Two Dimension and Projectile

TWO-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS
This section describes objects moving in two-dimensions. Consider motion of a turtle. A turtle starts at
the origin at 𝑡 = 0 and moves with a constant speed 𝑣𝑜 = 0.26 𝑚/𝑠 in a direction 250 above the x-axis.
How far has the turtle moved in the x and y directions after 5.0 s?
First note that the turtle moves in a straight line a distance 𝑑 = 𝑣0 𝑡 = (0.26𝑚/𝑠)(5.0) = 1.3 𝑚
From the definition of the sine and cosine, we get
𝑥 = 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 250 = 1.2 𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛 250 = 0.55 𝑚
Alternatively, treat 𝑥 and 𝑦 motions separately. Determine the speed in each direction separately. For x-
component
𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 250 = 0.24 𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 250 = 0.11𝑚/𝑠
Next find the distance
Along the 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 = (0.24𝑚/𝑠)(5.0𝑠) = 1.2 𝑚
Along 𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 = (0.11𝑚/𝑠)(5.0𝑠) = 0.55 𝑚

So, in general
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡
Example
An eagle perched on a tree limn 19.5 m above the water and spots a fish swimming near the surface. The
eagle pushes off from the branch and descends toward the water. By adjusting its body in flight, the eagle
maintains a constant speed of 2.10 m/s at an angle of 200 below the horizontal. (a) how long does it take
for the eagle to reach the water? (b) how far has the eagle travelled in the horizontal direction when it
reaches the water?
Solution
Motion with a constant acceleration
This means a modification of one-dimensional kinematics into two-components.
Position as function of time Velocity as a function of time Velocity as function of position
1 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 𝑣𝑥2 = 𝑣0𝑥2
+ 2𝑎𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
2
1 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 𝑣𝑦2 = 𝑣0𝑦2
+ 2𝑎𝑦 ∆𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
2
Example
A humming bird is flying in such away that it is initially moving vertically with a speed of 4.6 m/s and
accelerating at 11 m/s2. Assuming the bird's acceleration remains constant for the time interval of
interest, find (a) the horizontal and vertical distance through which it moves in 0.55s and (b) its 𝑥 and 𝑦
velocity component t=0.55 s.
Solution
PROJECTILE MOTION
In studying projectile motion, the following assumptions are taken into consideration
• Air resistance is ignored
• The acceleration due to gravity is constant (9.81 m/s2)
Since downward motion is negative, it follows that

𝑎𝑦 = −9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 = −𝑔
Gravity causes no acceleration in the x-direction. Thus, the x-component of acceleration is zero
𝑎𝑥 = 0
This gives
Zero Launch Angle

A special cause where a projectile is launched horizontally so that the angle between the initial velocity
and the horizontal is 𝜃 = 0
Suppose you are walking with a speed 𝑣𝑜 when you release a ball from a height h. if we choose ground
level y=0 and release point to be directly above the origin, the initial position of the ball is given by
𝑥𝑜 = 0
And
𝑦𝑜 = ℎ
The initial velocity is horizontal, corresponding to 𝜃 = 0. As a result, the x-component of the initial
velocity is simply the initial speed
𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑣0
And the y-component of the initial velocity is zero
𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
Substituting these in the fundamental equations gives
Example
A person skateboarding with a constant speed of 1.3 m/s releases a ball from a height of 1.25 m above
the ground. Given that 𝑥𝑜 = 0 and 𝑦𝑜 = ℎ = 1.25𝑚, find x and y for (a) 𝑡 = 0.25 s and (b) 0.5 s (c)
Find the velocity, speed and direction of the motion of the ball at 𝑡 = 0.5 s.
Solution
General Launch Angle
Consider a projectile launched with an initial speed of 𝑣0 at an angle 𝜃 above the horizontal. Since the
projectile starts at the origin, the initial x and y positions are zero.
𝑥0 = 𝑦0 = 0
The components of the initial velocity are determined as indicated
𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
And
𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
As a quick check, note that if 𝜃 = 0, then 𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 and 𝑣0𝑦 = 0. Similarly, if 𝜃 = 900 , 𝑣0𝑥 = 0
and 𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 . Substituting these results into the basic equations for projectile motion yields the
following results for a general launch angle
Example
A projectile is launched from the origin with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 350 above the
horizontal. Find the x and y positions of the projectile at times (a) 𝑡 = 0.5 s and (b) 𝑡 = 1.0 s and (c)
𝑡 = 1.5 s.
Solution
Example
Chipping from the rough, a golfer sends the ball over a 3.0 m high tree that is 14 m away. The ball lands
at the same level from which it was struck after travelling a horizontal distance of 17.8 m. If the ball left
the club 540 above the horizontal and landed 2.24s later, what was the initial speed? (b) how high was the
ball when it passed over the tree?
Solution
Example
A trained dolphin leaps from water with an initial speed of 12 m/s. It jumps from directly toward a ball
held by the trainer a horizontal distance of 5.50 m away and a vertical distance of 4.10 m above water.
In the absence of gravity, the dolphin would move in a straight line to the ball and catch it, but because
of gravity the dolphin follows a parabolic path well below the ball's initial position. If the trainer releases
the ball the instant the dolphin leaves the water, show that the dolphin and the falling ball meet.
Solution

Two Dimension and Projectile

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TWO-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS

𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 = (0.11𝑚/𝑠)(5.0𝑠) = 0.55 𝑚

Since downward motion is negative, it follows that

Zero Launch Angle

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