ASME 889.4.1 b-2001

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AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
ASME 889.4.1b-2001
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ADDENDA
to
ASM E B89.4.1-1997
METHODS FOR
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF
COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

Three Park Avenue New York, NY 10016

ASME B89.4.1b-2001
Following approval by the ASME B89 Committee and ASME, and after public review, ASME B89.4.1b-
2001 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on August 31, 2001.
Addenda to the 1997 edition of ASME B89.4.1 are issued in the form of replacement pages. Revisions,
additions, and deletions are incorporated directly into the affected pages. It is advisable, however, that this
page, the Addenda title and copyright pages, and all replaced pages be retained for reference.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
This is the second addenda to be published to ASME B89.4.1-1997. A previous addenda was published
in 1998.
Replace or insert the pages listed. Changes listed below are identified on the pages by a margin note, (b),
placed next to the affected area. Previous addenda changes are indicated by (a). The pages not listed are
the reverse sides of the affected pages and contain no changes.
Page Location Change
vi. i Correspondence With the B89 Added
Committee
vii-ix Contents Updated to reflect Addenda
1 Section 1 Fourth paragragh, last two lines added
2 1.1 Subparagraph (d) revised
4 Fig. IA Subcategory Settling Time revised
7-7.2 Fig. 1C (1) First page revised
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( 2 ) Second and third page added

31, 31.1 5.5. I (1) First paragraph revised
(2) Subparagraphs (a) through (d) added
36 5.5.2.3 Third sentence added
46 5.6.2 ( I ) Penultimate sentence revised
(2) Last sentence added
47 5.6.3 First sentence revised
Section 6 ( I ) Title editorially revised
(2) Last sentence revised
49 6.2 Revised in its entirety
50 Table 3 Added
Fig. 38 Added

50,51 6.2.1 Revised in its entirety
51 6.2.2 Revised in its entirety
6.3 Added
Table 4 Added
Table 5 Added
52 Table 6 Added
Table 7 Added
6.3.1 Added
6.3.2 Added
6.3.3 Added
6.4 Added
52. i 6.4.1 Added
6.4.2 Added
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AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
ASME B89.4.1a-1998
ADDENDA
to
ASME B89.4.1-I997
METHODS FOR
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF

Three Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5990
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ASME B89.4.1a-I998
Following approval by the ASME B89 Committee and ASME, and after public review, ASME B89.4. la-
1998 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on March 3, 1998.
Addenda to the 1997 edition of ASME B89.4.1 are issued in the form of replacement pages. Revisions,
additions, and deletions are incorporated directly into the affected pages. It is advisable, however, that this
page, the Addenda title and copyright pages, and ali replaced pages be retained for reference.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
This is the first addenda to be published to ASME B89.4.1-1997
Replace or insert the pages listed. Changes listed below are identified on the pages by a margin note, (a),
placed next to the affected area. The pages not listed are the reverse sides of the affected pages and contain
no changes.
ix Contents Revised
46 5.5.7.1(g) Revised
5.5.7.l(h) Subparagraphs (i), (2), and (3) revised
5.5.7.3(h) Revised
49,50 6.2.1 Third paragraph revised
57-58.3 Appendix C Revised in its entirety
78-78.2 Appendix I Sections 16, 17, 18, and I9 added
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STD.ASME B87.9-3-ENGL 3777 B 0757b70 0583028 893 II
The American Society of

Mechanical Engineers
A N A M E R I C A N N A T I O N A L S T A N D A R D
METHODS FOR PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION OF COORDINATE
MEASURINE MACHINES
ASME 889.4.1 -1997

(Revision of ASME B81.1.12M-1190)
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Date of Issuance: February 8, 2002
ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for
American National Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard
was balanced t o assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an
opportunity t o participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review
and comment which provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,
regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device,
or activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect t o the validity of any patent rights asserted in
connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake t o insure anyone
utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable Letters Patent, nor assume
any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the
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ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations issued in accordance with governing
ASME procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual
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No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright O 2002 by
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
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FOREWORD
(This Foreword is not part of ASME 889.4.1-1997.)
The ambiguity of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) manufacturers? specifications in

1978 made comparative evaluation of performance extremely difficult. Considering this fact
and the increasing use of CMMs, the ASME Metrology Standards Committee B89 formed
WG B89.1.12 to develop an American industry standard that would establish equitable
means of determining machine performance.
On March 17, 1983, the Standard, having progressed to the application level, was given
interim status and released for a one-year triai period. Thereafter, desirable modifications
were implemented in the official Standard, which was released in 1985 as ASMWANSI
B89. I . 12- 1985.
Following this release, the application and use of the document were monitored and
opportunities for improvement were noted for inclusion in 1990 as ASME B89.1.12M, Rev. I .
Subsequent new information is included in this current revision, such as impact of ,
workpiece weight effects, interim testing, large machines, and significant modifications with
respect to probing, ball bar tests, and the rotary axis test. Due to changes in the status of
the ASME Committee, this Standard is designated ASME B89.4.1-1997.
The American National Standards Institute approved this Standard on January 30, 1997.
...
111

ASME STANDARDS COMMITTEE B89
Dimensional Metrology
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
OFFICERS
R. B. Hook, Chair
F. G. Parsons, Vice Chair
B. P. Biddinger, Secretary
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
K. L. Blaedel, University of California/Livermore Lab, Livermore, California
J. B. Bryan, Bryan Associates, Pleasanton, California
T. Charlton, Jr., Brown and Sharpe Manufacturing Co., North Kingstown, Rhode Island
W. T. Estler, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland
R. J. Hocken, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina
B. P a w , Boeing Co., Seattle, Washington
B. R. Taylor, Renishaw PLC, Gloucestershire, England
R. C. Veale, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland
SUBCOMMITTEE 4 - COORDINATE MEASURING TECHNOLOGY

R. B. Hook, Chair, Metcon, Coventry, Rhode Island
D. Beutel, Caterpillar, Inc., Peoria, Illinois
K. L. Blaedel, university of California/Livermore Lab, Livermore, California
T. Carpenter, U S . Airforce, Newark, Ohio
T. Charlton, Jr., Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co., North Kingstown, Rhode Island
T. D. Doiron, NET, Gaithersburg, Maryland
R. D. Donaldson, Giddings & Lewis, Dayton, Ohio
B. Edwards, Automation Software, Farmington Hills, Michigan
W. S.Gehner, Deere & Co., Moline, Illinois
A. J. Griggs, Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co., North Kingstown, Rhode Island
J. L. Henry, Sheffield Measurement, Dayton, Ohio
B. Parry, Boeing Co., Seattle, Washington
S. D. Phillips, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland
G. K. Stevenson, G.K.S. Inspection Services, Inc., Livonia, Michigan
B. R. Taylor, Renishaw PLC, Gloucestershire, England
R. C. Veale, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland
ADDITIONAL SUBCOMMITTEE 4 MEMBERS

M. Arenal, RAM Optical Instrumentation, Huntington Beach, California
M. A. Bahtiarian, Noise Control Engineering, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts
J. Baldwin, Geomet Systems, Inc., Redwood City, California
W. L. Beckwith, Jr., Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co., North Kingstown, Rhode Island
F. K. Bell, Giddings & Lewis, Dayton, Ohio
E. Blackwood, Boeing Co., Seattle, Washington
B. Borchardt. NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland
J. B. Bryan, Bryan Associates, Pleasanton, California
R. P. Callaghan, Jr., Independent Quality Labs, Inc., Wyoming, Rhode Island
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S T D - A S M E B 8 9 - q - L - E N G L 1997 0759b70 0583032 23q
J. Caprio, Carl Zeiss, Inc., Thornwood, New York

G. W. Caskey, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland
R. Casto, The Gates Rubber Co., Denver, Colorado
J. D. Cogdell, The Timken Co., Canton, Ohio
J. Dankowski, Fabreeka International, Inc., Sandimes, California
M. E. Denomme, Independent Quality Labs, Inc., Wyoming, Rhode Island
F. Farzan, Intelligent Measurement, Inc., Encino, California
M. L. Fink, Beoing Defence 81Space Group, Seattle, Washington
M . T. Gale, Giddings 81 Lewis, Dayton, Ohio
G. E. Hafely, Lockheed Missles & Space, Sunnyvale, California
S. Harrison, SAIC, Las Vegas, Nevada
G. P. Hegarty, Fabreeka International, Inc., Stoughton, Massachusetts
E. Helmel, Helmel Engineering Products, Inc., Niagra Falls, New York
V. Hetem, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois
R. J. Hocken, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina
T. H. Hopp, NIST, gaithersburg, Maryland
R. W. Homing, Barry Controls, Brighton, Massachusetts
J. Hurt, SDRC, Milford, Ohio
J. A. Jalkio, Cyberoptics Corp., Golden Valley. Minnesota
L. R. Kamholz, Helmel Engineering Products, Inc., Niagra Falls, New York
W. Kilpatrick, United Technologies, Pratt & Whitney, Hartford, Connecticut
J. J. L'Eplattenier, Bobst Group, Inc., Roseland, New Jersey
J. S. Lifson, General Electric, Lynn, Massachusetts
T. Mclean, Brunson Instrument Co., Kansas City, Missouri
W. McLendon, Lockheed Aeronautical, Marietta, Georgia
D. R. McMurtry, Renishaw PLC, Gloucestershire, England
J. I. Miles, Sr., Martin Marietta, Orlando, Florida
K. J. Moritz, Texas Instruments, Sherman, Texas
D. Moyer, Rank Taylor Hobson, Arlington Heights, Illinois
V. A. Mysore, Cyberoptics Corp., Minneapolis, Minnesota
R. W. Nickey, DoD, Naval Warfare Assesment Center, Corona, California
H. S. Nielsen, Cummins Engine Co., Columbus, Indiana
J. T. Nilsson, NCMS, Ann Arbor, Michigan
M. OLaughlin, Romer, Inc., Carlsbad, California
F. G. Parsons, Federal Products Co., Providence, Rhode Island
T. Posterick, Carl Zeiss, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
W. H. Rasnick, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
R. M . Roterdam, Jr., MTI Corp./CT Lab, Industry, California
R. J. Russell, Allied-Signal Aerospace, Kansas City, Missouri
S. C. Sandwith, Boeing Co., Seattle, Washington
J. R. Schmidl, Optical Gaging Products, Inc., Rochester, New York
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R. Shelton, Electronic Measuring Devices, Inc., Flanders, New Jersey
J. N. Shry, Cubic Precision K & E, Tullahoma, Tennessee
D. Slocum, L. S. Starrett Co., Mount Airy, North Carolina
K. B. Smith, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
B. Tandler, Multi Metrics, Inc., Menlo Park, California
A. Traylor, Renishaw, Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois
K. Ulbrich, Electronic Measuring Devices, Inc., Flanders, New Jersey
G. L. Vander Sande, U.S. Army, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey
R. K. Walker, Westinghouse Marine, Sunnyvale, California
D. J. Warren, Industrial Measurement Systems, Norcross, Georgia
W. A. Watts, Glastonbury Gage, Glastonbury, Connecticut
F. J. Weingard, ACTCO Metrology Services, Meadville, Pennsylvania
vi

CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE B89 COMMITTEE
General. ASME Codes and Standards are developed and maintained with the intent to
represent the consensus of concerned interests. As such, users of this Standard may interact
with the Committee by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending Committee
meetings. Correspondence should be addressed to:
Secretary, B89 Main Committee
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
Proposed Revisions. Revisions are made periodically to the standard to incorporate changes
that appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from the
application of the standard. Approved revisions will be published periodically.
The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this Standard. Such proposals should
be as specific as possible: citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a
detailed description of the reasons for the proposal, including any pertinent documentation.
Interpretations. Upon request, the B89 Committee will render an interpretation of any
requirement of the standard. Interpretations can only be rendered in response to a written
request sent to the Secretary of the B89 Main Committee.
The request for interpretation should be clear and unambiguous. It is further recommended
that the inquirer submit hidher request in the following format:
Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s) and provide a concise description.
Ed¡ tion: Cite the applicable edition of the standard for which the interpretation
is being requested.
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Question: Phrase the question as a request for an interpretation of a specific
requirement suitable for general understanding and use, not as a request
for an approval of a proprietary design or situation.
Requests that are not in this format may be rewritten in the appropriate format by the
Committee prior to being answered, which may inadvertently change the intent of the
original request.
ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional
information which might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by
an interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME committee or subcommittee. ASME
does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary
device, or activity.
Attending Commiftee Meetings. The B89 Main Committee regularly holds meetings that
are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting should contact the Secretary
of the B89 Main Committee.
vi. i

CONTENTS
...
Foreword ............................................................................
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111
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Correspondence With the B89 Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi.1
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Contents and Specification Form ............................................. 2
1.2 Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Definitions ..................................................................... 3
2.1 Glossary .................................................................... 3
2.2 Machine Classifications ...................................................... 13
3 Environmental Specifications ................................................. 17

3.1 General ..................................................................... 17
3.2 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Vibration .................................................................... 18
3.4 Electrical .................................................................... 18
3.5 Utility Air .................................................................. 19
4 Environmental Tests .......................................................... 19

4.1 General ..................................................................... 19
4.2 Thermal Test ................................................................ 19
4.3 Relative Motion Tests for Vibration .......................................... 24
4.4 Electrical Tests .............................................................. 25
4.5 Utility Air Tests . . . . . . . . ..................................................... 25
5 Machine Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2 Hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.3 Repeatability ................................................................ 26
5.4 Linear Displacement Accuracy ................................................ 27
5.5 Volumetric Performance ...................................................... 31
5.6 Bidirectional Length Measurement Capability .................................. 46
6 Sub-system Performance Tests ............................................... 47

6.1 Probing Analysis . Point-to-Point Probing ................................... 47
6.2 Probing Analysis - Multiple-Tip Probing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.3 Probing Analysis - Scanning ................................................ 51
6.4 Vectoring Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7 Test Equipment ............................................................... 52.1

7.1 Temperature ................................................................. 52.1
7.2 Vibration .................................................................... 52.1
vii

7.3 Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1
7.4 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1
7.5 Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1
7.6 Utility Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1
Figures
1A B89.4.1 Coordinate Measuring Machine Specification Form ......................... 4
1B B89.4.1 Environmental Specification Form ......................................... 5
1C B89.4.1 Performance Specification Form ........................................... 7
2 Schematic Illustration of Abbe Offset and Abbe Error ............................. 9
3 Load Concentration Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ 10
4 Fixed Table Cantilever Coordinate Measuring Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5 Moving Bridge Coordinate Measuring Machine . . . . . . ..................... 14
6 Fixed Bridge Coordinate Measuring Machine . . ................................. 14
7 Column Coordinate Measuring Machine ........................................... 14
8 Moving Ram Horizontal Arm Coordinate Measuring Machine ...................... 15
9 Two Moving Ram Horizontal Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines With a
Common Base Used in the Duplex Mode . ........................ 15
10 Moving Table Horizontal Arm Coordinate Measuring Machine ..................... 16
11 Gantry Coordinate Measuring Machine ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
12 L-Shaped Bridge Coordinate Measuring Machine .................................. 16
13 Fixed Table Horizontal Arm Coordinate Measuring Machine ....................... 16
i4 Fixed Table Horizontal Arm Coordinate Measuring Machine With a Rotary
Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ 17
15 Moving Table Cantilever Arm Coordinate Measuring Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
16 Typical Setup for Performing the TVE Test on Direct Compute d
Machines With an Active Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................ 20
17 Typical Data From the TVE Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
18 Typical Setup for the Measurement of TVE on a Free-Floating Machine Using
Passive Probes ................................................................ 21
19 Typical Setup for Measuring Displacement Errors Along a Body Diagonal . . . . . . . . . . 22
20 Typical Plot of Data for a TVE Test Performed on a Large Machine by
Measuring Displacement Errors on a Body Diagonal ..................... . . . . 23
21 Typical Results of a Repeatability Test With the Axis Repeatability Clearly
Labeled .................................................................... 26
22 Typical Setup for Repeatability Measurement Using a Trihedral Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
23 Typical Example of Linear Displacement Accuracy Determined Using Step
Gages .................................. ..... .. ..... . . . . . 29
24 Typical Setup for the Laser Test for Linear Displacement Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
25 Typical Results of a Linear Displacement Accuracy Test Using the Laser With
the Linear Displacement Accuracy Clearly Labeled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
26 Recommended Ball Bar Positions for Machines With Nearly Cubic Work
Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
27 Recominende 34
28 Recommended Bail Bar Patterns for a Machine With Two Long Axes and
One Short Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
29 Sample Fixture for Holding a Ball Bar With Both Ends Free ...................... 36
30 Ball Bar Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
31 Typical Setup for Offset Probe Performance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
32 Default Ball Bar Positions for the Offset Probe Performance Test on a
Vertical Ram Machine . . ........................................ 39
33 Diagram of Test Bali Positions for the Performance Test on a Rotary Axis . . . . . . . . . 41
viii
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34 Default Positions for Sphere Locations on the Rotary Axis Performance Test . . . . . . . 43
35 Diagram Schematically Representing the Meanings of the Radial. Tangential.
and Axial Working Tolerances for the Rotary Axis Performance Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
36 Typical Results of a Volumetric Performance Test for a DCC Machine With a
.............................................................. 45
37 Schematic Diagram Showing the Locations of Probing in the Point-to-Point
Probing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
38 Fixed Multiple-Tip Stylus Assembly of Length. L ................................. 50
Tables
1 Location of the Reference Sphere on the Rotary Table ............................ 40
2 Default Nominal Angular Positions and Sample Data Sheet for Obtaining
Volumetric Performance With a Rotary Axis . . . . . . . . .
3 Default Point Distribution .................................................. 50
4 Default Stylus Lengths . . . .................................................. 51
5 Default Extension Lengths ........................................................ 51
6 Example of Multiple-Tip Probing Performance With Fixed Styli Results Sheet . . . . . . 52
7 Example of Multiple-Tip Probing Performance With Orienting Probing System
Results Sheet ................. ................................................. 52
Appendices
A User’s Guide to ASME B89.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
B Thermal Environment Testing ............................. ..................... 55
C CMM Site Vibration Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
D Electrical Power Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E Utility Air . . . ..................................................... 61
F Hysteresis Test Design Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
G Ball Bar Test Equipment Design Recommendations ................................ 65
H Straightedge Tests for Ram Axis Roll ......... .......................... 69
I Interim Testing of CMM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
ix
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ASME 689.4.1 b-2001
METHODS FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF

1 SCOPE surement capability. Subsystem performance consists

of procedures to evaluate probing performance during
This Standard establishes requirements and methods
point-to-point coordinate acquisition with single and
for specifying and testing the performance of coordinate
multiple tips, scanning, and positioning performance
measuring machines (CMMs) having three linear axes
when it is required to hit a target position.
perpendicular to each other and up to one rotary axis
One of the most significant features of this Standard
positioned arbitrarily with respect to these linear axes. is its treatment of environmental specification and test-
In addition to clarifying the performance evaluation of ing. The machine user is assigned clear responsibility
CMMs, this Standard seeks to facilitate performance for providing a suitable performance test environment,
comparisons among machines by unifying terminology, either by meeting the supplier?s parameters or by ac-
general machine classification, and the treatment of cepting reduced performance. Particular emphasis is
environmental effects. placed on the performance degradation caused by tem-
This Standard attempts to define the simplest testing perature variation and vibration. The treatment of ther-
methods capable of yielding adequate results for the mal effects in this Standard is in conceptual conformance
majority of CMMs and is not intended to replace to the provisions of ASME B89.6.2. The key feature of
more complete tests that may be suitable for special this treatment is the relaxation of machine performance
applications. In particular, this Standard is most applica- requirements if the thermal environment causes exces-
ble to machines used in the point-to-point mode rather sive uncertainty or variation in the CMM performance
than the contour measurement mode. Although this and does not meet the supplier?s recommendations
Standard provides checks for most of the parameters regarding thermal parameters.
relevant to coordinate measuring machines used in a Actual machine performance testing is divided into
contouring mode, the checks do not actually test con- five major areas: repeatability, linear displacement accu-
touring accuracy, per se. Additions to this Standard to racy, streamlined artifact testing with a ball bar, rotary
include contouring performance are in process. axis testing, and bidirectional length measurement capa-
This Standard provides definitions of terms applicable bility. Supplements to the ball bar testing are provided
to CMMs. These definitions are separated into two for large machines and for machines used in the duplex
parts: first, a glossary covering technical terms used mode. (Note that the supplemental laser interferometer
throughout this Standard, and second, an explanation diagonal displacement measurements will give numbers
of twelve common machine classifications. that may be different from those obtained with long
(b) The actual specification of CMMs is subdivided into ball bars. However, these numbers also adequately
four sections: general machine classification, machine reflect the performance of the machine.) Performance
environmental requirements and responses, machine per- tests for machines under loaded conditions are also
formance, and machine subsystem performance. Ma- included. An important feature of these performance
chine classification includes machine type, measurement tests is the attempt to use normal operating procedures
ranges, position resolution, operating mode, and probing during the tests. This emphasizes the importance of
method. Environmental specification includes thermal measurement procedure details, such as mode of ma-
response, electrical requirements, vibration sensitivity, chine operation and probe type. In addition, the use
and utility air requirements. Machine performance speci- of normal operating procedures during the tests serves
fication includes repeatability, linear displacement accu- to emphasize the overall approach of this Standard in
racy, ball tar measurement performance, offset probe considering measurement data as the results of the
performance, diagonal displacement performance (large complete measuring system, not just the CMM.
machines), duplex performance (machines used in the Subsystem performance, at this time, provides a series
duplex mode), rotary axis performance, performance of tests for systematic point-to-point probing errors,
under loaded conditions, and bidirectional length mea- such as lobing. Tests are also provided for machines
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METHODS FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
ASME 889.4.1b-2001 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
with multiple-tip probing. This includes the use of In order to clarify the use of this Standard, a short
probe changers and probe indexing capabilities. Tests guide is included as Appendix A. To assist the user
for other subsystems, such as software, are of importance in tracing possible environmental problems, appendices
but are not included in this Standard. are also provided for thermal environment testing (Ap-
Throughout this Standard, the concept of range - pendix B), vibration analysis (Appendix C), electrical
that is, the spread between the maximum and minimum power analysis (Appendix D), and utility air analysis
values in a set of data - is used as the measure of (Appendix E). Appendices on hysteresis testing (Appen-
machine performance. This choice was made in favor dix F), ball bar test equipment (Appendix G ) , straight-
of more common statistical measures, such as standard edge tests for ram axis roll (Appendix H), and interim
deviation, and because the dominant errors in coordinate testing of CMM systems (Appendix I), also provide
the user with important subsidiary information.
measuring machines are systematic as opposed to being
Productivity is an important consideration in the
random. In such cases, no generally accepted statistical
selection of a coordinate measuring machine. There are
procedures currently exist.
numerous factors that affect relative productivity of
Repeatability is defined as the “ability of u measuring
measuring systems, including variables inherent to both
instrument to provide closely similar indications for
the system and the workpiece. This Standard does not
repeated applications of the same measurand under the address methods to specify and evaluate productivity;
same conditions of measurement.” The specified testing rather, productivity should be evaluated with respect
of repeatability requires a series of measurements of to the expected use of the system.
the center coordinates of a precision ball, using the
same testing procedure as the tests to measure the 1.1 Contents and Specification Form ib)
effect of the thermal environment.
The linear displacement accuracy of the machine is Any specification described as complying with this
measured along three mutually perpendicular lines in Standard shall include at least the following items.
the work zone. The tests may be performed using either (a) Machine classification (see para. 2.2). If no ma-
a step gage or a laser interferometer. This Standard chine classification is applicable, the actual configuration
carefully details the treatment of these data if any mean shall be described in equivalent detail.
temperature in the tests departs from 20°C (68”F), at (6) Principal mode of operation (free-floating manual,
which material length standards are defined. driven manual, or direct computer control). If desired,
The overall measuring performance of the machine repeatability, linear displacement accuracy, volumetric
is evaluated with a ball bar, providing limited but performance, bidirectional length measurement capabil-
valuable testing of the machine. This method has been ity, point-to-point probing performance, and multiple-
chosen due to the speed and simplicity with which a tip probing performance may be specified for more
machine can be evaluated using a ball bar to simulate than one mode of operation.
a real measurement procedure. For very large machines, (c) Principal probe type (passive, switching, propor-
diagonal displacement measurements are used to supple- tional, or nulling). If desired, repeatability, linear dis-
ment the ball bar results. For machines used in the placement accuracy, volumetric performance, bidirec-
duplex mode, measurements of a fixed ball in various tional length measurement capability, point-to-point
positions are performed by both machines as a supple- probing performance, and multiple-tip probing perform-
ment to ball bar measurements by each machine. Further, ance may be specified for more than one probe type.
the ball bar is measured in four positions with offset (d) Probe approach rate, probe approach distance,
probes to obtain the offset probing performance. drive velocity, acceleration, deceleration, drive-move
The performance of the machine’s rotary axis, if target tolerance, touch-move target tolerance, settling
applicable, is tested by measuring the locations of two time(s), and any other probing parameters for the
precision balls mounted at specified positions on the principal probe type(s> specified.
rotary table. Again, this test is functional and is intended ( e ) Nominal voltage, frequency, and power re-
to reflect the values that would be obtained from actual quirement.
measurements. The user of this specification is warned (f)Utility air pressure, pressure variation, flow, tem-
that rotary axes are particularly sensitive to the load perature, dew point, and particulate content.
distribution and the moment of inertia of the part being (g) Permissible environment vibration amplitude as
measured. A separate section is included that allows a function of frequency. The amplitude must be specified
for performance testing of coordinate measuring systems at the interface between the equipment supplied by the
under loaded conditions. user and that supplied by the CMM supplier.
2
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OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES ASME B89.4.1b-2001
( h ) Statement of availability of data required for 2 DEFINITIONS

foundation design and machine installation.
( i ) Statement of the significant mean temperature 2.1 Glossary
change, if available, safe operating temperature range, This glossary contains brief definitions of the majority
nominal location for the temperature variation error of technical terms used in this Standard. Omissions
test, and the availability of other thermal response data should be reported to ASME (see Foreword).
for the machine.
Abbe error: the measurement error resulting from
( j ) Statement of nominal coefficients of thermal
expansion of the machine scales, by axis. angular motion of a movable component and an Abbe
offset between the scale measuring the motion of that
( k ) Parameters describing a recommended machine component and the measurement line (see Fig. 2).
thermal environment.
(1) Repeatability. Abbe offset: the instantaneous value of the perpendicu-
lar distance between the displacement measuring system
(m) Linear displacement accuracy defined by mea-
(e.g., scale) of a measuring instrument and the measure-
surement with a laser interferometer or a mechanical
ment line where the displacement in that coordinate is
master. The choice shall be clearly specified.
being measured. A schematic illustration of this concept
( n ) Volumetric performance including ball bar per- is given in Fig. 2.
formance, offset probe performance, volumetric tests
for machines with large work zones, tests for duplex acceptable machine load: the machine load that can
machines, rotary axis testing, and tests for machines be applied through the spanned region of contact as
under loaded conditions. defined in the load concentration chart (see Fig. 3). All
(o) Bidirectional length measurement capability. standard machine specifications will remain unchanged
under “acceptable machine loading.” (Note: refer to
( p ) Point-to-point probing performance. para. 5.5.7 for a detailed testing procedure that describes
( 4 ) Multiple-tip probing performance. acceptable machine loading test conditions.)
( r ) A sample machine specification form. This form
accuracy: a quantitative measure of the degree of
is illustrated in Fig. 1 for a typical machine. It is
conformance to recognized national or international
divided into three sections: General (Fig. 1A), Environ-
standards of measurement.
mental (Fig. IB), and Performance (Fig. 1C). The
General section is intended to characterize the machine axis direction: the direction of any line parallel to
by configuration, size, operation mode, and probe type. the motion direction of a linearly moving component.
The Environmental section is intended to describe envi-
ronmental requirements for the machine. The Perform- ball bar: a gage consisting of two highly spherical
ance section illustrates the parameters used to specify tooling balls of the same diameter connected by a rigid
performance within the context of this Standard. In the bar. A ball bar, as used in this Standard, must be
case that more than one operating mode/probe type sufficiently mechanically rigid that its length is constant
combination is specified, performance shall be specified during the course of a set of measurements but does
for each combination. This form cannot be effectively not have to be calibrated (see Appendix G).
used outside the context of this Standard as the Environ- CG location zone: a supplier-specified zone within
mental and Performance sections are closely connected the loading area in which the machine load center of
through working tolerance derating procedures described gravity, CG, must lie.
in Sections 4 and 5.
cosine error: the measurement error in the motion
direction caused by angular misalignment between a
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
linear displacement measuring system and the gage (or

1.2 Alternatives part) being measured. Equations for computing cosine
error are given in para. 5.4.2.3.
This Standard allows parts of the environmental
tests section to be deferred or bypassed and only the dead path: in laser interferometry, that distance be-
performance tests to be carried out. This alternative is tween the remote interferometer and the retroreflector
acceptable only if it is acceptable to both the user and at closest approach which is not compensated for
the supplier and if deferred as specified in Section 4.1. changes in the index of refraction of air.

ASME B89.4.1b-2001 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
GENERAL
Machine Classification (para. 2.2): (A figure with axis designation and direction of positive machine motion shall be
supplied.) For duplex applications, relative positions and common elements of the two machines shall be shown.
Measuring Ranges (full travel):

X m m (in.)
Y m m (in.)
Z mm (in.)
D m m (in.) - diameter of rotary axis, if supplied (see Glossary)
Readout Resolution (least count):
X m m (in.)
Y m m (in.)
Z m m (in.)
a deg. (arc sec) - resolution of rotary table, if supplied
Principal Mode of Operation (more than one mode may be specified):

Free-floating manual -
Driven manual
Direct computer-controlled
Principal Probe Type (more than one type may be specified):

Passive
Switching
Proportional
Nulling
Displacement-measuring
Proximity
Operating Parameters:
Probe approach rate -mm/sec (in./sec)
Probe approach distance -m m (in.)
Settling time
Passive (solid or hard) probes -sec
Proportional probes -sec
Drive velocity -mm/sec íin./sec)
Acceleration _ _ mm/sec2 (in./sec2)
Deceleration -mm/sec2 íin./sec2)
Drive-move target tolerance -m m (in.)
Touch-move target tolerance -m m (in.)
Probe configuration (describe):
Describe location of machine coordinate system origin:
Maximum acceptable machine load: -kg I lotes (I), (2)

Safe machine load: kg
NOTES:
(1) The correct IS0 unit of weight is the Newton (N), but the kilogram íkg) is used customarily. One kg has a weight
approximately equal t o 10 N in the earth‘s gravitational field.
(2) 1 kg weighs approx. 2.2 Ib.
FIG. 1A B89.4.1 COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE SPECIFICATION FORM
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--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES ASME B89.4.1-1997
ENVIRONMENTAL Page 1 of 2
For the following parameters, the principal mode of machine operation and the probe type must be specified. If more
:han one operating mode, probe type, or mode type combination is desired, a separate performance specification sheet
shall be used for each combination.
Operating Mode Probe Type
Significant Mean Temperature Change (para. 4.2.3) "C (OF)
Safe Operating Temperature Range (para. 4.2.3)
Min. "C (OF) Max. "C (OF)
Nominal Location for TVE Test (Machine Coordinates)
X m m (in.)
Y mm (in.)
Z mm (in.)
Nominal Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Machine Scales [Note (1)1
X ppm per "C ("FI

Y ppm per "C (OF)
z ppm per "C (OF)
Electrical (para. 3.4 and Appendix Di:
Voltage V Frequency Hz
Amperage A SurgelSag V
Allowable transient voltages (0.5 to 800 ksi: Magnitude V
Environmental Vibration (para. 3.3 and Appendix C)
Option 1: Response function data [Note (2)1

Option 2: Broad band data
Peak-to-peak vibration amplitude pm (Fin.)

Frequency range Hz
Utility Air [if applicable (para. 3.5 and Appendix E)]
Pressure 2 MPa (psi)

Flow rate IN/min (SCFM)
Dew Point "C
Particle removal requirements:
Particle size km % removal
Availability of Foundation/lnstallation Data:
Yes No
FIG. 1B B89.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATION FORM

ASME 889.4.1 -1997 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
~ ENVIRONMENTAL (CONT'D) Page 2 of 2
Temperature:
Mean ambient temperature "C (OF)
Daily cycling amplitude (24 hr) I "C (OF)

Superimposed cycleis)
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Amplitude ? "C ( O F )
Frequency cycles/hr
Gradients
Vertical "C/m í"F/ft)

Horizontal "C/m í"F/ft)
Mean Air Speed Surrounding the Machine [Note (3)1 m/min (ft/min)
(Additional parameters on machine component placement and special flow requirements are t o be attached, if
appropriate.)
GENERAL NOTE:
The parameters listed here are based on assumptions regarding normal air conditioned rooms. Another set, if
provided as part of the machine specification and agreed on between supplier and user, shall be acceptable for the
purposes of this Standard. In some cases, other fluids (rather than air) are used to provide thermal stability. In those
cases, separate parameters should also be provided, if possible.
NOTES:
(1) 1 ppm = parts per million =
(2) Detailed vector vibration spectra shall be attached as part of this specification.
(3)Maximum air speed should not exceed 6 m/min i20 ft/mini at 20°C (68°F). See ASME B89.6.2 for a full discussion
of parameters affecting operator comfort.
FIG. 1B B89.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATION FORM (CONT'D)

OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES ASME 889.4.1b-2001
PERFORMANCE - BASIC MACHINES Page 1 of 4

--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
than one operating mode, probe type, or mode type combination is desired, a separate performance specification sheet
(For all tests below, the reported value is the maximum range of error.)
Repeatability [Note (111- All Linear Axes (para. 5.3)
X m m (in.)
Y m m (in.)
z m m (in.)
Linear Displacement Accuracy (para. 5.4)
Step gage (para. 5.4.2) - or laser interferometer (para. 5.4.3)
X m m (in.)
Y m m (in.)
Z m m (in.)
Volumetric Performance (para. 5.5) [Note (2)l
Ball bar - or gage block -
Length (calibrated or nominal) m m (in.)

Working tolerance mrn (in.)
Offset probe performance (para. 5.5.3) m m (in.)
Bidirectional Length Measurement Capability (para. 5.6)
Gage block length m m (in.)

Working tolerance m m (in.)
Point-to-Point Probing Performance (para. 6.1) [Note (3)]
Working tolerance - 10 m m stylus length m m (in.)

Working tolerance - 50 m m stylus length m m (in.)
Working tolerance - 50 m m stylus with a 20 m m offset m m (in.)
NOTES:
(1) For large machines, the supplier shall specify the second probe approach rate, probe approach distance, and tra-
verse speed to be used (see para. 5.3.3).
(2) The user may supply measuring positions and lengths. If not supplied, then default values are used. Optional
lengths and positions shall be attached, if required.
(3) Probe approach rate, probe approach distance, and settling time are the default values unless otherwise specified.
FIG. 1C B89.4.1 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FORM

PERFORMANCE - BASIC MACHINES (CONT'D) Page 2 of 4
Multiple-Tip Probing (para. 6.2)
MAXIMUM PERMITTED ERRORS, MPEM FOR NONARTICULATING

PROBING SYSTEMS WITH" / WITHOUT" CHANGER
("Delete as necessary)
Nominal Stylus Shank
Stylus Length, Diameterís), Stylus Shank Actual Stylus MPEMF MPEMs MPEML
L, mm mrn Material Length, mm (form), prn (size), pm (location), pm
10
20
30
50
1O0
200
400
~~ ~~
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The default stylus length is 20 mm.
(b) If interchangeable arms are supplied instead of extensions, substitute one permitted arm length for the O
m m extension length.
(c) Stylus length and extension length are both defined in IS0 10360-5.
(d) Radius t o tip is defined as the center of head rotation to the center of the tip.
MAXIMUM PERMITTED ERRORS, MPEA FOR ARTICULATING

PROBING SYSTEMS WITH* / WITHOUT* CHANGER
(*Delete as necessary)
Arm or
Nominal Arm Extension Arm or
or Extension Diameter(s1, Extension Actual Radius MPEAS MPEAs MPEAL
Length, L, m m mm Material to Tip, mm (form), pm (size), pm (location), pm
O
1O0
200
300
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The default stylus length is 20 mm.
(b) If interchangeable arms are supplied instead of extensions, substitute one permitted arm length for the O m m
extension length.
(c) Stylus length and extension length are both defined in I S 0 10360-5.
(d) Radius t o tip is defined as the center of head rotation to the center of the tip.
FIG. I C B89.4.1 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FORM (CONT'D)
7.I
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OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES ASME B89.4.lb-2001
PERFORMANCE - BASIC MACHINES (CONT'D) Page 3 of 4
Probing Analysis Scanning (para. 6.3)
Working Tolerance
for Scanning Working Tolerance for
Default Scannina Conditions Scannina Mode
High density,
oredefined oath
Optimal Scanning Low density,
Time predefined oath
Scanning Speed High density, not
mmlsec oredefined oath
Low density, not
predefined Dath
High density,
medefined oath
Optimal Scanning Low density,
Performance oredefined Dath
mmlsec oredefined Dath
Low density, not
oredefined oath
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
High density,
predefined path
Supplier's Recommended Low density,
Setting predefined path
mmlsec predefined path
Low density, not
predefined oath
Vectoring Performance (para. 6.4) _ _ m m (in.)
Vectoring Time (para. 6.4) m m (in.)
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The user may supply measuring positions, styli lengths, orientations, and scan point densities. If not
supplied, then default values are used. Desired options shall be attached, if required.
(b) High-density scanning is defined as 0.1 mm between consecutive points, and low density scanning is
defined as 1 m m between consecutive points.
FIG. 1C B89.4.1 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FORM (CONT'D)
7.2

ASME B89.4.lb-2001 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
PERFORMANCE - ADDITIONAL SPECIAL TESTS Page 4 of 4
than one operating mode, probe type, or mode type combination is desired, a separate performance specification sheet
(For all tests below, the reported value is the maximum range of error.)
Ball Bar and Diagonal Displacement (large machines, para. 5.5.4) ___
Length of ball bar 900 m m (in.)

Length of longest diagonal m m (in.)
Duplex Performance (machines used in the duplex mode, para. 5.5.5)
Description of test plane:
X m m (in.)
Y m m (in.)
Z m m (in.)
Rotary Axis Performance (para. 5.5.6)
Rotary table position(s) and orientationis) [Note ( l ) ] :
Radial separation, Rs mrn (in.)

Height, Hs m m (in.)
Working tolerances:
3D/alpha radial k m (pin.)

3 D/a Ipha tang entiaI p m (kin.)
3D/alpha axial p m (pin.)
Testing Under Loaded Conditions (para. 5.5.7) [Note (2))
Machine Load kg (Ib)
NOTES:
(1) More than one position and orientation may be specified. If unspecified, default values are provided in this Standard.
(2) Working tolerances for testing machines under loaded conditions are the same as those in the unloaded condition.
Tests for ball bar performance and rotary axis performance are conducted.
FIG. 1C B89.4.1 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FORM (CONT'D)
8
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S T D * A S M E B 8 7 - L I * I - E N G L 1797 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 058104LI T3b

OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES AS ME 689.4.1-1997
Object being measured
Measurement line
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Displacement measuring
system (scale)
FIG. 2 SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF ABBE OFFSET AND ABBE ERROR
diagonal displacement: the displacement of the probe driven manual mode: a mode of CMM operation in
on a machine along either a face or body diagonal of which the probe of a machine is moved from point
its work zone. to point in its work zone using drive mechanisms
(gears, lead screws, etc.) that are manually controlled.
diameter o l a rotary axis: the maximum diameter of a
rotary table (outside diameter) supplied with a measuring duplex mode: an operating mode in which two coordi-
machine. This is the maximum diameter along which nate measuring machines having a defined relationship
a part can be fixtured. If it is intended that parts larger between their coordinate systems are used to measure
than the face of the rotary table or an extension plate coordinates of points on a common workpiece.
be placed on the rotary table, this diameter is either
duplex pedormance: for two machines used in the
the maximum diameter of the part or the maximum
duplex mode, the difference in the measured position
diameter of the extension plate (see para. 5.5.6). If the
of an artifact reported by the two machines relative to
table is square, then this diameter is the diameter of the
a single coordinate system.
maximum inscribed circle that will fit the square table.
free-Joating manual mode: a mode of CMM operation
drift test (thermal}: a type of test used to measure
in which the probe of a machine is moved from point
temperature variation error [see temperature variation
to point by direct operator manipulation of the machine
error ( W E ) ] on a machine. One form of this test
ram or probe without use of a motor drive.
consists of continuously recording the output of dis-
placement sensors placed in the position of a probe gage (gauge); a mechanical artifact used either for
on the machine reading against a sample part over a checking a part or for checking the accuracy of a
period of time. Detailed procedures for conducting machine; or, a measuring device with a proportional
drift tests on machines of different types are given in range and some form of indicator, either analog or
para. 4.2.2. digital.

S T D - A S M E B 8 7 * 4 * L - E N G L 3997 0757b70 0583045 7 7 2

ASME 689.4.1 1997 ~ OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
gage block: a length standard with rectangular, round,

or square cross sections having flat, parallel, opposing
gaging surfaces.
hysteresis: as applied to a measuring system, the

property of that system whereby its response to a given
rd
E
1 Acceptable
loadarea rM;Fe
stimulus depends on the sequence of preceding stimuli.
Hysteresis is often caused by drive train clearance,
guideway clearance, mechanical deformations, friction,
?i
?
C
F p t a b l e load
exceeded
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
c
m
and loose joints (see Appendix F). For the purposes ci
v>
of this Standard, three types of hysteresis are defined: 1000 2000
(a) machine hysteresis: the hysteresis of the machine
Load. kg
systems when subjected to loads;
( b ) probe hysteresis: the hysteresis of the mechanical
or electrical elements of a probe; and FIG. 3 LOAD CONCENTRATION CHART
( c ) setup hysteresis: the hysteresis of the various
e h l e n t s in a test Setup, normally due to loose mechani- machine load effects: the changes in machine perfom-
cal connections. ance due to the machine load.
large work zone: a work zone having any one or maximum acceptable machine load: the maximum
more of the following characteristics: acceptable machine load identified by the load concen-
(a) the least measuring range (full travel along an tration chart (see Fig. 3).
axis) of the work zone exceeds 1.0 m (approx. 40 in.);
(b) the greatest measuring range (full travel along maximum traverse speed: see traverse speed.
an axis) of the work zone exceeds 3.0 m (approx. 120 mean ambient temperature: the mean temperature of
in.); and the ambient environment surrounding a machine as
( c ) the volume of the work zone exceeds IO m3 computed from at least two readings taken at the center
(approx. 350 ft3). of the machine?s work zone during the interval required
for a test. The time between the two readings should
laser interferometer: in this Standard, an interferome- be at least two-thirds of the test interval.
ter for displacement measurement that uses a laser as
a light source. mean gage temperature: the mean temperature of a
gage used for machine testing as computed from at
linear displacement accuracy: the difference between least two readings taken on the gage during the interval
a true displacement along a straight line and that required for a test. The time between the two readings
indicated by a measuring system. For the purposes of should be at least two-thirds of the test interval.
this Standard, this difference is understood to be the
maximum systematic error from any point to any other mean scale temperature: the mean temperature of a
point along the measurement line (see para. 5.4). machine scale as computed from at least two temperature
readings taken on that scale during the interval required
load concentration chart: the relationship of the ma- for a test. The time between the two readings should
chine load to the spanned region of contact, shown be at least two-thirds of the test interval.
graphically in Fig. 3.
mean temperafure: the average temperature computed
loading area: a specified area (mm2 or in.2) of the from a stated number Of temPeratUre measurements at
CMM?s workpiece mounting surface that is used for equally spaced time intervals at a specified l0CatiOn.
supporting the machine load. measurand: the quantity being measured.
lobing: a systematic error in the measuring accuracy measurement line: a line in the work zone of a
of probing systems such that a measured value depends machine along which measurements are taken.
on the displacement direction of the probe tip.
measurement point: a point in the work zone of a
machine load: the load, in kilograms (kg), placed on machine at which machine coordinates are recorded as
the workpiece mounting surface. part of a measurement.
IO

OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES ASME 889.4.1-1997
movable component: a major structural component proportional to a distance between a reference point
that is movable relative to the machine base during on the machine ram and the workpiece. Such probes may
measurement. be displacement-measuring probes, proximity probes, or
nulling probes.
nominal coeflcient of thermal expansion: an estimate
( e ) proximity probe: a probe that gives a signal
of the coefficient of thermal expansion of a body. [Note
proportional to the distance from the probe tip to the
that since the true coefficient for a body is unknown,
workpiece.
an uncertainty must be applied when making nominal
differential expansion corrections (see Section 4).] For
cf) switching probe: a probe that gives a binary
signal as a result of making contact with, or being in
the purposes of this Standard and in reference to the
proximity to, a workpiece.
nominal coefficient of expansion of machine scales, it
shall mean the effective coefficient of the scale and probe approach distunce: the distance of approach to
its mounting to the machine as measured in line with the part at which the machine traverse speed is reduced
the scale for typical machines of the given design. to the probe approach rate for measurement.
nominal difSerentia1 expansion: the difference between probe approach rate: the nominal speed of approach
the nominal expansion of the part and the master. (Note of the probe toward the part during the acquisition of
that in this Standard the machine’s scales shall be data (used primarily for switching probes).
considered the master.)
radial separation: the perpendicular distance from the
performance test: any of a number of test procedures axis of rotation of a rotary axis to either of the two
that are used to measure machine performance. test spheres used to assess the volumetric performance
periodic error: an error in the linear displacement for a rotary axis (see para. 5.5.6).
accuracy of a machine that is cyclic over an interval ram: the moving component of a machine that cames
which normally coincides with the natural periodicity the probe.
of the machine scales. For example, in a lead screw
driven machine with rotary encoders, the periodic error range: the difference between the maximum and mini-
is usually synchronous with the pitch of the lead screw. mum values of a set of measurements of nominally
the same quantity.
pitch: the angular motion of a carriage, designed for
linear motion, about an axis perpendicular to the motion repeatability (of a measuring instrument): the ability
direction and perpendicular to the yaw axis. of a measuring instrument to provide closely similar
indications for repeated applications of the same measur-
probe: in this Standard, a device that establishes loca- and under the same conditions of measurement. These
tion of the movable components of a coordinate measur- conditions include:
ing machine relative to a measurement point. Six types ( a ) reduction to a minimum of the variations due
of probes are discussed in this Standard: to the observer;
(u) displacement-measuring probe: a probe that gives
( b ) the same measurement procedure;
a signal proportional to a displacement of the probe
(c) the same observer;
from its free position. ( d ) the same measuring equipment, used under the
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
( 6 ) nulling probe: a probe that, when referenced to
same conditions;
a workpiece, gives a signal which causes the machine ( e ) the same location; and
to be driven to a position that will null the probe
cf) repetition over a short period of time.
reading. Repeatability may be expressed quantitatively in terms
( e ) passive (solid or hard) probe: a probe that of the dispersion characteristics of the indications.
mechanically fixes the movable components relative to
the workpiece. Two types are discussed in this Standard: repeatability (of results of measurements): the close-
seating probes, which are hard probes that are positively ness of the agreement between the results of successive
constrained to maintain their location with respect to measurements of the same measurand carried out under
a measurement point without operator contact; and the same conditions of measurement. These conditions
nonseating probes, which are hard probes that require are called repeatability conditions and include the fol-
force applied by a machine operator to maintain their lowing:
position with respect to a measurement point. ( a ) the same measurement procedure;
( d ) proportional probe: a probe that gives a signal (6) the same observer;
II

ASME B89.4.1-1997 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
( c ) the same measuring instrument, used under the step gage (uni and bidirectional): a gage comprising
same conditions; a rigid bar with calibrated features used for determining
( d ) the same location; and the accuracy of distance measurements in the direction
( e ) repetition over a short period of time. of linear motion. (Note that some gages can only be
Repeatability may be expressed quantitatively in terms probed from one direction, while others are constructed
of the dispersion characteristics of the results. so that probing can be performed from both directions.)
resolution (of a displaying device): the smallest differ- supplier: a party who contracts, or indicates readiness
ence between indications of a displaying device that to contract, to supply a CMM to a user.
can be meaningfully distinguished. (Note that for a
systematic error: the portion of a machine error that
digital displaying device, this is the change in the
remains even after computing the mean of a very large
indication when the least significant digit changes by
number of similar measurements.
one step. This concept applies also to a recording
device.) temperature variation error (TVE): an estimate of the
maximum possible measurement error induced solely
resolution (of an indicating device): a quantitative by deviation of the environment from average thermal
expression of the ability of an indicating device to conditions (see para. 4.2.2 for complete specification).
distinguish meaningfully between immediately adjacent
values of the quantity indicated. thermal error index (TEI): the summation, without
regard to sign, of the estimates of all thermally induced
roll: the angular motion of a camage, designed for measurement errors expressed as a percentage of the
linear motion, about the linear motion axis. working tolerance (see para. 4.2 for complete specifi-
safe machine load: the maximum machine load that
cation).
can be applied to the CMM’s work area without causing traverse speed: the speed obtained by the tip of the
damage, tipping, or other unsafe conditions. ram of a measuring machine, measured with respect
to the part mounting surface, when the machine is
safe operating temperature range: the temperature
moved between nominal locations without measuring.
range in which a measuring instrument may be expected
For the purposes of this Standard, the maximum traverse
to operate without physical damage to the instrument
speed is the maximum speed along any given ma-
or its support systems (Le., computers, probes, etc.).
chine axis.
settling time: the time required between contact of a uncertainty of nominal differential expansion (UN-
hard or proportional probe with a measurement point DE): the estimated possible difference between the
and the time at which valid data may be taken. actual differential expansion and the nominal differential
signijìcant mean temperature change: the change in expansion due to uncertainties in the accepted (nominal)
mean ambient temperature surrounding a machine, coefficients of thermal expansion (see para. 4.2.1).
which, in the supplier’s judgment, will cause sufficient user: a party who contracts to accept a coordinate
degradation in machine performance such that perform- measuring machine from a supplier.
ance evaluation (Section 5 ) should be repeated.
vibration amplitude: the peak-to-peak amplitude of a
spanned region of contact: the area bounded by all given frequency component of a vibration spectrum.
points of contact between the machine load and the
workpiece mounting surface. working tolerance (WT): the maximum acceptable
range in the measurements for any performance test
specialized machine load: a special loading case in this Standard. In particular, this applies to repeatabil-
wherein the maximum acceptable machine load specifi- ity, linear displacement accuracy, volumetric perform-
cation is modified; the resultant of a specially distributed ance, duplex mode performance, rotary axis perform-
or located machine load. ance, performance under load conditions, bidirectional
length measurement capability, point-to-point probing
staging: the moving of a gage from one position to performance, and multiple-tip probing performance mea-
another such that a series of measurements started surement results.
in one position may be continued in the subsequent
position. workpiece: an object to be measured.
12
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D - A S M E B 8 9 - 4 * 1 - E N G L 1777 0757b70 0583048 b8L W

OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES ACME 089.4.1-1997
work zone: the measurement volume of a machine as

specified by the supplier. More than one work zone
may be specified for a given machine, and working
tolerances may be specified separately for each work
zone.
work zone aspect ratio: the ratio of the greatest axial
measuring range (full travel) to the smallest measuring
range (full travel) for a work zone.
yaw: the angular motion of a carriage, designed for
linear motion, about a specified axis perpendicular to
the motion direction. In the case of a carriage with
horizontal motion, the specified axis shall be vertical
unless explicitly specified. For a carriage that does not
have horizontal motion, the axis must be explicitly
specified.
2.2 Machine Classifications

The following classifications of different types of
CMMs are provided for ease of machine specification.
A place is provided in the standard machine specification
form, Fig. 1 , that shall be used to designate the machine
classification as described below. As part of the specifi-
cation, a drawing equivalent to Figs. 4 through 15 with
the axis designation and direction of positive travel, FIG. 4 FIXED TABLE CANTILEVER
shall be provided. In the case where rotary axes are COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
supplied, they shall be added to each machine classifica-
tion in the position of their expected normal use (if
movable). Figure 14 shows one example of a machine on the base. A typical machine of this classification
with a rotary axis. In the case where two machines is shown in Fig. 4.
are used in the duplex mode, a drawing showing the
positional relationship of the two machines and any 2.2.2 Moving Bridge. A machine employing three
elements common to the two machines shall be pro- movable components moving along mutually perpendic-
vided. Figure 9 shows an example of two moving ram ular guideways. The probe is attached to the first
horizontal ann machines having a common base and component which moves vertically relative to the sec-
used in the duplex mode. If a machine is to be supplied ond. The second component moves horizontally relative
that does not conform to one of the described machines, to the third. The third component is supported on two
then a drawing similar in content to those shown in legs that reach down to opposite sides of the machine
this classification section, with axis designations and base, and moves horizontally relative to the base. The
directions of positive travel, shall be provided as part workpiece is supported on the base. A typical machine
of the machine specification. of this classification is shown in Fig. 5.
2.2.1 Fixed Table Cantilever. A machine em- 2.2.3 Fixed Bridge. A machine employing three
ploying three movable components moving along mutu- movable components moving along mutually perpendic-
ally perpendicular guideways. The probe is attached to ular guideways. The probe is attached to the first
the first component which moves vertically relative to component which moves vertically relative to the sec-
the second. The second component moves horizontally ond. The second component moves horizontally along
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
relative to the third. The third component is supported at a bridge structure above it that is rigidly attached at
one end only, cantilever fashion, and moves horizontally each end to the machine base. The third component
relative to the machine base. The workpiece is supported moves horizontally relative to the machine base. The
13

S T D - A S M E B87-4.1-ENGL 1777
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME 689.4.1-1997 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
FIG. 6 FIXED BRIDGE COORDINATE

FIG. 5 MOVING BRIDGE COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
MEASURING MACHINE
workpiece is mounted on the third component. A typical

machine of this classification is shown in Fig. 6.
2.2.4 Column. A machine employing two movable
components moving along mutually perpendicular
guideways. The probe is attached to the first component
which moves vertically relative to the machine base.
The second component moves horizontally relative to
the machine base in two directions defining a plane
perpendicular to the first component motion. The work-
piece is supported on the second component. A typical
machine of this classification is shown in Fig. 7.
2.2.5 Moving Ram Horizontal Arm. A machine
employing three movable components moving along
mutually perpendicular guideways. The probe is attached
to the first component which moves horizontally relative
to the second component. The second component moves
vertically relative to the third component. The third
component moves horizontally relative to the machine
base. The workpiece is mounted on the machine base.
A typical machine of this classification is shown in
Fig. 8.
2.2.6 Duplex Mode Machine. Machines used in
the duplex mode, a mode in which two machines have
a defined relationship between their coordinate systems,
are used to measure coordinates of points on a common FIG. 7 COLUMN COORDINATE MEASURING
workpiece. Two moving ram horizontal arm machines MACHINE
14

S T D - A S M E B 8 9 * q * 1 - E N G L 3797 0757b70 0583050 Z I T

FIG. 9 TWO MOVING R A M HORIZONTAL

A R M COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
WITH A COMMON BASE USED IN THE
FIG. 8 MOVING RAM HORIZONTAL ARM DUPLEX MODE
COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
having a common base and used in the duplex mode 2.2.9 L-Shaped Bridge. A machine employing
are shown in Fig. 9. Many other machine geometries three movable components moving along mutually per-
shown in para. 2.2 can also be used in the duplex pendicular guideways. The probe is attached to the
mode. first component which moves vertically relative to the
second. The second component moves horizontally rela-
2.2.7 Moving Table Horizontal Arm. A machine tive to the third. The third component moves horizontally
employing three movable components moving along on two guideways, one at the base level or below, the
mutually perpendicular guideways. The probe is attached other raised above the base. The workpiece is supported
to the first component which is supported horizontally on the base. A typical machine of this classification
at one end only, cantilever fashion, and moves vertically is shown in Fig. 12.
relative to the second. The second and third components
move horizontally relative to the machine base. The 2.2.10 Fixed Table Horizontal Arm. A machine
workpiece is mounted on the third component. A typical employing three movable components moving along
machine of this classification is shown in Fig. 10. mutually perpendicular guideways. The probe is attached
to the first component which is supported horizontally
2.2.8 Gantry. A machine employing three movable at one end only, cantilever fashion, and moves vertically
components moving along mutually perpendicular relative to the second component. The second compo-
guideways. The probe is attached to the first component nent moves horizontally relative to the third component.
which moves vertically relative to the second. The The third component moves horizontally relative to the
second component moves horizontally relative to the machine base. The workpiece is supported on the base.
third. The third component moves horizontally on two A typical machine of this classification is shown in
guide rails raised above the machine base on either Fig. 13. An alternate machine configuration is shown
side. The workpiece is supported on the base. A typical in Fig. 14, where a rotary table is mounted to the
machine of this classification is shown in Fig. 1 I . machine base with its axis vertical. In this case, the
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D O A S M E B87.9-1-ENGL 1777 = 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0583053 1 7 b

--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 12 L-SHAPED BRIDGE COORDINATE

MEASURING MACHINE
FIG. 10 MOVING TABLE HORIZONTAL ARM

FIG. 13 FIXED TABLE HORIZONTAL ARM

FIG. 11 GANTRY COORDINATE MEASURING COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
MACHINE
16

S T D - A S M E B ô 9 - q - L - E N G L 1997 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0583052 O02 m

FIG. 15 MOVING TABLE CANTILEVER ARM

FIG. 14 FIXED TABLE HORIZONTAL ARM
COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE WITH A Section and Section 4 are met. The user shall be
ROTARY TABLE
responsible for conducting all environmental tests at
the installation site. The supplier shall have the right
workpiece is mounted to the rotary table. This example to witness all tests. The supplier shall, on request,
is intended to illustrate how rotary tables can be config- supply test equipment as specified in Section 7, as well
ured on measuring machines. All of the other machines as support for equipment and tests, at a price to be
shown could also be equipped with rotary tables. negotiated between the supplier and user. The user is
cautioned that failure to conform to the supplier's
2.2.11 Moving Table Cantilever Arm. A ma- recommendations on cleanliness and cleaning proce-
chine employing three movable components moving dures can lead to performance degradation. For example,
along mutually perpendicular guideways. The probe is particulates, oils, and water can significantly degrade
attached to the first component which moves vertically machine performance, increase friction, and acceler-
relative to the second component. The second compo- ate wear.
nent is supported at one end only, cantilever fashion,
and moves horizontally relative to the machine base. 3.2 Temperature
The third component moves horizontally relative to the
machine base. The workpiece is mounted to the third 3.2.1 General. Temperature has a significant and
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
component. A typical machine of this classification is often misunderstood influence on the accuracy of dimen-
shown in Fig. 15. sional measurements. The provisions of ASME B89.6.2
form a part of this Standard, but interpretation is needed
for application to coordinate measuring machines.
3 ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS
ASME B89.6.2 defines two alternative conditions under
which a test environment is thermally acceptable. The
3.1 General first, that all pertinent components of the measuring
It shall be the responsibility of the user to provide system be at exactly 20°C (68"F), is generally unobtain-
an acceptable environment for performance testing of able. This Standard is primarily concerned with the
the CMM at the installation site. The environment shall second: that the thermal error index (see para. 4.2) be
be considered acceptable if the requirements of this a reasonable percentage of the working tolerance. It is
17

the opinion of the B89.4 Subcommittee and implied 3.3.2 Responsibilities. The user shall be responsi-
in ASME B89.6.2 that it is not yet possible to specify ble for site selection, environmental shock and vibration
parameters for a thermal environment that will assure analysis, and additional special isolators required to
a specific value for the thermal error index. Acceptability ensure compliance with the maximum permissible vibra-
of an environment that does not comply with the tion levels specified by the supplier. All questions of
supplier’s thermal parameters is therefore specified in compliance shall be determined at the interface between
terms of its effect on the machine. the support system provided by the user and the machine
system provided by the supplier.
3.2.2 Thermal Environment Parameters. The
supplier shall provide, as part of the machine specifica- 3.3.3 Environmental Vibrational Parameters.
tion, a statement of the acceptable thermal environment The supplier shall provide, as part of the machine
parameters. Such parameters shall contain a specification specification, a statement of the acceptable seismic
on mean room temperature, maximum amplitude and vibration spectra at the user-supplier interface. (This
frequency range of deviations from this mean tempera- interface may be very different, depending upon details
ture, environmental thermal gradients, and air speed of the contractual arrangement between the supplier
surrounding the machine. The user shall be informed and ‘user. For example, if the machine is supplied with
that conformance to these parameters does not guarantee isolators, the interface shall be between the foundation
an acceptable machine thermal environment, but does and those isolators. However, if the user provides an
constitute due care on the user’s part and thus shifts isolation system from another source, the interface shall
responsibility for performance degradation due to envi- be at the connection between those isolators and the
ronmental sensitivity from user to supplier. If the user machine.) This statement can contain a complete de-
chooses not to conform to the supplied parameters, the scription of the allowable vibration amplitude as a
tests of environmental sensitivity (see Section 4) may function of frequency for each vector component of
lead to an increase in the acceptable working tolerance the vibration spectrum; or, can simply be a limit on
for a given performance test; in which case, the degrada- the total vibrational amplitude over a specified frequency
tion in performance shall be solely the responsibility range. The sample specification form, Fig. 1, allows
of the user. for either option. The statement of acceptable vibration
3.2.2.1 Thermal Radiant Energy. The machine spectra applies with the machine in place.
shall not be exposed to direct sunlight or other powerful 3.3.3.1 Airborne Vibrations. Although not
radiant energy sources. Other direct radiant energy specified in this Standard, measuring machines are
sources (such as fluorescent lighting) shall not be, susceptible to airborne vibrations in the form of pressure
whenever possible, closer to any part of the machine waves, ¡.e., acoustic noise. Wherever possible, the ma-
than the length of the longest machine axis. Where chine should not be exposed to large levels of acoustic
this distance requirement is impractical, indirect lighting radiation, but if such acoustics are present, the necessity
designed for diffuse reflection and increased path length for sound-deadening is the responsibility of the machine
shall be used. user. Excessive vibration due to acoustic coupling will
be evidenced in the relative motion test described in
3.3 Vibration para. 4.3. --`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
3.3.1 General. The support surface (floor, founda-

tion, isolation pad, etc.) upon which the machine will 3.4 Electrical
be mounted can have motion induced as a result of
external forces in the surrounding area (due to other 3.4.1 General. The electrical power supplied to a
machines, lift trucks, compressors, etc.). This motion machine can have a strong effect on its ability to
can be continuous vibration, interrupted shock, or both. perform accurate and repeatable measurements. This is
Such motion, .if transmitted to the machine, has a particularly true when a machine uses some form of
degrading effect on the overall accuracy and repeatabil- computer for any control or readout function.
ity of a CMM by causing relative motions between
the probe, the machine axes position measuring trans- 3.4.2 Responsibilities. It shall be the responsibil-
ducers, and the workpiece. In addition, certain excessive ity of the user to provide electrical power meeting
motion amplitudes can cause damage to the machine. requirements specified by the supplier.

3.4.3 Electrical Parameters. The supplier shall formance fails, the environmental tests may be per-
provide, as part of the machine specification, a statement formed as part of the diagnostic process. However, in
of the steady state voltage(s) requirements of the ma- such cases, the computations of the uncertainty of
chine, allowable deviations from this voltage(s), fre- nominal differential expansion (UNDE) and the thermal
quency requirements, and amperage requirements. These error index (TEI)resulting from this UNDE calculation,
parameters are listed in the sample specification form, with the temperature variation error (TVE) set equal
Fig. 1. to zero, shall be performed (see paras. 4.2 and 4.2.1).
3.5 utility Air 4.2 Thermal Test

3.5.1 General. Air supplies to machines can sig- The thermal test shall be performed under conditions
nificantly degrade their accuracy and useful working life. equivalent to those pertaining during performance tests
Temperature variations can generate thermal gradients in (Section 5 ) . The test environment shall be considered
the machine; particulates, oils, and water can degrade acceptable if the thermal error index, as defined below
bearing performance, increase friction, and accelerate for each test, does not exceed 50% for that performance
wear. test. if the thermal error index exceeds 50% and the
machine environment does not conform to the supplier’s
3.5.2 Responsibilities. For all machines requiring guidelines, either the user shall correct the environment
utility air, it shall be the responsibility of the user to or permissible working tolerance limits for that test
supply utility air meeting requirements specified by the shall be automatically increased by an amount such
supplier. that the greatest thermal error index is 50% of the
3.5.3 Specification. For utility air, the supplier working tolerance for the specified test. If the thermal
shall provide specification for all air parameters required error index exceeds 50% and the machine environment
for the proper operation and maintenance of the machine. conforms to the supplier’s parameters, no thermal derat-
For air bearing machines, these shall at least include the ing of the permissible working tolerance limits for
mean air temperature, permissible temperature variation, any performance test is allowed. Methods for testing
pressure, and pressure variations. Furthermore, on some compliance of the thermal environment to the supplier’s
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
machines the acceptable dew point and the particulate environmental parameters are given in Appendix B.
content shall be specified. These parameters are listed The thermal error index shall be calculated for each
in the sample specification form, Fig. 1. Air quality performance test from the equation:
parameters, such as particulate, oil, and water content,
are the sole responsibility of the user, although the TE1 = [(UNDE + TVE)/WTl x 100
supplier shall offer guidelines.
where
TEI = thermal error index
4 ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS
TVE = temperature variation error
UNDE = uncertainty of nominal differential
4.1 General
expansion
As stated previously, it is the philosophy of this WT = working tolerance for that test
Standard that the environment is the responsibility of
the machine user. If the environment complies with The nominal differential expansion term of the ther-
the parameters specified by the machine supplier, the mal error index expression (ASME B89.6.2) has been
responsibility for meeting performance specifications deleted because it is a requirement of this Standard
rests solely with the machine supplier. if because of that nominal differential expansion corrections be made
economic or other considerations the machine user as indicated in para. 5.4.2.6. All values in the equation
chooses not to conform to the supplier’s environmental are absolute values and are considered positive. The
specifications, this Standard provides a derating proce- correct TE1 value to be used for derating linear displace-
dure on the machine performance. Derating procedures ment accuracy shall be the full TE1 value, calculated
and the tests on which they are based are specified in from the equation above, for the measurement direction.
paras. 4.2 and 4.3. The correct TE1 value to be used for volumetric perform-
The supplier and user may agree to defer the environ- ance derating and 3D/alpha derating shall be the vector
mental test until after performance testing. If the per- sum of the TEís for the three machine linear axes with
19

the UNDE set equal to zero. The correct TE1 value

to be used for derating duplex performance (two ma-
chines used in the duplex mode) shall be the TE1
calculated from a TVE determined as in para. 4.2.2.5.
The correct TE1 value to be used for derating of the proportional
offset probe test performance specification shall be the
same as that used for derating the volumetric perform-
ance. The correct TE1 value to be used for derating
the bidirectional length measurement capability shall
be the TEI, with the TVE set equal to zero. The TVE
may be set equal to zero due to the short duration of
the measurement sequences. The working tolerances
for repeatability and probing performance may not be
thermally derated.
4.2.1 Uncertainty of Nominal Differential
Expansion (UNDE). Uncertainty of nominal differen-
tial expansion (UNDE) is based on an uncertainty of
1 ppm ( I p,m/m)PC for the scale', and an equal
uncertainty for the step gage, gage block, etc. It shall FIG. 16 TYPICAL SETUP FOR PERFORMING
be calculated as THE N E TEST ON DIRECT COMPUTER-
CONTROLLED MACHINES WITH AN ACTIVE
UNDE = (O.OOûOû2)(L)I (T, - 20) I PROBE
where the TVE on direct computer-controlled machines, driven

T, = mean ambient temperature, "C manual machines, and free-floating passive probe ma-
L = the nominal length to be measured in chines. TVE test procedures for DCC machines with
each given test large work zones are specified in para. 4.2.2.3. TVE
test procedures for machines used in the duplex mode
For example, for linear displacement accuracy, the are specified in para. 4.2.2.5. Since some of the tests
nominal length L would be the measuring range for can be used on more than one type of machine and
the axis under test; for gage block measurement during there are trade-offs between ease and time of testing
the bidirectional length measurement test, the nominal for the three procedures, it is optional which test(s)
length L would be the length of the gage block; etc. should be performed. However, the test(s) chosen shall
The UNDE above applies even if a laser is used be clearly stated in the machine specifications.
for machine checking. (See ASME B89.6.2 for a further It should be noted that on some machines there
discussion and history of the UNDE.) could be variations in the mean value of the supplied
air pressure, which can be misinterpreted as TVE. This
4.2.2 Temperature Variation Error ( N E ) . Tem- is due to changes in machine squareness and positional
perature variation error (TVE) shall be determined by drifts. During this test, care should be taken to ensure
a drift test. The drift tests specified in this Standard proper air pressure regulation.
are to be conducted for a period of time equal to the
4.2.2.1 TVE Test for Direct Computer-
duration of the longest performance test. This short
Controlled Machines and Driven Manual Ma-
period is a compromise, and users are strongly advised
chines. Immediately prior to initiating this test, the
to run this test for a time period of at least 24 hr, as
machine shall have been parked at a position geometri-
many temperature effects exhibit daily periodicities.
cally opposite to the test position selected by the
The following procedures are to be used for determining
machine supplier, for a time period equal to the duration
of the TVE test. A test ball shall be mounted to the
' This approximation does not apply for scales with a nominal machine workpiece supporting surface at the position
thermal expansion coefficient equal to zero, or to scales with selected by the supplier for the TVE test. A switching,
thermal expansion coefficients that are accurately known. In these
cases, the user and supplier shall negotiate a correct value for the proportional, or nulling probe shall be mounted in the
scale uncertainty to be used for calculation of the UNDE. probe holder. This setup is illustrated in Fig. 16. For
20
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Temperature Variation Error

4 Ram
+5 1 Clamp
I l Tapered probe
lime, min
FIG. 17 TYPICAL DATA FROM THE TVE

TEST
(The TVE here is approx. 5 pm.)
direct computer-controlled machines, an automatic cycle FIG. 18 TYPICAL SETUP FOR THE
shall be established to repeatedly take readings on the MEASUREMENT OF TVE ON A FREE-
ball and establish the ball center coordinates. For driven FLOATING MACHINE USING PASSIVE
manual machines, similar measurements shall be taken PROBES
as quickly as possible. Movement for each probe mea-
surement shall be the minimum necessary to achieve
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
reliable readings. The test shall be conducted for a the counterbalance. The probe shall be secured in the
time period at least as long as the longest performance position determined by the machine supplier for the
test of the machine. The test period shall be divided TVE test. A sample setup for such a test is shown in
into intervals of approximately one minute or the time Fig. 18. The test shall be conducted for a time period
required to take a minimum of three readings. In order at least as long as the longest performance test, and
to minimize the effect of repeatability, the mean value normal activity shall be continued around the machine.
of each coordinate for each interval shall be determined. The test period shall be divided into intervals of approxi-
The range of variation of ball center readings for each mately one minute. The mean value of each coordinate
coordinate shall be the TVE. Note that data from this for each interval shall be determined. The range of
test may be used to determine repeatability as specified variations of readings for each axis shall be the TVE
in para. 5.3, in the case where the location specified for that axis. Typical data for such a test with the
for repeatability and the TVE test is the same. Data TVE labeled are shown in Fig. 17.
shall be analyzed as illustrated in Fig. 17. 4.2.2.3 TVE Test for DCC Machines With
4.2.2.2 TVE Test for Machines Used in the Large Work Zones. Due to the large volume occupied
Free-Floating Mode With Passive Probes. (This by the machine structure and the difficulty in achieving
test is invalid unless the machine has passed a hysteresis a uniform thermal environment, the results of TVE
check as described in Appendix F.) The active portion testing on a large machine will usually be more depen-
of this test is performed with the machine probe at a dent on the location of the test than they are on a
position determined by the machine supplier. Immedi- smaller machine. Further, it is more difficult to predict
ately prior to conducting this test, the machine shall in advance the appropriate location for the TVE test.
have been parked at a position geometrically opposite Therefore, on large machines it is essential to sample
to the test position selected by the machine supplier several widely spaced locations to determine the TVE.
for the TVE test, for a time period equal to the duration The test specified here requires measuring a quantity
of the TVE test. After this parking cycle, the axes similar to the linear displacement accuracy (para. 5.4)
shall be unlocked. A passive probe shall be mounted along a body diagonal through the machine work zone.
in the probe holder and secured to the workpiece Currently, the only practical instrumentation for this
supporting surface by clamping, or by engaging the test is the laser interferometer. For working in large
probe with some feature of the surface and unbalancing work zones, careful attention must be given to correcting
21

ACME 689.4.1-1997 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
for wavelength changes due to air temperature and

pressure variations during the measurement time, as
described in para. 5.4.3.3. Additionally, the setup shall
allow only a minimum of dead path. The dead path
that exists shall be measured and compensated for
according to the laser interferometer supplier’s recom-
mendations.
The supplier shall select one of the body diagonals
of the work zone as the TVE measurement line. Immedi-
ately prior to initiating this test, the machine shall be
parked at a position that is the maximum perpendicular
distance from this measurement line for a period equal
to the duration of the TVE test. Displacement errors
shall then be measured along this line for a time period
at least as long as the longest performance test, but Remote
not less than one hour. The laser shall not be rezeroed interferometer
during this test. Normal activity shall be continued

around the machine. A typical setup for measuring
displacement errors along a body diagonal is shown
in Fig. 19. The position of the interferometer with
respect to the laser head and steering mirror may be
extremely critical and should not be altered except
by those intimately familiar with the principles of
(metallic)
commercial laser interferometry.
In order to minimize the effects of machine repeatabil-
FIG. 19 TYPICAL SETUP FOR MEASURING
ity, a group of sequential measurements may be taken
DISPLACEMENT ERRORS ALONG A BODY
at each measurement point along the diagonal and
DIAGONAL
averaged, but the time interval between the first and
(In an actual setup, the remote
last reading of such a group shall not exceed one
interferometer should be as close to the
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
minute. Separate plots of the displacement error versus

steering mirror as possible to reduce dead
time shall be made using data from at least the midpoint
path. This figure shows a large separation
and the two ends of the measurement line. It is strongly
for illustration purposes only.)
recommended that data from at least one additional
position be measured and plotted for each 20 m3 of
work zone volume. A typical plot for three measurement machine shall choose the three locations for these tests.
positions is shown in Fig. 20. The greatest range of The data from this TVE test shall be reported and
any of these plots is the TVE. (If the data plots appear analyzed as shown in Fig. 20.
to reveal a systematic relaxation that could be due to 4.2.2.5 TVE Test for Machines Used in the
the machine structure approaching thermal equilibrium, Duplex Mode. For derating performance specifications
the user may elect to repeat this test to get a better of individual machines used in the duplex mode, the
measure of the TVE.) method of para. 4.2.2.1, 4.2.2.2, 4.2.2.3, or 4.2.2.4
shall be used, as applicable. For derating the duplex
4.2.2.4 TVE Test for Driven Manual performance specification for two machines used in the
Machines With Large Work Zones. The TVE test duplex mode, an auxiliary test is required.
for driven manual machines with large work zones is For the auxiliary test, a reference ball shall be
identical to the TVE test described in para. 4.2.2.1 for mounted in a position specified by the supplier. The
direct computer-controlled machines and driven manual means of mounting shall be the means chosen for the
machines; however, in the case of large machines, this duplex performance test, para. 5.5.5.3. The position of
TVE test shall be conducted at three locations within the ball shall be determined repeatedly by both machines
the work zone and the maximum TVE for any axis by the method specified in para. 5.5.5.3. Differences
at any of these three locations shall be reported as the of position reported by the two machines shall be
TVE for that axis of the machine. The supplier of the determined in the three axial directions. The maximum
22

S T D - A S M E B B Y - q * L - E N G L 1797 0759b70 0581058 520

Posîtlon 1
Position 2
.-ul -1 - Time
3-2 -
-3 -
-4 -
-5 -
-6 I
Position 3
f
4
3
-5
-6
FIG. 20 TYPICAL PLOT OF DATA FOR A TVE TEST PERFORMED O N A LARGE MACHINE BY
MEASURING DISPLACEMENT ERRORS ON A BODY DIAGONAL
23
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D - A S M E 8 8 7 - 4 * 1 - E N G L 1777 0757b70 0583057 4b7 D

range of these differences, on an axis-by-axis basis, but rather, some complicated function that only relates
shall be the duplex TVE for the machine. All other in a very general way to vibration amplitude. If the
preliminary requirements, test requirements, and data machine does not pass the functional test, Appendix
evaluation requirements shall be those used for de- C provides recommended procedures for accurate mea-
termining TVE of the individual machines. surement of the seismic vibration spectra at the user-
For each axial direction, the TVE determined by this supplier interface for the purposes of determining con-
auxiliary duplex TVE test shall be compared with the formance to the supplier’s specifications.
sum of absolute values of TVE determined for the Should the relative motion amplitude (as measured
individual machines. The larger of these shall be the in this test) exceed the requirements and be traced to
TVE used to derate the duplex performance specifi- sources that are the user’s responsibility (see Appendix
cation. C), and if the user does not desire to upgrade the
machine interface, then the machine specification shall
4.2.3 Other Temperature Effects. The Commit- be derated so that the required repeatability will be
tee recognizes that when using CMMs, errors caused equal to the measured repeatability on an axis-by-axis
by differential expansion, scale hysteresis, and other basis. Note that the repeatability test (para. 5.3) must
effects can be induced in machines when they are be performed before this derating can be accomplished.
operated at mean temperatures significantly different The absolute value of the worst-case difference between
from the temperature at which they were aligned and the measured repeatability and the specified repeatability
calibrated. Unfortunately, it is not within the current shall be used to derate the repeatability, the volumetric
state-of-the-art to develop simple tests for these effects. performance, the duplex performance (machines used
It is therefore the Committee’s recommendation that if in the duplex mode), the offset probe performance, the
a machine is to be accepted at a mean temperature four-axis performance, the 3D/alpha performance, the
significantly different from the one used during align- bidirectional length measurement performance, the prob-
ment and calibration, the linear displacement accuracy, ing performance, and the multiple-tip probing perform-
volumetric performance, and bidirectional length mea- ance. This derating is performed by adding the difference
surement capability tests described in Section 5 shall to the specified working tolerance. If the machine
be repeated for each temperature. It is the requirement working tolerance is already subject to derating due to
of this Standard that the supplier specify the significant thermal environment, the derating due to relative motion
mean temperature change for a given machine of given shall be arithmetically added to the thermal derating.
working tolerance. Furthermore, the supplier shall spec-
ify a safe operating temperature range within which 4.3.1 Methodology for Relative Motion
the machine should be kept to prevent physical damage Tests -
Direct Computer-Controlled Machines
to the machine (see Glossary). In addition, temperature and Driven Manual Machines. A single-axis, high-
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
sensors used for compensation need to be periodically resolution displacement indicator having low damping
verified, as the sensors are subject to damage and drift. and conforming to the requirements of Section 7 shall
be used; and, with the machine set at a position near
the middle of its work zone, set to read relative motion
4.3 Relative Motion Tests for Vibration
between the ram and the machine table or suitable
The relative motion tests shall be performed under fixture attached to the table. The direction of displace-
the same conditions as those pertaining during the ment indication shall be aligned with each machine
performance tests (Section 5). The test environment linear axis in succession, and the maximum spread of
shall be considered acceptable if the relative motion the indicator reading will be judged to be the machine
amplitude measured between the machine ram and the vibration amplitude for that axis.
work table is less than 50% of the machine working
tolerance for repeatability. For the purposes of this 4.3.2 Methodology for Relative Motion
Standard, this amplitude is to be assessed by the Tests -
Free-Floating Passive Probe Machines.
following simple functional tests. The test duration shall On free-floating passive probe machines, the probe shall
be at least 10 min. Both steady-state vibrations and be engaged with the table using the minimum amount
any transients that might occur during normal use shall of counter weight force necessary to hold the probe
be included within the test period. These tests are in position [30 g (approx. 1 oz.) is recommended].
specified with the understanding that they do not consti- Any clamping mechanisms for the axes shall be disen-
tute a well-defined measurement of vibration amplitude, gaged. The range of flicker of the machine readout in
24

OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES ACME B89.4.1-1997
all three linear axes shall be observed. The maximum according to the supplier?s recommendations in any
spread of the readout flicker shall be judged to be the environment meeting the requirements of Section 3; to
machine relative motion amplitude for that axis. include, if required, derating of the acceptable working
tolerances as described in Section 4. A machine meeting
4.4 Electrical Tests performance specifications and other conditions agreed
upon between the supplier and user shall be accepted
Well-defined procedures and highly developed instru-
by the user. The criterion for meeting performance
ments exist that enable the measurement of the parame-
specifications shall be the satisfactory completion of
ters characterizing the electrical power supplied to a
all tests specified in this Section, except that any test
machine. it is, however, the opinion of this Committee
or tests may be omitted by mutual agreement between
that such tests are, in the general case, an unwarranted
the supplier and user. It should be emphasized tHat the
expense and shall be undertaken only in the event that
performance tests for repeatability, linear displacement
the machine does not meet performance specifications
accuracy, volumetric performance, and bidirectional
and there is reason to suspect the electrical power.
length measurement capability described in this Section
Failures due to electrical power usually show up as
contain many options, and that these options will not
intermittent control or readout failures which are difficult
necessarily give the same results on any given machine.
to link to mechanical causes. In the case of power
This is due to minor differences between what is really
being suspect, this Standard provides Appendix D which
being measured when different options are selected. It
describes the recommended procedure for determining
is the opinion of this Committee that these minor
the conformance of the electrical environment to the
differences are not significant. The choice of any full
supplier?s guidelines.
set - that is, one repeatability option, one linear
displacement option, appropriate volumetric perform-
4.5 Utility Air Tests
ance tests, and the bidirectional length measurement
As with the electrical power tests, there also exist test - will give a fair and complete picture of the
many complicated procedures for determining the qual- machine?s capabilities for that mode of operation and
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ity of the utility air supplied to a machine. It is the that probe type. it may be desirable to use this specifica-
opinion of this Committee that such exhaustive tests tion for evaluating machines having large aspect ratios
should not be required for checking conformance to (generally greater than 4:l). The user should be aware
specification unless a problem traceable to the air supply that if straightness of the axis with the greatest measur-
is evident. As stated previously, variations in the mean ing range (full travel) is critical, then a separate measure-
value of the supplied air pressure can cause changes ment of this parameter should be performed. Where two
in machine squareness and positional drifts, so that if machines are used in the duplex mode, determination of
such changes do occur, then air pressure is a possible performance of each machine does not ensure a known
suspect. i t shall therefore be the responsibility of the relationship between their axis systems. Therefore, a
supplier to examine, using the gages and filters supplied test for duplex performance is specified in para. 5.5.5.
with the machine, the mean pressure, pressure variations, The user shall be responsible for conducting all
and cleanliness of the utility air at the input to the performance tests at his installation site and the supplier
machine. If, in the supplier?s judgment, the air supply shall have the right to witness all tests. The supplier
is inadequate, then further tests are described in Appen- shall, upon request, supply test equipment as specified
dix E for determining conformance of the utility air in Section 7 including support for equipment and tests,
to the supplier?s specifications. if, however, the supplier at a price to be negotiated between supplier and user.
judges the air supply to be adequate, then the utility
air shall be judged as conforming to specification
without further testing.
5.2 Hysteresis
5 MACHINE PERFORMANCE
It is strongly recommended that a mechanical hystere-
sis test be performed on the machine and on any test
5.1 General
setup before time is spent on other testing. Any problems
The supplier shall be responsible for providing a suggested by the hysteresis tests should be corrected
machine that meets all performance specifications agreed before proceeding with other tests. Hysteresis tests are
upon between the supplier and user when installed described in Appendix F.
25

+5 f
5.3 Repeatability
5.3.1 General. The concept of repeatability testing

5
a
C
incorporated in this Standard is that the test must ü
CO
evaluate a complete system, which may include effects L
o
due to machine characteristics, human operators, and 5
C
0
computer algorithms. Hence, the test must be performed
-Em
in a manner closely representing the way in which the .-
c
machine will be used after acceptance. Implementation ?
!
o
of this concept requires that different tests be used for E
O
different modes of operation. The test chosen for a
machine shall be the test for the principal mode of -5 L
operation, probe type, probe approach rate, probe ap-
proach distance, and probe configuration, as specified FIG. 21 TYPICAL RESULTS OF A
in Fig. lA, by the supplier. In general, the stylus of REPEATABILITY TEST WITH THE AXIS
the probe should be parallel to the ram unless agreed REPEATABILITY CLEARLY LABELED
upon by the user and supplier. Where alternative pnnci- (For this test, the repeatability was approx.
pal modes are specified, more than one repeatability 4.5 km.1
test may be required. Specific modifications to the test
procedures are provided for machines with large work 5.3.3 Standard Tests for Repeatability
zones. For these machines, the traverse speed must
also be specified. There may be cases where none of 5.3.3.1 Repeatability Tests in t h e
Computer-Controlled Mode or the Manual
the specified test alternatives comply with the concept
Mode With a Switching, Proportional, or Nulling
of this Section. For such cases, the supplier and user
Probe. A switching, proportional, or nulling probe
shall agree on an alternative test before entering into
shall be mounted in the probe holder. Ten sets of four
contract.
contacts each shall be made on the ball (for computer-
controlled machines these contacts shall be made under
computer control). Contact points for each set shall be
5.3.2 Common Features. The requirement in the spaced as widely as possible and not all in the same
definition of repeatability to measure the same measur- plane. The center coordinates for each set of four
and shall be satisfied by measuring the center coordi- readings shall be calculated, and repeatability shall be
nates of a precision reference ball rigidly mounted on determined as in para. 5.3.2.
the workpiece supporting surface at a position where the
5.3.3.2 Repeatability Tests With Passive
machine linear axes are approximately at the midpoint of
Probes. There are two important classifications of
their travel, unless otherwise agreed upon by the user
passive probes: seating and nonseating (see Section 2).
and supplier. Ten determinations of the reference ball Since the machine reacts differently to probing de-
center shall be made as rapidly as is practical. For pending on the probe type, two tests are required and
each axis, the range of the ball center coordinate two repeatabilities must be determined. In both cases,
shall be determined as a maximum minus a minimum. the machine and probe shall be insulated from the
Machine repeatability shall be reported as either the operator’s hand by some means, such as by a cotton
largest range in coordinate values measured or the glove.
range in coordinate values on a per axis basis. The The first test is for nonseating probes. A ball probe
range of a set of data is defined as the maximum shall be mounted in the probe holder. Rigidity of the
spread of the data. In the event that a data point reference ball mounting shall be confirmed by engaging
obtained during a repeatability test appears to be an the ball probe with the reference ball and applying
outlier, then this point may not simply be discarded pressure. Contact pressure shall be estimated at twice
when defining the range; rather, the complete repeatabil- that normally used for a ball probe. The check shall be
ity test must be repeated and the range for a complete performed in each of the three machine axis directions.
test evaluated. Figure 21 illustrates typical results of Change in the machine readout, as pressure is applied,
a repeatability test. shall not exceed the working tolerance for repeatability.
26
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D - A S M E B87.4-L-ENGL 1 7 9 7 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 058LOb2 T 5 L

than 120% of the supplier’s recommended probing

speed, and greater than 90% of the maximum traverse
W‘ To machine ram
speed specified for the machine. Insofar as possible,
all machine axes shall be significantly exercised during
Contacts 120 deg. apart this test. The supplier shall specify probe approach
Ball
rate, probe approach distance, settling times (if applica-
ble), and traverse speeds to be used for this test. These
parameters shall be representative of those used for
normal measurement on that machine and shall be
explicitly made part of the test procedure. Repeatability
shall be determined, as in para. 5.3.2, for each of the
test traverse speeds. Also, for large machines, it is
strongly recommended that the repeatability test be
repeated at one additional work zone location for every
20 m3 of work zone volume. If the test is repeated,
the repeatability shall be determined as above for each
of the positions specified.
Table
5.3.4 Repeatability Requirements. Repeatabil-
ity as calculated in para. 5.3.2 shall not exceed the
FIG. 22 TVPICAL SETUP FOR supplier’s specification, derated as specified in para.
REPEATABILITY MEASUREMENT USING A 4.3, if applicable.
TRIHEDRAL PROBE
5.4 Linear Displacement Accuracy
Ten sets of four contacts each shall be made on the
reference ball, the contact pattern being the same as 5.4.1 General. Complete verification of measuring
in para. 5.3.3.1. Coordinates of the ball center shall machine accuracy is a difficult and time-consuming task.
be calculated for each set. Repeatability shall be deter- All practical tests, therefore, represent some compromise
mined as in para. 5.3.2. between the cost of testing and the cost of inaccuracy.
The second test is for seating probes. An inverted The tests described in this Standard are meant to
probe of the trihedral type shall be mounted in the represent a minimum requirement to ensure confor-
probe holder, and ten measurements of the reference mance to specification and are not to be considered
ball locations shall be taken approaching the ball from comprehensive. If more thorough testing is required
different directions. (Trihedral sockets are preferred for the intended use of the machine, then such tests
over conical sockets, as conical sockets do not provide shall be negotiated between the user and supplier. For
unique probe seating.) This setup is illustrated in Fig. the purposes of this Standard, only one accuracy test
22. Repeatability shall be determined as in para. 5.3.2. is specified. This test is the measurement of the linear
5.3.3.3 Repeatability Tests for Machines displacement accuracy for all three axes, using either
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
With Large Work Zones. For large machines, modi- a step gage or a laser interferometer. This test is meant
fications to the repeatability tests are required. Due to to assess the conformance of the machine scales to
the large masses being accelerated and decelerated the intemational standards of length. In later sections,
when positioning large moveable components, several the performance of the machine and its geometry is
dynamic effects may influence repeatability results. To assessed, independent of conformance to international
assess the importance of such effects, all repeatability length standards.
testing shall be performed with two different values
5.4.2 Step Gage Test for Linear Displacement
for the test traverse speed, where the test traverse speed
Accuracy
is the maximum speed achieved (not commanded)
during the machine movement to pre-position the ma- 5.4.2.1 General. Using a step gage to check
chine immediately prior to contacting the precision measuring machines is a time-honored process. How-
reference ball for each touch. (This means that the ever, the step gage is also used by many suppliers
machine shall reach the test traverse speed between to calibrate (adjust) the machine scales, often at the
probings.) These two values shall be, respectively, less installation site. For the purposes of checking confor-
21

~~
S T D - A S M E B 8 7 * L i - L - E N G L 1777 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 058LOb3 7 7 8

ACME 889.4.1-1997 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
mance to specification, it is advisable that a different Depending upon the details of the setup and the
step gage be used for accuracy checking than the gage desired measurement, the cosine error can be either
used for machine setup. Systematic gage calibration positive or negative. It is therefore important to correctly
errors and thermal expansion coefficient uncertainties align the measurement apparatus in order to make this
are not thoroughly assessed unless a different gage is error negligible.
used. However, for a very large number of the coordinate 5.4.2.4 Measuring Interval. The measuring in-
measuring machines currently supplied, the step gage, terval shall be no more than 25 mm (approx. 1 in.)
when properly used, is many times more accurate than for axes of 250 mm (approx. 10 in.) length or less.
the basic machine. Therefore, this recommendation is For longer axes, less than 1,OOO mm (approx. 40 in.),
relaxed in those cases and should only be followed the interval should be not less than 25 mm (approx.
when the highest accuracy is required. In any event, 1 in.) nor more than 1/10 of axis length. For axes of
it should be clearly stated, as part of the machine more than 1,ûûO mm (approx. 40 in.) in length, the
specifications, if a different step gage than the gage measuring interval shall be no more than 100 mm
provided by the machine supplier is to be used for the (approx. 4 in.). For all axes, the entire travel along
machine acceptance. It should be noted that step gages the axis shall be measured.
are not particularly useful for the evaluation of periodic
error. If periodic error is suspected and a step gage is 5.4.2.5 Measurements. Measurements shall be
to be used for these measurements, it is advised that made with the primary type of probe specified for the
a metric step gage be used on a machine with inch principal mode of operation. The machine readout shall
scales and vice versa. Furthermore, such a step gage be zeroed at the first step of the step gage. Three sets
shall meet the requirements of accuracy and calibration of measurements shall be made for each axis. Each
as specified in Section 7. set of measurements shall be sequenced in the same
direction of machine motion, and each measurement
5.4.2.2 Measurement Lines. Measurement shall be made between gage steps facing in the same
lines for step gage tests shall be along three orthogonal direction. Since the data are to be averaged, these
lines through the center of the work zone parallel to measurements may be taken with or without establishing
the three axis directions. a new zero at the start of each set. The value obtained
for the linear displacement accuracy will be the same
5.4.2.3 Mounting. The gage shall be mounted
in either case. The nominal mean of machine readouts
on the workpiece supporting surface in accordance
for each step of the gage shall be determined.
with the step gage supplier’s recommendations. It is
extremely important that the mounting be done properly, 5.4.2.6 Nominal Differential Expansion Cor-
as the accuracy of some types of step gages is strongly rection. The mean temperature of the step gage and
dependent upon proper mounting. Care must be taken the appropriate machine scale shall be measured during
to ensure the gage is properly supported and restrained the step gage measurement process for each axis. The
without distortion. The gage shall be aligned with the machine readings shall be corrected for the mean scale
machine axis (measurement line) with sufficient accu- temperature. The machine readings shall be the compen-
racy that cosine error does not exceed 10% of machine sated values on a compensated machine. These values
working tolerance for linear displacement accuracy. may or may not be what is shown on the display,
(Mathematical correction for misalignment is an accept- and the supplier’s recommendations shall be used to
able alternative to mechanical alignment.) Cosine error determine which values apply. Similarly, the step gage
is caused by the angular misalignment between the length must be corrected for the mean gage temperature.
measurement line and the displacement to be measured. This shall be done using the following expression:
The magnitude of the cosine error is given by the
following formula: CMR = M R [ I + Ks(Ts - 20) - KR(Tg- 20)]
where
CE = G212D
CMR = corrected machine reading
Kg = thermal expansion coefficient of calibra-
where tion gage
CE = cosine error K, = effective thermal expansion coefficient
D = measured displacement of machine scales
G = misalignment of gage with machine axis MR = machine reading
28
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Tg = gage temperature during measurements,

"C 5r
T, = scale temperature during measure-
ments. "C
This equation was derived based on the assumption

that the machine was adjusted to measure length cor-
rectly on the international scale if the machine were
at a uniform temperature of 20°C (68°F). If the machine
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
scales are adjusted at a temperature other than 20°C

(68°F) and appropriate nominal differential expansion
corrections are not made, this equation may not be
applicable. It should be noted that the preceding equation
assumes that the mean temperatures of the step gage(s)
-31
-4
-5
and scale(s) remain constant during the measurement FIG. 23 TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF LINEAR
process. This is not always the case in a changing DISPLACEMENT ACCURACY DETERMINED
environment where both machine and gages have differ- USING STEP GAGES
ent time constants. Proper attention should be given (in this case, the linear displacement
to keeping the environment as stable as possible for accuracy was approx. 4.8 km.1
the duration of the test.
5.4.2.7 Linear Displacement Accuracy for 5.4.3 Linear Displacement Accuracy

an Axis. Linear displacement accuracy for a given Measurements Using a Laser Interferometer.
axis at a step position shall be the difference between The laser interferometer is an extremely useful tool for
step gage calibration and the mean corrected machine measuring displacement accuracy. However, there exist
reading (MCMR) for that position. Displacement accu- certain machines today that are difficult to check using
racy is determined by taking the difference between a laser because they are corrected for systematic errors
the step gage calibration and the mean corrected machine in their computer systems and the display readouts do
reading at each step, and then determining the maximum not reflect these corrections. The user of a machine
displacement error from any point to any other point should confer with the supplier to ascertain the suitabil-
in the full travel. This is equivalent to determining the ity of these tests before making them part of a machine
maximum range of the mean differences. Evaluation specification.
of linear displacement accuracy is illustrated in Fig. 5.4.3.1 Lines of Measurements. Lines of mea-
23, where the linear displacement accuracy is clearly surement for laser interferometer tests shall be those
labeled. The measurement of the zero point of the gage specified in para. 5.4.2.2 for the step gage.
shall always be included.
5.4.3.2 Alignment. The laser interferometer
5.4.2.8 Staging. Where the step gage is shorter shall be mounted in such a fashion as to measure the
than an axis, the gage shall be staged. (If staging is relative motion between the ram and the workpiece
required, it is the recommendation of this Standard that supporting surface. Particular attention should be paid
the linear displacement accuracy be measured with the to cosine error, and alignment shall be such that cosine
laser interferometer (para. 5.4.3)rather than with a step error is less than 10% of the working tolerance of the
gage). In the staged position, a step of the gage shall axis under test. Dead path should also be minimized.
be set at the approximate position of the final step of A typical laser setup for linear displacement accuracy
the original position, and the machine shall be zeroed is shown in Fig. 24.
at that step. Corrected machine readings shall be deter- 5.4.3.3 Wavelength Correction and
mined as before. The error of the last step of the gage Nominal Differential Expansion Correction. In
in the previous position shall be algebraically added order to obtain proper results, interferometers must be
to the error for each subsequent staged position as a corrected for air temperature, air pressure, and air
further correction. The step gage shall be staged in a humidity. The correction shall be computed according
similar manner as many times as required to cover the to the following equation for a laser measurement
complete travel of that axis. system set to read correctly at 20°C (68"F), 760 mm
29

n V = partial pressure of water vapor in mm Hg3

T, = mean air pressure, "C
The preceding equation is a linearization of the Edlén

equation and is accurate to approximately 0.1 ppm.
W Other forms of this equation are equally accurate and
Retroi-eflecior .
w Remote
interferometer
are considered suitable for the purposes of this Standard.
In order to compare the corrected laser reading to the
machine readings, the machine readings must also be
corrected for temperature. The corrected machine read-
ings are given by
CMR = MR[1 + K,,(T, - 20)]
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
in the case where the machine was set up at 20°C
(68°F). Variables are defined in para. 5.4.2.6.
hY7 beam If the laser interferometer used has environmental
compensation features, the supplier's recommendations
FIG. 24 TYPICAL SETUP FOR THE LASER regarding the use of these accessories shall be followed,
TEST FOR LINEAR DISPLACEMENT with the air temperature sensor near the laser beam
ACCURACY path and the material sensor placed on the appropriate
machine scale. It is a requirement of this Standard that
independent calibration of the temperature and pressure
Hg air pressure, and 10 mm Hg partial pressure of sensors of such compensation devices be performed on
water vapor.* a regular basis (see Section 7).
5.4.3.4 Measuring Intervals. Measuring inter-
CLR = LDR[ 1 + K,(T, - 20) - K J P , - 760) + Kh(V - IO)] vals shall be no larger than those specified in para.
5.4.2.4 for step gage measurements; however, due to
where ease of measurement using laser systems, smaller inter-
CLR = corrected laser reading vals are strongly recommended with those intervals
Kh = coefficient of refractive index change due being chosen such that they are not even multiples of
to atmospheric humidity. The current best the machine scale spacing. With a laser interferometer
value is 0.05 p p d m m Hg partial pressure it is particularly easy to check for periodic error by
of water vapor. Because of the low value measuring a large number of closely spaced displace-
of this coefficient, the atmospheric hu- ments over an interval equal to the periodicity of the
midity can be neglected for most applica- machine scale. Although this measurement is not a
tions. requirement of this Standard, it can yield useful infor-
Kp = coefficient of refractive index change due mation.
to atmospheric pressure. The current best
value is 0.36 ppm/mm Hg pressure. 5.4.3.5 Sets of Measurements. Three sets of
Kt = coefficient of refractive index change due measurements shall be made along each measurement
to atmospheric temperature. The current line, all in the same direction. The sets of measurements
best value is 0.93 ppm/"C. may be taken with or without rezeroing the machine
LDR = laser display reading and the laser. For each measurement point, the mean
P,,, = air pressure, mm Hg of differences between corrected machine and laser
The partial pressure of water vapor can be calculated from the

' This form of equation also assumes atmospheric air with the relative humidity by multiplying the saturated vapor pressure at a
normal mixture of gasses. Atmospheres that deviate significantly, particular temperature by the relative humidity expressed as a
particularly in regard to COZand aromatic hydrocarbon concentra- fraction. The saturated vapor pressure at 20°C (68°F) is 17.6 mm
tion, have been observed and can lead to measurable errors. If this Hg. Thus, for example, 50% relative humidity at 20°C would yield
situation is suspected, appropriate correction should be applied. a partial pressure of 0.5 x 17.6 = 8.8 mm Hg.
30

OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES ASME 889.4.1 b-2001
hear
displacement
‘ accuracy
-----
I-
-4-
-
-
-
-8 -
-
-
-
-12 -
-
-
-
-16 -
-
-
-
I I I I I I I I I
-20
readouts shall be calculated. Linear displacement accu- such as gage blocks, for the ball bar will be considered
racy shall be the maximum spread of the mean differ- in conformance with this Standard if these artifacts are
ences of the individual points. This is illustrated in of equivalent length and are measured in the positions
Fig. 25. specified for the ball bar test (para. 5.5.2.1). The use
of such calibrated artifacts for these tests does give
5.4.4 Linear Displacement Requirements. Lin- additional information, but also incurs additional ex-
ear displacement accuracy, as calculated in para. 5.4.2.7 pense. If desired, the ball bar may also be “calibrated”
or 5.4.3.5, shall not exceed the supplier’s specification, on the CMM before commencing these tests and the
derated as specified in para. 4.2, if applicable. average “calibrated” length used for the ball bar data
analysis (para. 5.5.2.3). To perform this “calibration”,
5.5 Volumetric Performance the user shall follow the procedures for bi-directional
length measurement capability (para. 5.6) with the
(b) 5.5.1 General. Complete testing of the volumetric following exceptions.
performance of coordinate measuring machines is a (a) The ball bar shall be measured rather than a
difficult and time-consuming process. This Standard gage block.
has attempted to reduce the time and cost associated ( h ) The ball bar shall be measured in only three
with testing by providing, wherever possible, simple positions. These positions shall be with the ball bar
self-checking procedures using measurements of uncali- positioned as accurately as possible along the lines
brated artifacts. The primary uncalibrated artifact is the used for the measurement of linear displacement accu-
ball bar. Specifications that substitute calibrated artifacts, racy (para. 5.4).
31
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

( c ) The measurement procedure shall be that recom- ball bar tests allow precise comparisons of the length
mended by the supplier for precision ball bar mea- scales on the various machine axes and clearly point
surement. out deviations of machine geometry from perfection.
(ú) The average length shall be calculated as the They are also extremely useful for quickly rechecking
average of the 12 measured lengths, four in each a machine on a periodic basis. In no case should
position, corrected for temperature (and for the system- the ball bar tests alone be regarded as providing a
atic component of the linear displacement accuracy, if measurement of machine accuracy. In this Standard,
desired). accuracy is assessed in the linear displacement accuracy
Ball bars provide a rapid and easily understood check section (para. 5.4). In the ball bar tests, as in the
of machine volumetric performance. Properly conducted repeatability and linear displacement accuracy tests, one
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
31.1

ASME B89.4.1 b-2001 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
should expect thnt t he preciw vnliie of error ohtained at several positions along a long measurement line! in
is dependent on the particular mode chosen for that test. order to require nearly full travel of the machine along
Due to the practical difficulty in transporting and that measurement line. Patterns for machines with a
using very long ball bars and in subdividing very single long axis (axis ratio 2:l:l)are shown in Fig.
large work zones into many subvolumes, significant 27. These patterns require measurement of the ball bar
modifications to the normal ball bar procedures are in 30 locations. Sample patterns for machines with two
provided in para. 5.5.4 for machines with large work long axes and one short axis (axis ratio 2:2:I ) are shown
zones. Here the laser interferometer is introduced be- in Fig. 28. These machines require 35 measurement
cause of its ability to measure over very long lengths. positions. The patterns were chosen to provide maximum
The laser interferometer may give a different range of sensitivity to most angular and squareness errors. They
values than would a long ball bar; however, these do not completely check angular motions of the ram
numbers should be representative of the machine's axis, thus a separate test is provided in para. 5.5.3 to
volumetric performance. assess ram axis angular error effects when using offset
Users of this specification should also be aware that probes. Additionally, articulation of the probe head and
as the work zone aspect ratio increases on a machine, length of the stylus during this test can significantly
the sensitivity of these tests to the straightness of impact the results of the test. It is therefore recom-
the longest axis on that machine is reduced. Where mended that such articulation and length changes be
straightness is critical, a separate check of this parameter minimized. (Articulating probe systems are tested in
should be performed when the aspect ratio of the para. 6.2.)
machine axes exceeds 4:l. The figures shown are idealized and, on any given
This section on volumetric performance also contains machine, it is possible that the ball bar positions
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
performance tests for machines with a rotary axis. shown will overlap. It is recommended that if positional
These tests follow the same philosophy in that no overlaps between ball bar setups exceed 60% of the
calibrated artifact is used. ball bar length, then one of the overlapping setups
may be eliminated. Most existing cases can be readily
5.5.2 Volumetric Performance Procedures obtained by rotations of the configurations in the figures.
Using Ball Bars No detailed recommendations are made regarding ball
5.5.2.1 General Patterns. The ball bar perform- bar fixturing; however, a limited discussion of fixturing
ance tests recommended by this Standard may be alternatives is given in Appendix G, and a sample
accomplished using a single ball bar of length slightly fixture used for holding a ball bar with both ends free
shorter (approx. 100 mm) than the least dimension of is shown in Fig. 29.
the work zone.4 For nearly cubic machines, this ball Care should be taken in handling ball bars so that
bar is measured in 20 positions. The general approach heat from the hand is not transferred to the ball bar.
is to position the bar along I O of the 12 edges of the The use of a plastic insulating sleeve is helpful. The
work zone, along at least six work zone face diagonals time constant for thermal equilibration of a hollow
to require simultaneous motion of pairs of machine steel ball bar is approximately 20 min (see ASME
axes, and along the four work zone body diagonals to B89.6.2,Temperature and Humidity Environment for
require simultaneous motion of all three machine axes. Dimensional Measurement, for an explanation of ther-
Recommended patterns for nearly cubic machines are mal time constants). Typical ball bars will stabilize
given in Fig. 26. (The figures showing patterns are within about one hour after being brought into a
oriented for vertical ram machines. They should be temperature-controlled environment.
rotated for horizontal ram machines.) For machines 5.5.2.2 Setup and Measurement Pro-
having work zones with different aspect ratios, the cedure - Bail Bar Tests. The ball bar shall be
procedure still uses the shorter ball bar but places it suitably fixtured in the positions indicated for measure-
ment so that probing access to both balls is available.
As with other sections in this Standard, lhe user is allowed to A fixture based on a knuckle joint is shown in Fig.
specify ineasureinenls differeni than the default option. To be in 29. Such a fixture should be portable so that it can
coinpliance with Ihis Standard. the user inay specify ineasureiiients
of ball bars in up to 40 differeni locations and is also allowed
be easily moved around the table and sufficiently rigid
to specify up lo 3 ball bar lengths. These positions and lengths must so that the ball bar will not significantly deflect or
be clearly stated us part of lhe inachine specification. Furtherinore. if vibrate while the locations of the balls are being
inore than one length is specilied, each length ball bar 111usi be
measured in at least 10 different positions.
measured. For each of the positions specified in the
32

S T D - A S M E B B 7 . 4 - L - E N G L 1777 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 058LObô 4 7 T m

--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4
Location 9 Location 10 Location 1 1 Location 12
Location 13 Location 14 Location 15 Location 1 6
FIG. 26 RECOMMENDED BALL BAR POSITIONS FOR MACHINES WITH NEARLY CUBIC WORK
ZONES
33

Location 1
@ Location 2
Location 3 Location 4
Louation 5 Location 6 Location 7 Location 8

--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Location 26
@ €2§7
Location 28
FIG. 27 RECOMMENDED BALL BAR POSITIONS FOR MACHINES WITH A SINGLE LONG AXIS
(The axis ratio here is 2:l:l. On machines with slightly different ratios, overlapping patterns
are recommended.)
34

METHODS FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ASME B89.4.1 b-2001
OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
Location 1 I
25
-ocation 2
Location 3 Location 4 Location 5
Location 9 Location 1O
659
Location 11

--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-


FIG. 28 RECOMMENDED BALL BAR PAlTERNS FOR A MACHINE WITH TWO LONG AXES AND
ONE SHORT AXIS
(The axis ratio here is 2:2:1. Again, for machines that do not quite correspond, overlapping
positions are recommended.)
35

ASME 889.4.1 b-2001 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
of the machine is defined as the range of data in such

a plot, as is clearly indicated in the figure, or simply
the total range in the values in the table. In cases
where there appears to be a single (or several) outlying
point(s) that does not conform to the general trend, it
is recommended that this measurement be repeated.
The recommended procedure for checking the repeat-
ability of a ball bar measurement is as follows. The ball bar
shall be measured twice in the suspected position. If the
measurements agree within twice the repeatability (para.
5.3), then the first measurement shall be used and the sec-
ond measurement discarded. If the measurements do not
agree within twice therepeatability, both arediscarded and
the procedure is repeated. This procedure may be repeated
three times; at the end of which time, if repeatability has
not been obtained as defined above, the test shall be discon-
tinued and the fault determinedandcorrected. Aftercorrec-
tion of the problem, the repeatability test and the ball bar
test must be rerun in their entirety.
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.5.3 Offset Probe PerformanceTest. The angu-
lar motion of the ram axis was not tested by the preceding
procedure (see para. 5.5.2). This motion is of particular
FIG. 29 SAMPLE FIXTURE FOR HOLDING A importance when probes with different offset lengths are
BALL BAR WITH BOTH ENDS FREE used. The following test is designed to evaluate the ma-
chine performance when offset probes are used. Although
patterns, both ends of the ball bar shall be measured. the illustrations show vertical spindle machines, this test
At least four probe contacts must be made on both of applies equally to horizontal arm machines.
the balls in order to measure the ball bar length. TO 5.5.3.1 Ball Bar Tests for Offset Probe Per-
achieve better accuracy, eight or more points should formance. The ball bar can be used to place tolerances
be used to determine the center of each ball. These on the magnitude of offset probing errors by using a
points should be dispersed around the ball as far as probe with a large offset. A typical test setup is shown
the probing system allows. (To check the repeatability in Fig. 31. The probe offset length shall be set at a
of a setup, it is advisable to measure the ball bar reasonable amount [approximately 150 mm (approx.
length several times, but this is not a requirement of 6 in.) is recommended], the probe shall be oriented
this Standard.) From these probings, center coordinates perpendicular to both the ball bar axis and the ram
of the balls and the length of the ball bar shall be axis, and measurements shall be made of the ball bar
calculated for each ball bar position. The total spread length with the offset probe, first with the probe in
of calculated ball bar lengths shall be assessed following one position and then rotated 180 deg. about the ram
the procedure described in para. 5.5.2.3. The range of axis with respect to that position. In performing these
these lengths shall not exceed the supplier’s specifica- measurements, the ball bar may be moved to a second
tions, derated as specified in paras. 4.2 and 4.3, if position, with nominally the same angle with respect
applicable. to the ram and probe offset axes, rather than reposition-
(bl 5.5.2.3 Ball Bar Data Analysis. The data from ing the cross-slide of the machine, as is shown in Fig.
ball bar measurements are analyzed by preparing a 30. These two procedures may give different results.
simple plot or a simple table of the deviations in the When the cross-slide is moved, this movement may
ball bar length without regard to measurement location. tilt the ram axis and lead to different results. For the
An example of a scatter plot is given in Fig. 30. If purposes of this Standard, either procedure is allowed.
desired, the calibrated length of the bail bar or gage Note that when offset probes are used, it is extremely
block should be used instead of the average length important that they be properly balanced so as not to
when making the scatter plot. The working tolerance place undue moments on the ram. The default ball bar
36

S T D - A S M E BB7.q.L-ENGL 1777 0757b70 05B1072 7 T O

3 - o
o o o O
- o
o
- a Working tolerance
U o
U o
-
o
- O
o o
I I I I
a 5 10 15 20
Position number
FIG. 30 BALL BAR TEST RESULTS

(In this example, working tolerance is approx. 7 Fm.1
length for these tests shall be the ball bar length used 5.5.4 Volumetric Tests for Machines With
for the volumetric performance test (para. 5.5.2). Large Work Zones. The goal in testing large machines
The ball bar shall be measured in four locations. remains the realistic estimation of the expected accuracy
The user is free to choose any four positions within of machine measurements under real operating condi-
the machine volume for the ball bar measurements tions. To accomplish this on large machines, limited
with offset probes; however, the default positions, which ball bar testing is supplemented with specific additional
are most sensitive to ram axis angular motion, are linear displacement accuracy tests. The total number
shown in Fig. 32 for a vertical ram machine. In each of ball bar measurements is I O plus one additional
position, the ball bar is at 45 deg. to the ram axis. position for each LO m3 of additional work zone volume
Two locations are sensitive to ram axis roll and yaw over 20 m3. The length of the ball bar is fixed, and
and two locations are sensitive to ram axis roll and shall be 0.9 m (approx. 35 in.) for all measurements.
pitch. (The user should be cautioned that ball bar The locations of the ball bar measurements shall be
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
positions, where the ball bar length is nearly parallel specified in advance by mutual agreement between the
or perpendicular to the ram axis, are insensitive to ram supplier and user.
axis roll.) Differences between lengths measured with Additional linear displacement accuracy data shall
the two probe offsets shall be computed. The results be collected, as specified in para. 5.4, along six supple-
are calculated as the ratio of these differences to twice mentary measurement lines. Four of the supplementary
the probe offset length. The absolute value of the measurement lines shall be the body diagonals of the
largest calculated ratio is reported as the offset probe work zone. A typical setup for these measurements is
performance and shall not exceed the supplier’s perform- shown in Fig. 19. The remaining two measurement
ance specifications, derated as specified in paras. 4.2 lines shall be one line parallel to each of the non-ram
and 4.3, if applicable. (It should be noted that this test axes. The location of each of these latter two lines in
is not a parametric test; those users wishing to assess the work zone shall be chosen to maximize the offset
ram axis roll, specifically, are referred to Appendix H.) distance from the line to the position measuring system
31

U
Position 2
FIG. 31 TYPICAL SETUP FOR OFFSET PROBE PERFORMANCE TESTING
of the axis parallel to that line. The measurement points Methods specified in these sections are applicable
for each line chosen shall be at the point spacing to a wide variety of duplex installations. Examples
specified in accordance with para. 5.4.2.4. The range are large and small machines, all applicable machine
of ball bar measurements and the greatest range of the configurations, machines with individual rotary tables
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
six supplementary linear displacement measurements or a shared rotary table, machines on opposite sides
shall both be determined. Neither shall exceed the of a shared fixed table, and machines with a shared
supplier’s specifications, derated as specified in paras. primary axis. The general principle for testing duplex
4.2 and 4.3, if applicable. installations is that each individual machine shall be
tested as a separate machine, then the relationship
5.5.5 Performance Tests, Machines Used in between the two machines shall be tested by measure-
the Duplex Mode ment of duplex performance.
5.5.5.1 General. Paras. 5.5.5.2 and 5.5.5.3 spec-
ify methods for measuring the performance of machines 5.5.5.2 Tests of Individual Machines. The
operating in the duplex mode. Applicability of para. tests for individual machines shall be the appropriate
5.5.5.3 shall be limited to installations where the work tests of this Standard.
zones of the two machines overlap. For other installa- When one of two machines used in the duplex mode
tions, it is recommended that special test procedures is individually tested, the other machine shall be in
be developed and agreed upon between the supplier motion in a manner recommended by the supplier for
and user. duplex measurement of a workpiece. Thus, if the sup-
38

/
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 32 DEFAULT BALL BAR POSITIONS FOR THE OFFSET PROBE PERFORMANCE TEST
ON A VERTICAL RAM MACHINE
plier recommends no limitations on motion of one coordinates for the first machine shall be position
machine while the other is measuring, there are no coordinates of the probe tip reported by the first ma-
limitations on motion during testing. If the supplier chine. All ball center coordinate measurements shall
recommends one machine be at rest when the other is be performed by the methods specified in para. 5.5.2.2.
measuring, then it must be at rest during testing. Within The ram mount option is generally preferred where
this limitation the user may choose the manner of it can be used. Because there is only one set of probing
motion. errors per pair of ball center determinations, it gives
5.5.5.3 Duplex Performance Test. There are a better indication of the relationship between the axis
two options for conducting the duplex performance systems of the two machines. Furthermore, it is faster
test: table mount and ram mount. The supplier shall and requires less hardware. It cannot, however, be used
specify which option is to be used unless otherwise on some machines with built-in proportional probes
contractually agreed upon between the supplier and user. because there is no suitable method for mounting the
For the table mount option, a precision reference reference ball; additionally, it cannot be used on ma-
ball shall be supported in successive specified positions chines that do not have a triggering means for reading
from the table or other workpiece support surface. the first machine position.
Optionally, an array of balls may be used. In each For both options, the two machines shall either be
position, center coordinates of the reference ball or operated in the same coordinate system, or ball center
balls shall be measured by both machines. coordinates measured by one machine shall be trans-
For the ram mount option, a precision reference ball formed into the coordinate system of the other machine.
shall be mounted to the ram of a first machine in the Ball positions shall be in a plane defined by two
position normally occupied by the probe tip. The first perpendicular machine axes in the overlap portion of
machine shall be moved to successive specified posi- the two work zones. A plane having maximum area
tions, and center coordinates of the ball shall be mea- shall be chosen. In the interest of clarity, the machine
sured by the second machine. Measured ball center specification shall contain a description of the plane
39

STDDASME B87.q-L-ENGL 1777 W 0759b70 0583075 bOT

OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
position. For planes of 1 m2 or less, there shall be 9 TABLE 1

ball positions. For planes of 1 to 4 m2, there shall be LOCATION OF THE REFERENCE SPHERE
9 ball positions per m2. For planes over 4 m2, there ON THE ROTARY TABLE
shall be at least 36 ball positions. The user may specify Radii
the ball positions. The default pattern specification shall Re mm
be the intersections of a grid of squares covering
200 200
substantially the entire plane.
400 200
For each reference ball position, center coordinates 400 400
measured by the first machine shall be subtracted from ao0 400
center coordinates measured by the second machine. The 800 800
range of such differences shall be duplex performance.
5.5.5.4 Duplex Performance Requirements.
Duplex performance, as calculated in para. 5.5.5.3, referred to ASME B89.3.4M- 1985 and ASME B5.54M-
shall not exceed the supplier?s specification, derated as 1992, Methods for Performance Evaluation of Computer
specified in paras. 4.2 and 4.3, if applicable. Numerically Controlled Machine Centers.
5.5.6.2 Setup. At each of the locations chosen
5.5.6 Volumetric Performance Test for DCC for the performance of this test, the rotary table shall
Machines With a Rotary Axis be aligned following the procedures specified by the
5.5.6.1 General. The performance test described supplier for table alignment during normal four-axis
in this section is applicable only to four-axis machines measurements on the machine. This alignment is critical.
with three linear axes plus a rotary table. This test is Next, two precision spheres are mounted to the rotary
performed in addition to the other tests in Section 5, table in the position shown in Fig. 33. H, and R, shall
which are conducted without the use of the rotary be the largest applicable corresponding values from
table. The user should be aware that this test only Table I . The value of H, shall be such that the high
sphere can be measured by the machine. The value of
indirectly assesses periodic error in the rotary scales.
Users particularly concerned with this error are advised R, shall be less than the table radius R, and shall be
to perform the appropriate parametric calibration. such that the low sphere can be mounted on the table
Some coordinate measuring machines allow altema- near the table surface. R, is half the diameter of the
tive locations and/or orientations of the rotary table. rotary axis as defined in the Glossary. In the case
For such machines, the specified working tolerance for where axis motion limitations prevent use of the H,
this test must be met when the test is conducted at value from Table I, H , shall be the maximum distance
any permitted table location and/or orientation of the allowed by the machine geometry. The precision spheres
rotary table within the machine work zone. The default shall meet the requirements for precision reference
option for this test is that the user may select any one balls, para. 7.3.3. If an extensible ball bar conforming
position for the performance of this test from the to the requirements of Appendix G was used in the
previously specified permitted locations and/or orienta- preceding tests, the balls and extensions in this set can
tions. Performance may also be tested for more than be readily adapted to perform this function.
one position and for a preferred rotary table location 5.5.6.3 Measurement Procedure. The general
and orientation, if agreed. procedure is as follows. The rotary table is rotated
The working tolerances for a rotary axis are called through a series of angular positions and the position
the 3D/alpha working tolerances. They are determined of one of the two spheres is measured. Recommended
by using all four axes of the machine to measure the sets of angular positions, in which the rotary table is
centers of the two spheres on the rotary table, and by completely accessible to the CMM and where it is
analyzing the ranges of the measured center displace- partially accessible, are given in Table 2. (Certain
ments for each sphere. Since this test does not use a measuring machines use the rotary table as a means
calibrated artifact, it does not directly check accuracy; of extending the measuring range, so that only a portion
rather, it checks a complex combination of rotary of the rotary table is accessible to a probe. On such
table geometry, rotary table alignment, probing, linear machines, the starting angular position of the rotary
accuracy, and measuring machine coordinate transfor- table must be such that the positions of both balls can
mation algorithms. Users interested in analyzing the be measured.) The angular positions given are default
geometry of the rotary table as a separate element are values. The user may choose these or any other set
40
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~~
~
S T D - A S M E B 8 7 - q - L - E N G L 1777 0757b70 058107b 5 q b
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. 33 DIAGRAM OF TEST BALL POSITIONS FOR THE PERFORMANCE TEST

ON A ROTARY AXIS
(The X, V, and Z designations in this figure are used to illustrate directions with respect
to the rotary table base and do not necessarily represent machine axis designations.)
of values, provided the chosen set is made part of the B set as the zero datum in this system, the X , Y plane
specification and contains the same number of points. set normal to the rotary table axis, and the Z , X plane
All results of the measurements are reported in a part set through the measured sphere centers. The coordinates
coordinate system. Users having machines without the of the center of sphere A are calculated in this system.
software to enable this transformation can still perform The rotary table is then rotated 13 times to different
this test; however, the analysis is complex and is not nominal angular positions (for example, those given in
included in this Standard. Table 2). At each angular position, the position of
In the following discussion, X, Y, and 2 are directions sphere A is measured using the appropriate probing
relative to the rotary table illustrated in Fig. 33. They sequence and these positions are recorded as in Table
do not necessarily correspond to the supplier’s labeling
2. When the rotary table is returned to its starting
of the machine axes.
angular position (point 14 in Table 2), the locations
The following procedure shall be followed. The rotary
table is put in the starting position, position zero (O) of both spheres are again measured, retaining the ongi-
in Fig. 34, and the positions of sphere A (the low na1 datum on sphere B. The apparent X , Y, 2 positions
sphere) and sphere B (the high sphere) are measured of the centers of spheres A and B are calculated and
using the procedures described in para. 5.5.2.2 for recorded. The rotary table is then rotated 13 more
measuring the center coordinates of a sphere during times to the positions as shown in Table 2 and Fig.
the ball bar test. The machine software is set so that 34. At each angle the apparent X, Y, Z position of the
the measurement results will be reported in the part center of sphere B is recorded. (Note that since the
coordinate system with the measured center of sphere part coordinate system is being used with sphere B as
41

S T D = A S M E B 8 7 - 9 - L - E N G L 1777 0757b70 0583077 '482

TABLE 2
DEFAULT NOMINAL ANGULAR POSITIONS AND SAMPLE DATA SHEET FOR OBTAINING
VOLUMETRIC PERFORMANCE WITH A ROTARY AXIS
Al A2 Sphere A Sphere B
Point Deg. Deg.
No. [Note (111 [Note (211 XA YA ZA XB YB ZB
O O O O -=O O O O
1 75 135 YA i D
l ... ... ...
2 125 225 YA 2 a 2 ... ... ...
3 175 315 YA 3 a 3 ... ... ...
4 385 405 YA 4 a 4 ... ... ...
5 410 540 YA 5 ZA 5 ... ... ...
6 510 630 YA 6 ZA 6 ... ... ...
7 820 810 YA 7 ZA 7 ... ... ...
8 510 630 YA 8 ZA 8 ... ... ...
9 410 540 YA 9 ZA 9 ... ... ...
10 385 405 YA 10 ZA 10 ... ... ...
11 175 315 YA i 1 -= 1 1 ... ... ...
12 125 225 YA 12 2% 12 ... ... ...
13 75 135 YA 13 a 13 ... ... ...
14 O O YA 14 14 14 YB 14 ZB 14
15 -75 -135 ... ... XB 15 YB 15 ZB 15
16 -125 -225 ... ... XB 16 YB 16 ZB 16
17 -175 -31 5 ... ... XB 17 YB 17 ZB 17
18 -385 -405 ... ... XB 18 YB 18 2-818
19 -410 -540 ... ... XB 19 YB 19 ZB 19
20 -510 -630 *.. ... XB 20 YB 20 ZB 20
21 -820 -810 ... ... XB 21 YB 21 ZB 21
22 -510 -630 ... ... XB 22 YB 22 2
.
8 22
23 -410 -540 ... ... XB 23 YB 23 ZB 23
24 -385 -405 ... ... XE24 YB 24 ZB 24
25 -175 -315 ... ... XE25 YB 25 ZB 25
26 -125 -225 ... ... XE26 YB 26 ZB 26
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
27 -75 -135 ... ... XB27 YB 27 ZB 27
28 O O 28 ZA 28 XB 28 YB 28 ZB 28
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) In this table, an ellipsis (. . .) means that no measurement is made of the location of that sphere in that angular position
(see para. 5.5.6.3).
(b) Only one of the columns "Al" or "A2" applies to a specific machine being tested.
NOTES:
(1) Angular positions " A l " apply to CMMs with partial coverage of the rotary table (Fig. 33).
(2) Angular positions "A2" apply to CMMs with full coverage of the rotary table (Fig. 33).
the datum, its measured center would remain at zero values obtained for spheres A and B are plotted on
on a perfect machine.) similar scatter plots. The range of the X values for
The rotary table is then returned to its original spheres A and B are compared, and the largest range
position and spheres A and B are remeasured, retaining reported as the working tolerance for 3D/alpha radial
the original datum on sphere B. The apparent X, Y,2 performance. Similarly, the greater of the ranges of
positions of the centers of spheres A and B are calculated the Y values for spheres A and B is reported as the
and recorded. working tolerance for 3D/alpha tangential performance.
Users are free to select their own angular positions Finally, the greater of the 2 ranges for spheres A and
for the performance of this test, as long as the same B is reported as the working tolerance for 3D/alpha
number (14) of angular positions is included and rota- axial performance. The geometric meaning of these
tions exceeding 360 deg. are allowed. parameters is conceptually illustrated in Fig. 35.
5.5.6.4 Rotary Table Performance Data
Analysis. The data set is analyzed to obtain the 3D/ 5.5.6.5 Rotary Table Performance Require-
alpha working tolerance. Here the X, Y and Z coordinate ments. 3D/alpha performance shall not exceed the
42

~

7 1.13
Point Nos.
4@10 /-
1-75 1-125 I 3-175 4-385
Al - CMM has access to '/2 of rotary table
7,20,22
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1-135 2-225 3-315 4-4-05
A2 - CMM has access to full rotary table
FIG. 34 DEFAULT POSITIONS FOR SPHERE LOCATIONS ON THE ROTARY AXIS

PERFORMANCE TEST
43

Tangential
working
Radial
tolerance
w o r k i 9 tolerance
I Axial working
I
I ! I tolerance
4
I I I
/ I
Rotary table
GENERAL NOTES:
(ai R, is the radius of Sphere B from the rotary table center.
(b) H, is the height of Sphere Bfrom the rotary table face.
FIG. 35 DIAGRAM SCHEMATICALLY REPRESENTING THE MEANINGS OF THE

RADIAL, TANGENTIAL, AND AXIAL WORKING TOLERANCES FOR THE ROTARY AXIS
PERFORMANCE TEST
supplier’s specification, derated as specified in paras. their intended application. In cases where a specialized
4.2 and 4.3, if applicable. machine load is required, the supplier and user shall
agree upon alternate specifications.
5.5.7 Performance Testing Coordinate --`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Measuring Systems Under Loaded Conditions.

The following procedures for evaluating machine load
5.5.7.1 Testing Procedure -
Acceptable
Machine Loading. The general requirements for .this
effects (and definitions supplied in the Glossary) are
test include the following:
intended to be used primarily for informational purposes.
(a) Weight used to perform testing shall not exceed
They will allow the purchaser of a coordinate measuring
machine to better understand the result of utilizing the maximum acceptable machine load specification.
incorrect loading methods or overloading the CMM. (b) The CMM supplier shall perform tests that com-
In general, this procedure is not intended to be used ply with all procedural requirements and shall meet or
as an “acceptance” test at the time of machine purchase. exceed specified performance levels.
It should be used to differentiate machine models and (c) The physical volume of the weight supplied for
their relative “robustness” under load, and to ensure testing must lie within the measuring cube of the CMM
that machines have appropriate weight capacities for and the weight must be free-standing.
44

3D/alpha radial error

15
10
E
È 5
I
'
L
? o
W
-5
-1 o
O 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Position
3Dlalpha tangential error 3Dlalpha axial error
m---- --7-
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-151 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I -20 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
O 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 O 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Position Position
FIG. 36 TYPICAL RESULTS OF A VOLUMETRIC PERFORMANCE TEST FOR A DCC MACHINE WITH
A ROTARY AXIS
(The BD/alpha radial, 3D/alpha tangential, and SD/alpha axial working tolerances are clearly
labeled on the graphs.)
(d) The load at any specific contact point will be (a) Place the test weight on the machine.
no greater than twice the load of any other contact point. (b) Perform the repeatability test as described in this
( e ) The center Of gravity Of the load must Standard (para. 5.3), with the exception of location.
lie within the CG location zone. Location is optional in this test.
(f) The specific test load must fall within acceptable
(c) Perform six ball bar measurements, as physical
machine load limits, as defined by the Load Concentra-
tion Chart (Fig. 3). constraints allow, selected from the following eleven
user-selectable positions:
The following steps should be taken for the test
( I ) (four) 3D diagonals (as available);
procedure.
(2) planar diagonal (front);
45

( 3 ) planar diagonal rear (opposite orientation); 5.5.8 Volumetric Performance Requirements.

( 4 ) planar diagonal (top); Volumetric performance, as calculated in paras. 5 5 2 ,
(5) planar diagonal (left side); 5.5.3, 5.5.4 (if applicable), 5.5.5 (if applicable), 5.5.6
(6) planar diagonal (right side - opposite orienta- (if applicable), and 5.5.7 (if applicable) shall not exceed
tion); and the supplier’s specifications, derated as specified in
(7) two orthogonal linear axes. paras. 4.2 and 4.3, if applicable.
WARNING: Omission of 3D diagonals may prevent seeing the
full effect of loading. 5.6 Bidirectional Length Measurement
Capability
(li) Remove weight.
( e ) Repeat ( O ) above (repeatability test). 5.6.1 General. The preceding tests have produced
(fl Repeat ( c ) above (ball bar measurements). a ineaningful picture of the measurement system per-
(g) Perform a repeatability analysis: results of tests formance; however, some errors, such as undue machine
(12) and ( e ) shall not exceed the stated repeatability or probe hysteresis and improper probe compensation,
specification. have not been fully analyzed since no two-sided length
(h) Perform volumetric analysis: measurement has yet been performed. The following
(f) range of readings of test (c) shall not exceed tests remove this deficiency by requiring the measure-
stated machine volumetric performance specification; ment of a gage block of a convenient length, in four
( 2 ) range of readings of test u) shall not exceed positions in the machine work zone. Three of these
stated machine volumetric performance specification; positions are roughly aligned with the machine axes,
( 3 ) the difference between a measured length in and the fourth position is user-selectable. It is recom-
test (c) and the measured length from the same position mended that this fourth position not be aligned with
in test (f)shall not exceed 50% of the machine volumet- any machine axis. The length of the block shall be
ric performance specification. within the range of at least 25 mm (approx. 1 in.) to
100 mm (approx. 4 in.), with the default value being
5.5.7.2 Optional Procedure (Laser or Gage 25 mm (approx. I in.). The gage block shall be calibrated
Block). Follow the procedure described above using
in accordance with the requirements of para. 7.3. i .
a laser interferometer, gage block, or other equivalent
Before performing these tests, the machine probe shall
device as the measured artifact. Analyze all data per be calibrated and qualified according to the supplier’s
para. 5.5.7.1. recommendations for normal operation of the machine
5.5.7.3 Rotary Table Machine Procedure. when measuring parts. Qualification on the gage block
For a rotary table machine, the procedure is as follows. to be used for this test is specifically excluded. The
( a ) Calibrate the rotary table in an unloaded mode. measurements for this test are also to be performed
(13) Place weight on the machine in compliance with using the probing parameters, probe approach rate,
the guidelines of para. 5.5.7.1 above. probe approach distance, and settling time specified for
( c ) Perform the repeatability test as described in normal operation in Fig. IA.
para. 5.3, with the exception of location. Location is
optional in this test. 5.6.2 Measurement Procedure - Bidirec- (b)
(d) Perform the volumetric performance test for DCC tional Length Measurement. The gage block con-
machines with a rotary axis (para. 5.5.6) using positions forming to the requirements of para. 5.6.1 above shall
listed in column Ai of Table 2. be rigidly mounted in the work zone of the machine
( e ) Remove weight. on a fixture that allows probing access to the faces of
(f) Repeat ( c ) above (repeatability test),
the gage block for the four measurement positions in
turn. The mean temperature of the gage block and the
(8) Repeat (dj above (volumetric performance test).
appropriate machine scale(s) may be measured during
( h ) Analysis: results of tests (c), (d), (fl, and (8)
this gage block measurement process for each position,
shall not exceed the stated machine performance speci-
fications for repeatability, radial, tangential, and axial using a thermometer conforming to the requirements
of Section 7. The exact location of the gage block in
(3D/alpha) error.
the work zone is not critical; however, it is recom-
NOTE: It is recoininended that ii weight with siiiipie geoinetric Iorin mended that this position be near the location in the
be used ïor testing purposes 10 reduce polential difficulties incaIculat. work zone where parts will most commonly be mea-
ing thc CG location. sured. After mounting and alignment, which may be
46
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES ASME B89.4.1 b-2001
mechanira! nr performed by using the appropriate com- 6.1 Probing Analysis - Point-to-Point
puter algorithm, the length of the gage block shall be Probing
measured four times in each position using the method
A major factor contributing to the total system mea-
recommended by the supplier for measurement of dis-
suring error is the performance of the probing system,
tance between two parallel planes. The probe shall be
which includes the probe, the probe stylus, the machine
calibrated and qualified, following the requirements
dynamics, and other variable parameters. 'The following
stated in para. 5.6.1, before each of the measurements.
tests have been devised to establish the magnitude of
the possible errors contributed by the probing sequences
íb) 5.6.3 Bidirectional Length Measurement Data for probes used in the point-to-point measuring mode.
Analysis. The length of the gage block shall be For the purposes of this Standard, this includes switching
calculated using the coordinate measuring machine soft- probes, proportional probes, and nulling probes capable
ware for each of the sixteen measurinents and may be of performing these measurements as they are used to
corrected for temperature as described in para. 5.4.2.6. acquire coordinate data one point at a time (¡.e., not
The worst case (largest) deviation, without regard to in a scanning mode). In all cases in these tests, data
sign, between the calibrated and the measured values are acquired by withdrawing the probe from the specified
of the length of the gage block, along with the nominal previously measured point and directing it to the new
length of the gage block, is reported as the bidirectional position to acquire the next point. The measurements
length measurement capability of the machine. In cases
for this test are to be performed using the probing
where there appears to be a single (or several) outlying
parameters, probe approach rate, probe approach dis-
point(s) that does not conform to specification, it is
tance, and settling time specified for normal operation
recommended that this measurement be repeated in
in Fig. 1A.
order to ascertain whether the large deviation actually
reflects a systeniatic error. The procedure for checking
repeatability is given in para. 5.5.2.3, which states a
gage block shall be measured twice in the suspected
6.1.1 Method of Test -
Point-to-Point Prob-
position. If the measurements agree within twice the ing. A precision reference ball conforming to the
requirements of para. 7.3.3 shall be rigidly mounted
repeatability (para. 5.3), the first measurement shall be
used and the second one discarded. If the measurements on the workpiece supporting surface in the work zone
do not agree within twice the repeatability, then both of the machine on a fixture that allows access by the
are discarded and the procedure is repeated. This proce- machine probing system. The illustration (Fig. 37)
dure may be repeated three times; at the end of which shows a calibration ball with the default diameter of
time, if repeatability has not been obtained as defined 6 mm (approx. 0.25 in.). Any position may be chosen
above, the test shall be discontinued and the fault for this mounting, with the default position being the
determined and corrected. TVE position as specified in Fig. 1. Three probing tests
shall be performed on this ball, using styli with different
configurations. The three default styli are as follows:
5.6.4 Bidirectional Length Measurement Ca-
a IO mm (approx. 0.4 in.) long straight stylus, a 50
pability Requirement. Bidirectional length measure-
mm (approx. 2 in.) long straight stylus, and a 50 mm
ment capability, as calculated in para. 5.6.3, shall not
(approx. 2 in.) long straight stylus with a 20 mm
exceed the supplier's specification, derated as specified
(approx. 0.8 in.) offset perpendicular to the ram axis.
in paras. 4.2 and 4.3, if applicable.
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The stylus tips can be of any diameter that allows the
measurement to be made; however, a 6 mm (approx.
0.25 in.) diameter bail tip [sphericity of 0.25 microns
(b) 6 SUB-SYSTEM PERFORMANCE TESTS
(approx. 10 pin.) or less] is the default for each of
The preceding sections have provided a reasonable these three styli used to probe the test ball. Note that,
test of the coordinate measuring machine as a system. in order to allow measurement of the test sphere with
Many errors have, however, either been hidden as part the offset stylus, the support holding the test ball must
of another measurement or not fully assessed. The be rotated 90 deg. from the position shown in Fig.
purpose of this section is to address those errors attribut- 37. Furthermore, some types of probes may not be
able to contacting point taking probe systems, which able to perform this test with an offset stylus, thus the
could include scanning probes used in single point- machine (probe) supplier shall be consulted before
taking mode. performing this test.
47

ASME 889.4.1 b-2001 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
I---
Probe
i---,
I I I
I I I I
L. \
\
\
0 -
Ø \
/ \
/ \
/
\
- :1 -1 I \ \
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table
FIG. 37
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF PROBING IN THE
POINT-TO-POINTPROBING TEST
(Here the test ball is shown having a 6 mm (approx. 0.25 in.) diameter, the same as the stylus ball.
Also, the support for the test ball must be rotated 90 deg when performing this test with an offset
stylus.)
48

The user is allowed to specify any test pattern tolerance for repeatability is obtained after three mea-
desired containing 49 points. The default test for direct surement sequences for any given stylus, the test is
computer-controlled machines is as follows. With each discontinued and the fault determined and corrected.
of these styli, 49 points are probed on the test ball at After correction, ail of the tests described in this section,
five different heights on that ball: 12 equally spaced even those for stylus lengths that were previously in
on a circle around the test ball when the stylus ball tolerance, shall be repeated.
center is approximately 100 deg. from the pole of the
test ball in a direction parallel to the shank attached 6.1.3 Probe Approach Tests - Optional. Many
to the stylus ball, i 2 equally spaced on the equator machines/probe systems exhibit vastly different charac-
with the pattern rotated about the stylus shank I O deg., teristics depending on the probe approach distance and
12 equally spaced around the ball with the stylus center the probe approach rate. For the machine user desiring
approximately 60 deg. from the pole and rotated about to use more than one value of these parameters, this
the stylus shank an additional I O deg. relative to the test of the machine performance is recommended. The
previous pattern, 12 equally spaced with the stylus procedure is the same given in paras. 6.1.1 and 6.1.2,
center approximately 30 deg. from the pole with the except that this test is performed for two different
pattern again rotated an additional 10 deg., and finally, probe approach distances and probe approach rates.
one on the pole of the test ball. This situation is depicted The working tolerance for point-to-point probing is
in Fig. 37, in which the different probe positions are
specified for each of these options.
shown with dashed lines and labeled positions 1 to 5.
The default test for manual machines is the measurement
of 49 points distributed as uniformly as practical over 6.1.4 Point-to-Point Probing Performance Re-
the measurable portion of the test ball. quirements. Point-to-Point probing performance, as
On direct computer-controlled machines, the probe calculated in paras. 6.1.2 and 6.1.3 (if applicable), shall
shall be vector-driven toward the test ball center for not exceed the supplier’s specifications, derated as
each touch, provided this is normal for the machine specified in para. 4.3, if applicable.
when measuring parts. On driven manual and free-
floating manual machines, where possible, one axis
should be locked and the remaining axes moved to 6.2 Probing Analysis - Multiple-Tip Probing (b)
contact the ball in order to accurately hit the test ball.
In addition to the probing errors highlighted in para.
In all cases, the supplier’s probe approach distance,
6.1.1, CMMs that use multiple stylus tip positions can
probe approach rate, and settling time, as given in Fig.
have additional errors. These errors can be due to a
IA, shall be used.
number of sources including the uncertainty in location
of each of the stylus tips caused by tip calibration
6.1.2 Data Analysis - Point-to-Point Probing.
errors or by the errors associated with the use of an
From each set of 49 readings for each stylus, a sphere
orienting head or probe changer. This is true for all
center is computed using the supplier’s recommended
multiple-tip system configurations, including:
algorithms. From this center a radius is then determined
for each measurement point. The minimum radius is ( a ) systems using CMM probes and multiple fixed
subtracted from the maximum radius to produce the styli such as star clusters;
point-to-point probing performance for each of the (b) systems using automatic or manually oriented
stylus lengths. If the result obtained for a particular heads on DCC CMMs which can be prequalified;
stylus is less than the working tolerance for the test, (c) systems using automatic probe or stylus chang-
then the testing is discontinued for that stylus and the ers; and
result reported. If the result for any stylus is greater ( d ) systems using heads with multiple probes.
than the working tolerance, then the test shall be The common element of these systems is that different
repeated. If the new results agree to within the working stylus tips or tip locations are used to inspect a work-
tolerance for repeatability (para. 5.3), then the second piece without any recalibration of the different tips.
set of data is discarded and the first set used for the As a result, it is important to understand any additional
analysis. If they do not agree. then a third set shall errors which might be contributed by these systems.
be taken. If this agrees with either of the two previous Non-contact probing and continuous contact scanning
sets, then the first of the agreeing sets shall be used systems are excluded from this multiple-tip probing
in the analysis. If no agreement to within the working test, which is not applicable for these sensors.
49
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(b) 6.2.1 Method of Test -

Multiple-Tip Probing. TABLE 3 DEFAULT POINT DISTRIBUTION (b)
The principle of this test procedure is to measure the Number of
form, size, and location of a test sphere using five Angle, Deg Equispaced Points
different stylus tip positions. The detailed test procedures
90 Pole
applicable to the multiple-tip configurations defined in 67.5
para. 6.2 are described below. 45
( a ) Probe and Multiple Fixed Styli, Test Description. 22.5
Using each of the five fixed sylus tips take 25 measure- O
ment points on the test sphere, giving 125 points in total.
( b ) System Using Orienting Probe Heads (Either
Autoi?iatically or Manucilly Positioned). Using five dif-
frent angular positions of an orienting probing system,
take 25 measurement points on the test sphere at each
angular position, for a total of 125 points.’
(c) System Using Stylus or Probe Changers. If a
stylus or probe changing system is used, then five
J
changes will be performed, one for each set of 25
points pr stylus tip, giving 125 points in total.’
( d ) System Using Heads With Multiple Probes. Iden-
tical procedure to that for multiple-fixed styli above
[see para. 6.2.1(a)].
-
Common to all the above, for each group of 25
points taken with a single stylus, calculate a least
squares sphere fit, for a total of five sphere fits. The L
range of all five sphere center coordinates (X, Y, and
Z) is calculated. The largest of these three ranges yields
the multiple-fixed stylus location error or the orienting
GENERAL NOTE: Four styli shown for clarity.
probing system stylus location error for that particular
stylus length.
In addition, a least squares sphere fit using ali 125 FIG. 38 FIXED MULTIPLE-TIP STYLUS (b)
points is examined for form and size errors. This ASSEMBLY OF LENGTH, L
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
analysis yields either the multiple-fixed stylus size error
or the orienting probling system size error, and the be used with the “pole” defined by the direction of
multiple fixed stylus form error or the orienting probing the stylus. If a stylus or probe changing system is
systme form error. supplied with the CMM, the five changes shall be
The test sphere should be displaced from the location performed. Hence, each of the five styli shall be ex-
of the reference sphere used for the probing system changed once. (If fewer than five probe/styli stations
qualification in both the X and Y directions a distance are available in the changing system, then the maximum
at least equal to the largest extension plus stylus length number shall be used and some styli or probes will
used in the test. be exchanged more than once to achieve a total of
( a ) Common Point Saniplirzg Strategy. The distribu- five exchanges.)
tion of 25 points for a vertical stylus over half a (b) Fixed Mutiple-Tip Stylus Selection. Construct a
hemisphere, is defined in Table 3, (measuring angles “star” stylus system composed of one vertical stylus
counter-clockwise from the equator to the sphere center). and four horizontal styli, each oriented 90 deg with
For situations when the stylus is horizontal (e.g. respect to each other. The length of each stylus shall
horizontal arm CMMs, orienting probe systems, or fixed be L. The distance from the probe to the connection
horizontal probes), a similar sampling strategy should point shall be the minimum distance possible using the
stylus components normally supplied with the CMM
probing system unless otherwise specified (see Fig. 38).
’ When using inanual orienting heads on DCC CMMs. the uscr is Since the results of these tests are highly dependent
advised to consult the manufacturers operating guide for any special
instructions or specifications, for changing eiiher styli, cxiension on the stylus assembly, a series of stylus lengths are
bar, or probes with repeatable couplings. considered; only those stylus lengths which the CMM
50

OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES ASME B89.4.lb-2001
or probing nianiifactiircr spccifics as applicable tc the TABLE 4 DEFAULT STYLUS LENGTHS íb)
probing system shall be tested, see Table 4 (see also Stylus i,mrn
Fig. 38).
(c) Orienting Systems Stylus and Extension Selection. 10
20
Attach a short straight stylus (default length 20 mm), and 30
the manufacturers allowable probe extension component 50
selected from Table 5, to the automatically or manual 1O0
orienting head probing system. 200
( d ) Default Head Positions. There will be five default 400
angular positions for the automatic or manually orienting
heads, one vertical and four horizontals, each at 90 TABLE 5 DEFAULT EXTENSION LENGTHS (b)
deg to each other.
( e ) Common Tip Qualification. For all systems, qual- Stylus L, rnm Extension, rnrn
ify each stylus tip in accordance with the CMM manu- 20 O
facturers' normal operation procedures. The stylus and 20 1O0
extension components shall be those normally sold with 20 200
the CMM probing system unless otherwise stated. 20 300
(f) Common Measuring Equipment. The precision

test sphere shall have a diameter no less than 10 mm the result is reported. If the result is greater than the
and no larger than 30 mm. The test sphere must be working tolerance, then the test shall be repeated. If
calibrated for size and form. Use of the CMM calibra-
the new result agrees with the result of the first test
tion sphere as the test sphere is not allowed. within the working tolerance for repeatability (para.
The precision test sphere conforming to the require-
5.3), then the second set of data is discarded and the
ments of para. 7.3.3 shall be rigidly mounted on the
first set is used for the evaluation. If they do not agree,
work piece supporting surface in the work zone of the
then a third set should be taken. If this agrees with
machine on a fixture that allows access by the machine
either of the two previous sets, then the first of the
probing system. Any position may be chosen for this
agreeing sets shall be used in the evaluation. If no
mounting with the default position being the TVE
agreement to within the working tolerance for repeatab-
position as specified in Fig. IB of the Standard.
lility is obtained after three measurement sequences,
(b) 6.2.2 Common Data Analysis - Multiple-Tip this test is discontinued and the fault determined and
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Probing. For each group of 25 points taken with a corrected. After correction, the repeatabiltiy test (para.
single stylus, perform a least squares sphere tit. Calculate 5.3.3) and all of the tests described in this section
the range of the five sphere centers for each (X, Y, shall be repeated.
and Z) axis, respectively. The largest of these three Repeat the procedure for each stylus or probe exten-
ranges is either the multiple-fixed stylus location error sion length permitted by the manufacturer.
or the orienting probing system location error. 6.2.3 Multiple-Tip Probing Performance Re-
Perform a least squares sphere fit on all 125 points quirements. Multiple-tip probing performance, as cal-
taken with all five styli. Record the deviation of the culated in para. 6.2.2, shall not exceed the supplier's
sphere fit diameter from the calibrated value of the specifications, derated as specified in para. 4.3, if appli-
material standard of size; this is either the multiple cable.
fixed stylus size error or the orienting probing system
size error. Similarly, record the range or radii of the -
6.3 Probing Analysis Scanning. In addition to (b)
125 points with respect to the least squares sphere the point-to-point probing errors highlighted previously,
center, ¡.e., the sphere form; this is either the multiple CMMs that are used in a scanning mode can have
fixed stylus form error, or the orienting probing system additional errors. These errors are due to a number of
form error. sources, including the machine and probing system
Examples of the results specification sheets for both dynamic response to the surface being measured, exter-
multiple fixed styli and orienting probing systems are nal vibration, and probe tip calibration errors. The tests
shown in Tables 6 and 7, respectively. in this section are applicable to any CMM equipped
( a ) Conditions of Acceptance. If the result obtained with a contact probing system capable of obtaining a
is less than the working tolerance for the test, then large number of consecutive points along a path. The
51

ASME B89.4.lb-2001 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
(b) TABLE 6 EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE-TIP Fig. 1B. The default stylus length is 50 mm. The
PROBING PERFORMANCE WITH default orientation of the stylus is at an angle of 45
FIXED STYLI RESULTS SHEET deg to the ram axis of the CMM.
Fixed Multiple Location Size Form
To quantify the scanning capability of a CMM, both
Stylus L, mrn Error, pm Error, pm Error, pm the scanning performance and scanning measurement
time are required. Since most CMMs with scanning
capability allow for various scanning speeds, the optimal
scanning time and optimal scanning performance usually
will occur under different conditions. Therefore, three
default conditions are prescribed for the scanning test
as follows:
( a ) the optimal scanning time;
( b ) the optimal scanning performance; and
(c) the supplier’s recommended settings.
(b) TABLE 7 EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE-TIP
As discussd in detail in IS0 10360-4, the scanning
PROBING PERFORMANCE WITH ORIENTING
PROBING SYSTEM RESULTS SHEET tests are to be done using both high point density (10
points/mm) and low point density ( I pointlmm) and
Orienting Probing System System System both predefined and not predefined scanning paths. The
System Extension, Location Size Form
L. mm Error, um Error, um Error, urn
supplier shall define the scanning speeds and working
tolerances associated with these conditions.
6.3.2 Data Analysis -
Scanning. The scanning (bl
performance is determined using the procedures de-
scribed in I S 0 10360-4. The reported value for the
scanning performance shall be the greater of the “scan
probing error” or the “maximum absolute difference”
error sources that affect scanning Performance have not
in radius as described in I S 0 10360-4 paras. 6.2(a)
been fully analyzed by the preceding tests. Therefore, it
and 6.2(6), respectively. The scanning time shall be
is important to understand these additional errors if the
the “time taken for scanning measuring mode test” as
CMM is going to be used in a scanning mode.
described in I S 0 10360-4 para. 6.2(c).
(b) 6.3.1 Method of Test - Scanning. The scanning
6.3.3 Scanning Performance Requirements. (b)
performance test is to be done in accordance with the
The scanning performance and scanning time, as calcu-
International Standard IS0 10360-4, Acceptance Test
lated in para. 6.3.2, shall not exceed the supplier’s
and Reverijìcation Test for CMMs Used in Scanning
specifications, derated as specified in para. 4.3, if appli-
Measuring Mode. The IS0 10360-4 Standard shall be
cable.
consulted for further information on performing these
tests. For the purposes of this Standard, additional
defaults are prescribed here. The test artifact in the 6.4 Vectoring Performance (bì
IS0 10360-4 test is a 25 mm diameter steel sphere. The vectoring performanc test is intended for contact
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Scanning performance can be influenced significantly probes, with either single- or multiple- styli. This
by the scanning path trajectory. Therefore, the sphere includes switching probes and proportional probes used
size shall be within 1 mm of the nominal 25 mm in the single-point-taking mode. This test is applicable
diameter. In addition, as is prescribed in the IS0 10360- only to machines used in the direct computer control
4 test, the single stylus used in the testing shall have mode.
a nominal spherical tip diameter of 3 mm, and deviations Vectoring errors of the CMM can, in certain circum-
from this size can impact significantly the results of stances, result in measurement errors. An example is
this test. The test sphere also shall conform to the the case where a design table specifies a contoured
requirements of para. 7.3.3, and the diameter of the surface by tabulating discrete points on the surface. If
test sphere must be calibrated with an uncertainty the CMM fails to follow the commanded vector accu-
less than one-fifth the scanning performance working rately, an error in the reported surface location may
tolerance of this test. The default mounting position occur, depending on the software and measurement
of the test sphere is the TVE position as specified in strategy adopted. Vectoring performance also affects a
52

--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
probe'< ahility to enter very small holes. slots. or a test. The time constant is the time required for the
narrow ledges on a part. The following test will establish thermometer to indicate 63.2% of its final change due
the vectoring performance of the CMM. to a step change in temperature.
The resolution of thermometers need be no greater
6.4.1 Method of Test - Vectoring Perform- than one-tenth the amplitude of the lowest-amplitude
ance. This test uses the data and methodology (test component of temperature variation of interest in a test.
apparatus and probing equipment) from the point-to- Thermometers shall be calibrated by suitable means
point probing test (para. 6.1). Any position on the table to an accuracy of +O.l"C over the temperature range
may be chosen for this test with the default being the of use.
TVE position as specified in Fig. IB. The sequence
of measurement of the 49 points shall be such that
7.2 Vibration
moves are not to the next nearest point but must be
randomly selected at times requiring movement to the For the purposes of this Standard, relative motion
opposite side of the reference ball. If the points in the shall be measured using a high-resolution, undamped
point-to-point probing test were measured sequentially, displacement indicator. Resolution of O. 1 km (approx.
it is then necessary to repeat the 49-point measurements 0.000004 in.) or better is recommended.
in random order to perform the vectoring performance
test. Also, the target points specified for the touch-
7.3 Displacement
drive vectors must all lie on a nominal sphere surface,
centered on the test sphere but with a radius equal to 7.3.1 Gages. Step gages and gage blocks shall be
the sum of the actual test sphere and effective stylus calibrated to within one-fifth the working tolerance for
tip radii, not at the test sphere center. The nominal the repeatability specified for the CMM. Indicating
start point for each touch should be on the straight gages shall have a resolution of no more than one-
line from the sphere center through the target point. fifth the working tolerance for repeatability. All gages
All point measurements shall be taken using the shall be calibrated following the supplier's recommenda-
values specified in Fig. IA for probe approach rate, tions.
probe approach distance, drive velocity, acceleration,
deceleration, drive-move target tolerance, touch-move 7.3.2 Laser Interferometer. A laser interferome-
target tolerances, settling time(s), and any other probing ter conforming to the requirements of this Standard
parameters. shall have a frequency stability such that this long-
term stability represents an error of less than one-fifth
6.4.2 Data Analysis - Vectoring Perform- the working tolerance for repeatability of the machine
ance. For each of the 49 points a reference line is (in meters), divided by the length of the longest machine
established. This is the line through the center of the axis (in meters). The resolution of such a system
sphere and the target point for the touch-drive vector. shall be better than one-fifth the working tolerance for
Note that the center of the sphere used to establish repeatability.
the reference line for data analysis is the sphere center
used for determining drive and touch moves of the 7.3.3 Precision Reference Ball(s). The precision
vectoring test. The sphere center is not the center of reference ball(s) for the repeatability, TVE, and probing
the measured 49 points. The minimum distance from performance tests shall be spherical to within one-fifth
the tip center coordinates at trigger to the reference the working tolerance for repeatability of the CMM.
line is computed for each of the 49 measurements.
The maximum distance found in the 49 masurements 7.3.4 Ball Bar. The ends of the ball bar shall be
is the vectoring performance. spherical to within one-fifth the working tolerance for
repeatability of the CMM. For information regarding
ball bars, see Appendix G.
7 TEST EQUIPMENT
7.1 Temperature 7.4 Pressure

The time constant of thermometers shall be no more The uncertainty of the pressure sensor used for
than one-tenth the cycle time of the highest frequency correction of the laser interferometer shall be no greater
component of the temperature variation of interest in than + I mm Hg.
52.1

ASME B89.4.1b-2001 OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
7.5 Humidity
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Humidity measurement for correction of the laser

interferometer wavelength shall be sufficiently accurate
that it contributes no more than one-fifth the CMM
working tolerance for repeatability to laser measure-
ment error.
7.6 Utility Air

For the purposes of this Standard, the utility air
pressure shall be measured using the gages supplied
with the machine.
52.2

~ -
S T D - A S M E B87-4-3-ENGL 3777 m 0757b70 0 5 8 3 0 8 7 323 m
APPENDIX A
USER'S GUIDE TO ASME B89.4.1
(This Appendix is not part of ASME 889.4.1-1997 and is included for information purposes only.)
A l PURPOSE (6) ball bar or gage block length(s) for volumetric

performance;
This user's guide is intended to provide a framework
(c) ball bar or gage block placement for volumetric
for applying this Standard. The guide is written in
performance;
checklist form to make it easier for first-time users to
( d ) probe offset for offset probe performance test;
begin using this Standard. Also, cross-references are
(e) position of the laser diagonals and additional
provided from the guide text to the main body of this
linear displacements (large machines);
Standard for further detail on each test procedure.
f'jj table mount or ram mount for the reference ball
(machines used in the duplex mode);
A2 SUMMARY OF USAGE (g) radial separation and ball height (machines with
a rotary axis);
The use of this Standard may be divided into two
(h) bidirectional length measurement gage block
distinct parts. First, this Standard is used to provide
length;
a clear, common method for specifying coordinate
(i) load, loading technique, location of load, and
measuring machines during negotiations between users
ball bar positions for testing performance under loaded
and suppliers. Second, this Standard provides uniform
conditions;
test procedures to be used during machine acceptance
( j ) test ball diameter and stylus lengths and offsets
to establish conformance to the specification.
for probing performance and multiple-tip probing per-
formance.
A2.1 Machine Specification
Step gage tests are discussed in para. 5.4.2, and
Use para. 1.1 of this Standard to establish a clear laser interferometer tests are covered in para. 5.4.3.
understanding between supplier and user of the charac- Recommendations on ball bar length and placement
teristics of the coordinate measuring machine. Detailed are provided in para. 5.5.2. The default lines for volu-
specifications of the machine can be itemized using metric tests on machines with large work zones are
the three-part specification form provided as Fig. 1. given in para. 5.5.4, the choice of table mount or ram
The first-time user is strongly urged to refer to the mount of the reference ball for duplex performance
technical glossary provided in para. 2.1 for clarification tests is covered in para. 5.5.5, the rotary axis parameters
of the terminology used on the specification form. in para. 5.5.6, guidelines for loading performance tests
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
In reaching agreement on the general machine speci- in para. 5.5.7, the bidirectional length measurement
fication, the principal mode of operation and the princi- capability defaults in para. 5.6, the probing test ball
pal probe type must be selected. If more than one diameters and stylus lengths in para. 6.1, and the
combination is specified, the supplier may choose to multiple-tip probing offsets and stylus lengths in
provide separate performance data for each combination. para. 6.2.
In specifying the performance of a machine, several
choices' must be made: A2.2 Machine Acceptance
(a) accuracy test method (step gage or laser interfer-
For installation acceptance, the machine must pass
ometer);
performance in an accepted environment. Acceptability
of the environment may be demonstrated in any of
' Default values andor positional suggestions are offered for all four ways: by passing performance tests, by showing
tests described in this Standard. If the user chooses to use the
default values and the position recommendations, only the accuracy compliance with the supplier's environmental parame-
test method needs to be specified. ters, by showing an acceptable level of performance
53

degradation due to environment, or by derating machine - Accept utility air, subject to later discovery
performance specifications to suit the environment. The of utility air induced performance problems
recommended procedure is to perform all of the environ- (para. 4.5).
mental tests before proceeding with the performance Perform repeatability test, as appropriate for
tests. However, many installations may not require the machine and probe configuration (para. 5.3.3).
full environmental testing to assure conformance to the If the vibration test failed, use these repeatabil-
performance specification. Therefore, as detailed below, ity data to derate the working tolerances
parts of the environmental tests may be deferred by (para. 4.3).
mutual agreement between the supplier and the user. Perform linear displacement accuracy tests by
If the machine passes the subsequent performance tests, the method previously chosen (para. 5.4.2 or
performance of the deferred parts of the environmental 5.4.3).
tests is not required.
Determine the range of the deviations, either
arithmetically or graphically, and enter the
value on the acceptance test record (para.
A3 ACCEPTANCE TESTING CHECKLIST 5.4.2.7 or 5.4.3.5).
Before proceeding to the following list, we assume Perform ball bar test, as appropriate for ma-
that the supplier and user are in general agreement chine configuration, using the previously cho-
that the machine is properly installed and the utilities sen bar iength(s) and positions (para. 5.5.2).
are working satisfactorily. The numbers in parentheses It is strongly recommended that a sketch or
following each item are references to the main body description of numbered ball bar positions be
of this Standard. attached to the test results.
- Perform or omit hysteresis test (para. 5.2 and Determine the range of ball bar lengths for
Appendix F). each nominal bar length and enter on the
- Determine if temperature environment meets acceptance test record (para. 5.5.2).
supplier parameters; or, defer subject to later Perform the offset probe performance test (para.
testing or later elimination. 5.5.3). Again, it is strongly recommended that
- Compute the uncertainty of nominal differential a sketch or description of numbered ball bar
expansion (UNDE) (para. 4.2.1). positions be attached to the test results.
- Measure the temperature variation error (TVE), Compute the range of the differences between
as appropriate for machine and probe configu- positive offset and negative offset measure-
ration (para. 4.2.2); or, defer TVE testing by ments at the same nominal locations, divide
setting TVE = O, subject to later testing or this by twice the nominal length of the probe
later elimination. offset, and enter the value on the acceptance
- Compute TE1 for all tests and enter test on test record (para. 5.5.3).
record (para. 4.2). If TE1 exceeds 50% for For large machines, supplement the ball bar
any specified working tolerance and the thermal tests with displacement measurements (para.
environment parameters are not met, compute 5.5.4).
derated working tolerances and enter on the For machines used in the duplex mode, measure
acceptance test record. duplex performance (para. 5.5.5).
- Measure relative vibration as appropriate for
Perform rotary axis performance tests, if re-
machine configuration, or accept vibration sub-
quired (para. 5.5.6), and record results as in
ject to later discovery of vibration induced
Table 2.
performance problems (para. 4.3). If the vibra-
tion effects are unacceptable due to excessive Ensure machine supplier has proper documenta-
environmental sources and the user chooses not tion supporting loading effect specifications
to improve the environment, working tolerances (para. 5.5.7).
will be derated after performing the repeatabil- Perform bidirectional length measurement ca-
ity tests. pability tests (para. 5.6), and enter the results
- Accept electrical utility, subject to later discov- on the acceptance test record.
ery of electrical utility induced performance Perform probe tests (paras. 6.1 and 6.2).
problems (para. 4.4).
54
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

APPENDIX B
THERMAL ENVIRONMENT TESTING
B I PURPOSE of the user-supplied environment. With these constraints

the following tests should be performed.'
The performance of coordinate measuring machines
is strongly affected by the detailed characteristics of the
thermal environment that surrounds them. Parameters of B2.1 Velocity
importance include the cooling medium (usually, but Since air is the most widely used cooling medium
not always, air), the velocity of the cooling medium, in dimensional metrology laboratories, the following
the frequency and amplitude of temperature variations tests are structured for measuring air velocity. If some
of the cooling medium, the mean temperature of that other medium is to be used for heat transfer, then
medium, and the temperature gradients within that methods for testing its properties should be part of the
medium. The effects of these parameters and others machine specifications.
are discussed in detail in ASME B89.6.2. It is the For the measurement of velocity, several types of
thesis of ASME B89.6.2 and of this Standard that instruments could be suitable. These instruments and
currently it is not possible to specify parameters of a a discussion of the associated measurement problems
thermal environment that will ensure a specific value are given in Tables BI and B2 of ASME B89.6.2. It
for the thermal error index (TEI). For a thorough is recommended that the instruments used be properly
discussion of the technical situation, the reader is calibrated and the test personnel be'aware of both the
referred to ASME B89.6.2. The purpose of this Appen- limitations of their instruments and their operation.
dix is, however, to specify procedures and responsibili- Using appropriate instruments, the velocity of the
ties for testing the thermal environment in the event cooling medium around the machine shall be measured.
the TEI, as measured in Section 4, exceeds the 50% Measurements shall be made at the comers of a cubic
required for the machine, and the machine user contends volume that completely encompasses the machine, and
that his environment meets the supplier's parameters. the velocity shall be computed as the average of these
For the purposes of this Standard, these parameters eight measurements.
include cooling medium velocity, nominal mean temper-
ature, frequency and amplitude range of temperature
B2.2 Mean Ambient Temperature
variation, and horizontal and vertical temperature gradi-
ents. The following tests are designed to measure these The mean ambient temperature shall be measured
parameters for the purposes of assuring conformance using a thermometer with characteristics as specified
to the supplier's parameters. in Section 7 of this Standard. The mean ambient
temperature shall be the time average temperature of
five readings taken at the center of the machine work
zone over a period of time spanning the longest test
B2 METHOD OF TEST
(the use of five readings, rather than two, for the
In order to ensure that the environment itself is measurement of the mean ambient temperature is justi-
tested rather than any characteristic of the coordinate fied here for diagnostic purposes).
measuring machine supplied, these tests are to be
conducted with the CMM, support computers (if sup-
plied), and any other auxiliary equipment related to
' This appendix discusses only measurements of air temperature,
and the user is warned that sometimes thermal effects are caused
the CMM, turned off for a period of 24 hr preceding by coupling of infrared and visible radiation to the machine. If
the test to allow adequate soak-out of CMM-induced the environment appears to conform to the supplier's parameters
after performing the tests in these appendices, and the TVE of
thermal gradients. Normal activity, however, should be the machine is still not within specification, then radiation coupling
continued around the machine as this constitutes part should be seriously examined.
55
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D * A S M E B B 7 - q - L - E N G L 1997 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0583070 93b
B2.3 Frequency and Amplitude of locations of the machine. These temperatures shall be
Temperature Variation defined as the average value of no less than five
readings over an interval of 10 min. The vertical
The range of frequencies of temperature variation
gradient shall be determined to be the difference between
and the amplitude of those variations shall be determined
the maximum and the minimum temperatures anywhere
by measuring and continuously recording the tempera-
along a vertical line through the machine divided by
ture at the center of the work zone over a period of
the distance between the measurement point of these
time that should, at a minimum, be representative of
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
extreme temperatures. The horizontal gradient is defined

a daily cycle (i.e., 24 hr). The maximum peak-to-valley
to be the difference between the maximum and minimum
temperature variation shall be determined from the
temperatures along any horizontal line through the
recorded data. The data shall be analyzed to determine
machine divided by the distance between the measure-
the range of temperature variation for a daily cycle
ment points of these extreme temperatures. These read-
and an hourly cycle, subject to the condition that
ings shall be taken over a period of time at least as
isolated disturbances that are shorter in duration than
long.as the longest acceptance test (or 24 hr) and the
the minimum period (maximum frequency) specified
greatest value of the gradient reported.
by the supplier shall be ignored. The daily variation
shall be defined as the maximum range of temperature
readings in 24 hr, subject to the condition on transients B3 ANALYSIS
mentioned above. The amplitude of the superimposed
If any of the parameters measured in B2 exceed the
hourly cycle shall be defined as the maximum range
supplier?s specified parameters, it is the responsibility
of temperature variation in any one-hour interval, subject
of the user to correct the problem in order to conform
to the same condition.
with those specified parameters, or else to be willing
to accept the performance derating described in Section
B2.4 Thermal Gradients
4 of this Standard. If the parameters so measured meet
Thermal gradients shall be determined by measuring the supplier?s specified parameters, it is the supplier?s
the temperature at the extreme comers of the machine responsibility to correct the performance of the measur-
in a horizontal plane and also at the highest and lowest ing machine to meet the specified working tolerances.
56

APPENDIX C
CMM SITE VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
C1 SCOPE the type of criteria, the amplitude ordinate can be

--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
defined in either the time domain or the frequency

The purpose of this Appendix is to recommend
domain.
vibration measurement instrumentation and procedures
for measuring vibration at CMM installation sites. Vibra- C3.1.1 Ordinate Units. Since the CMM is a di-
tion levels should be measured at the proposed CMM mensional measurement tool, units of displacement are
site(s) to compare to allowable site vibration limits most useful in relation to CMM performance. However,
established by the CMM supplier. This Appendix also velocity and acceleration are also appropriate parameters
defines the instrumentation and suggested procedures for measuring CMM site vibration.
to establish vibration on the CMM for additional analy-
sis. This Appendix does not, however, address the (3.1.2 Abscissa Units. The use of time or fre-
determination of vibration sources or the reduction of quency for the abscissa will depend on the acceptance
vibration levels. Such determination is usually involved criteria format of the CMM supplier. Time based criteria
and requires the knowledge of vibration specialists. are referred to as a Time History, which provides
measurement of transient or very low frequency vibra-
tory events such as beat signals. The frequency domain
C2 DEFINITIONS allows measurement over a very short time range,
This Appendix is intended to be self-defining and is which provides an ability to diagnose many dynamic
written for individuals with an engineering background. events.
Definitions for specific vibration terminology may be
found in IES-RP-CC024.1, Measuring and Reporting C3.2 Format
Vibration in Microelectronics Facilities, published by As defined in B89.4.1, the supplier provides, as part
the Institute of Environmental Sciences. of the machine specification, a statement of acceptable
vibration. This criterion should be provided by the
supplier, or listed as part of the CMM specification
C3 VIBRATION ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
form, if used. At least two criteria format options are
The CMM supplier is to provide site vibration levels presented: Frequency Function and Time History.
of acceptability. Below these levels the CMM can The supplied acceptance criteria will define the format
operate successfully, and above these levels problems in which to present the vibration data for ease of
may occur. Each CMM manufacturer has different comparison.
formats and levels of acceptance. The type of vibration
measurements to be taken will depend on format and C3.2.1 Frequency Response Function. This
vibration units used by the CMM supplier. Based on type of information is specified as a vibration amplitude
the type of criteria, the vibration specialist should as a function at specific frequencies. The criteria are
determine the necessaq measurement units, frequency usually presented as allowable vibration amplitude ver-
range, measurement locations, and instrumentation. sus frequency in Hem. The frequency range may vary
from supplier to supplier. In general, seismic vibrations
are applicable over a range of O (DC) to 100 Hz.
C3.1 Units
Vibration levels have large dynamic range, and it is
Vibration is characterized by amplitude versus time sometimes helpful to present amplitude data in logarith-
or frequency. The amplitude can usually be defined in mic scale. If decibels are used, the standard reference
displacement, velocity, or acceleration. Depending upon values must also be used.
57

C3.2.2 Time History. These measurements repre- ing, depending upon the sensitivity and signal-to-noise
sent the vibration during the time period of interest. ratio. It is the responsibility of the vibration specialist
The supplier should specify a maximum peak-to-peak to use the proper signal conditioners.
acceptable vibration level and a time period over which
it applies. The vibration levek can be in units of C4.3 Signal Recording/Analysis Instruments
displacement, velocity, or acceleration.
The type of instrumentation to use will depend on
(3.2.3 As an alternative, the CMM supplier may the type of criteria and format that have been provided
choose to evaluate vibration related CMM performance by the CMM supplier. The frequency function criteria
degradation on the actual installation site, and compare requires a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), a Dynamic
it with an acceptable level as a basis. Signal Analyzer, and, in some cases, a Digital Recorder.
Time History data can be acquired with an oscilloscope,
a digital recorder, a FFï analyzer, or a frequency
C4 INSTRUMENTATION
analyzer.
This Section describes various instruments required
to perform on-site vibration measurements. Various C4.3.1 FFT Signal Analyzers. This type of ana-
types of sensors, signal conditioners, recorders, com- lyzer offers the most sophisticated means of measuring
puter programs, and signal analyzers are available for vibration, by providing the greatest amount of informa-
use in acquiring this data. It is not the intent of tion about the vibration signal. In most cases, this
this Section to single out any particular equipment additional information is necessary to understand the
manufacturer, but to recommend types of equipment vibration environment. Many types of FFT analyzers
which meet the requirements of this Appendix. exist, from many different manufacturers. One and two
channel units, hand-held, and PC-based are formats
C4.1 Transducers readily available. It should be noted that using a data
recorder as specified below will require the use of an
Many types of transducers exist for various types FFï analyzer after the data are acquired. It is the
of vibration measurements. The measurements specified user's responsibility to understand their instrument's
in this Appendix require a specific accelerometer or a capabilities and limitations.
specific type of velocity transducer. The following section offers guidelines for FFï
C4.1.1 Seismic Accelerometers. The two most
analysis configuration and specifications.
important requirements for the accelerometer are fre- (a) Noise floor. -100 dBV/root Hz.
quency response and sensitivity. Site vibration measure- (6) A/D resolution. The resolution of the analog-to-
ments generally require low frequency and high sensitiv- digital converter should be at least 12 bits. The better
ity. The minimum frequency response linearity should analyzers will have 16 bit A/D resolution.
be less than 1 Hz, preferably 0.5 Hz. The maximum (c) l>rnamic range. The dynamic range should be
frequency response should be greater than 100 Hz. The at least 70 dB. Better spectrum analyzers will have
sensitivity of the accelerometer should be 10 Voltdg higher dynamic range.
or greater, where g is equal to 9.8 m/sec2 (386 in./sec2). (d) Frequency resolution. This parameter as it applies
to the analyzer is denoted in number of lines over
C4.1.2 Velocity Transducers. These sensors are
which the analysis range is divided. Most analyzers
also referred to as geophones. The sensitivity of the
can have selectable resolution from 100 lines to 1600
geophone should be 0.4 V/mm/sec (10 Volts/in./sec)
lines. The resolution in Hertz is calculated by dividing
or greater. The frequency response linearity requirement
the frequency range by the number of lines. For example,
of the velocity transducer is the same as the accelerome-
a O to 100 Hz frequency range acquired with a 400
ter, 0.5 Hz to 100 Hz.
line analysis will have 0.25 Hz (100/400) resolution.
The frequency resolution used must be compatible with
C4.2 Amplifiers and Signal Conditioners
the resolution of the frequency- response"
- criteria. If the
The transducers require amplifiers and signal condi- criteria are defined at every 1 Hz, the data must be
tioners. Most seismic accelerometers require an ampli- acquired with a 1 Hz resolution. The overall frequency
fier, but some models may have built-in electronics resolution will also be dependent on the transducer
that do not require signal conditioning. Velocity trans- frequency response. This information should be com-
ducers may require amplification and signal condition- plied with and modified only when the CMM manufac-
58
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

turer’s specification requests otherwise. determining the peak-to-peak voltage amplitude, and
( e ) Anti-aliasing filfer. This filter prevents incorrect using the transducer sensitivity for converting to appro-
reporting of frequency components due to under sam- priate amplitude units.
pling of higher frequency signals. This filter is found
on most (if not all) FFT analyzers. It should always C5 TEST PROCEDURE
be used.
The procedures for making vibration measurements
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(B Averaging. Most analyzers have this feature.
When used, it reduces the effects of transient events are fairly simple once the appropriate analysis equipment
such as personnel or vehicular activity. It is recom- is selected and configured as required.
mended that 10 averages be taken for all measurements.
Some spectrum analyzers have various types of averag- C5.1 Calibration
ing functions such as linear, rms, peak hold, or exponen- At a minimum, the vibration measurement equipment
tial. Linear or summation averaging should be used. should have been calibrated by a qualified laboratory,
( g ) Windowfunctions. This feature is used to force traceable to NIST, in the past 12 months. Site calibration
a generalized vibration signal into discrete time domain comparison testing of the transducers at the start of
periods. When window functions are not used, the the testing is required.
frequency response of the vibratory signal is incorrectly
distributed throughout the frequency range. There are C5.2 Transducer Mounting
many types of window functions. The most popular
For all measurements, the transducers should be
are Hanning, fiat top, and uniform. The Hanning window
mounted directly and firmly to the floor or a common
provides the best compromise in amplitude and fre-
interface for measuring three mutually orthogonal axes.
quency accuracy. Other windows provide excellent am-
Such mounting arrangements are referred to as uiaxial.
plitude accuracy and poor frequency accuracy, and vice
Some transducers incorporate three mutually orthogonal
versa. The Hanning should be used for all measurements
axes in one device. When this mounting mangement
specified in this Appendix.
is used, all three channels should be acquired simultane-
C4.3.2 Data Recorders. For ease of gathering ously. Time independent triaxial measurements should
vibration data in the field, the use of a multi-channel not be performed because simultaneous orthogonal re-
data recorder is found to be useful and convenient. sponses will not be achieved.
Such an instrument allows for three or more channels In case of measurements of íioor tilt motions (rock-
of data to be recorded simultaneously while providing a ing), two sets of sensors are mounted at a designated
permanent record for archives and verbal data annotation distance for simultaneous measurements in two orthogo-
during specific events. Additionally, the recorder allows nal vertical planes.
a record of the real time response which can be most
useful. The data can then be processed at a later date C5.3 Measurement Location
using in-house data reduction techniques such as FFT In general, the transducers should be mounted in the
analyzers or signal analyzers specified in this Appendix. general area where the CMM will rest. This area should
The recorder format must be digital and use Digital encompass the outer envelope of the CMM plus 3 m
Audio Tape (DAT) because of the excellent signal (10 ft) beyond this foot print on a uniform floor surface,
to noise ratio and dynamic range as compared to or at the CMM support positions.
analog tape.
C5.4 Acquiring/Recording Data
C4.3.3 Oscilloscopes. This piece of general labo-
ratory equipment may be easily obtained to make an Vibration measurements should be made during nor-
initial set of Time History readings. Most facilities mal operations of the facility. Nearby equipment that
have an oscilloscope and personnel who can operate will be operating when the CMM is expected to be
the equipment, allowing users to take baseline readings in use should be running during the vibration testing.
for themselves. The oscilloscope is also useful for A written test log or voice channel on a data recorder
viewing beat signals, transient events, and hourly and should be maintained by the individual performing the
daily vibratory changes. The oscilloscope should be set test so that any abnormal events, such as temporary
to AC coupled and free run triggering. The vibration conditions resulting from construction, repair work, and
amplitude is determined by viewing the signal and the like, may be recorded during the test. A test
58.1

should be repeated if an abnormal event occurs. Normal work is required. It is the sole responsibility of the
vehicular traffic should not be excluded. When the supplier to maintain the performance of the CMM in
environmental conditions are satisfactory, the data order to meet specifications.
should be recorded on tape, saved to memory, printed,
or manually recorded.
C6.2 Measured Vibration Above Criteria
C5.5 Comparing Vibration Data
If, on the other hand, the vibration levels exceed
After the data acquisition and analysis are complete, the supplier's specifications, it is the responsibility of
the data must be compared to the vibration acceptance the user to isolate the vibration in order to conform
criteria. to the specification or else accept a performance de-
rating as described in ASME B89.4.1. Again, this
C5.5.1 Time History. For Time History criteria,
Appendix does not provide information on how to
this simply involves comparing the measured peak-to- reduce excessive vibration levels, but vibration isolation
peak vibration levels to the permissible level. The will reduce the levels. Before the vibration levels
CMM supplier may provide horizontal, vertical, linear, can be reduced, the source of the vibration must be
and angular criteria. It is important to compare the determined. It may be easy to do this with the above
acquired data to the criteria in the appropriate direction. equipment. Shock and vibration isolator suppliers spe-
C5.5.2 Frequency Response Function. Compar- cializing in low frequency vibration attenuation should
ison of Frequency Function criteria to frequency domain be contacted if vibration isolation or a vibration survey
vibration data can be more effort than taking the data. is required.
If the criteria have the same level at all frequencies
(straight line) or little changes in amplitude, it will be
easy enough to draw the criteria over the printed C7 REPORT
vibration levels. If the criteria are not constant or
uniform, it may be easier to compare data and criteria A report should be issued by the vibration specialist
with various software programs. This involves digitizing within approximately three (3) weeks. The report should
the criteria, which in some cases requires entering include ail backup information and analyzed data with
levels at 1 Hz increments. The vibration data stored a comparison to the CMM specification, and include
on the FFî analyzer must be down-loaded into a PC. the following as a minimum: Title, Dates (issued and
This requires different steps depending on the analyzer when data was taken), Contract Number, Revision/
manufacturer. Using a spreadsheet, math, graphing, or Revision Date, Purpose or Scope, Instrumentation Used,
special program, the vibration data and criteria are Calibration Information, Description and Diagram of
combined into a single graph. Once the data is in a Test Setup, Procedure, Analysis, and Summary. It is
software format, it can be manipulated, graphed, and important to note that the report should serve to archive
analyzed in a usable format. the baseline vibration data for later review, if problems
arise after CMM installation.
C6 SUGGESTED CRITERIA ASSESSMENT
C6.1 Measure Vibration Below Criteria C8 FIELD INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM

If the vibration levels measured by the procedure A diagram of typical instrumentation is shown in
above are within the supplier's criteria, no additional Fig. C-l.
58.2
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

X input
Y input Digital Signal

recorder analysis Printer
Z input
Option A
input
Yinput
2 input
-j
_I
signal
analysis
I
printer I
Option B
Z axis
TL
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
X axis
conditioned output
'-b Yconditioned
axis output To option
A or B
Lb Zconditioned
axis output
Sensor Diagram
FIG. C-1 FIELD INSTRUMENTATION
58.3

S T D - A S M E B A ’ ì - q = L - E N G L 3777 0757b70 0 5 8 3 0 9 3 b 2 5 m
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
APPENDIX D
ELECTRICAL POWER ANALYSIS
D1 PURPOSE D3 METHOD
The purpose of this Appendix is to specify test In order to ensure proper monitoring, the power
procedures for analyzing the electrical power supplied supply to the machine should be monitored for a period
to a CMM and its support equipment in the event that the that includes the normal cycle of CMM operation. In
electrical power is suspected to be causing inadequate the one-shift plant, this should include a complete shift.
machine performance. In the three-shift plant, complete 24 hr monitoring is
required. Additionally, care should be taken that the
D2 TEST EQUIPMENT power line monitoring occurs over a representative
period which includes all normal or even intermittent
Although the parameters describing the electrical
electrical activity within the plant that could affect the
power supplied to a machine can be measured by a
variety of instruments (voltmeters, oscilloscopes, etc.), machine. (As an obvious example, consider the case
it is the recommendation of this Standard that a power
when arc welding is done only a few days a week at
line disturbance analyzer be used for these tests because a location that uses the same feeder as the CMM. In
of the excessive labor required when individual instru- this case, the power line monitoring should include a
ments are used (an acceptable example of such an typical arc welding sequence.)
instrument would be the BMI 2400 series or the Dranetz For making these measurements, an approved, cali-
Model 626-PA-6ûûX). These units are designed to brated power line monitor of the type discussed pre-
monitor a wide range of power line disturbances and viously should be used. Appropriate thresholds (sag,
are capable of continuous, unattended operation. Typical surge, and impulse) should be set at the values corres-
measured parameters include sags, surges, impulses, ponding to those levels set by the supplier in the CMM
and line frequency. specification. Monitoring should continue for a sufficient
Sags are sudden voltage drops that are detected by period to ensure that all of the effects mentioned are
analyzing each cycle and comparing its root-mean- included.
square level to a long time constant averaged steady state
voltage value. When the cycle-to-cycle level deviates by
more than the preselected threshold, a sag is detected.
Surges are sudden voltage increases that are normally
detected with the same techniques used to detect sags.
Again, a standard power line monitor will note and 04 ANALYSIS
record both the values of the surge and the time at
Typical power line monitors provide printouts of
which it occurred.
both the levels and times at which deviations from the
Impulses, in the technical language of power line
monitoring, refer to short duration (approx. 1 to 1,ûûû accepted thresholds occur. if the monitor is set with
psec) spikes superimposed upon the ac sine wave. the thresholds described above, any such deviations
Typically, such impulses are measured as the amplitude recorded shall constitute nonconformance with the sup-
of the spike alone with respect to the voltage level at plier’s specifications, and it shall be the responsibility
the time the spike occurred, Le., no subtraction or of the user to correct such power line defects. If no
addition is made for the sinusoidal component. deviations from specifications occur, then it is the
Frequency changes in the line are also normally responsibility of the machine supplier to correct the
recorded by such instruments. Changes in frequency performance of the measuring machine in order that
are self-explanatory. machine specifications are met.
59

APPENDIX E
UTILITY AIR
(ThisAppendix is not part of ASME 889.4.1-1997 and is included for information purposes only.)
E l PURPOSE inadequate, an air flow gage shall be mounted in the

supply line upstream of the machine air filter. Flow
The purpose of this Appendix is to specify procedures
shall be observed under the condition(s) which resulted
and responsibilities with respect to utility air in the
in evidence of inadequate pressure.
event that excessive pressure fluctuation, inadequate
Measured flow rate shall be converted to standard
supply pressure at the required flow rate, excessive
(normal) flow rate using the relationship
machine thermal drift, or bearing contamination is
evidenced.
It should be noted that high frequency pressure spikes VN = V(P,/Ps)(293)/(T, + 273)
in the air supply caused by external factors can cause
significant performance degradation, and thus attention
should be given to measuring these pulses. where
VN = air flow in standard (normal), mN3/min
or iN/min (ft3/min)
E2 TEST EQUIPMENT v = air ñow at line pressure, m3/min or I/
min (ft3/min)
For the following tests, an air pressure gage, air
flow gage, and a temperature measuring system will P , = absolute line pressure = gage pressure
be required. The air pressure gage should be calibrated
+ 0.981 MPa (14.7 psi)
Ps = standard (normal) pressure, MPa (psi)
to cover the range between the minimum and maximum
TI = line temperature, "C
utility air pressure specified by the machine supplier.
The resolution of the air pressure gage shall be 20%
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
of the permissible utility air pressure fluctuation as
specified by the supplier. The air flow gage shall have E3.3 Machine Thermal Drift
an accuracy better than 20% of the maximum air
A temperature measuring system pickup shall be
flow rate specified by the supplier. The temperature
mounted in the air line upstream of the machine air
measuring system shall be calibrated to the accuracy
filter; or, if this is impractical, on a metallic part of
specified in Section 7.
the supply line. If the pickup is mounted on the line,
the line and pickup must be insulated from ambient
air to ensure that the temperature of the utility air is
E3 METHODS
being measured. The temperature shall be measured
under the condition(s) which resulted in evidence of
E3.1 Pressure Fluctuation excessive machine thermal drift.
An air pressure gage shall be mounted in the supply
line upstream of the machine air filter. The pressure
shall be observed under the condition(s) which resuited E3.4 Contamination
in evidence of excessive pressure fluctuation.
Surfaces near air exhaust points shall be examined
for water, oil, or solid particulates. Machine filters shall
E3.2 Supply Pressure and Flow
also be checked for excessive water, oil, and other
With the same gage setup, the pressure shall be contaminants. If it is suspected that the filters are
observed under the condition(s) which resulted in inadequate, the machine supplier shall make appropriate
evidence of inadequate pressure. If the pressure is recommendations as to correct filtering parameters.
61

E4 TEST ANALYSIS pressure (for example, by removing other devices using
air from the line).
E4.1 Pressure Fluctuation
E4.3 Machine Thermal Drift
If fluctuation exceeds the supplier’s specification, it
is the responsibility of the user to correct the problem If the temperature of the air supply line does not
(for example, by installing an accumulator). Of interest meet the supplier’s specification, it is the responsibility
here are not just the short-term fluctuations that one of the user to correct the temperature (for example,
would be able to observe using a normal pressure gage, by installing a heat exchanger) and retest the machine.
If the temperature meets the supplier’s specification, it
but also high-frequency pressure spikes in the air supply
is the responsibility of the supplier to correct the
which can cause performance degradation. If such spikes
performance of the measuring machine to meet specifi-
are suspected, further corrective action may be required.
cation.
E4.4 Contamination
E4.2 Supply Pressure and Flow If contamination is present, it is the responsibility
of the user to change the air filter cartridge, clean the
If the flow rate exceeds the supplier’s specification, machine air system using procedures recommended
it is the responsibility of the supplier to reduce the by the supplier, and correct the supply contamination
flow required by the CMM. If the flow rate meets the problem. Two methods of correction are available:
supplier’s specification but the line pressure does not, reduce supply contamination or decrease the interval
it is the responsibility of the user to increase the supply between filter servicings.
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
62

APPENDIX F
HYSTERESIS TEST DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
(This Appendix is not part of ASME B89.4.1-1997 and is included for information purposes only.)
F1 PURPOSE F2.1 Machine Hysteresis -

Machines Used in
the Free-Floating Mode
This Standard strongly recommends that a machine
hysteresis test be performed before starting performance For machines used in the free-floating mode, it is
tests and that each test setup be subjected to a setup recommended that a ball probe be inserted in the probe
hysteresis check before each test. This is to prevent holder and carefully tightened, that the ram be biased
wasted time and work. If these hysteresis tests are not toward the workpiece supporting surface, and that the
performed, any excessive hysteresis is likely to be probe be inserted in a socket in either a rigid workpiece
revealed as a lack of repeatability in later testing. The or in the workpiece supporting surface. The machine
purpose of this Appendix is to provide general guidelines is then gently pushed and released in various directions.
for performing such tests without unduly constraining Force should be about twice that required to hold a
the user, especially since, due to the variety of machine passive probe in contact with a workpiece. Hysteresis
types and setups, any single test may not be suitable. is revealed by differences in machine readout after
release.
F2.2 Machine Hysteresis -

Driven Manual
and Direct Computer-Controlled
F2 GENERAL Machines
A basic caution for all machine hysteresis tests is For driven manual and direct computer-controlled
to ensure that hysteresis of the machine, not of the machines, it is recommended that an indicator, such
test setup, is being measured. All test hardware must as a flexure-type indicator or LVDT, be mounted on
be rigid and tightly secured. A test setup is checked the workpiece supporting surface to measure motion
for hysteresis by applying light forces, with the hand, of the probe holder. The machine is then pushed and
to the test setup, checking for any change in the released as in the previous case, with the force not
appropriate readout. Sometimes a light tap, using a exceeding the amount specified by the supplier. Hystere-
pencil or light hammer, can also be effective for showing sis is revealed by differences between indicator readout
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
lack of suitability of a test setup. and machine readout after release.
63

APPENDIX G
BALL BAR TEST EQUIPMENT DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
(This Appendix is not part of ASME 689.4.1-1997 but is included for information purposes.)
G1 PURPOSE
This appendix contains information regarding ball
bars and ball bar mounting platforms.
G2 BALL BAR DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS

For ball bars conforming to this Standard, the fixed
length bar must be adequately rigid and stable to
maintain a constant distance between the balls while
positioning the ball bar in different orientations, and
to not deflect during probing. The bar is usually made
of tubing to increase its natural frequency and reduce
its weight.
The stand must also be stable and rigid to hold the
ball bar in its positions and to not deflect while probing
the balls. It must not obstruct access to the balls when
the bar is oriented in the various positions. At present,
the most commonly used fixture is the free-standing
ball bar system shown in Fig. GI. For low and moder-
*I
ately accurate CMMs, most stands will be adequate
for testing volumetric performance. For more accurate
CMMs (less than I O p n over 1 m3) the stiffness of
the ball bar system must follow proper design guidelines.
Table G1 lists recommended cross-sections for ball
/ .-)-
e¶
bars and stands when used in the free-standing mode

FIG. G1 FREE-STANDING BALL BAR
to check high-accuracy CMMs. These sizes were se-
SYSTEM
lected to maintain a l pm error in the ball bar system.
Other ball bars of equivalent geometrical precision and in one direction and reversing it to the opposite direction.
stiffness are equally suitable. Measure the lost motion of the system to return to the
null position. The applied force should be twice the
probing force. The test should then be repeated, but
G3 ERROR SOURCES
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
this time by applying the force perpendicular to the

There are various sources of error that can contribute ball bar axis. The hysteresis should be less than 20%
to the total error of a ball bar system. Brief descriptions of the CMM repeatability.
of these errors are listed below and typical values are Deflections due to gravity cause a foreshorting of
given in Table G2. The ball sphericity as defined in the ball bar due to the sag of the cantilevered bar.
the Standard should be less than 20% of the CMM This sag is most pronounced when the bar is in the
repeatability. Balls 25 mm or less in diameter can be horizontal position. The foreshortening is shown as
purchased to a sphericity of 0.2 p m or less which will ( A t ) in Fig. G2. This is a cosine error of deflection
meet this requirement. and usually a small error.
Hysteresis errors (see Glossary and Appendix F) can Probing forces may cause deflections in the ball bar
be checked by applying a force parallel to the ball bar and stand. Lateral deflections have a direct influence
65

S T D = A S M E B87.4-L-ENGL 1797 M 0759b70 0583078 LO?
TABLE G I
BALL BAR CROSS-SECTIONS FOR VARIOUS LENGTH SYSTEMS FOR FREE-STANDING
BALL BAR SISTEMS MADE OF STEEL
~~~ _ _ _ ~
~~~ ______~ ~ ~~
Bar Bar Post Post

Shortest Ball Bar Outside Inside Post Outside Inside
Ball Bar CMM Axis, Length, Diameter, Diameter, Height, Diameter, Diameter,
Design mm (in.) mm (in.) mm (in.) mm (in.) mm (in.) mm (in.) mm (in.)
1 1,000 (40) 900 (36) 25 (1) 19 (0.75) 900 (36) 63 (2.5) 38 (1.5)
2 600 (24) 500 (20) 19 (0.75) 13 (0.50) 500 (20) 50 (2) 32 (1.25)
3 400 (16) 300 (12) 19 (0.75) 13 (0.50) 300 (12) 38 (1.5) 25 (1)
TABLE G2
ERRORS FOR A HIGH-ACCURACY FREE-STANDING BALL BAR SYSTEM
Ball Bar Ball System Vertical Horizontal Post
Design, Sphercity, Hysteresis, Distortion, Sag, Bending, Vibration,
pm (pin.) prn (pin.) pm (pin.) pm (pin.) pm Ipin.) pm Ipin.) pm (pin.)
1 0.14 (5.5) 0.08 (3.0) 0.02 (0.8) 0.01 (0.2) 0.52 (20.5) 0.35 (13.8)
2 0.14 (5.5) 0.05 (2.0) 0.01 (0.5) 0.0 (0.0) 0.22 (8.8) 0.27 (8.8)
3 0.14 (5.5) 0.05 (2.0) 0.01 (0.3) 0.00 (0.0) 0.16 (6.4) 0.20 (7.9)
GENERAL NOTE:
Values were calculated in microinches and rounded when converted to micrometers.
TABLE G3
UNCORRECTED THERMAL ERRORS (pml WHEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND BALL BAR ARE AT
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Uncorrected Thermal Errors, firn
A 1,"C Steel Invar

Lengthnime, min [Note (i)] 900 mm 500mm 300 mm 900mm 500 mrn 300 mm
O 10 1O0 58 35 11 6.0 3.6

15 3.7 38 21 13 4.0 2.2 1.3
30 1.4 14 8.1 4.8 1.5 0.8 0.5
60 0.18 1.9 1.o O. 6 0.2 o. 1 o. 1
90 0.02 0.26 0.14 0.09 0.03 0.01 0.01
120 0.003 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.003 0.002 0.001
GENERAL NOTES:
ia) Errors shown are for an initial temperature difference of 10°C when time = O min.
(b) Example: After 30 min the temperature of a 500 rnm steel ball bar would be 1.4"C different from the CMM and the length
error would be 8.1 pm. After 60 min the error is 1.0 pm.
NOTE:
(1) A T is the temperature difference behnreen the environment and ball bar.
on determining the distance between ball centers because taken,due to its system inertia. If a nulling or scanning
deflections cause the balls to appear smaller to the probe is used, the probing forces may deflect the ball
CMM and thus a longer ball bar length (center-to- position a significant amount unless a rigid system is
center distance) is calculated. Using switching probes used. Errors are presented in Table G2 for typical
with probing speeds of 5-10 mdsec does not permit probing forces. For high-accuracy measurements, to
the ball bar system to deflect before the point is avoid bending in the free-standing ball bar, one can
66
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Y
FIG. G2 STATIC DEFLECTION OF A BALL

BAR
use the method of first finding the ball bar in space
and then only touching the ends. This does not eliminate
FIG. G3 GAGE BLOCK STAND FOR SHORT
bending of the stand.
BLOCKS
Free-standing ball bar systems can be very susceptible
(Less than 300 mm)
to vibrations. Both the post and the ball bar act as
cantilever beams with no restraints to dampen the shown in Table G3. Temperature compensation can
motion. The vibration can be caused by external floor greatly reduce these values.
vibrations or internally produced by the CMM. The Thermal errors are also caused by handling the ball
CMM will induce vibration when accelerating or decel- bar. This can occur during assembly of the ball bar
erating during servo drive moves. Many times the to add or remove an extension or by grabbing hold
CMM is resting on an isolation system to prevent floor of the bar to reorient it. Using gloves when handling
vibrations from being transferred to the CMM structures. the bar will reduce the heat transfer from ones hand
With these soft isolation systems, when the CMM to the bar. Also, a plastic sleeve on the bar will reduce
moves it induces a rocking motion of the machine. If the thermal growth when handling the bar. Experiments
the ball bar system is not rigid enough or securely have determined that a typical steel ball bar will return
fastened to the table, a vibration is produced that can to its original length to within 1 Fm in 30 min after
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
cause measuring errors. Moving table CMMs are the minor handling. Invar ball bars did not exceed 1 F m
worst for inducing these vibrations. change in length during a similar test.
Temperature changes have a detrimental effect on A more thorough treatment of measurement errors
accurately measuring a ball bar. One event that causes in free-standing ball bars is presented in a technical
temperature errors is moving a ball bar system from paper, “Properties of Free Standing Ball Bar Systems,”
one environment to another at a different temperature. published in the Journal of Precision Engineering, Janu-
This is particularly true when bringing the ball bar ary 1993, Vol. 15, No. 1.
from the outside into a laboratory. Temperature changes
of IO-20°C are common. Table G3 shows calculated
G4 BALL BAR MOUNTING PLATFORMS FOR
values of temperature and length error for ball bars
USE WITH SWITCHING, PROPORTIONAL,
with a thermal time constant of 15 min. This time
AND NULLING PROBES
constant would be typical of steel ball bars in still air
sitting on a CMM. The values show the change in In this Standard, several options are provided for
ball bar length for various temperature changes and the measurement of ball bars or length standards using
how long one should wait before the ball bar is used switching, proportional, and nulling probes. The first
for making measurements. To maintain a stability of option, which is most commonly used today, is that
less than 1 km, one should wait 30 to 90 min before the ball bar be supported so that both balls are accessible
using a steel ball bar. Steel and Invar ball bars are to probing. When using a setup of this type, the stand
considered. Invar greatly reduces the thermal errors, as must provide stable support to the ball bar in defined
67

~~ ~~~
S T D - A S M E B 8 7 - 4 - L - E N G L 1997 0759b70 0581100 b 7 5
orientations in the machine's work zone. The stand

should be of a height slightly shorter than the CMM's
vertical travel. The stand should have the ability to
raise and lower the ball bar height to a specific position.
A good stand should also allow the ball bar to be
rotated to the proper angle. Stands of this type are
shown in Figs. GI, G3, and G4. Note that the stand
shown in Fig. G3 is holding a gage block, but, with
modification, it could be suitable for a ball bar. Stands
of the type shown in Figs. G3 and G4 can support
ball bars up to one meter in length, but the stand
height should not exceed one meter unless it is appropri-
ately braced.
FIG. G4 COLUMN-TYPE BALL BAR STAND
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~-
S T D = A S M E B 8 9 - 4 - L - E N G L 1997 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0 5 8 L L O L 52%
APPENDIX H
STRAIGHTEDGE TESTS FOR RAM AXIS ROLL
H1 GENERAL the location of these points may be easily marked with

masking tape and a pencil. For the purpose of this
A straightedge may be used for measuring ram axis
Appendix, “reasonably smooth” is defined as being flat
roll. In classical measuring machine metrology, this is within the working tolerance for linear displacement
accomplished using an indicator in the machine ram, accuracy over a distance of IO mm. The positions of
but it can also be accomplished using the machine’s these points are measured using an offset probe of
built-in probing system. When the machine’s probing reasonable length, for example, 150 mm (approx. 6
system is used, other effects, such as machine dynamics, in.). Measurements are made at each point with the
probing performance, etc., alter the test results some-
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
probe in the first position, shown in Fig. H1, and then
what; however, the main parameter measured is still in the second position. It is necessary to move the
ram axis roll. The test in this Appendix uses the cross-slide in order to allow probe access to the straight-
machine’s probe. edge surface, which possibly introduces a small error
due to roll in this axis as the machine is moved. Should
a machine appear to have excessive ram axis roll, the
H2 PROCEDURE roll caused by the cross-slide motion should be measured
and subtracted from the results in order to determine
A straightedge of reasonable quality is placed on the cause of this condition. The ram axis roll, in
the table with the straight surface parallel to the ram radians, is the ratio of the differences in the coordinate
axis. On a vertical ram machine this would be in an perpendicular to the face of the straightedge to twice
approximately vertical direction, as shown in Fig. HI. the probe offset length. It is possible for wide straight-
The setup is most convenient if the perpendicular to edges that probe interference can occur in this test,
the straight surface is roughly aligned with the machine unless the probe is slightly angled with respect to the
axis (X or Y). A number of points on the straightedge, line parallel to the straightedge surface. This situation
encompassing the range of the ram axis, are chosen is depicted in Fig. H2, along with a diagram indicating
for sampling. If the straightedge is reasonably smooth, the correct offset to use when the probe must be angled.
69

position)
FIG. H I SETUP FOR STRAIGHTEDGE MEASUREMENT OF RAM AXIS ROLL

ON A VERTICAL RAM MEASURING MACHINE
70
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D = A S M E B 8 9 * 4 * L - E N G L 3 9 9 7 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0583303 3 T q m
Tilted to avoid interference
GENERAL NOTE:
In either case, the distance Bshould
be used to compute probe axis roll.
FIG. H2 ILLUSTRATION OF THE USE OF A PROBE AT A SLIGHT ANGLE IN ORDER TO AVOID

INTERFERENCE WHEN MEASURING RAM AXIS ROLL ON A MACHINE WITH A WIDE
STRAIGHTEDGE
71
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~~
S T D - A S M E B B 7 . 4 - 1 - E N G L 1997 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0581104 2.30
APPENDIX I
INTERIM TESTING OF CMM SYSTEMS
II INTRODUCTION length determination should be small compared to the

The goal of CMM interim testing is to identify and threshold level at which the interim test fails. Similarly,
rapidly remove from service defective CMMs before the form and surface finish of the artifact should not
significant numbers of good parts are rejected or bad significantly affect the measurement. (These conditions
parts are accepted. The frequent application of interim are similar to those stated in Section 7 of the Standard
testing will increase confidence in CMM performance which typically require the uncertainty of an artifact
between CMM calibrations. Interim testing is not a to be ,20% of the CMM stated performance.)
substitute or replacement for CMM calibration, and is Thermal properties of the artifact are also important
not normally diagnostic in nature. Rather, it checks the for workpieces measured at a temperature other than
validity of the calibration by detecting common CMM 20°C. In .general, the user should select an artifact that
performance failures. It is recommended that users has a thermal expansion coefficient similar to that of
regularly apply interim testing to their CMMs. An the workpieces commonly measured with the CMM.
effective interim test checks the CMM measurement The uncertainty in the thermal expansion coefficient of
system as well as subsystem components that are used the artifact must also be considered, as discussed in
in the normal operation of the CMM. This may include para. 4.2 of the Standard. If the user commonly applies
such components as probes, probe heads, temperature
a correction for the thermal expansion of the workpiece,
compensation systems, and rotary tables. This document
then a thermal compensation should be applied to the
assists CMM users by providing information on efficient
interim CMM testing. interim artifact. This will allow testing of the thermal
compensation system as a part of the interim test
procedure. Note that the temperature sensors are a part
12 GENERAL INTERIM TESTING GUIDELINES of the thermal compensation system and are subject to
Limited time is available for performing interim damage and drift. Since environmental conditions may
testing, hence an efficient test must concentrate on affect the performance of a CMM, it is advisable
sources of performance degradation that commonly to record the temperature and other environmental
occur. The goal is to test for as many errors as possible parameters during an interim test, particularly if unusual
with a minimum number of measurements. If the test conditions are present.
fails, additional actions are needed. These might involve It is important that the artifact be dimensionally
further diagnostic testing or involve CMM servicing stable between interim tests, so that the measurements
and calibration. CMM subsystem components need to obtained during an interim test can be compared to
be included in the interim test to broaden its scope and those from previous interim tests, and, if available,
insure that the entire measurement system is operating to the artifact’s known length. Certain materials are
correctly. Each user has special needs, so interim testing
dimensionally unstable and may change in length by
procedures and artifacts may vary from user to user;
many parts per million (micrometers per meter) over
however, the following guidelines may provide some
guidance in the matter. one year. It is important that the dimensional stability
CMM errors, whether systematic or random, reveal (including any possible damage) of the artifact be
themselves as deviations from known lengths or as substantially less than the smallest CMM error of
variations of several measurements of a fixed (perhaps significance to the user. The interim artifact should be
unknown) length. The use of a known length artifact securely located on the CMM table to prevent any
supplies additional useful information from the test. If possible rocking or slippage during the measurement
a known length artifact is used, the uncertainty in its procedure. To compare interim test results to one
73
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

S T D a A S M E B87.4-1-ENGL 1777 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0581105 177 m
another, it is advisable to locate the artifact in approxi- features should be set comparable to those of the tightest
mately the same position and orientation for all tests. tolerances found in the actual production workpieces. In
Similarly, the inspection plan, such as the number of general, the interim artifact should be treated, fixtured,
probing points taken on the artifact, should be kept and measured in a manner similar to that of actual
constant for all tests. Widely distributing the probing workpieces to reflect the actual measurement situation.
points over the gaging surface will aid in producing Although the use of a test workpiece as an interim
consistent interim testing results. artifact has merit, it is important to note that the testing
results are valid only for workpieces of a similar design
and may not indicate the errors present when measuring
13 INTERIM TESTING STRATEGIES
a workpiece significantly different from the test artifact.
There are several different strategies for choosing An artifact specifically designed for interim testing
an interim artifact depending upon the application of should be sensitive to common CMM errors. CMM
the user. For discussion purposes, we will consider two angular geometry errors typically increase in magnitude
categories: those strategies which employ an artifact in direct proportion to the length of the artifact. For
representing a typical workpiece (the artifact may be example, a squareness error of 10 arc seconds can
an actual workpiece from the production line) and those produce an error of 5 p m over a distance of 0.1 rn,
strategies which employ an artifact specifically designed but it becomes an error of 50 pm over 1.0 m. This
for CMM testing. For all strategies, it is recommended illustrates a useful principle: to increase the sensitivity
that ten consecutive interim testing runs be conducted to angular errors, measure long artifacts. Ideally, the
immediately after the CMM is calibrated. The mean artifact should be as long as practical, typically between
of these ten measurements can be used to establish a 75%-125% of the shortest axis on a CMM with a
baseline value for the interim artifact, and the range nearly cubical work zone. On artifacts that produce
of values indicates the typical variation that may be several lengths upon measurement, e.g., ball plates, the
expected under these conditions. Additional factors such longest length present will provide the greatest sensitiv-
as thermal conditions or different operators, may further ity to angular errors. (A short artifact positioned in
expand the range of interim testing results. If upon several locations in the CMM work zone is not equiva-
recalibration of a CMM the new interim baseline mea- lent and will not have the same sensitivity to angular
surements differ significantly from the previous baseline, errors as a long artifact.)
then the interim artifact or the CMM calibration (or both) The onentation and position of the artifact is also
may be suspect and further investigation is warranted. important. Certain artifact orientations can maximize
Some CMMs are dedicated to measurements of a the effect of geometry errors and hence allow them to
single type of workpiece or a family of similar work- be detected. As an example, consider the squareness
pieces. In this situation an actual workpiece may be error shown in Fig. I l . In the figure, LI is the true
used as the interim testing artifact. This type of artifact length of the ball bar as measured in a square coordinate
will be sensitive to errors that are important to actual system and is the (apparently foreshortened) length
workpiece measurements. An additional benefit is that as measured in an out-of-square coordinate system.
the user is familiar with the required workpiece measure- Note that LI is not equal to f+ It is apparent that the
ments and consequently may have a CMM program measured length of the artifact in the square coordinate
available that can be used for the interim testing. The system (Xi, Yi) is longer than that of the out-of-square
selected workpiece and the measured features on that system (X2, Y2). If the artifact is a known length, then
workpiece should span the largest volume of the CMM this discrepancy appears as a measurement error. Even
work zone that is eycountered during actual workpiece if the artifact length is unknown, this property can be
measurements, which will ensure that the relevant vol- exploited by measuring the same artifact in two
ume of the CMM is tested. For users measuring many "crossed" orientations as shown in Fig. 12. By this
small workpieces located all over the CMM work zone, technique, the angular deviation from squareness (shown
it is suggested that the small interim test artifact be as (Y in Fig. 12) can be determined in the absence of
measured at several different locations to insure that other errors. In Fig. 12. the XY squareness (in the
an adequate region of the work zone is tested. It is absence of other errors) can be estimated using the
not necessary to measure every feature on the test same artifact measured in two crossed positions at
workpiece; rather, a representative group should be approximately 45 and 135 deg. In three dimensions,
selected (both for feature type and location) for the the analogous situation is carried out by reorienting
interim testing procedure. The tolerance of these selected the artifact along all four of the body diagonals of the
14
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~ ~ -
S T D * A S M E B 8 9 . 4 - L - E N G L 1997 U759b7U 05811Ob U03
/ -I--- =
LI = &= L2 +
2
Y2
FIG. II AN EXAMPLE OF SQUARENESS

ERROR
FIG. 13 BALL BAR INDEXED THROUGH THE
BODY DIAGONALS OF THE CMM WORK
ZONE
(These positions are sensitive to the
squareness errors of all three axes.)
The CMM probe should be checked to ensure it is

--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
in good working order. This may involve an explicit

probe test that checks the directional sensitivity of the
probe, ¡.e., probe lobing (such as described in para.
6.1 of the Standard); or may be incorporated into part
of the general CMM geometry test, such as measuring
a long gage block that is oriented in several different
and X2
directions. Similarly, to test the probe calibration, which
involves the accuracy of the CMM probe calibration
FIG. 12 ANGULAR DEVIATION FROM artifact (typically a sphere with a calibrated diameter),
SQUARENESS, REPRESENTED AS OL a true bidirectional measurement of known length is
(amay be computed from the length required. This might be the length of a gage block (as
measurements LA and LB.) described in para. 5.6.2 of the Standard) or the diameter
work zone as seen in Fig. 13. This procedure can be of a ring gage or of a precision sphere. It is important
conducted with many different artifacts such as a ball to note that the measurement of a unidirectional step
bar, a step gage, or a long gage block. Alternatively, gage or the center-to-center distance between spheres
the use of calibrated ball or hole plates may allow of a ball bar does not check the probe calibration. If
more than one such body diagonal to be measured in multiple styli are used (either with a stylus cluster,
each orientation. e.g., “star probe,” or with an indexable probe head),
An artifact specifically designed for interim testing then a test should be included that checks the ability
should provide assurance that the entire measurement to locate one stylus ball relative to another. Such a
system is performing correctly. If only four body diago- test would include multiple styli used in a single
nal positions are tested, the artifact should be of known measurement (e.g., see para. 6.2 of the Standard, “Prob-
length to test the accuracy of the scale on each CMM ing Analysis - Multiple-Tip Probing”). If a probe-
axis. (If the artifact is of unknown length, then measure- changing rack is available, then this subsystem should
ments in additional positions can identify relative errors be tested by swapping probes in and out of the rack.
between the scales, but at least one known length is This not only checks the repeatability of probe changing,
required to establish the true accuracy of the scales.) but defective probes in the rack may also be discovered.
75

For CMMs that include a rotary table, an appropriate Form deviations
test (such as the DCC rotary axis test, para. 5.5.5 of
10.-
Ball 1 Ball 2 i Ball 1 Ball2
I B.aii 1 Ball2
II Ball 1 Ball2
the Standard) should be included as part of the interim
testing procedure. In summary, an effective interim test
artifact should examine the complete CMM measure-
ment system to assure confidence in the entire measure-
ment process.
I I I
I Diameter deviations I
I4 INTERIM TESTING EXAMPLE
The details of an interim test are highly user depen-
dent since users have different types of CMMs, different
accuracy requirements, measure different types of work-
pieces made of different materials, and their operators I I I
I Length deviations I
and facilities are different. Given the short time to l I I
carry out the interim test, different users will optimize I I I
the interim test in different ways to suit their needs. I I I
The following example is for a vertical ram CMM
with a nearly cubical ( l x l x l ) work zone having an E 3c
;
indexable probe head, a probe-changing rack containing
two additional probes, and a temperature compensation
ii
I -2
4
system. This specific example is given to provide

-4
general guidance to CMM users; however, the actual I I I
I I
CMM system may require different or further tests. I I
Additionally, some users may desire more extensive -a I I
testing or employ alternative strategies from the proce- Position 1 I Position 2 l Position 3 I Position 4
dures listed below. Probe X1 Probe X l Probe Il Multiple probes
As an example of a specific interim test, the user Straight dawn Offset Multiple Probe X2 (Ball 1)
Probe X3 IBall2)
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
probe
chooses a ball bar calibrated for ball roundness, ball size, head
and center-to-center distance. The ball bar temperature is Dositions
measured in each position using the part temperature

sensor and the appropriate thermal correction is applied FIG. 14 RESULTS OF AN INTERIM TEST
to all test results. A basic test involves measuring the USING ONE BALL BAR IN FOUR (BODY
four body diagonals of the CMM. In each position, DIAGONAL) POSITIONS
the user decides to take eight points on each ball of (The test includes checking temperature
the ball bar. The user determines the apparent form compensation system, the indexable probe
error of the ball, the difference between the best fit head, and testing three different probes
sphere diameter and the calibrated diameter and the available in a probe-changing rack.)
differences between the measured ball bar (center-to-
center) lengths and the calibrated value. These results
are plotted as shown in Fig. 14. For the second body diagonal a similar measurement
In the first body diagonal position, the user employs is conducted, but with the probe head indexed so
a single probe (oriented along the ram axis). In this that the probe is perpendicular to the ram axis. This
position, the measured form error of the balls shows measurement will produce similar information to that
the repeatability of the CMM and the probe, and any of the first body diagonal position, but will include
probe lobing effects. The ball diameter measurements any Z axis roll error in the CMM geometry. In the
check the probe calibration (i.e., stylus ball size) and third body diagonal position, each ball of the ball bar
the short-range scale errors. The bar (center-to-center) is measured with the probe head indexed in several
length measurement checks for long-range (CMM geom- positions; this will supply information on probe head
etry or thermal expansion) errors in that orientation. repeatability and the ability to accurately find a stylus
76

2 .-
'81 Upper threshold I
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
IOI
8
6- n
Upper threshold
4 - 0 0 0 o o o o o o o "
2- O 0 O
o
0 - 0 0 0 , 0 0 : O 0 O 0 0 0 O
o = " n - "
FIG. 15 SUMMARY PLOTS OF SEVERAL INTERIM TEST RESULTS
5.
$ 10
-
.-E 8- Threshold
.-Z 6-
U
2 4-
VJ 2-
v)
~ " i " i ' l ' ' i i ~ i i ' i ' ~ i i ~ i i ~ l i '
K
Test number
FIG. 16 SUMMARY PLOT OF COMBINED INTERIM TESTING RESULTS
ball location relative to others with different probe Figure I5 shows one possible method of data analysis
head orientations. The final body diagonal position for the interim test. For each interim test, all four center-
checks for any defective probes present in the probe to-center length deviations, all eight ball diameters, and
rack and the rack's probe changing ability. The first the eight measured sphere form errors are plotted. The
bail of the bail bar in this position is measured using test is passed if ail these measurements are within the
the second probe obtained from the probe-changing threshold value limits. Some users may prefer a single
rack, and the second ball of the ball bar is measured plot representing the test results (instead of the three
with the final (#3) probe from the probe rack. The shown in Figs. I4 and 15). Such a plot can easily be
form error and diameter, reported for each ball of the constructed, as shown in Fig. 16, by combining the
bail bar, test each of the two probes for probe lobing largest length deviation, the largest diameter deviation,
effects and stylus size calibration, respectively. (If and one half the largest form deviation, in a root sum
additional probes are available, these could be checked of squares (RSS) manner. (One-half the largest form
by measuring each ball of the ball bar, in each ball deviation is used so each of the three contributions is
bar position, with a different probe.) appropriately weighted). This method has the advantage
77

of displaying only a single graph but provides less be difficult to fulfill with large CMMs, as the artifacts
information as to the sources of error. (If a CMM may become unwieldy, expensive, and difficult to caii-
problem does develop, plots such as those in Fig. I5 brate. Furthermore, large interim testing artifacts may
could be constructed using data from the previous test require special fixturing to avoid distortions caused by
results.) gravity or the probing force of the CMMs. Since these
There are many different methods a user can choose distortions often increase as the cube of the artifact’s
to establish testing thresholds. These include using the length, acceptably small distortions on short artifacts
supplier’s stated CMM performance values for the can rapidly become significant error sources as the
particular CMM under consideration, which might in- length of the artifact increases. Consequently, fixturing
volve specifications from the ASME B89.4.1 or other which minimizes these effects is highly recommended.
appropriate national or international Standards. Other For example, when using a ball bar as the test artifact,
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
methods to determine the thresholds include examining a fixturing system such as the one shown in Fig. G4
the tightest tolerance of a feature found on the user’s is preferred to the free standing design shown in Fig.
workpiece and reducing this by an appropriate ratio. G1. Finally, thermal effects are especially important
To avoid false alarms, the threshold levels should on large artifacts. The magnitude of these errors can
exceed all variations arising from normal operations. be estimated by the Nominal Differential Expansion
This may include such factors as different operators (NDE), and the uncertainty in the NDE (Le., the UNDE,
and different thermal conditions, e.g., time of day see para. 4.2).
or week. The following recommendations provide alternative
ways of overcoming the testing difficulties of large
15 TESTING FREQUENCY CMMs.
The frequency of interim testing is highly user- 16.1 Subwork Zones

dependent. A CMM being operated three shifts a day
Since some large CMMs use a significant fraction
with multiple operators in a harsh environment is likely
of their work zone for part mounting, a smaller work
to experience many more problems than the same
zone (or series of smaller work zones) might be used
machine being used one shift a day by a single operator
for the actual measurements (see work zone in glossary).
in an excellent environment. The frequency of testing
In these cases, the testing artifact may comply with
is also strongly affected by balancing the cost of interim
the recommendation of using the length equal to 75%
testing against the consequences of accepting a bad
of the shortest axis of the subwork zone. An example
workpiece or rejecting a good one. It may be useful
of such a situation would be a CMM which inspects
to consider the interim testing interval as a percentage
physically large parts that need to fit into the work
of total CMM operating hours. Some users with high
zone but with the actual measurement region on the
value and/or safety critical workpieces may elect to
part being a small subvolume of the part’s physical
perform daily tests; other users might test weekly
size. Accordingly, a 0.9 m ball bar can easily be used
or monthly. Additionally, interim testing should be
to test a measurement work zone having a 1.2 m length
conducted after any sort of significant event such as
side. Similarly, artifacts of length 1.5 m can be used
a CMM collision, replacement of a subsystem compo-
to test measurement work zones having a shortest axis
nent, or the occurrence of abnormal temperature varia-
of up to 2 m. Artifacts greater than 1.5 m become
tions or gradients.
increasingly problematic, a fact which represents the
limit of practically implementing this approach.
(a) 16 LARGE CMMS
16.2 Artifact Staging
CMMs with large work zones that are approximately
cubical ( l x l x l ) should follow Appendix I with the For very large CMMs, with the shortest work zone
following supplementary information. (For large CMMs, axis greater than 2 m, large physical artifacts may
approximately cubical work zones can include all cases become impractical. In this situation a reasonably large
where the ratio of the work zone’s longest to shortest artifact (e-g., 0.9 to 1.5 m) can be staged in the work
axis is less than 2.) Appendix I recommends that a zone. The staging should cover a distance of at least
general purpose interim testing artifact should have its 75% of the shortest axis of the work zone. It is not
length at least 75% of the shortest axis of a CMM recommended to stage the artifact more than three
with a nearly cubical work zone. This condition may times since the artifact’s length relative to the work
78

zone size is small in this situation; hence, it loses plitter. The problem is easily avoided by using a good
sensitivity to angular errors (as explained in Appendix quality optic than does not bend the transmitted light.
I) in addition to becoming very time consuming. Using Additionally, the correction for environmental effects
this strategy with a 1.5 m artifact allows testing of a on the wavelength of light over the measured distance
cubical work zone CMM with an axis of up to 6 m. should be considered a potential error source (see para.
5.4.3.3). Similarly, the use of optical coordinate systems
(e.g., laser trackers) must have a sufficiently small
16.3 Testing With Optical Systems
system uncertainty relative to the CMM under test.
For CMM work zones with a shortest axis of more Since most optical systems used for interim testing
than 2 m, the use of an optical displacement measuring do not involve the CMM probe or related subsystems,
system (e.g., a laser interferometer) may be desirable. additional tests are needed to check these systems. A
If optical measurements are taken in nonstandard envi- test sphere, calibrated for form and diameter, can be
ronmental conditions, then the wavelength corrections employed to check the CMM probe, indexable probe
of para. 5.4.3.3 are recommended. Additionally, long head, and CMM probe/stylus changing systems. For
beam paths may have spatial gradients present; this example, if all of the above subsystems are available,
effect should be assessed and reduced (e.g., by air then a simple test would be to measure a calibrated
mixing with fans if necessary). The use of an optical sphere with a set of points taken using a combination
system can employ the same procedure recommended of different probedstyli (accessed thorough probe/stylus
for physical artifacts (i.e., the measurement of body changing) and different probe head index positions.
diagonals) with at least one length being recorded for This collection of points is (least squares) fitted to a
every 2 m of displacement traveled. For example, a sphere and the resulting form and diameter errors
CMM with a 4 m x 5 m x 6 m work zone could be examined. The sphere’s diameter error is a bidirectional
tested along the body diagonal with at least 3 m of length test and checks the probe’s calibration for features
distance checked (75% of 4 m), and with at least one of size (see para. 5.6), whereas the form error checks
intermediate point recorded. Since for most optical the probe lobing of the different probes (see para. 6.1),
systems the measurement time is a small fraction of and the index positions relative to each other (see para.
the setup time, adding additional measurement points 6.2). Additionally, if the CMM has a part temperature
is advisable (e.g., in the above situation a measurement compensation system, also known as an Automated
of the body diagonal lines of 7 m with the points Nominal Differential Expansion (ANDE) compensation
spaced at 1 m intervals would be desirable). For large system, this will not be tested during the optical mea-
CMMs that are not vector driven (i.e., cannot operate surement and should be checked independently; for
all 3 axes simultaneously), it may be impossible to example, by measuring a reasonably long calibrated
maintain the necessary optical alignment required by artifact having nonzero expansion coefficient. During
the laser interferometer. For these CMMs, an optical this measurement, the temperature of the artifact should
tracking system (e.g., laser tracker) can maintain the be measured with the CMM part sensor and used for
optical alignment as the body diagonals are traversed the ANDE correction. Deviations between the thermally
and may be used. compensated measured value and the calibrated value
Care must be exercised to ensure that the optical for the artifact length may indicate problems with the
measurement system has a sufficiently low uncertainty compensation system.
relative to the CMM under test. If it becomes necessary
to move the beamsplitterhemote interferometer rather
17 CMMS USED IN THE DUPLEX MODE (a)
than the retroreflector when making length measure-
ments, problems can arise if the beamsplitter is imper- For CMMs used in the duplex mode the procedures
fectly made and bends the transmitted light slightly. described in Appendix I can be used with at least
Under these circumstances it is never possible to obtain some of the artifact measurements taken under the
good alignment of the beam with the direction of duplex condition. This is achieved by measuring oppo-
motion; it the laser beam exiting the beamsplitter is site ends of the test artifact (ball bar, step gauge, gauge
well aligned with the direction of motion, then the block, etc.) with different arms of the CMM. Similarly,
incoming beam will be misaligned and will walk across if a ball plate (or hole plate) artifact is employed, then
the face of the beamsplitter as the beamsplitter is approximately half of the balls (holes) may be measured
translated. Thus a potential for both signai loss and with each arm. If the CMM is rarely used in the
misalignment errors exists when translating the beams- duplex mode, then each a m may be interim tested
78.1
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

independently and a few additional duplex measure- straightness of a long narrow part. In this case, a
ments included. For very large CMMs used in the special purpose test designed around the measurement
duplex mode, the use of a laser interferometer (or requirement may be appropriate. In the above example,
similar optical system) is recommended. In this case, the use of a straightness interferometer together with
the retroreflector is mounted in the ram of one arm subsystem (e.g., probe) tests may be sufficient for the
and the interferometer is mounted in the ram of the measurement application. In other situations the use of
second arm.(See the precautions above regarding testing two ball bars may be sufficient to check the CMM.
with optical systems.) The distance between the two For example, one long bar could be oriented along some
CMM arms is varied along a common direction deter- combination of body diagonals, long face diagonals, and
mined by the laser beam path. If such an optical the long axis of the CMM. A second shorter bar could
procedure is used, then the testing of the subsystems be oriented along some combination of the short face
(e.g., probe head) is also needed, as described in diagonals and the short axes of the CMM.
Section 16.
19 ROTARY TABLE CMMS (al
(a) 18 HIGH ASPECT RATIO CMMS
CMMs having a rotary table can be tested by an
CMMs having work zones with the ratio of the abbreviated form of the 3D/alpha test described in para.
longest to shortest axis (the aspect ratio) greater than 5.5.6. In cases where the measurement volume of
2 may require modified testing procedures. For CMMs interest is approximately that of the rotary table, the
with aspect ratios of 5 3, and having body diagonals two ball setup of Fig. 33, with a minimum of four
less than 4 m long, interim testing can be performed angular positions selected from Table 2, is sufficient
using an artifact at least one third the length of the to check the CMM. In situations where the measurement
body diagonal. For example, a CMM with axes of 0.5 volume is substantially larger than that accessible to
m x 1 m x 1.5 m has a body diagonal 2 m long, thus the rotary table, additional measurements using a method
a minimal length testing artifact would be 0.7 m. CMMs previously described (e.g., measuring a fixed length
with aspect ratios greater than 3 are usually designed artifact) are recommended. Note that part loading effects
for a special purpose; for example, measuring the can significantly affect the results of the 3D/alpha test.
--`,,,,,,````,```,,`,,``,,````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
78.2

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ASME 889.4.1 b-2001

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THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

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( 2 ) Second and third page added

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THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

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The American Society of

METHODS FOR PERFORMANCE

ASME 889.4.1 -1997

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ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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The ambiguity of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) manufacturers? specifications in

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SUBCOMMITTEE 4 - COORDINATE MEASURING TECHNOLOGY

ADDITIONAL SUBCOMMITTEE 4 MEMBERS

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J. Caprio, Carl Zeiss, Inc., Thornwood, New York

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3 Environmental Specifications ................................................. 17

4 Environmental Tests .......................................................... 19

6 Sub-system Performance Tests ............................................... 47

7 Test Equipment ............................................................... 52.1

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METHODS FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF

1 SCOPE surement capability. Subsystem performance consists

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( h ) Statement of availability of data required for 2 DEFINITIONS

linear displacement measuring system and the gage (or

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Measuring Ranges (full travel):

Principal Mode of Operation (more than one mode may be specified):

Principal Probe Type (more than one type may be specified):

Describe location of machine coordinate system origin:

Maximum acceptable machine load: -kg I lotes (I), (2)

FIG. 1A B89.4.1 COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE SPECIFICATION FORM

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Operating Mode Probe Type

Significant Mean Temperature Change (para. 4.2.3) "C (OF)

Safe Operating Temperature Range (para. 4.2.3)

Min. "C (OF) Max. "C (OF)

Nominal Location for TVE Test (Machine Coordinates)

Nominal Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Machine Scales [Note (1)1

X ppm per "C ("FI

Electrical (para. 3.4 and Appendix Di:

Allowable transient voltages (0.5 to 800 ksi: Magnitude V