Department of Education: A Hybridized Solar Piezoelectric Power Generator

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON CITY
QUEZON CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

GOLDEN ACRES ROAD COR. MISAMIS STREET, BAGO BANTAY, QUEZON CITY
A Hybridized Solar Piezoelectric Power Generator
A Science Investigatory Project Plan
Submitted as Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements in Research
Escoto, Janna Sophia F.
Esmenda, Sean Neo James Miguel T.
Perral, Gabriel Joaquin D.
Sedano, Mark Vincent T.
Villarosa, Jeff Matthew D.
Quezon City Science High School
February 2020
Regional Science High School

Golden Acres Rd. Cor. Misamis St. Bago Bantay, Quezon City
Tel. No. 8-352-5957, CP Nos. 09985948424, 09155426803
Email : quezoncityscience@gmail.com
QUEZON CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL GOLDEN ACRES ROAD COR. MISAMIS STREET, BAGO
BANTAY, QUEZON CITY
Rationale
Like many countries in South East Asia, the Philippines faces twin challenges of population
growth and rising energy demand.1 Dependent on imports for nearly half its primary energy
supply, the country is highly exposed to oil price volatility.2 Frequent tropical storms,
meanwhile, adversely impact its energy infrastructure. 3In response, the Philippines has resolved
to bolster energy security, pursue low-carbon economic development and contribute global
efforts against climate change.4There are various solutions being used today such as wind mills
and hydrokinetic generators but cleanest solution being Solar Power due to it not emmitting
greenhouse gases after installation and its reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels.5
Solar Power is the electricity or energy produced by Solar Cells. Solar Cells are made out of
wafers which are made from the element silicon, a non metal with conductive properties that give
it the ability to convert sunlight into electricity.6 When sunlight interacts with the solar cells,
1 InAsia. “Energy Crisis in the Philippines: An Electricity or Presidential Power Shortage?” The Asia Foundation,
April 3, 2016. https://asiafoundation.org/2015/03/18/energy-crisis-in-the-philippines-an-electricity-or-
presidentialpower-shortage/.
2 “2016 Philippine Power Situation Report: Department of Energy Philippines.” 2016 Philippine Power Situation
Report | Department of Energy Philippines. Accessed February 27, 2020.
https://www.doe.gov.ph/electricpower/2016-philippine-power-situation-report.
3 Ibid
4 Ibid
5 “About Solar Energy.” SEIA. Accessed February 27, 2020. https://www.seia.org/initiatives/about-solar-energy.
6 David Grossman. How Solar Panels Work. July 6, 2019.

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the electrons are in motion, causing a phenomenon known as the “Photovoltaic Effect”.7They are
paired with a metal casing and wiring, which allow the solar cell’s electrons to escape and supply
useful power.8
However, there are various disadvantages with the previously mention Solar Cell. 9 An example
of a disadvantage of this is the Location and Sunlight Availability. 8 Not all locations get the same
amount of sunlight, some countries have more sunny days than rainy days, others vice versa. 9
Another disadvantage is Reliability. Since solar energy relies on the sun, electricity cannot be
generated during the night, requiring you to either store excess energy made during the day, or
connect to an alternate power source such as the local utility grid. 12 This means that you will
have to pay more on top of the high cost of the solar panels. 10Clouds and storms also restrict the
https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a28186403/how-solar-panels-work/
7 Energy Sage. How do Solar Panels Work. https://news.energysage.com/solar-panels-
work/ 8Ibid 9
“Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Cells.” United Kingdom. Accessed February 26, 2020.
https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2015/06/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-cells.
8 Ibid
9 Ibid 12
Co, About Renewable Resources. “Solar Energy Disadvantages: The Top Drawbacks of Solar Power.” Renewable
Resources Coalition, July 15, 2019. https://www.renewableresourcescoalition.org/solar-energy-disadvantages/.
10 Ibid

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amount of energy you can produce by blocking light rays that would have otherwise been
absorbed by the solar panel.11
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The Piezoelectric Effect which is the electric charge that accumulates in materials due to
Mechanical stress.12 This was discovered by the Curie Brothers, Jacques and Pierre Curie, in the
1880’s.13They found out about piezoelectricity after first realising that pressure applied to quartz
or even some certain crystals creates an electrical charge in that certain material. 14They combined
their knowledge of piezoelectricity with their understanding of crystal structures which gave rise
to the piezoelectric effect in which they demonstrated by using different quartzes such as
tourmaline, quartz, topaz etc.15Due to it being a recently discovered source of energy, recent
advancements have been made such as making the piezoelectric discs lightweight. 16 Uses for
Piezoelectricity today are generation of high voltages, production and detection of sound
etc.17
11 Ibid
12 Johnson Electric Company. “The Piezoelectric Effect - Piezoelectric Motors & Motion Systems.” Nanomotion.
Nanomotion, August 28, 2018. https://www.nanomotion.com/piezo-ceramic-motor-technology/piezoelectric-effect/.
13 Ibid
14 Ibid
15 Ibid
16 Woodford, Chris. “Piezoelectricity - How Does It Work?: What Is It Used for?” Explain that Stuff, November 9,
2019. https://www.explainthatstuff.com/piezoelectricity.html.
17 Mishra, Suvrajyoti, Lakshmi Unnikrishnan, Sanjay Kumar Nayak, and Smita Mohanty. “Advances in
Piezoelectric

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Piezoelectricity can be integrated through means of hybridisation. Hybridisation of 2
different energy sources is when two different energy sources are designed as a single machine.
By Hybridising the 2 different sources of energy ( Solar and Piezoelectricity ), 2 different
BANTAY, QUEZON CITY
resources can be used at the same time. The result will have a significantly lower disadvantage
count than if the 2 different sources were separated.
The Proposed Technique is to make a Hybridised Solar Piezoelectric Panel that flips to either
which side is needed. When the moisture sensor senses water, then the piezoelectric side will flip
up but if the LDR sensor senses light intensity, then the solar panel side will flip up. This
technique takes down various disadvantages in the Solar panel and Piezoelectricity separately.
For example, the location disadvantage and sunlight availability is no longer a disadvantage
because the piezoelectricity becomes the new source of electricity when there is no sunlight
present via raindrops. Another example is the high temperature sensitivity of the transducers
because when the solar panel flips up, the transducers will be protected by the shade provided by
the panel.
Polymer Composites for Energy Harvesting Applications: A Systematic Review.” Wiley Online Library. John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd, November 27, 2018. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mame.201800463.

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The aim of this study is to design a renewable energy source that will take advantage of
unpredictable weather patterns and generate electricity through renewable means. Specifically,
one that is able to capture sunlight and the mechanical stress generated from falling rain and
convert both into usable electricity.
BANTAY, QUEZON CITY
This study is significant because building this sort of panel ends a variety of problems such as the
world’s overuse in fossil fuels, lack of continuous energy etc. By making the hybridised panel,
this study can be implemented to an even bigger upscale project to maximise the potential of
green and renewable energy. This could make the country more independent in its energy supply
and provide more energy to supply rising demand. This could also be the first step to a category
of new hybrid energies.

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BANTAY, QUEZON CITY
Research Question
1. How can a Hybridised Solar Piezoelectric Power Generator be efficient in generating
electricity in terms of voltage, current and watts
2.
Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis
If the weather of the surroundings of the Hybridised Solar Panel changes unpredictably,
Then it will still provide a continuous flow of renewable green energy.

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Expected Outcome
The aim of this study is to design a renewable energy source that will take advantage of
unpredictable weather patterns and generate electricity through renewable means. Specifically,
one that is able to capture sunlight and the mechanical stress generated from falling rain and
convert both into usable electricity.
Engineering Goal
The goal of this project is to solve the problem of a power outage cause by unpredictable
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weather patterns caused by climate change. If the LDR sensor senses light intensity , then the
side where the solar panel is should flip up and if the moisture sensor senses water then the
Piezoelectric panel should flip up

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BANTAY, QUEZON CITY
Review of Related Literature
Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity is a way of generating a mechanical strain in response to an applied
electrical field.18 Piezoelectricity is widely used in everyday items like electric lighter, an exciter
strikes a piezo material which produces current to create a spark which ignites with flammable
gas and electronic toothbrush, piezoelectric actuators are applied to vibrate the bristles. 19In
medical, ultrasound imaging uses piezoelectric transducers.20
Solar Power
Solar energy is a very flexible energy technology: it can be built as distributed generation
(located at or near the point of use) or as a central-station, utility-scale solar power plant (similar
to traditional power plants).21Both of these methods can also store the energy they produce for
18 Piezo Applications. The Top Uses of Piezoelectricity in Everdyday Applications. February 13, 2015.
https://www.americanpiezo.com/blog/top-uses-of-piezoelectricity-in-everyday-applications/
19 Ibid
20 Ibid
21 “About Solar Energy.” SEIA. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www.seia.org/initiatives/about-solar-energy.

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distribution after the sun sets, using cutting edge solar + storage technologies. 22 Creating
electricity from sunlight instead of fossil fuels avoids the emission of greenhouse gases and other
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air pollutants and stimulates the economy.23 As more people install solar on their homes and
businesses, the greater the demand will be for additional home solar systems and larger-scale
solar farms.27
Power Output of Rain
An institute in Grenoble, France, specialising in microelectronics have developed a
system that recovers energy from a piezoelectric structure when impacted by a raindrop. 24 Its
simulations show that from a large downpour of rain, it is possible to recover 12 mill watts.
Scientists used a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer to capture the raindrop’s mechanical energy. 29
It is a piezoelectric material that converts mechanical into electrical energy. 25 When a raindrop
22 Ibid
23 “Benefits of Solar Energy: Green Mountain Energy.” Green Mountain Energy Company. Accessed March 2,
2020.
https://www.greenmountainenergy.com/why-renewable-energy/renewable-energy-101/solar/benefits-of-
solarenergy/. 27Ibid
24 Ben Zienrara. How much electricity does a Solar panel produce? July 11, 2012.
https://www.solarpowerrocks.com/solar-basics/how-much-electricity-does-a-solar-panel-produce/ 29
Ibid
25 Ibid

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falls on the PVDF, the polymer starts to vibrate and the electrodes embedded are used to recover
the electrical charges from the vibrations.26
Power Output of Sunlight
BANTAY, QUEZON CITY
The cell efficiency of a solar panel varies, the higher its efficiency, it can produce more
watts of electricity.27 A 15% efficient solar panel can produce 200 watts and a 19% efficient solar
panel can produce 320 watts.33
Benefits of Solar and Piezoelectricity
According to Ms. Bhusari Priya Govind (2015), using solar power is an efficient way to power
generation systems.28 It is also said in her article that using piezoelectric materials to harvest
vibration energy from humans walking , machinery vibrating, or cars moving on a highway is an
area of great interest, because this energy is otherwise untapped. 29 Since movement is
26 Ibid
27 Liza Zyga. Rain Power: Harvesting Energy from the Sky. https://phys.org/news/2008-01-power-
harvestingenergy-sky.html 33 Ibid
28 Bhusari Priya Govind. Benefits of Piezoelectricity and Solar Energy. https://www.researchgate.net/
29 Ibid

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everywhere, the ability to capture energy this cheaply would be a significant advancement
toward greater efficiency and cleaner energy.30
Arduino
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text
editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
BANTAY, QUEZON CITY
functions and a series of menus.31 It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload
programs and communicate with them.32
LDR Sensor
An LDR is a component that has a (variable) resistance that changes with the light intensity that
falls upon it.33 This allows them to be used in light sensing circuits. 34The LDR gives out an
analog voltage when connected to VCC (5V), which varies in magnitude in direct proportion to
30 Ibid
31 “Environment.” Arduino. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment.
32 Ibid
33 “How an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) Works.” Kitronik, July 12, 2018.
https://www.kitronik.co.uk/blog/howan-ldr-light-dependent-resistor-works/.
34 Ibid

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the input light intensity on it.35 That is, the greater the intensity of light, the greater the
corresponding voltage from the LDR will be. 42 Since the LDR gives out an analog voltage, it is
connected to the analog input pin on the Arduino.43 The Arduino, with its built-in ADC
(analogto-digital converter), then converts the analog voltage (from 0-5V) into a digital value in
the range of (0-1023).36 When there is sufficient light in its environment or on its surface, the
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converted digital values read from the LDR through the Arduino will be in the range of
8001023.37
Moisture Sensor
This Moisture Sensor can detect the moisture of the soil around the sensor, which is ideal for
monitoring the indoor plants or the soil moisture in your garden. 38 It can be very to use, just
insert it into the soil and then read it. 47This sensor uses the two probes to pass current through the
soil, and then it reads that resistance to get the moisture level. 39 More water makes the soil
35 Ibid 42Sanjeev, Arvind. “How to Use an LDR Sensor With Arduino: Arduino.” Maker Pro. Maker Pro, March 2,
2020.
https://maker.pro/arduino/tutorial/how-to-use-an-ldr-sensor-with-arduino. 43Ibid
36 Ibid
37 Ibid
38 “Moisture Sensor.” Moisture sensor - Geeetech Wiki. Accessed
March 2, 2020. https://www.geeetech.com/wiki/index.php/Moisture_sensor. 47Ibid
39 Ibid
49

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conduct electricity better, while dry soil conducts electricity is poor. 49Most soil moisture sensors
are designed to estimate soil volumetric water content based on the dielectric constant (soil bulk
permittivity) of the soil.40 The dielectric constant can be thought of as the soil's ability to transmit
electricity.41

Sanjeev, Arvind. “How to Use an LDR Sensor With Arduino: Arduino.” Maker Pro. Maker Pro, March 2, 2020.
https://maker.pro/arduino/tutorial/how-to-use-an-ldr-sensor-with-arduino.
40 Ibid
41 Ibid

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Flowchart
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Procedure
Collection of Materials
• An Arduino Board 2560 to program the sensors and the servomotor, Bridge Rectifier to provide
necessary DC voltage for the electronic components, Chargeable Battery to serve as the load,
Moisture Sensor to detect moisture from raindrops, LDR Sensor to detect sunlight from the sun,
Servomotor to flip the panel to the necessary side, 10 x 10-inch wooden frame where the panel is
placed, Coil of Wires, Voltmeter to measure the voltage produced by the panel, Solar
Cell (6 x 6-inch), and 5 Piezoelectric Discs will be purchased in a hardware store.
Piezoelectric Discs to Solar Panel Attachment
• On the top side of the frame, the Solar Cell will be screwed unto it. Then at the bottom side, the
5 Piezoelectric Discs will be applied with hot glue to stick on the frame After that, the frame will
be screwed unto the Servomotor's output shaft.
Microcontroller/Arduino Board to Moisture and LDR sensors Attachment
• Moisture sensor’s VCC will be connected to the 3.3V Pin on the Arduino and the GND pin will
be connected to the GND pin on the Arduino. Its analog data pin will then be connected to the
A0 Pin on the Arduino. The LDR’s analog data pin will be connected to the A1 input pin. Its
VCC will be connected to the 5V Pin on the Arduino (100K resistor connected to the same
BANTAY, QUEZON CITY

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wire that was placed on A1) and the other pin of the resistor will be connected to the GND Pin on
the Arduino.
Bridging Rectifier to Arduino Board Connection
• The Bridge Rectifier is to be connected to the Arduino Board to convert the available A.C
supply to required D.C. The Converted Output D.C is given to the circuits for obtaining
required voltages. The Bridge Rectifier’s Circuits will be connected to the GND Pin and
the 3.3V and 5V used by the moisture and LDR sensor.
Switch to Load Connection
• The switch is to be connected to the chargeable battery which serves as the load
Circuit Connection
• The Servomotor will be connected with 3 wires (red, yellow, and brown). The red wire will be
connected to the 5V Pin on the Arduino, the yellow wire will be connected to the PWM 9
Pin on the Arduino and the brown wire will be connected to the GND pins of the 2 sensors.
Bridging Rectifier to AC Main Connection
• The bridge rectifier is to be connected to the A.C main by taping the wires of the bridge
rectifier using the electric tape and connecting it to the plug or the adaptor used to connect the
outlet to the bridging rectifier.

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Observation and Experimentation
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• Before doing the experimentation, the prototype is to be tested if all of its aspects work within
expectations. During the experiment, the generator will be put through different kinds of weather
(Sunny, Cloudy, Rainy, Stormy) with varying amounts of water and sunlight. Every level of
weather will test the generator by doing 3 trials each.
Data Collection
• The data that will be collected is the difference of voltage output of the different levels of
weather. The means of measuring the voltage output of the generator will be by using the
Voltmeter. If the amount of electricity generated between the different levels of weather seems
constant, doesn’t seem to be fazed by the change of weather or malfunction during the
experiment, then the prototype will be deemed a success.
Data Analysis
• The research statistical test that will be used in the study is the one way ANOVA test. The
reason this test was chosen is because the study is quantitative and has only one independent
variable. The study has 4 groups (Sunny, Cloudy, Rainy, Stormy). The mean difference of the
voltages , displayed on the voltmeter, produced by the Piezoelectric Solar Panel will be

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compared to see if there is a significant difference in the performance of the panel when it is
subjected to various weather conditions.


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Prototype Model of Hybridised Solar Piezoelectric Power Generator
BANTAY, QUEZON CITY

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Risk and Safety
Be careful with handling Electricity, Solar Panel may cause Electric Shock, and thermal
burn hazards that may cause death. To avoid such casualties, make sure that the water does not
have contact with open circuits and work with an adult. Wear proper equipment such as safety
glasses, face shields, hard hats, safety shoes, insulating (rubber) gloves with leather protectors,
insulating sleeves, and flame-resistant (FR) clothing.
BANTAY, QUEZON CITY

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Bibliography
Grossman, David. “How Solar Panels Work (And Why They're Taking Over the World).”
Popular Mechanics, July 9, 2019.
https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a28186403/how-solar-
panelswork/.
Richardson, Luke. “How Do Solar Panels Work? Step by Step Guide: EnergySage.” Solar News.
EnergySage, February 18, 2020. https://news.energysage.com/solar-panels-work/
Johnson Electric Company. “The Piezoelectric Effect - Piezoelectric Motors & Motion
Systems.” Nanomotion, August 28, 2018. https://www.nanomotion.com/piezo-ceramic-
motortechnology/piezoelectric-effect/.
Govind, BhusariPriya “Benefits of Piezoelectricity and Solar Energy.”
https://www.researchgate.net/
Apc. “APC International.” apc. Publisher Name APC International Publisher Logo, April 26,
2019. https://www.americanpiezo.com/blog/top-uses-of-piezoelectricity-in-everyday-
applications/.
Zientara, Ben. How much electricity does a Solar panel produce? July 11, 2012.
https://www.solarpowerrocks.com/solar-basics/how-much-electricity-does-a-solar-panelproduce/
BANTAY, QUEZON CITY

Tel. No. 8-352-5957, CP Nos. 09985948424, 09155426803
Zyga, Lisa. “Rain Power: Harvesting Energy from the Sky.” Phys.org. Phys.org, January 22,
2008. https://phys.org/news/2008-01-power-harvesting-energy-sky.html.
Semiconductor. “What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Piezoelectric Transducer?”
Semiconductor for You, July 24, 2017.
https://www.semiconductorforu.com/advantagesdisadvantages-piezoelectric-transducer/.
“Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Cells.” United Kingdom. Accessed February 26, 2020.
https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2015/06/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-cells. Co,
About Renewable Resources. “Solar Energy Disadvantages: The Top Drawbacks of Solar
Power.” Renewable Resources Coalition, July 15, 2019.
https://www.renewableresourcescoalition.org/solar-energy-disadvantages/.
Johnson Electric Company. “The Piezoelectric Effect - Piezoelectric Motors & Motion Systems.”
Nanomotion. Nanomotion, August 28, 2018. https://www.nanomotion.com/piezoceramic-motor-
technology/piezoelectric-effect/.
Sanjeev, Arvind. “How to Use an LDR Sensor With Arduino: Arduino.” Maker Pro. Maker Pro,
March 2, 2020. https://maker.pro/arduino/tutorial/how-to-use-an-ldr-sensor-with-arduino.

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Republic of the Philippines

QUEZON CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

A Hybridized Solar Piezoelectric Power Generator

A Science Investigatory Project Plan

Submitted as Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements in Research

Escoto, Janna Sophia F.

Esmenda, Sean Neo James Miguel T.

Perral, Gabriel Joaquin D.

Sedano, Mark Vincent T.

Villarosa, Jeff Matthew D.

Quezon City Science High School

Regional Science High School

Regional Science High School

Regional Science High School

absorbed by the solar panel.11

Regional Science High School

Piezoelectricity can be integrated through means of hybridisation. Hybridisation of 2

By Hybridising the 2 different sources of energy ( Solar and Piezoelectricity ), 2 different

count than if the 2 different sources were separated.

Regional Science High School

convert both into usable electricity.

of new hybrid energies.

Regional Science High School

1. How can a Hybridised Solar Piezoelectric Power Generator be efficient in generating

electricity in terms of voltage, current and watts

Then it will still provide a continuous flow of renewable green energy.

Regional Science High School

convert both into usable electricity.

Piezoelectric panel should flip up

Regional Science High School

Review of Related Literature

Piezoelectricity is a way of generating a mechanical strain in response to an applied

medical, ultrasound imaging uses piezoelectric transducers.20

Regional Science High School

Power Output of Rain

An institute in Grenoble, France, specialising in microelectronics have developed a

Regional Science High School

the electrical charges from the vibrations.26

Power Output of Sunlight

panel can produce 320 watts.33

Benefits of Solar and Piezoelectricity

Regional Science High School

toward greater efficiency and cleaner energy.30

programs and communicate with them.32

Regional Science High School

Regional Science High School

QUEZON CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

Regional Science High School

Regional Science High School

Cell (6 x 6-inch), and 5 Piezoelectric Discs will be purchased in a hardware store.

Piezoelectric Discs to Solar Panel Attachment

be screwed unto the Servomotor's output shaft.

Microcontroller/Arduino Board to Moisture and LDR sensors Attachment

Regional Science High School

Bridging Rectifier to Arduino Board Connection

the 3.3V and 5V used by the moisture and LDR sensor.

Switch to Load Connection

Bridging Rectifier to AC Main Connection