
 2  4 4 2  4

30. Given the f unctions f (x) = e

 
cos1 sin x    ,
 4  2cos x 
g(x) = cosec  1 
3
 and the f unction
 3 
h(x) = f (x) defined only f or those v alues of x, which are common to the domains of the
f unctions f (x) and g(x). The range of the f unction h(x) is :
    
 
(A*) [e 6 ,e ] (B) [e 6 , e ] (C) (e 6 ,e ) (D) [e 6 ,e 6 ]

ekuk fd Qyu f (x) = e  

cos1 sin x  
3  ,  4  2cos x 
g(x) = cosec  1   rFkk Qyu h(x) = f (x) ds o y]
 3 
x ds mUgh ekuks a ds fy, ifjHkkf"kr gS tgk¡ Qyu f(x) rFkk g(x) ds iz k Ur mHk;fu"B gS rc Qyu h(x)
dk ifjlj gS
    
 
(A*) [e 6 ,e ] (B) [e 6 , e ] (C) (e 6 ,e ) (D) [e 6 ,e 6 ]

PART - II : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

Hkkx - II : ,dy ,oa f}&iw.kk±d eku izdkj ¼SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE½
 q   r 
1. The domain of the function y = sin x  cos x + 7x  x2  6 is p,    , s  then value of p + q
 4  4 
+ r + s is
q  r
Qyu y = sin x  cos x + 7x  x2  6 dk izkUr p,   4,

s  gS rc p + q + r + s dk eku gS&
 4   
Ans. 17
 1
x  2 
2. The domain of f(x) such that the f(x) =   is prime is [x , x ), then the value of 2(x 2 + x 2). [Where
 1 1 2 1 2

 x 
 2 
[.] denotes greatest integer function less than or equal to x]
 1
x  2 
f(x) dk izkUr [x1, x2) bl izdkj gS fd f(x) =   vHkkT; gS rc 2(x 2 + x 2) dk eku Kkr dhft;s&
 1 1 2

 x 
 2 
[tgk¡ [.] x ls NksVk ;k cjkcj egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks O;Dr gSA ]
Ans. 17

x3  2x 2  3x  2
3. Number of integers in the range of the f unction f (x) = ; x  R – {0} is :
x3  2x 2  2x  1
x3  2x 2  3x  2
Qyu f (x) = ; x  R – {0} ds ifjlj es a iw . kkZ a d ks a dh la [ ;k gS &
x3  2x 2  2x  1
Ans. 0

4. Range of the f unction f (x) = |sin x |cos x| + cos x |sin x|| is [a, b] then (a + b) is equal to
Qyu f(x) = |sin x |cos x| + cos x |sin x|| dk ifjlj [a, b] gS rks (a + b) cjkcj gS&
Ans. 1
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5. If f and g are two distinct linear functions defined on R such that they map[–1, 1] onto [0, 2] and
f(x)
h : R – {–1, 0, 1}  R defined by h(x) = , then |h(h(x)) + h(h(1/x))| > n. Then maximum integral
g(x)
value of n is :
;fn f rFkk g nks fHkUu&fHkUu jSf[kd Qyu R esa bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd [–1, 1] ls [0, 2] esa vkPNknd Qyu gS
f(x)
rFkk h : R – {–1, 0, 1}  R esa ifjHkkf"kr Qyu h(x) = gS vkSj |h(h(x)) + h(h(1/x))| > n rc n dk vf/kdre
g(x)
iw.kkZad eku gS&
Ans. 2
1
6. If f(x) = , g(x) = f (f(x)), h(x) = f(f(f(x))), then the absolute value of f(x) . g(x) . h(x), where x  0, 1,
1 x
is
1
;fn f(x) = , g(x) = f (f(x)), h(x) = f(f(f(x))), rc f(x) . g(x) . h(x) dk fujis{k eku Kkr dhft,] tc x  0, 1
1 x
Ans. 1

7. If f(x) = ax7 + bx3 + cx – 5 ; a, b, c are real constants and f(–7) = 7 then maximum value of |f(7) + 17 cos
x| is
;fn f(x) = ax7 + bx3 + cx – 5 ; a, b, c okLrfod vpj gS rFkk f(–7) = 7 rc |f(7) + 17 cos x | dk vf/kdre eku
gS&
Ans. 34

4a  7 3
8. If f (x) = x + (a – 3) x 2 + x + 5 is a one-one f unction, then number of possible
3
integral v alues of a is
4a  7 3
;fn f (x) = x + (a – 3) x 2 + x + 5 ,dS d h Qyu gks ] rks a ds la H ko iw . kkZ a d ekuks a dh la [ ;k
3
gS &
Ans. 7

Number of solutions of the equation e sin

2
x
9. = tan2x in [0, 10] is
 sin x
2
[0, 10] esa lehdj.k e = tan2x ds gyksa dh la[;k gS&
Ans. 20

10. Let f(x)= ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – (6{a}2 – 5 {a} + 1)x – (tan x) sgn (x) be an even function  x  R, then the
sum of all possible values of '3a' is
(where [] denotes G.I. F and {} fractional part functional part function)
;fn f(x)= ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – (6{a}2 – 5 {a} + 1)x – (tan x) sgn (x) le Qyu gS  x  R rc '3a' ds lHkh
laHkkfor ekuksa dk ;ksxQy gS& (tgk¡ [] egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu gS vkSj {} fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu gS)
Ans. 35

11. Let f be a one  one f unction with domain {21, 22, 23} and range {x,y,z}. It is giv en that
exactly one of the f ollowing statements is true and the remaining two are f alse. f (21) = x;
f (22)  x ; f (23)  y. Then f –1 (x) is :
ekuk f ,d ,dS d h Qyu gS ftldk iz k Ur {21, 22, 23} rFkk ifjlj {x,y,z} gS ;g fn;k x;k gS fd
fuEu dFkuks a es a ls Bhd ,d lgh gS rFkk vU; nks xyr gS f (21) = x; f (22)  x ; f(23)  y. rc f –
1 (x) gS&

Ans. 22

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Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 2 1 2  1 1 x
12. Let f : [– 2 + 1, 2 +1]   ,  be a function defined by f(x) = .
 2 2  1  x2
 1  


If f–1(x) = 
 4x  4x 2  1 , x  0 , then  is.
 2x

  , x0
 2 1 2  1 1 x
ekuk f : [– 2 + 1, 2 +1]   ,  ,d ifjHkkf"kr Qyu f(x) = gSA
 2 2  1  x2

–1
 1  

;fn f (x) = 
 4x  4x 2  1 , x  0 rc  gS&
 2x

  , x0
Ans. 2

13. The number of real solutions of the equation x 3 + 1 = 2 3

2x – 1 , is :
lehdj.k x + 1 = 2 2x – 1 ds okLrfod gyks a dh la [ ;k gS &
3 3

Ans. 3

14. If cos  1 x + cos  1 y + cos  1 z = , where  1  x, y, z 1, then f ind the v alue of x 2 + y 2 + z 2
+ 2 xyz
;fn cos  1 x + cos  1 y + cos  1 z = , tgk¡  1  x, y, z 1 gks ] rks x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x y z dk eku Kkr
dhft,&
Ans. 1

1 1
15. The sum of absolute v alue of all possible v alues of x f or which cos tan sin cot x =
226
.
227
x ds lHkh la H kkfor ekuks a ds fujis { k ekuks a dk ;ks x Qy gks x k ftlds fy, cos tan 1
sin cot 1
x =
226
gS &
227
Ans. 30

n 
16. If cot  1> , n  N, then the maximum value of ‘ n ‘ is:
 6
n 
;fn n  N ds fy, cot  1 > , gks] rks n dk vf/kdre eku gS&
 6
Ans. 5


  sin(cos1 x)  cos(sin1 x)  
10
 1
17. If x  (0, 1) and f (x) = sec tan1 

 cos(cos1 x)  sin(sin1 x)  
  
, then  f  r  is
 r 2

  sin(cos1 x)  cos(sin1 x)   10
 1
;fn x  (0, 1) rFkk f (x) = sec tan1  1 1

  gks] rks  f  r  cjkcj gS&

  cos(cos x)  sin(sin x)    r 2

Ans. 54

1  3 sin2  
18. If sin  1   = , then tan  is equal to
2  5  4cos2  4

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1  3 sin2  
;fn sin  1   = gks] rks tan  dk eku gS&
2  5  4cos2  4
Ans. 3

19. The number of real solutions of equation 1  cos 2x = 2 sin – 1 (sin x), 10  x  10 ,
is/are
lehdj.k 1  cos 2x = 2 sin – 1 (sin x) ds 10  x  10 ds fy, okLrfod gyksa dh la[;k gS&
Ans. 20

20. The number of solution(s) of the equation, sin  1 x + cos  1 (1  x) = sin  1 ( x), is
lehdj.k sin  1 x + cos  1 (1  x) = sin  1 ( x) ds gyksa dh la[;k gS&
Ans. 1
n
    k 
1 
21. Find the value of 3 

n 1  k 1
 
cot 1  1  2
  r 3 

  r 1 
n
    k 
1 
3    
n 1  k 1
cot 1  1  2
  r   dk eku Kkr dhft,&

3

  r 1 
Ans. 1

PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx - III : ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi çdkj
1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R be a relation in A given
by R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 1), (1, 3)}, then relation R is
(A*) Reflexive (B*) Symmetric (C) Equivalence (D*) Reflexive and Symmetric
ekuk A = {1, 2, 3, 4} rFkk A esa ifjHkkf"kr ,d lEcU/k R fuEu gS&
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 1), (1, 3)} rc lEcU/k R gS&
(A*) LorqY; (B*) lefer (C) rqY;rk lEcU/k (D*) LorqY; ,oa lefer

2. For n, m  N, n | m means that n is a factor of m, then relation | is

(1*) Reflexive (2) symmetric (3*) Transitive (4) Equivalence
n, m  N ds fy, n | m dk vFkZ gS fd n, m dk ,d xq.ku[k.M gSA rc lEcU/k gS&
(1) LorqY; (2) lefer (3) laØked (4) rqY;rk
 4  x2 
3. If f(x) = sin n   , then
 1 x 
 
(A*) domain of f(x) is (– 2, 1) (B) domain of f(x) is [–1, 1]

(C*) range of f(x) is [–1, 1] (D) range of f(x) is [–1, 1)

 4  x2 
;fn f(x) = sin n   gks] rks
 1 x 
 
(A*) f(x) dk izkUr (– 2, 1) gSA (B) f(x) dk izkUr [–1, 1] gSA
(C*) f(x) dk ifjlj [–1, 1] gSA (D) f(x) dk ifjlj [–1, 1) gSA

4. D is domain and R is range of f (x) = x  1 + 2 3  x , then

f (x) = x  1 + 2 3  x , dk çkUr D vkS j ifjlj R gS rc
(A*) D : [1 , 3] ; (B) D : (– , 1] [3, ),
(C) R : 1, 3  (D*) R :  2 , 10 
   

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

5. If [ 2 cos x ] + [ sin x ] =  3, then the range of the f unction, f (x) = sin x + 3 cos x in [0,
2 ] lies in
(where [ . ] denotes greatest integer f unction)
;fn [ 2 cos x ] + [ sin x ] =  3, gks rks [0, 2 ] es a Qyu f (x) = sin x + 3 cos x dk ifjlj
fLFkr gS
( tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw . kk± d Qyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS A )
(A) [– 3 , 3 ) (B*) [–2, – 3 ] (C*) [–3, –1] (D*) [–2, – 3 )

6. Let D  [  1, 1] is the domain of the f ollowing f unctions, state which of them are
injectiv e.
fuEufyf[kr Qyuks a dk iz k Ur D  [  1, 1] gS ] bues a ls dkS u ls Qyu ,dS d h gS &
 1 1
tan x0
(A) f (x) =  x (B*) g(x) = x 3
 1 x0

(C) h(x) = sin 2x (D*) k(x) = sin (  x/2)

7. Let f(x) = x135 + x125 – x115 + x5 + 1. If f(x) divided by x 3 – x, then the remainder is some function of x say
g(x). Then g(x) is an :
(A*) one-one function (B) many one function (C) into function (D*) onto function
ekuk f(x) = x135 + x125 – x115 + x5 + 1 ;fn f(x), x3 – x ls foHkkftr gksrk gS rc x dk dksbZ Qyu gS ekuk fd g(x) gS
rc g(x) gS
(A*) ,dSdh Qyu (B) cgq , dS d h Qyu (C) vUr{ksZih Qyu (D*) vkPNknd Qyu

8. The f unction f : X  Y, def ined by f (x) = x 2  4x + 5 is both oneone and onto if

f : X  Y es a f(x) = x 2  4x + 5 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr Qyu ,dS d h ,oa vkPNknd nks u ks a gS ;fn&
(A*) X = [2, ) & Y = [1, ) (B*) X = (–,2] & Y = [1, )
(C*) X = [3,) & Y = [2, ) (D) X = (–,2] & Y = (1, )
(A) X = [2, ) rFkk Y = [1, ) (B) X = (–,2] rFkk Y = [1, )
(C) X = [3,) rFkk Y = [2, ) (D) X = (–,2] rFkk Y = (1, )

9. f : N  N where f (x) = x – (–1) x then f is :

(A*) one-one (B) many-one
(C*) onto (D) into
f : N  N tgk¡ f (x) = x – (–1) x gS rc f gS :
(A) ,dS d h (B) cgq , dS d h
(C*) vkPNknd (D) vUr{kZ s i h

10. Which one of the following pair of functions are NOT identical ?
(A*) e(nx)/2 and x
(B*) tan (tanx) and cot (cotx)
(C) cos2x + sin4x and sin2x + cos4x
|x|
(D*) and sgn (x), where sgn(x) stands for signum function.
x
fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa ds ;qXe esa ls dkSulk rqY; (loZle) ugha gS&
(A) e(nx)/2 vkS j x
(B) tan(tanx) vkS j cot (cotx)
(C) cos2x + sin4x vkS j sin2x + cos4x
|x|
(D) ,oa sgn (x) ¼tgk¡ sgn(x) flXue Qyu dks crkrk gS ½
x
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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

ax  1
11. If the graph of the function f (x) = is symmetric about y-axis, then n is equal to:
xn (a x  1)
ax  1
;fn Qyu f (x) = dk vkjs [ k y-v{k ds lkis { k lefer gks rks n cjkcj gS &
x (a x  1)
n

(A*) 1/5 (B*) 1/3 (C) 1 / 4 (D*) – 1 / 3

 x 2 x  1
12. If f(x) =  & composite function h(x) = |f(x)| + f(x + 2), then
1  x x  1
 2 x 1
;fn f(x) =  x vkSj la;qDr Qyu h(x) = |f(x)| + f(x + 2) gS rc
1  x x  1
(A*) h(x) = 2x2 + 4x + 4  x  –1
(B) h(x) = x2 + x + 1   –1 < x  1
(C*) h(x) = x2 – x – 1  –1 < x  1
(D*) h(x) = –2 x>1

 0 for x  0

 2
13. Let f (x) =  x sin x 
  for  1  x  1 (x  0) , then:


x x for x  1 or x   1
(A*) f (x) is an odd f unction (B) f (x) is an ev en f unction
(C) f (x) is neither odd nor ev en (D*) f  (x) is an ev en f unction
 0 , x0 ds fy,
 
ekukfd f(x) = x sin  ,  1  x  1 ( x  0) ds fy, gks] rks
2

 x
 x | x | , x  1 or x  1 ds fy,
(A*) f (x) ,d fo"ke Qyu gSA (B) f (x) ,d le Qyu gSA
(C) f (x) u rks fo"ke u gh le Qyu gSA (D*) f  (x) ,d le Qyu gSA

 x 2  1
14. If f : [–2, 2]  R where f (x) = x 3 + tanx +   is a odd f unction, then the value of
 P 
parametric P, where [.] denotes the great est integer f unction, can be
 x 2  1
;fn f : [–2, 2]  R tgk¡ f (x) = x 3 + tanx +   ,d fo"ke Qyu gS rc iz k py P dk eku gks
 P 
ldrk gS
tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw . kkZ a d Qyu gS
(A*) 5 < P < 10 (B) P < 5 (C*) P > 5 (D*) P = 15

 
15. If f : R  [  1, 1], where f (x) = sin   x   , (where [.] denotes the greatest integer
2 
f unction), then

(A) f (x) is onto (B*) f (x) is into (C*) f (x) is periodic (D*) f (x) is
many one
 
;fn f: R  [  1, 1] tgk¡ f (x) = sin   x   , ( tgk¡ [ ] egÙke iw . kk± d Qyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS )
2 
rks &
(A) f (x) vkPNknd gS A (B) f (x) vUr{ks Z i h gS A (C) f (x) vkorhZ gS A (D) f (x) cgq , s d h gS A
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2 x (sin x  tan x)
16. If f (x) = then it is, (where [.] denotes the greatest integer f unction)
 x  2 
2 
    3
(A*) odd (B) Ev en (C*) many one (D) one-one
2 x (sin x  tan x)
;fn f (x) = rc ;g gS ] ( tgk¡ [ ] egÙke iw . kk± d Qyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrk gS )
 x  2 
2 
    3
(A*) fo"ke (B) le (C*) cgq , s d h (D) ,dS d h

17. dentif y the statement(s) which is/are inco rrect ?

(A) the f unction f (x) = sinx + cosx is neither odd nor ev en
(B*) the f undamental period of f (x) = cos (sin x) + cos (cos x) is 
(C*) the range of the f unction f (x) = cos (3 sin x) is [ 1, 1]
(D) f (x) = 0 is a periodic f unction with period 2
xyr dFkuks a dh igpku dhft,&
(A) Qyu f (x) = sinx + cosx u rks fo"ke gS u gh le gS A
(B*) f (x) = cos (sin x) + cos (cos x) dk ew y Hkw r vkoZ r dky  gS A
(C*) Qyu f (x) = cos (3 sin x) dk ifjlj [ 1, 1] gS A
(D) f (x) = 0 vkorhZ Qyu gS ftldk vkorZ 2 gS A

sin  [x]
18. If F (x) = , then F (x) is: (where { . } denotes f ractional part f unction and [ . . ]
{x}
denotes greatest integer f unction and sgn (x) is a signum f unction)
(A*) periodic with f undamental period 1 (B*) ev en
 {x} 
(C*) range is singleton (D*) identical to sgn  sgn  1
 { x } 

sin  [x]
;fn F (x) = , gks rks F (x) gS , ¼tgk¡ {.}, [.] ,oa sgn (x) Øe'k% fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu] egÙke
{x}
iw . kkZ ± d Qyu ,oa flXue Qyu dks iz n f'kZ r djrs gS ½
(A) ew y Hkw r vkorZ d ky 1 dk vkorhZ Qyu (B) le Qyu
 {x} 
(C) ,dy ifjlj (D) sgn  sgn   1, ds rRled
 { x } 


19. Let f : R  R and g : R  R be two one-one and onto functions such that they are mirror images of
each other about the line y = a. If h(x) = f(x) + g(x), then h(x) is
(A) one-one (B*) into
(C) onto (D*) many-one
ekuk f : R  R rFkk g : R  R nks ,dSdh vkSj vkPNknd Qyu bl izdkj gS fd os js[kk y = a ds lkis{k ,d nqljs
ds niZ.k izfrfcEc gSA ;fn h(x) = f(x) + g(x) gks] rks h(x) gS
(A) ,dSdh (B) vUr{ksZih
(C) vkPNknd (D*) cgq , s d h

20. W hich of f ollowing pairs of f unctions are identical.

1
(A) f (x) = e nsec x and g(x) = sec  1 x
(B*) f (x) = tan (tan  1 x) and g(x) = cot (cot  1 x)
(C*) f (x) = sgn (x) and g(x) = sgn (sgn (x))
(D*) f (x) = cot 2 x. cos 2 x and g(x) = cot 2 x  cos 2 x

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
fuEufyf[kr Qyuks a ds ;q X eks es a ls dkS u ls rq Y ; gS &
1
(A) f (x) = e nsec x rFkk g(x) = sec  1 x
(B*) f (x) = tan (tan  1 x) rFkk g(x) = cot (cot  1 x)
(C*) f (x) = sgn (x) rFkk g(x) = sgn (sgn (x))
(D*) f (x) = cot 2 x. cos 2 x rFkk g(x) = cot 2 x  cos 2 x

3
21. If sin – 1 x + sin – 1 y + sin – 1 z = , then
2
9
(A*) x 1 0 0 + y 1 0 0 + z 10 0 – = 0 (B*) x 2 2 + y 4 2 + z 6 2 – x 2 2 0 –y 4 2 0 – z 6 2 0 = 0
x101  y101  z101
x 2008  y 2008
z 2008
(C) x 5 0 + y 2 5 + z 5 = 0 (D  0)
(xyz)2009
3
;fn sin – 1 x + sin – 1 y + sin – 1 z = gks] rks
2
9
(A*) x 1 0 0 + y 1 0 0 + z 10 0 – = 0 (B*) x 2 2 + y 4 2 + z 6 2 – x 2 2 0 –y 4 2 0 – z 6 2 0 = 0
x101  y101  z101
x 2008  y 2008  z2008
(C) x 5 0 + y 2 5 + z 5 = 0 (D) 0
(xyz)2009

22. If X = cosec tan  1 cos cot  1 sec sin  1 a and Y = sec cot  1 sin tan  1 cosec cos  1 a; where 0 
a < 1. Find the relation between X and Y. Then
;fn X = cosec tan  1 cos cot  1 sec sin  1 a vkSj Y = sec cot  1 sin tan  1 cosec cos  1 a; tgk¡ 0  a
<1 gks rks
X ,oa Y ds e/; lEcU/k Kkr dhft,A rc
(A*) X = Y (B*) Y = 3  a2 (C)X  Y (D)X = 2Y

23. If  satisf ies the inequation x 2 – x – 2 > 0, then a v alue exists f or

;fn  vlfedk x 2 – x – 2 > 0 dks lUrq"V djrk gks] rks fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdldk eku fo|eku gksxk &
(A) sin – 1  (B) cos – 1  (C*) sec – 1  (D*) cosec – 1 
1
24. For the f unction f (x) = n (sin og 2 x),
1   
(A) Domain is  , 2 (B*) Range is    , n 
2   2 
(C*) Domain is (1, 2] (D) Range is R
Qyu f (x) = n (sin  1 og 2 x) ds fy,
1   
(A) iz k Ur  2 , 2 gS A (B) ifjlj    , n  gS A
   2
(C) iz k Ur (1, 2] gS A (D) ifjlj R gS A
25. In the following functions defined from [–1, 1] to [–1, 1] , then functions which are not bijective are
[–1, 1] ls [–1, 1] esa ifjHkkf"kr fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa esa ls dkSuls Qyu ,dSdh vkPNknd ugha gSa&
2
(A) sin (sin–1x) (B*) sin–1(sin x) (C*) (sgn x) n ex (D*) x3 sgn x

1  1
 sincot cos tan t 
1   1  2t 2 
26. The expression  1 1  . 2 
can take the value
2 cos tan sincot 2t  2  t 

1  1
 sincot cos tan t 
1 
  1  2t 
2 
O;atd  1 1 .  2 
eku ys ldrk gS
2  cos tan sincot 2t  2t  
(A*) 1/2 (B) –5 (C) 1 (D*) 3/4

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1  x2
27. If 0 < x < 1, then tan – 1 is equal to:
1 x
1  x2
;fn 0 < x < 1 gks, rks tan – 1 dk eku gS &
1 x
1 1 x 1 x 1
(A*) cos  1 x (B*) cos  1 (C) cos  1 (D) sin  1 x
2 2 2 2

x 1 
28. If f (x) = cos – 1 x + cos – 1   3  3x2  , then
2 2 

;fn f (x) = cos – 1 x + cos – 1   

x 1
3  3x2  , rc
2 2 
2  2 
(A*) f  = (B) f  =
 
3 3  
3 2
 1   1 1 
(C) f  = (D*) f   = 2 cos – 1 –
3 3 3 3 3



4n
29. tan  1 is equal to:
n 1 n  2n2  2
4



4n
tan  1 dk eku gS &
n 1 n  2n2  2
4

(A*) tan  1 2 + tan  1 3 (B) 4 tan  1 1 (C) /2 (D*) sec 1

 2 
30. If sin 2 (2 cos – 1 (tan x)) = 1 then x may be
;fn sin 2 (2 cos – 1 (tan x)) = 1 rc x gks ldrk gS
 1   1 
(A*) x =  + tan – 1   (B*) x =  – tan – 1  
 2  2
 1   1 
(C*) x =  + tan – 1   (D*) x =  – tan – 1  
 2  2

31. If sin–1 x + 2 cot–1 (y2 – 2y) = 2 , then

;fn sin–1 x + 2 cot–1 (y2 – 2y) = 2 gS] rks
(A) x + y = y2 (B) x2 = x + y (C*) y = y2 (D*) x2 – x + y = y2

PART - IV : COMPREHENSION

Hkkx - IV : vuqPNsn (COMPREHENSION)

Comprehension # 1
Given a function f : A  B ; where A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {6, 7, 8}

1. Find number of all such functions y = f(x) which are one-one ?
(A*) 0 (B) 35 (C) 5P3 (D) 53

2. Find number of all such functions y = f(x) which are onto
(A) 243 (B) 93 (C*) 150 (D) none of these

3. The number of mappings of g(x) : B  A such that g(i)  g(j) whenever i < j is
(A) 60 (B) 140 (C) 10 (D*) 35
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vuq P Ns n # 1
ekuk fd Qyu f : A  B ; tgk¡ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} rFkk B = {6, 7, 8}

1. y = f(x) ds lHkh Qyuks a dh la [ ;k tks ,dS d h gS -

(A*) 0 (B) 35 (C) 5P3 (D) 53

2. y = f(x) ds lHkh Qyuks a dh la [ ;k tks vkPNknd gS -

(A) 243 (B) 93 (C*) 150 (D) bues a ls dks b Z ugha

3. g(x) : B  A ds iz f rfp=k.kka s dh la [ ;k tcfd g(i)  g(j) tgk¡ i < j gS -

(A) 60 (B) 140 (C) 10 (D*) 35

Comprehension # 2

Let the domain and range of inverse circular functions are defined as follows
Domain Range
  3 
sin–1x [–1, 1] 2, 2 
 
cos–1x [–1, 1] [0, ]
  3 
tan–1x R  2, 2 
 
cot–1x R (0, )
  3 
cosec–1x (–, –1]  [1, )  2 , 2  – {}
 

sec–1x (–, –1]  [1, ) [0, ] –  
2
3
4. sin–1x < then solution set of x is
4
 1   1   1 1 
(A*)  , 1 (B)   ,  1 (C)   ,  (D) none of these
 2   2   2 2
   
5. If x  ,  , cosec–1 cosec x is
 2 2
(A) 2– x (B) + x (C*)  –x (D) – – x

6. If x  [–1, 1], then range of tan–1(–x) is

 3 7   3 5    
(A)  ,  (B*)  , (C) [–, 0] (D)   , 
 4 4   4 4   4 4
vuqPNsn # 2
ekuk izfrykse o`Ùkh; Qyuksa ds izkUr vkSj ifjlj uhps ifjHkkf"kr fd;s x;s gSA
izkUr ifjlj
  3 
sin–1x [–1, 1] 2, 2 
 
cos–1x [–1, 1] [0, ]
  3 
tan–1x R  2, 2 
 
cot–1x R (0, )
  3 
cosec–1x (–, –1]  [1, )  2 , 2  – {}
 

sec–1x (–, –1]  [1, ) [0, ] –  
2
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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3
4. ;fn sin–1x < gks] rks x ds gyksa dk leqPp; gSA
4
 1   1   1 1 
(A*)  , 1 (B)   ,  1 (C)   ,  (D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
 2   2   2 2

 
5. ;fn x  ,  , cosec–1 cosec x gS
 2 2
(A) 2– x (B) + x (C*)  –x (D) – – x

6. ;fn x  [–1, 1] gks] rks tan–1(–x) dk ifjlj gSA

 3 7   3 5    
(A)  , (B*)  , (C) [–, 0] (D)   , 
 4 4   4 4   4 4

PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

Hkkx - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.
* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
* fpfUgr iz'u ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi okys iz'u gS -

1. The maximum value of the function f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x – 48 on the set A = {x |x 2 + 20  9x} is
leqPp; A = {x |x2 + 20  9x} ij Qyu f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x – 48 dk vf/kdre eku gS
[IIT-JEE 2009, P-2, (4, –1), 80]
Ans. 7

x
2. If the function f(x) = x 3 + e 2 and g(x) = f –1(x), then the value of g(1) is [IIT-JEE 2009, P-2, (4, –1), 80]
x
;fn Qyu f(x) = x3 + e 2 o g(x) = f–1(x) gSa] rc g(1) dk eku gS
Ans. 2

3. Let f(x) = x 2 and g(x) = sin x for all x  R. Then the set of all x satisfying (f o g o g o f) (x) = (g o g o f)
(x), where (f o g) (x) = f(g(x)), is [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (3, –1), 80]
eku yhft, fd R esa x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy;s f(x) = x vkSj g(x) = sin x gSA rks x ds lHkh ekuksa dk leqPp; tks (f o
2

g o g o f) (x) = (g o g o f) (x) dks larq"V djrs gSa fuEu gS % (;gka (f o g)(x) = f(g(x))
(A*) ± n , n  {0, 1, 2,....} (B) ± n , n  {1, 2,....}

(C) + 2n, n  {.....–2, –1, 0, 1, 2,....} (D) 2n, n  {...., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2,....}
2
Ans. (A)

  sin      d
4. Let f() = sin  tan1    , where – <  < . Then the value of (f()) is
 d(tan )
  cos 2   4 4

    sin    d
eku yhft, – << ds fy;s f() = sin  tan1    gSA rc (f()) dk eku fuEu gSA
4 4   cos 2   d(tan )
Ans. (1) [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-1, (4, 0), 80]

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

5. The function f : [0, 3] [1, 29], defined by f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is
(A) one-one and onto (B*) onto but not one-one
(C) one-one but not onto (D) neither one-one nor onto
Qyu f : [0, 3] [1, 29], tks fuEukuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-1, (3, –1), 70]
f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, fuEu izdkj dk gS
(A) ,sfdd (one-one) vkSj vkPNknd (onto) (B*) vkPNknd gS ij ,sfdd ugha
(C) ,sfdd gS ij vkPNknd ugha (D) u ,sfdd gS u gh vkPNknd

2    
6*. Let f : (–1, 1)  R be such that f(cos 4) = for   0,    ,  . Then the value(s) of
2  sec  2
 4 4 2
 1
f   is (are) [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-2, (4, 0), 66]
 3
  
tgk¡   0,    ,  rc f   dk
2 1
Qyu f : (–1, 1)  R bl izdkj dk gS fd f(cos 4) =
2  sec 2   4   4 2   
3
(ds) eku gS (gSa)
3 3 2 2
(A*) 1 – (B*) 1 + (C) 1 – (D) 1 +
2 2 3 3
Ans. (AB)

 23  n 
7.
 n1 
The value of cot  cot –1  1 
 
2k  

is
  k 1 
 23  n 

cot  cot –1  1 
 n1  
2k   dk eku gS&

[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (2, 0)/60]
  k 1 
23 25 23 24
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
25 23 24 23

8. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists :
List - I List - II
1/ 2
  cos(tan–1 y)  y sin(tan–1 y) 
2 
P  1    y 4
takes value 1.
1 5
 y2 –1 –1  
  cot(sin y)  tan(sin y)  
2 3

Q. If cos x + cos y + cox z = 0 = sin x + sin y + sin z then 2. 2

x–y
possible value of cos is
2
  1
R. If cos  – x  cos 2x + sin x sin 2x sec x = cos xsin 2x sec x + 3.
4  2
 
cos   x  cos 2x then possible value of sec x is
 4 
S. 
If cot sin–1 1– x2  = sin  tan –1
 x 6  , x  0, 4. 1
then possible value of x is [JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
lwph I dks lwph II ls lqesfyr dhft, rFkk lwfp;ksa ds uhps fn, x, dksM dk ç;ksx djds lgh mÙkj pq fu;s %

lwph - I lwph- II
1/ 2
  cos(tan–1 y)  y sin(tan–1 y) 
2 
P  1    y 4
dk eku gS 1.
1 5
 y2 –1 –1  
  cot(sin y)  tan(sin y)  
2 3

Q. ;fn cos x + cos y + cos z = 0 = sin x + sin y + sin z rc 2. 2

x–y
cos dk lEHkkfor eku gS
2

;fn cos  – x  cos 2x + sin x sin 2x sec x = cos xsin 2x sec x +
1
R. 3.
4  2
 
cos   x  cos 2x rc sec x dk lEHkkfor eku gS&
4 
S.   
;fn cot sin–1 1– x2 = sin tan–1  x 6  , x  0,  4. 1

rc x dk LeHkkfor eku gS& [JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]

Codes :
P Q R S
(A) 4 3 1 2
(B*) 4 3 2 1
(C) 3 4 2 1
(D) 3 4 1 2
  
9. Let f:  – ,   R be given by f(x) = (log(sec x + tanx))3 . Then
 2 2
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
(A) f(x) is an odd function (B) f(x) is a one-one function
(C) f(x) is an onto function (D) f(x) is an even function
 
ekuk fd f:  – ,   R tgk¡ f(x) = (log(sec x + tanx))3 ds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA rc
 2 2
(A) f(x) fo"ke (odd) Qyu gSA (B) f(x) ,dSdh (one-one) Qyu gSA
(C) f(x) vkPNknd (onto) Qyu gSA (D) f(x) le (even) Qyu gSA
Ans. (ABC)

10. Let f : [0, 4]  [0, ] be defined by f(x) = cos–1 (cos x). The number of points x [0, 4] satisfying the
10  x
equation f(x) = is
10
10  x
ekukfd f : [0, 4]  [0, ], f(x) = cos–1 (cos x) ds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gSA rc [0, 4] esa lehdj.k f(x) = dks
10
larq"V djus okys fcUnqvksa dh la[;k gSA [JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
Ans. (3)

6 4
11. If  = 3sin–1   and  = 3cos–1   , where the inverse trigonometric functions take only the principal
 11  9
values, then the correct option(s) is(are)
6 4
;fn  = 3sin–1   vkSj  = 3cos–1   , tgk¡ izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; Qyu (inverse trigonometric
 
11 9
functions) dsoy eq[; eku (principal values) gh ysrs gS, rc lgh dFku gS (gS)
[JEE (Advanced) 2015, P-2 (4, –2)/ 80]
(A) cos  > 0 (B*) sin  < 0 (C*) cos( + ) > 0 (D*) cos  < 0
Ans. (B,C,D)

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
12. The number of real solutions of the equation
  
 x
i
    x
i  
sin–1 
 i1
xi1  x 
i1
 2   =
 2
– cos–1  
 i  1   2    (x) 
i1
i

 1 1
lying in the interval   , is __________. [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-1,(4, –2)/60]
 2 2 

  
(Here, the inverse trigonometric functions sin–1x and cos–1x assume values in   ,  and [0, ],
 2 2
respectively).
  
 x 
i
  
 x
i  
lehdj.k sin–1   xi1  x    = – cos–1        (  x)i 
 i1  2   2  i  1  2  
i1 i1

 1 1
ds mu okLrfod gyksa (real solutions) dh la[;k tks vUrjky (interval)   ,  esa fo|eku gS] __________.
 2 2

  
(;gk¡ izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; Qyu (inverse trigonometric functions) sin–1x vkSj cos–1x Øe'k%   ,  o
 2 2
[0, ] esa eku /kkj.k djrs gS)

Ans. (2)

13. Let X be a set with exactly 5 elements and Y be a set with exactly 7 elements. If  is the number of
one-one functions from X to Y and is the number of onto function form Y to X, then the value of
1
( – ) is ______ .
5!

ekuk fd leqPp; (set) X esa Bhd vo;o (elements) gSa vkSj leqPp; Y esa Bhd 7 vo;o gSaA ;fn X ls Y esa ,dSdh
Qyuksa (one-one function) dh la[;k gS vkSj vkSj Y ls X esa vkPNknd (onto) Qyuksa dh la[;k gS] rc

1
( – ) dk eku gS ______ A [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(4, –2)/60]
5!

Ans. (119)

 x  
   x  

14. Let E1 =  x  R : x  1 and  0 and E2 =  x  E1 : sin–1  loge    is a real number  .
 x – 1  
   x – 1  


  
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function sin–1x assumes values in  – ,  .)
 2 2

 x 
Let f : E1  R be the function defined by f(x) = loge  
 x – 1

  x 
and g : E2  R be the function defined by g(x) = sin–1  loge  
  x – 1 

[JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(4, –2)/60]

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Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
LIST-I LIST-II
 1   e 
(P) The range of f is (1)  – ,    , 
 1– e  e –1 
(Q) The range of g contains (2) (0, 1)
 1 1
(R) The domain of f contains (3)  – , 
 2 2
(S) The domain of g is (4) (–, 0)  (0, )
 e 
(5)  – ,
 e – 1
1 e 
(6) (–, 0)   , 
 2 e – 1
The correct option is
(A) P  4; Q  2; R  1; S  1 (B) P  3; Q  3; R  6; S  5
(C) P  4; Q  2; R  1; S  6 (D) P  4; Q  3; R  6; S  5
   x  
ekuk fd E1 = x  R : x  1vkSj   
x
 0 vkSj E2 =  x  E1 : sin–1  loge    okLrfod la[; k gS  .
 x –1  
   x – 1  

  
(;gk¡ izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; Qyu (inverse trigonometric function) sin–1x ,  – ,  esa eku /kkj.k djrk gSA)
 2 2

ekukfd Qyu f : E1  R, f(x) = loge 

x 
 ds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS
x
 – 1
  x 
vkSj Qyu g : E2  R , g(x) = sin–1  loge    ds }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gSA
  x – 1 
lwph-I lwph –II
 1   e 
(P) f dk ifjlj (range) gS (1)  – ,    , 
 1– e  e –1 
(Q) g ds ifjlj esa lekfgr (contains) (2) (0, 1)
 1 1
(R) f ds izkUr (domain) esa lekfgr gS (3)  – , 
 2 2
(S) g dk izkUr gS (4) (–, 0)  (0, )
 e 
(5)  – ,
 e – 1
1 e 
(6) (–, 0)   , 
 2 e – 1
fn, gq, fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi gS
(A) P  4; Q  2; R  1; S  1 (B) P  3; Q  3; R  6; S  5
(C) P  4; Q  2; R  1; S  6 (D) P  4; Q  3; R  6; S  5
Ans. (A)

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

Hkkx - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u
1. Consider the following relations : [AIEEE-2010, (4, – 1), 144]
R : {(x, y)| x ,y are real numbers and x = wy for some rational number w}
m p
S= {  ,  | m, n, p and q are integers such that n, q  0 and qm = pn}
 n q
Then
(1) neither R nor S is an equivalence relation
(2*) S is an equivalence relation but R is not an equivalence relation
(3) R and S both are equivalence relations
(4) R is an equivalence relation but S is not an equivalence relation
fuEufyf[kr lEcU/kksa dks ysus ij &
R : {(x, y)| x ,y okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSa rFkk fdlh ifjes; la[;k w ds fy, x = wy gS}
m p
S= {  ,  | m, n, p rFkk q ,sls iw.kk±d gSa fd n, q  0 rFkk qm = pn}
 n q
rks
(1) u rks R vkSj u gh S rqY;rk lEcU/k gSA
(2*) S ,d rqY;rk lEcU/k gS ysfdu R ,d rqY;rk lEcU/k ugha gSA
(3) R rFkk S nksuksa gh rqY;rk lEcU/k gSA
(4) R ,d rqY;rk lEcU/k gS ysfdu S ,d rqY;rk lEcU/k ugha gSA
2. Let R be the set of real numbers. [AIEEE-2011(Part-, (4, – 1), 120]
Statement-1 : A = {(x, y)  R × R : y – x is an integer} is an equivalence relation on R.
Statement-2 : B = {(x, y)  R × R : x = y for some rational number } is an equivalence relation on R.
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(3*) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(4) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
ekuk R okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gS : [AIEEE-2011(Part-, (4, – 1), 120]
dFku-1 : A = {(x, y)  R × R : y – x ,d iw.kk±d gS}, R ij ,d rqY;rk laca/k gSA
dFku-2 : B = {(x, y)  R × R : x = y fdlh ifjes; la[;k ds fy,}, R ij ,d rqY;rk laca/k gSA
(1) dFku-1 lR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA dFku-2, dFku-1 dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
(2) dFku-1 lR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA dFku-2, dFku-1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA
(3*) dFku-1 lR; gS] dFku-2 vlR; gSA
(4) dFku-1 vlR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA
3. Consider the following relation R on the set of real square matrices of order 3.
R = {(A, B)|A = P–1 BP for some invertible matrix P}. [AIEEE-2011(Part-, (3, – 1), 120]
Statement -1 : R is equivalence relation.
Statement - 2 : For any two invertible 3 × 3 matrices M and N, (MN)–1 = N–1M–1.
(1) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1.
(2*) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is not a correct explanation for statement-1.
(3) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(4) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
fuEu laca/k R dks dksfV 3 ds okLrfod oxZ vkO;wgksa ij fopkfjr dhft,A
R = {(A, B)|A = P–1 BP, fdlh O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg P ds fy,}.
dFku -1 : R ,d rqY;rk laca/k gSA
dFku - 2 : fdUgha nks O;qRØe.kh; 3 × 3 Øe dh vkO;wgksa M rFkk N ds fy,, (MN)–1 = N–1M–1.
(1) dFku -1 lR; gS] dFku -2 lR; gSA dFku-2 ] dFku -1 dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
(2) dFku -1 lR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA dFku-2, dFku-1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA
(3) dFku -1 lR; gS] dFku-2 vlR; gSA
(4) dFku -1 vlR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA
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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1
4. The domain of the function f(x) = is : [AIEEE 2011, , (4, –1), 120]
| x | x
1
Qyu f(x) = dk izkar gS %
| x | x
(1) (– , ) (2) (0, ) (3*) (–, 0) (4) (–, ) – {0}

5. Let f be a function defined by f(x) = (x–1)2 + 1, (x  1). [AIEEE 2011, , (4, –1), 120]
Statement - 1 : The set {x : f(x) = f–1(x)} = {1, 2}.
Statement - 2 : f is a bijection and f –1(x) = 1 + x  1 , x  1.
ekuk Qyu f(x) = (x – 1)2 + 1, (x  1) }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gSA
dFku - 1 : leqPp; {x : f(x) = f–1(x)} = {1, 2}.
dFku - 2 : f ,d ,dSdh vkPNknd gS rFkk f–1(x) = 1 + x  1 , x  1.

(1*) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(4) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true .
(1) dFku -1 lR; gS] dFku -2 lR; gSA dFku-2 ] dFku -1 dh lgh O;k[;k gSA
(2) dFku -1 lR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA dFku-2, dFku-1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha gSA
(3) dFku -1 lR; gS] dFku-2 vlR; gSA
(4) dFku -1 vlR; gS] dFku-2 lR; gSA

6. If x, y, z are in A.P. and tan–1x, tan–1y and tan–1z are also in A.P., then [AIEEE - 2013, (4, –1),120]
;fn x, y, z ,d lekUrj Js<h esa gS rFkk tan–1x, tan–1y rFkk tan–1z Hkh lekUrj Js<h esa gS] rks
[AIEEE - 2013, (4, –1),360]
(1*) x = y = z (2) 2x = 3y = 6z (3) 6x = 3y = 2z (4) 6x = 4y = 3z

1
7. If g is the inverse of a function f and f'(x) = , then g'(x) equal to :
1  x5
[JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
1
;fn g Qyu f dk O;qRØe gS rFkk f'(x) = gS] rks g'(x) cjkcj gS :
1  x5
[JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
1
(1) (2*) 1 + {g(x)}5 (3) 1 + x5 (4) 5x4
1  {g(x)}5
 2x  1
8. Let tan–1y = tan–1x + tan–1   , where |x| < . Then a value of y is
 1– x 2  3
[JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 120]
3x – x3 3x  x3 3x – x3 3x  x3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1– 3x 2
1– 3x 2
1  3x 2
1  3x 2
 2x  1
ekuk tan–1y = tan–1x + tan–1   , tgk¡ |x| < gS] rks y dk ,d eku gS&
 1– x 2  3
[JEE(Main) 2015, (4, – 1), 120]
3x – x 3
3x  x 3
3x – x 3
3x  x3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1– 3x 2 1– 3x 2 1  3x 2 1  3x 2
Ans. (1)

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 1
9. If f(x) + 2f   = 3x, x  0, and S = {x  R : f(x) = f (–x)} ; then S : [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, – 1), 120]
x
(1) contains exactly one element (2*) contains exactly two elements.
(3) contains more than two elements. (4) is an empty set.

;fn f(x) + 2f   = 3x, x  0 gS] rFkk S = {x  R : f(x) = f (–x)} gS ; rks S:

1
x
(1) esa dsoy ,d vo;o gSA (2) esa rF;r% nks vo;o gSaA
(3) esa nks ls vf/kd vo;o gSA (4) ,d fjDr leqPPk; gSA

10. Two sets A and B are as under : A = {(a, b)  R  R : |a –5| < 1 and |b – 5| < 1 } ;

B = {(a, b )  R  R : 4(a– 6)2 + 9(b–5)2  36 }. Then; [JEE(Main) 2018, (4, – 1), 120]

(1) A  B =  ( an empty set) (2) Neither A  B nor B  A

(3) B  A (4*) A  B

nks leqPp; A rFkk B fuEu izdkj ds gS % A = {(a, b)  R  R : |a –5| < 1 rFkk |b – 5| < 1 } ;
B = {(a, b )  R  R : 4(a– 6)2 + 9(b–5)2  36 }. rks ;

(1) A  B =  (,d fjDr leqPp; ) (2) u rks A  B vkSj u gh B  A

(3) B  A (4*) A  B

 2   3   3
11. If cos–1   + cos–1   =  x   then x is equal to :
 3x   4x  2 4

[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]

 2   3   3
;fn cos–1   + cos–1   =  x   rc x cjkcj gS :
 3x   4x  2 4

145 145 146 145

(1) (2) (3) (4)
12 10 12 11

Ans. (1)

1 1
12. For x  R – {0, 1}, let f 1(x) = , f 2(x) = 1 – x and f 3(x) = be three given functions. If a function, J(x)
x 1 x
satisfies (f2 J f1 ) (x) = f 3(x) is equal to : [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]

1 1
x  R – {0, 1} ds fy,] rhu Qyu f1(x) = , f 2(x) = 1 – x rFkk f 3(x) = fn;s x;s gSaA ;fn ,d Qyu J(x),
x 1 x
(f2 J f1 ) (x) = f 3(x) dks lUrq"V djrk gS] rks J(x) cjkcj gS :

1
(1) f 3(x) (2) f 1(x) (3) f 3(x) (4) f 2(x)
x

Ans. (3)

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 19  n

13. The value of cot   cot 1  1   2p   is :
 n1 
  p 1  

 19  n

cot   cot 1  1   2p   dk eku gS% [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-01-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
 n1 
  p 1  

19 21 22 23
(1) (2) (3) (4)
21 19 23 22

Ans. (2)

14. The number of functions f from {1, 2, 3, …., 20}, onto {1,2,3,………..,20} such that f(k) is a multiple of 3,
wherever k is a multiple of 4, is :

{1, 2, 3, …., 20}, ls {1,2,3,………..,20} ij ,sls vkPNknd Qyuksa] ftuds fy, f(k) rhu dk xq.kt gS tc k pkj
dk xq.kt gS] dh la[;k gS : [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (11-01-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) 5!  6! (2) (15)!  6! (3) 65 × (15)! (4) 56 × 15

Ans. (2)

– 5 x 6)
Let Z be the set of integers. If A = {x  Z : 2( x 2)( x
2
15.  1] and B = {x  Z : – 3  2x – 1  9} then the

number of subsets of the set A × B, is –

– 5 x 6)
ekuk Z iw.kk±dksa dk leqPp; gSA ;fn A = {x  Z : 2( x 2)( x
2
 1] rFkk B = {x  Z : – 3  2x – 1  9} ] rks
A × B ds mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k gS& [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (12-01-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]

(1) 218 (2) 212 (3) 215 (4) 210

Ans. (3)

 2x 1 
1. Find the domain of the function f(x) =  log  log 
x4 2 3 x 
 
2

 2x 1 
Qyu f(x) =  log x  4  log  dk izkUr Kkr dhft,A
2 3 x 
 
2

Ans. (– 4, –3)  (4, )

2. Let f (x) = (x12  x9 + x4  x + 1)1/2 . The domain of the function is :

ekuk fd f(x) = (x12  x9 + x4  x + 1)1/2 gS] rks Qyu dk izkUr Kkr dhft,A
Ans. ( , )

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3. Find the values of ' a ' in the domain of the definition of the function , f (a) = 2a2  a for which the
roots of the equation , x2 + (a + 1) x + (a  1) = 0 lie between  2 & 1 .
Ans. ( 1/2, 0]  [1/2, 1)
Qyu f (a) = 2a2  a ds izkUr esa 'a' ds eku Kkr dhft, ftuds fy, lehdj.k x2 + (a + 1) x + (a  1) = 0 ds
ewy  2 vkSj 1 ds chp fLFkr gSaA
 1  1 
Ans. : a   , 0    , 1
 2  2 
1
4. The domain of the function f (x) = is:
x 
 1 cos 1
(2 x  1) . tan 3 x

1
Qyu f (x) = dk izkUr Kkr dhft,A
x 
 1 cos 1
(2 x  1) . tan 3 x

  
Ans.   6 , 0
 

5. Find domain of the following functions

(i) f(x) = log1/ 3 log4 ([x]2  5) , where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function.
1
(ii) f (x) = , where [x] denotes the greatest integer not greater than x.
[| x  1|]  [| 12  x |]  11
x2  2 x  3
log
(iii) f(x) =  x  0.5  ( 0.5  x) 4 x2  4 x  3

5 1 x2 (7 x  1) !
(iv) f (x) =  3sin + , where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function.
 x  1 x 1
 2 
4 2
1
(v) 3y  2x  24x
fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa dk izkUr Kkr dhft, &
(i) f(x) = log1/ 3 log4 ([x]2  5) , tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
1
(ii) f(x) = , tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
[| x  1|]  [| 12  x |]  11
x2  2 x  3
log( 0.5  x)
(iii) f(x) =  x  0.5  4 x2  4 x  3

5 1 x2 (7 x  1) !
(iv) f(x) =  3sin + , tgk¡ [. ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dksiznf'kZr djrk gSA
 x  1 x 1
 2 

3y  2x  24x 1
4 2
(v)_.
Ans. (i) [–3, –2) U [3, 4) (ii) R – {(0, 1)  {1, 2,......., 12}  (12, 13)}
 1 1  1   3  n 
(iii)   ,    , 1   ,   (iv)  7 , n  ,  1  n  6 
 2 2 2  2   
 – 3 – 1 – 3  1  3 – 1 3  1
(v). 

,  , 
 2 2   2 2 

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 1  1
6. The range of the function f (x) = sin1  x 2   + cos1  x 2 –  , where [ ] is the greatest integer
 2  2
function, is:

Qyu f(x) = sin1  x2   + cos1  x2   dk ifjlj gS &

1 1
¼tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr
 2  2
djrk gSA½
Ans. {}

1
7. Find the range of f(x) = – {x}, (where {.} represents fractional part of x)
2{–x}
1
ekuk f(x) = – {x}, rc f(x) dk ifjlj gS (tgk¡ {.}, x fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu gS)
2{–x}
Ans. [ 2 – 1, )

x 2  1 – 3x
8. If f : R  R ; f(x) = then find the range of f(x).
x2  1  x
x 2  1 – 3x
;fn f : R  R ; f(x) = rc f(x) dk ifjlj Kkr dhft,A
x2  1  x
Ans. (– 1, )

9. If a function is defined as f(x) = logh(x) g(x) , where g(x) = |sinx| + sinx , h(x) = sinx + cosx , 0  x 
.Then find the doman of f(x).
;fn Qyu f(x) = logh(x) g(x) ls ifjHkkf"kr gS] tgk¡ g(x) = |sinx| + sinx , h(x) = sinx + cosx , 0  x  rc f(x)
dk izkUr Kkr dhft;sA
  
Ans. 6, 2 
 

10. Find the domain and range of the following functions.

x
(i) f (x) = cos1 , where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function .
log[x]
x
Ans. : D : [2 , ) ; R : {/2}
(ii) f (x) = [
log1/ 2 log2 x2  4 x  5 ] where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function

[Ans. D :  2  2, 3  U ,  1, 2  2 ; R {0}]

  
  x2 
(iii) f (x) = sin1  log 2    , where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function .
  2  

[ Ans. : D :   
 
 2

8 , 1  1, 8 ; R :   , 0 ,  ]

2 
(iv) f (x) = log[x  1] sin x , where [ ] denotes greatest integer function .

{ Ans. : D : [3 , )  (2n  , 2n   ) ; R : ( , 0] }
n 1

1
(v) f(x) = tan–1 ( [x]  [x] ) + 2 | x | + , (where [ ] denotes greatest integer function)
x2
1 
Ans. D : {–2, –1, 1, 2} ; R :  , 2
4 
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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
fuEufyf[kr Qyuksa dk izkUr vkSj ifjlj Kkr dhft, &
x
(i) f (x) = cos1 log[x] , tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS
x
Ans. : D : [2 , ) ; R : {/2}
(ii) f (x) = [
log1/ 2 log2 x2  4 x  5 ] tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS
[Ans. D :  2  2, 3  U ,  1, 2  2 ; R {0}]
  
  x2 
(iii) f (x) = sin1  log 2    , tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS
  2  

[ Ans. : D :   
 
 2
 
8 , 1  1, 8 ; R :   , 0 ,  ]
2

(iv) f (x) = log[x  1] sin x , tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS

{ Ans. : D : [3 , )  (2n  , 2n   ) ; R : ( , 0] }
n 1

1
(v) f(x) = tan–1 ( [x]  [x] ) + 2 | x | + , ¼tgk¡ [.] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA½
x2
1 
Ans. D : {–2, –1, 1, 2} ; R :  , 2
4 
sin2 x  4 sin x  5
11. If f(x) = , then range of f(x) is
2sin2 x  8 sin x  8
sin2 x  4 sin x  5 5 
;fn f(x) = gks] rks f(x) dk ifjlj gS & Ans.  9 , 1
2sin x  8 sin x  8
2
 
12. Find range of the f unction f (x) = log 2 3x   x   x   x    
  
(where [· ] is greatest integer f unction)
Qyu f (x) = log 2 3x   x   x   x     dk ifjlj gS
 
( tgk¡ [· ] egÙke iw . kkZ a d Qyu gS )
Ans. {0, 1}
1 x
13. If f (x) = 2 and g(x) = sin  x + 8   where {· } denotes f ractional part f unction then
x 1 2
the find range of f (g(x))
1 x
;fn f (x) = 2 rFkk g(x) = sin  x + 8   tgk¡ {· } fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu gS rc f (g(x)) dk
x 1 2
ifjlj gS A
 1 
Ans.  65 , 1
 
x  (1  2[x])    [x]    
14. If the range of the function f(x) =   + cos   + sin   is  ,  
4  2   2  4 4
     2  1  
 4 , 4    4 , 2  , (where {.} and [.] represent fractional part and greatest integer part functions
   
respectively), then 2 +2 +2 + 2 is
x  (1  2[x])    [x]           2  1  
;fn Qyu f(x) =   + cos   + sin  2  dk ifjlj  4 , 4    4 , 4    4 , 2  gSA (tgk¡
 
4  2         
{.} rFkk [.] Øe'k% fHkUukRed Hkkx Qyu vkSj egÙke iw.kkZad Qyu dks O;Dr djrk gS ) rc2 +2 +2 + 2 eku Kkr
dhft,A
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Ans. 15
 x 
15. The fundamental period of sin [x] + cos + cos [x], where [ . ] denotes the integral part of x, is.
4 2 3
 x 
sin [x] + cos + cos [x] dk vkorZdky gS&¼tgk¡ [x], x ds egÙke iw.kk±d dks iznf'kZr djrk gS½
4 2 3
Ans. 24
  22011 –1  2010
16. Consider the function g(x) defined as g(x).  x  1  (x  1)(x2  1)(x 4  1)...........(x2  1) – 1
 
(|x|  1). Then the value of g(2) is equal to

ekuk Qyu g(x) bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd g(x).  x

 22011 –1  2010
 1  (x  1)(x2  1)(x 4  1)...........(x2  1) – 1
 
(|x|  1) gS] rks g(2) dk eku gS
Ans. 2
17. It is given that f(x) is a function defined on N, satisfying f(1) = 1 and for any x  N
f(x + 5)  f(x) + 5 and f(x + 1)  f(x) + 1
If g(x) = f(x) + 1 – x, then g(2016) equals
fn;k gS fd f(x), N esa ifjHkkf"kr ,d Qyu gS tks fd f(1) = 1 dks lUrq"V djrk gS rFkk fdlh Hkh x  N ds fy;s
f(x + 5)  f(x) + 5 rFkk f(x + 1)  f(x) + 1
;fn g(x) = f(x) + 1 – x gS] rks g(2016) cjkcj gS
Ans. 1
18. Find the integral solutions to the equation [x] [y] = x + y. Show that all the non-integral solutions lie on
exactly two lines. Determine these lines. Here [ .] denotes greatest integer function.
lehdj.k [x] [y] = x + y ds iw.kk±d gy Kkr dhft,A iznf'kZr dhft, fd lHkh viw.kk±d gy Bhd 2 js[kkvksa ij fLFkr
gSA ;s js[kk,¡ Kkr dhft,A tgk¡ [ . ] egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrk gS
Ans. Integral solution (0, 0); (2, 2). x + y = 6, x + y = 0
19. Let f(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C, where A, B, C are real numbers. Prove that if f(x) is an integer whenever x is
integer, then the numbers 2A, A + B and C are all integers. Conversely, prove that if the numbers 2A, A
+ B and C are all integer then f(x) is an integer whenever x is an integer.
ekukfd f(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C tgk¡ A, B, C okLrfod la[;k,¡ gSaA fl) dhft, fd ;fn f(x) ,d iw.kk±d gS tc x
iw.kk±d gS] rks la[;k,¡ 2A, A + B vkSj C lHkh iw.kk±d gSaA foykser% fl) dhft, fd ;fn la[;k,¡ 2A, A + B vkSj C
iw.kk±d gks] rks f(x) ,d iw.kk±d gksxk tc x ,d iw.kk±d gksA

20. Suppose X and Y are two sets and f : X  Y is a function. For a subset A of X, define f(A) to be the
subset {f(a) : a  A} of Y. For a subset B of Y, define f –1(B) to be the subset {x  X : f(x)  B} of X. Then
prove the followings
(i) Statement "f –1(f(A)) = A for every A  X" is false
(ii) Statement "f–1(f(A)) = A for every A  X if only if f(X) = Y" is false
(iii) Statement "f(f–1(B)) = B for every B  Y" is false
(iv) Statement "f(f–1(B)) = B for every B  Y if only if f(X) = Y" is true
ekuk X vkSj Y nks leqPp; gS vkSj f : X  Y ,d Qyu gSA X ds mileqPp; A ds fy;s f(A) dks {f(a) : a  A}, Y
dk mileqPp; gksus ds fy;s ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA Y ds ,d mileqPp; B ds fy;s f–1(B) ds {x  X : f(x)  B}, X ds
mileqPp; gksus ds fy;s ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA rks fuEu dks fl) dhft,
(i) dFku "f –1(f(A)) = A  A  X" vlR; gSA
(ii) dFku "f–1(f(A)) = A  A  X ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn f(X) = Y" vlR; gSA
(iii) dFku "f(f –1(B)) = B  B  Y" vlR; gSA
(iv) dFku "f(f–1(B)) = B  B  Y ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn f(X) = Y" lR; gSA
 x2  k 
Let g : R  (0, /3] is defined by g(x) = cos–1  . Then find the possible values of ‘k’ for which g
 1  x 2 
21.
 
is surjective.

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 x2  k 
ekuk g : R  (0, /3] esa ifjHkkf"kr g(x) = cos–1   rc ‘k’ ds laHkkfor eku ftlds fy, g vkPNknd gSA
2 
 1 x 
1
Ans. k= –
2

22. Let 0 <  , ,  < are the solutions of the equations cosx = x, cos(sinx) = x and sin(cosx) = x
2
respectively, then show that  <

ekuk 0 <  , ,  < Øe'k% lehdj.kksa cosx = x, cos(sinx) = x rFkk sin(cosx) = x ds gy gS rc iznf'kZr dhft,
2
fd  <

23. Let f(x) = log2log3log4log5(sinx + a2). Find the set of values of a for which domain of f(x) is R.
ekuk f(x) = log2log3log4log5(sinx + a2) gks] rks a ds ekuksa dk leqPp; Kkr dhft;s ftlds fy, f(x) dk izkUr R gSA
Ans. a (,  626)  ( 626, )

 3   3 
  ,  2   2    ,  2     2
 
     
24. tan–1 (tan ) =   ,   , sin–1 (sin ) =   ,   ,
 2 2  2 2
  3   3
   ,    , 
 2 2  2 2
  ,     0

cos (cos ) =  
–1
, 0
 2   ,     2

Based on the above results, prove each of the following : ds vk/kkj ij fuEu ifj.kkeksa dks fl) dhft,
Based on the above results, prove each of the following : ds vk/kkj ij fuEu ifj.kkeksa dks fl) dhft,
(i) cos–1 x = sin–1 1  x2 if 0 < x < 1 (ii) sin–1 x = cos–1 1  x2 if 0 < x < 1
1  x2
(iii) cos–1 x =  + tan–1 if –1 < x < 0
x
25. Express cot (cosec–1x) as an algebraic function of x.
cot (cosec–1x) dks x ds chtxf.krh; Qyu esa O;Dr dhft;sA
– x2 – 1 if x  –1

Ans. cot (cosec–1x) = 

 x –1
2
if x  1

x 1– x 2
26. Express sin–1x in terms of (i) cos–1 1– x2 (ii) tan–1 (iii) cot–1
1– x 2 x

x 1– x 2
sin–1x dks fuEu ds inksa esa O;Dr dhft, (i) cos–1 1– x2 (ii) tan–1 (iii) cot–1
1– x 2 x
 – cos–1 1– x 2 , if – 1  x  0  –1
1– x 2 ,
  – cos ;fn –1  x  0
Ans. (i) sin–1x =  
–1

 cos 1– x 2 if 0  x  1   cos
–1
1– x 2 ;fn 0  x 1
x
(ii) sin–1x = tan–1 , for all lHkh x  (–1, 1) ds fy,
1– x 2

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 Functions & Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 1– x 2
cot –1 – if – 1  x  0
 x

(iii) sin–1x = 
 if 0  x  1
–1 1– x
2

 cot x
 x , x 1  x , x 1
27. If f(x) =  x 2 ;fn f(x) =  2 gks] rks f-1(x) Kkr dhft,A
, 1  x  4 , then find f (x) .
-1
 x , 1 x  4
 
8 x , x4  8 x , x4

 x , x 1


Ans. f–1(x) =  x , 1  x  16
 x2
 , x  16
 64
 x2 y2   x y 
28. sin–1    + cos–1   – 2  equals to :
 4 9  2 2 3 2 

 x2 y2   x y  3
sin–1    + cos–1   – 2  dk eku gS& Ans.
 4 9  2 2 3 2  2


1  x   1  x2 
29. If  = 2 tan–1   &  = sin 
–1
 for 0 < x < 1, then prove that + =. What the value of 
1  x  1  x
2

 +  will be if x > 1 ?
1  x   1  x2 
;fn 0 < x < 1 ds fy,  = 2 tan–1   rFkk  = sin–1   gks] rks fl) dhft, fd + =- ;fn
2 
1  x   1  x 
x > 1 gks] rks  +  dk eku D;k gksxk\
Ans. – 

30. Solve {cos–1 x} + [tan–1 x] = 0 for real values of x. Where { . } and [ . ] are fractional part and greatest
integer functions respectively.
{cos–1 x} + [tan–1 x] = 0 dks x okLrfod ekuksa ds fy, gy dhft, tgk¡ { . } rFkk [ . ] Øe'k% fHkUukRed Hkkx ,oa
egÙke iw.kk±d Qyu dks iznf'kZr djrs gSA
Ans. {1, cos 1}

31. Find the set of all real values of x satisfying the inequality sec–1x > tan–1x.
vlfedk sec–1x > tan–1x dks lUrq"V djus okys x ds lHkh okLrfod ekuksa dk leqPp; Kkr dhft,A
Ans. {x : x  (–, –1]}

x x 1 1
32. Find the solution of sin1  sin1  sin1 .
1 x x 1 1 x
x x 1 1
sin1  sin1  sin1 ds gyksa dk leqPp; Kkr dhft;sA
1 x x 1 1 x
Ans. x0

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33. (i) Find all positive integral solutions of the equation, tan1 x + cot1 y = tan1 3.
(ii) If 'k' be a positive integer, then show that the equation:
tan1 x + tan1 y = tan1 k has no nonzero integral solution.
(i) lehdj.k tan1 x + cot1 y = tan1 3 ds lHkh /kukRed iw.kk±d gy Kkr dhft,A
(ii) ;fn 'k' /kukRed iw.kk±d gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd lehdj.k
tan1 x + tan1 y = tan1 k dk dksbZ v'kwU; iw.kk±d gy ugha gSA
Ans. (i) Two solutions (1, 2) (2, 7) (nks gy (1, 2) (2, 7))

34. Determine the integral values of 'k' for which the system, (tan–1 x)2 + (cos–1 y)2 = 2 k and

tan–1 x + cos–1 y = possess solution and find all the solutions.
2
'k' ds iw.kk±d eku Kkr dhft, ftlds fy, lehdj.k fudk; (tan–1 x)2 + (cos–1 y)2 = 2 k rFkk

tan–1 x + cos–1 y = dk gy mifLFkr gS rFkk lHkh gy Kkr dhft,A
2
 
Ans. k = 1, x = tan (1 – 7 ) , y = cos ( 7 + 1)
4 4

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