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Boiling point elevation -

Tb equals the boiling point of the solution minus


the boiling point of the pure solvent.
Tb = iKbCm where
i = The number of ions if solvent is polar.
Kb = boiling point elevation constant (depends on
the solvent)
Cm = molal concentration
(m = #mol solute/Kg solvent)
What is the “Normal Boiling Point” of a substance?

The temperature at which the vapor pressure


equals 1 atmosphere.

Therefore if:
Vapor Pressure increases, Boiling Point decreases.

Vapor Pressure decreases, Boiling Point increases.


B.P. Elevation example #1:

Naphthalene, C10H8 , is dissolved in Benzene


until a 0.100m solution is attained. Benzene’s normal
boiling point is 80.2C. It’s boiling point elevation
constant is 2.61C/m.

What is the new boiling point ?

Clues:
1. Write the formula that you will use.

2. Plug the given values into the formula; or, set up


the proportion needed to calculate the increase
in boiling point.

3. Add the calculated increase in temperature to


the Normal Boiling Point to determine the new
boiling point.

Tb = iKbCm
= 1 x K b x Cm

= 1 x 2.61C/m x 0.100m

= 0.261C increase

New B.P. = 80.2C + 0.261C

= 80.461C

B.P. Elevation example #2:


89.75g of Sodium chloride were added to
250mL water. Kb H20 = 0.512C/m.

What is the new boiling point ?

Tb = iKbCm
First calculate the molality.
89.75g NaCl = 1.54“X” mol

250mL H2O = 250“X” g H2O =0.250“X”Kg H2O

1.54 mol
= 6.16m
Therefore:
0.250 Kg

Tb = iKbCm
= 2 x K b x Cm

= 2 x 0.512C/m x 6.16m

= 6.31C increase

New B.P. = 100C + 6.31C

= 106.31C

B.P. Elevation example #3:


An aqueous solution is 0.0222m Glucose.
Water’s boiling point elevation constant is
0.512C/m.

What is the new boiling point ?

Tb = iKbCm
= 1 x K b x Cm
= 1 x 0.512C/m x 0.0222m

= 0.0114C increase

New B.P. = 100C + 0.0114C

= 100.0114C

B.P. Elevation example #4:


What is the boiling point of a solution of 0.152g
of Glycerol, C3H8O3 , in 20g of water ?

Clues:

1. Determine the molality of the solution.

2. Solve using the formulas as before.


m= mol solute =
0.00165 mol C3H8O3 = 0.0825m Kg solvent 0.020
Kg

C3H8O3 = 92.0944 g/mol

= 0.152g = 0.00165 mol C3H8O3

20g H2O = 0.020X Kg


Tb = iKbCm
= 1 x K b x Cm

= 1 x 0.512C/m x 0.0825m

= 0.0422C increase

New B.P. = 100C + 0.0422C

= 100.0422C
B.P. Elevation example #5:

A solution was prepared by dissolving 0.915g


of Sulfur, S8 , in 100.0g of Acetic acid.

What is the new boiling point ?

B.P. of Acetic acid = 118.5C


Kb of Acetic acid = 3.08C/m
Determination of molar mass from B.P. elevation.
Example #1:

A solution of 9.75g of a solute in 29.38g of


water boils at 100.78C at 1 atm of pressure.

What is the molar mass of the solute ?

Clues:
1. Determine the molality of the solution.

2. From the molality, find the number of moles of


the solute in the mass of solvent you are
working with.

3. From the given mass of solute and determined


number of moles in the problem; determine the
number of grams of solute in one mole.

Tb = iKbCm
0.78C = 1 x Kb x Cm

0.78C = 1 x 0.512C/m x “X”m


1.52 mol 0.0447“X” mol
1.52m =
=
“X”m
1 Kg 0.02938 Kg

And if…
218.33“X”
g
9.75g =
0.0447 mol 1 mol
Freezing point depression -
Tf equals the freezing point of the pure solvent
minus the freezing point of the solution.
Tf = iKfCm where
i = The number of ions if solute is ionic.
Kf = freezing point depression constant
(depends on the solvent)
Cm = molal concentration
(m = #mol solute/Kg solvent)
Freezing point depression example #1:

How many grams of Ethylene glycol, C 2H6O2 ,


must be added to 37.8g of water to give a freezing
point of -0.150C ?

Kf H2O = 1.858C/m
Determination of molar mass from F.P. depression.
Example #2:
Safrole is contained in oil of sassafras and was
once used to flavor root beer. A 2.39mg sample of
safrole was dissolved in 103.0mg of Diphenyl ether.
The solution had a melting point of 25.70C .
Calculate the molecular weight of Safrole.
F.P. pure Diphenyl ether = 26.84C
Kf = 8.00C/m
Clues:
1. Write the formula that you will use.

2. Plug the given values into the formula; or, set up


the proportion needed to calculate the increase
in boiling point.

3. Add the calculated increase in temperature to


the Normal Boiling Point to determine the new
boiling point.

Tf = iKfCm
You must calculate the following to solve:

Tf = 1.14C

Cm = 0.1425m

Final Answer = 162.83 g/mol Determination of molar


mass from F.P. depression. Example #3:
An aqueous solution was prepared by
dissolving 0.131g of a substance in 25.5g of
water. The molality of the solution was determined
by Freezing Point Depression to be 0.056m.

What is the molecular weight of the solute ?

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