Independent Sample T Test

ONE-SAMPLE t TEST
ONE – SAMPLE t TEST
• Used when the mean of one sample is compared to some

known or estimated population mean.
• The sample is typically different from the population in

some way, and the question of interest is whether the
mean of the sample differs significantly from the mean of
the population on a dependent variable of interest.
Activity 2:
For a research project, a student wanted to test whether people who
claim to be successful at picking winning teams in football are able to
select “winners” at different than chance levels (i.e. picking winners more
or less than 50% of the time). She identifies 15 people who advertise their
ability to pick “winners” and records the percentage of correct picks for
each person over an entire football season. The percentage of correct picks
for the 15 prognosticators is presented in the table below.
Prognosticator Percentage Prognosticator Percentage Prognosticator Percentage
of correct of correct of correct
picks picks picks
1 45 6 43 11 52
2 46 7 47 12 50
3 47 8 38 13 48
4 52 9 53 14 47
5 51 10 51 15 51
c. Write the result of the study using APA format as appropriate.
Since the p-value of .085 is greater than .05, the null hypothesis is not
rejected.
People who claim to be successful at picking winning teams in football have a
percentage of correct picks (M = 48.07, SD = 4.04) that has no significant
difference to the chance level of 50 percent, t(14) = -1.852, p > .05, d = -.48.
INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES
t TEST
INDEPENDENT – SAMPLES t TEST
• Used when the means of the two independent groups are
compared on a continuous dependent variable of interest.
Example 1:
A clinical psychologist wanted to investigate the relative
effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and
psychoanalytic therapy on depression. Thirty people suffering
from depression were randomly assigned to receive one of the
two therapies, with 15 people receiving cognitive-behavioral
therapy and 15 receiving psychoanalytic therapy. After two
months of therapy, the depression score for each participant
was recorded. The independent variable in this study is the type
of therapy (cognitive-behavioral, psychoanalytical) and the
dependent variable is depression, with higher scores
representing greater depression levels.
The Data (Psychoanalytical – 1; Cognitive-Behavioral – 2)
Participant Therapy Depression Participant Therapy Depression
1 1 57 16 2 47
2 1 61 17 2 42
3 1 67 18 2 59
4 1 63 19 2 37
5 1 51 20 2 35
6 1 55 21 2 42
7 1 45 22 2 38
8 1 62 23 2 49
9 1 41 24 2 61
10 1 36 25 2 43
11 1 55 26 2 47
12 1 57 27 2 49
13 1 70 28 2 37
14 1 62 29 2 41
15 1 58 30 2 48
Objective and Data Requirements of the Independent-Samples

t Test
Objective Data Example
Requirements
To test whether the One independent
means of two groups variable with two
differ significantly on separate groups
some dependent One continuous
variable of interest. dependent variable:
Null Hypothesis:
There is no significant difference in the average
depression levels between who received cognitive-behavioral
therapy and those who received psychoanalytical therapy.
Alternative Hypothesis:
There is a significant difference in the average depression
levels between who received cognitive-behavioral therapy
and those who received psychoanalytical therapy.
Data Entry and Analysis in SPSS
Step 1: Create the Variables
Use therapy and depression as variable names.
Step 2: Enter the Data
Step 3: Analyze the Data
1.From the menu bar, select Analyze > Compare Means >
Independent-Samples T Test…
2.Select the dependent variable, depression, and click the upper right
arrow button to move it into the Test Variable(s) box.
3.Select the independent variable, therapy, and click the lower right
arrow button to move it into the Grouping Variable box.
4.Click Define Groups.
5.Enter “1” to the right of Group 1 (the number assigned to the
psychoanalytical group and “2” to the right of Group 2 (the number
assigned to the cognitive-behavioral group)
6.Click Continue.
7.Click OK.
Step 4: Interpret the Results
1.The first table output, Group Statistics, displays the descriptive
statistics including the sample space, size, mean, standard deviation,
and standard error. The second table, Independent Samples Test,
presents the results for the Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
followed by the t-test for equality of Mean.
Step 4: Interpret the Results
2. Check the results of Levene’s test for the equality of variances.
•If p > 0.05: Interpret the first row of values for the t test. Labeled
Equal variances assumed.
•If p ≤ 0.05: Interpret the second row of values for the t test, labeled
Equal variances not assumed.
3.Check the p-value (“sig.”) in the t-test for Equality of Means section
of the Independent Samples Test table.
•If p ≤ 0.05, the null hypothesis rejected. Inspect the means form the
Group Statistics table and write the results indicating the nature of the
difference between the groups.
•If p > 0.05, the null hypothesis is not rejected. Write the result
indicating that there is no significant difference between the groups.
Example 2:
Recent advances is surgical technology have led to an increase in the
use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) which involves making one or
more small incisions to preform the surgery, as opposed to making a
considerably larger incision that traditional surgery requires. One of the
claims advocates of MIS make is that the patient experiences less pain
following the surgery. To investigate this claim, a researcher followed 30
people who were scheduled to undergo cardiovascular surgery, with 15
receiving MIS and 15 receiving traditional surgery. The reported pain
level of each surgical patient was recorded 24 hours following surgery.
The pain scale ranged from 1 to 10, with higher score indicating a greater
degree of pain.
Procedure Pain
MIS 5 4 7 2 3 5 4 6 2 5 6 8 4 5 5
Traditional 6 7 5 8 9 7 8 6 6 7 8 8 6 3 9
c. Write the result of the study using APA format as appropriate.
Since the p-value of .001 is less than .05, the null hypothesis is rejected.
Those who received minimally invasive surgery (MIS) (𝜇 = 4.73, 𝑆𝐷 = 1.67)
had experienced significantly lower pain level than those who received
traditional therapy (𝜇 = 6.87, 𝑆𝐷 = 1.60), 𝑡(28) = −3.58, 𝑝 < 0.05, 𝑑 = -1.31)

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ONE-SAMPLE t TEST

ONE – SAMPLE t TEST

• Used when the mean of one sample is compared to some

• The sample is typically different from the population in

Objective and Data Requirements of the Independent-Samples

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