Cambridge IGCSE™: Sociology 0495/23 May/June 2021

Cambridge IGCSE™
SOCIOLOGY 0495/23
Paper 2 May/June 2021
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 70
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2021 series for most Cambridge
IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.
This document consists of 28 printed pages.
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

0495/23 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2021
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
© UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 28

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Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

(for point-based marking)
1 Components using point-based marking:

• Point marking is often used to reward knowledge, understanding and application of skills. We
give credit where the candidate’s answer shows relevant knowledge, understanding and
application of skills in answering the question. We do not give credit where the answer shows
confusion.
From this it follows that we:
a DO credit answers which are worded differently from the mark scheme if they clearly convey
the same meaning (unless the mark scheme requires a specific term)
b DO credit alternative answers/examples which are not written in the mark scheme if they are
correct
c DO credit answers where candidates give more than one correct answer in one
prompt/numbered/scaffolded space where extended writing is required rather than list-type
answers. For example, questions that require n reasons (e.g. State two reasons …).
d DO NOT credit answers simply for using a ‘key term’ unless that is all that is required.
(Check for evidence it is understood and not used wrongly.)
e DO NOT credit answers which are obviously self-contradicting or trying to cover all
possibilities
f DO NOT give further credit for what is effectively repetition of a correct point already credited
unless the language itself is being tested. This applies equally to ‘mirror statements’ (i.e.
polluted/not polluted).
g DO NOT require spellings to be correct, unless this is part of the test. However spellings of
syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms
with which they may be confused (e.g. Corrasion/Corrosion)
2 Presentation of mark scheme:

• Slashes (/) or the word ‘or’ separate alternative ways of making the same point.
• Semi colons (;) bullet points (•) or figures in brackets (1) separate different points.
• Content in the answer column in brackets is for examiner information/context to clarify the
marking but is not required to earn the mark (except Accounting syllabuses where they
indicate negative numbers).
3 Calculation questions:
• The mark scheme will show the steps in the most likely correct method(s), the mark for each
step, the correct answer(s) and the mark for each answer
• If working/explanation is considered essential for full credit, this will be indicated in the
question paper and in the mark scheme. In all other instances, the correct answer to a
calculation should be given full credit, even if no supporting working is shown.
• Where the candidate uses a valid method which is not covered by the mark scheme, award
equivalent marks for reaching equivalent stages.
• Where an answer makes use of a candidate’s own incorrect figure from previous working,
the ‘own figure rule’ applies: full marks will be given if a correct and complete method is
used. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any
exceptions to this general principle will be noted.

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4 Annotation:
• For point marking, ticks can be used to indicate correct answers and crosses can be used to
indicate wrong answers. There is no direct relationship between ticks and marks. Ticks have
no defined meaning for levels of response marking.
• For levels of response marking, the level awarded should be annotated on the script.
• Other annotations will be used by examiners as agreed during standardisation, and the
meaning will be understood by all examiners who marked that paper.

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Question Answer Marks
1(a) What is meant by the term ‘secularisation’? 2
One mark for partial definition, e.g. less religious.

Two marks for clear definition, e.g. where religion has become less
important in the lives of many people in society.
1(b) Describe two examples of the dark side of family life. 4
Candidates will be expected to describe two examples of the dark side of

family life.
Possible answers:
• arguments and conflict ,– may lead to a stressful and tense family life,
e.g. divorce;
• domestic violence – violence within the family, can be physical,
emotional or in the form of control, e.g. Dobash and Dobash
• sexual abuse – women and children may be the victims of sexual abuse
within the family;
• child abuse and neglect – when family life is dangerous and exploitative
for children, e.g. living with a drug addicted parent;
• elder abuse – when the elderly members of the family suffer at the
hands of other family members, e.g. physical violence, neglect;
• triple burden – feminists believe family life is negative for females due
to the responsibilities and expectations placed upon her (paid work,
housework and emotional care);
• inadequate socialisation may lead to a dysfunctional family life as
correct norms and values are not learnt (New Right – Murray);
• other reasonable response.
One mark for each point correctly identified (up to maximum of two).
One mark for each point that is developed (up to a maximum of two).
1(c) Explain how females are gaining more power in the family. 6
Candidates should discuss how females are gaining more power in the
family.
Possible answers:
• feminists encourage women to challenge patriarchal ideologies in
families and thus to be more powerful, e.g. more equality;
• single parent families are increasing in numbers and these are typically
headed by females, meaning they have the power in the family;
• the rise of symmetrical families (Willmott and Young) means that both
women and men have an equal share in running the home (shared
power);
• the rise of working women means that females are no longer reliant on
their husband’s/partner’s wages thus increasing their power in the
home in terms of decision making, etc;
• high earning women are challenging functionalist views of the natural
female-expressive and male-instrumental gender roles and thus
increasing their power and status;

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1(c) • the increasing availability of contraception means that females can

control the amount of children they have and when they have them thus
giving them more power in the family;
• lesbian same-sex families remove any kind of patriarchal control and so
increase female power in the family;
• changing legislation such as equal opportunities, sex discrimination,
equal pay, free/subsidised childcare ,etc. means females are no longer
seen to be subservient to males;
• girls are not as subjected to gender role socialisation as previously and
thus are encouraged to obtain power in society;
Band 0 [0 marks]
No creditworthy response.
Band 1 [1–3 marks]

Answers in this band will show only a limited awareness of the question.
Responses may be short and un/underdeveloped. At the bottom of the band
(1 mark), expect one weak point.
Higher in the band (2–3 marks), candidates may offer more than one weak
point, but there may be a tendency towards simplistic answers, engaging
with sociological ideas without using sociological language.

Answers in this band will have clear and accurate explanation, showing
good sociological knowledge and understanding. Sociological terms and
concepts should be expected and explained. At the bottom of the band, the
range of points covered may be narrow or lack detail. Higher in the band,
answers will cover more than one point in a well-developed way or cover
several points in less detail.
1(d) Explain why an ageing population is likely to affect family life. 8
Candidates should discuss why an ageing population is affecting family life.
Possible answers:
• grandparents are living longer and so are able to be an active part of
family life for longer, e.g. providing emotional support for their children
and grand-children;
• grandparents may financially support and assist their children;
• grandparents may perform vital childcare for free that otherwise parents
could not afford;
• living longer may mean that elderly parents are a greater burden for
adult children, particularly women, who may then suffer financially and
emotionally;
• the state – as the state has to use resources to support elderly people,
e.g. pensions, this leaves less available for children and others in
families;
• due to increased geographical mobility in society, elderly people may
not live near their family’s meaning they may suffer from loneliness and
isolation;

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1(d) • there may be a return to extended families in order to allow multiple

generations of family members to live together and support one
another;
• pivot/sandwich generation – an ageing population may mean the
stresses of elderly care must sit alongside childcare for many families,
particularly women;
Band 0 [0 marks]

Answers in this band will show only a limited awareness of the question. A
tendency to description is likely. Responses may be short and undeveloped
and points stated without explanation. Sociological terms and concepts are
unlikely to be used. At the bottom of the band (1 mark), expect one weak
point. Higher in the band (2–3 marks), candidates may offer more than one
weak point.

Answers in this band will show basic sociological knowledge and
understanding. Responses may be underdeveloped and lacking in range. At
the bottom of the band, candidates are unlikely to use sociological terms
and concepts accurately.
Higher in the band, candidates may be beginning to use sociological terms
and concepts with greater accuracy. However, some aspects of the answer
may only be partially developed/explained.

Answers in this band will show good sociological knowledge and
understanding and will be well-developed and explained. Sociological terms
and concepts will be used accurately overall. Answers will be well-focused
on the question and there will be a range of points presented. At the top of
the band explanations will be clear throughout.
1(e) To what extent is marriage threatened by alternatives to the family? 15
Candidates should discuss the ways marriage may be threatened by

alternatives to the family.
Possible answers:
FOR
• singlehood is a lifestyle of choice for many people today which does not
include the idea of getting married, e.g. career women;
• singlehood can sometimes occur, e.g. divorced men who then live
alone – this alternative to the family is now more commonplace and
therefore may threaten marriage;
• communes are a lifestyle choice for many people who wish to live
communally, perhaps based on religious or political beliefs. This style of
living does not incorporate marriage;
• in many examples of communal living biological bonds between adults
and children are considered to be irrelevant meaning there is no need
for marriage;

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1(e) • friends have become increasingly important to individuals and are

thought by many to perform functions that were once done by the family
meaning that we are seeing changing views about the need to get
married and have a family;
• friends are increasingly making large commitments together, e.g.
buying a house , that were once reserved for married couples – this
may negate the need for marriage;
• in some traditional tribal societies, e.g. the Nayar, individuals do not live
as families and thus there is no need for marriage;
• feminists have demonised marriage as a patriarchal institution which
may put many women off having a traditional married life;
• the loss of family functions means that the state (alternative to the
family) often plays a large role in family life today which may decrease
the need for individuals to get married;
• in many countries and religions same sex marriages and families are
not permitted, homosexuality may therefore threaten the institution of
marriage;
AGAINST
• it may be secularisation that is threatening the institution of marriage,
not alternatives to the family;
• changing norms, values and expectations may mean that people do not
believe marriage is a useful partnership for them anymore;
• high divorce rates and high costs of marriage may be putting people off
from getting married, not alternatives to the family;
• in many religions and cultures marriage is still highly valued and very
popular, e.g. South Asian communities;
• marriage is evolving as societies change and this will ensure it remains
an important institution, e.g. allowing homosexual people to marry in
many countries today, allowing people to have civil rather than religious
services
• serial monogamy – getting married and then divorced and then married
again clearly shows that marriage as an institution is thought to be
important;
• remarriage rates are high, indicating that the institution of marriage is
not under threat;
• marriage is still promoted through the media as the most acceptable
lifestyle, e.g. romanticism in Disney movies;
• alternatives to family life such as communes, singlehood and living with
friends may just be a stage in a person’s life, not a lifelong decision,
therefore it is unlikely to threaten marriage;
Band 0 [0 marks]

Answers in this band may be vague and largely based on common sense
showing limited knowledge of the debate. Use of sociological terms or
concepts is very unlikely. Responses may be short, undeveloped and one-
sided.

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1(e) Lower in the band (1–2 marks), expect one or two weak points. Higher in
the band (3–4 marks) candidates may offer more than two points and
provide a weak definition of key terms in the question.

In this band candidates will show some basic knowledge of the debate.
Alternatively, they may offer an answer which is list-like in nature but there
will be no real attempt to assess the issues raised by the question. There
may be limited/some use of sociological terms or concepts. Responses may
be underdeveloped and lack range. Answers may be simplistic and two-
sided or only cover one side of the debate. Lower in the band, the response
may be rather narrow in the points covered and there may be some
development. Higher in the band, more points are likely to be covered with
some development. Alternatively, a list-like answer with some development
covering both sides of the argument may score up to 8 marks.
A one-sided answer can not score higher than 8 marks.

understanding of the debate.
Sociological terms and concepts will be used with greater accuracy and/or
frequency. For the most part, answers will be well-developed, focused on
the questions and there will be a range of points presented. There will be a
two-sided response but it may lack range on one side. At the bottom of the
band, candidates may provide a narrower range of developed points. At the
top of the band, expect a wider range of developed points and clear focus
on the question.

Answers in this band will show excellent knowledge and understanding of
the debate. There will be a strong grasp of the arguments as well as
accurate and frequent use of sociological terms and concepts. Answers will
be well-developed, clearly focused on the question and discuss a wide
range of points. Responses will be two-sided and have a range of points on
each side. At the bottom of the band (13 marks), the answer may lack a
specific conclusion. Higher in the band, there will be a clear attempt to offer
an assessment of the ‘To what extent.?’ part of the question through a
focused conclusion.
2(a) What is meant by the term ‘faith schools’? 2
One mark for partial definition, e.g. a religious school.

Two marks for clear definition, e.g. schools controlled/run by a religious
organisation.

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2(b) Describe two characteristics of anti-school sub-cultures. 4
Candidates will be expected to describe two characteristics of anti-school

sub-cultures.
Possible answers:
• behaviour – students may be pushing the boundaries and rebelling
against authority through being insolent/aggressive to teachers, etc.;
• truanting – members of anti-school sub-cultures typically hate school
and so will often truant and miss classes;
• culture of masculinity – these sub-cultures typically involve boys rather
than girls; they may be a way for members to re-assert their
masculinity;
• peer group conformity – pupils in anti-school sub-cultures must conform
to their peer group’s norms and values – this can often involve
delinquent behaviour outside school;
• ethnicity – anti-school sub-cultures are often associated with ethnic
minority pupils – they may form in school as a way for ethnic minority
students to show their displeasure with an ethnocentric curriculum and
negative ethnic stereotyping;
• Willis ‘the lads’ – these boys joined the sub-culture in order to ‘have a
laugh’ through messing about in the classroom and ‘cheeking’ the
teacher;
• social class – working class students may join anti-school sub-cultures
as they can see no point in studying at school when there are few jobs
available for them therefore they avoid school work, try and cheat in
tests and rarely complete homework;
• prejudice – anti-school sub-cultures are often associated with negative
behavior and attitudes such as sexism, racism and homophobia;
• attitudes – pupils in anti-school sub-cultures tend to despise pupils who
do work hard at school and are successful, this can lead to conflict
(anti-education values);

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2(c) Explain how home factors can affect a pupil’s experience of school. 6
Candidates should discuss different reasons why home factors can affect
experiences at school.
Possible answers:
• material factors – a lack of money at home may mean that additional
resources, study guides, private tutoring cannot be provided for the
child which may negatively affect educational achievement (the reverse
can also be argued for wealthy homes) (Bourdieu economic capital);
• poverty – children in homes that suffer from material deprivation may
experience over-crowding, a lack of a quiet space to study and a poor
diet which may then negatively affect them at school (the reverse can
also be considered for wealthy families);
• where a child lives often determines which school the child attends
which may then influence the range of subjects offered and the quality
of education available;
• parental attitudes to education – parents who are supportive of and
value education are more likely to involve themselves in school life and
work with the schools to ensure the best for their child(ren);
• cultural capital (Bourdieu) – families who have books at home and
whom take their children on visits to museums, galleries, etc. help to
educate their children which may then help them to achieve well at
school;
• peer group – some communities are ridden with crime and anti-social
behaviour which may make it difficult for children to focus on their
schoolwork when street or gang life is all around them;
• social capital (Bourdieu) – some parents may be able to organise
prestigious work experience placements for their children due to their
network of acquaintances which other families would not be able to do;
• gender – in some countries and cultures males are more highly valued
than females therefore girls stay at home and never even experience a
life at school as they are expected to stay at home and participate in
domestic chores and childcare;
Band 0 [0 marks]


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2(c) Band 2 [4–6 marks]

2(d) Explain why education can benefit those with power. 8
Candidates should discuss different ways that education benefits those with
power.
Possible answers:
• certain social groups do better than others in education, e.g. those from
a high social class, which infers that those who are already privileged
and powerful in society achieve the best;
• functionalists believe that education prepares young people for the
world of work, making them passive conformers to rules and regulations
– a compliant workforce leads to less industrial action and more profits
thus benefiting those with power;
• Marxists believe that education transmits the values of the dominant
ruling class and normalises the system of capitalism, thus benefiting the
bourgeoisie;
• Marxists believe that education socially controls students to ensure they
are passive and submit to those higher than them in the hierarchy – this
can then be transferred to the workplace where by they will be good
workers for the capitalist system and so benefits those with power;
• money can buy a better education – private/public schools that only the
rich can afford to send their children to typically get better educational
results than state schools meaning that those already privileged
children can access the better Universities and jobs in society – the
powerful benefit;
• the hidden curriculum can be used to indoctrinate children with the
norms and values of the powerful groups, e.g. feminists would say
patriarchal ideologies are transmitted which benefit men;
• feminists believe there is a gendered curriculum in education that
results in boys and girls choosing different subjects to study – this
affects future career opportunities and thus benefits the powerful group
– here = men;
• there is said to be an ethnocentric curriculum in schools which
prioritises the ethnic majority’s values and traditions over any others
thus devaluing ethnic minorities, often resulting in them forming anti-
school subcultures and not doing well in school – this affects their ability
to get high paying and influential jobs in society thus benefiting the
powerful, here = the ethnic majority;
• elite Universities, e.g. Cambridge and Oxford in the UK are dominated
by public/private school pupils thus ensuring the cycle of power is
maintained amongst the already powerful groups – they benefit;

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2(d) Band 0 [0 marks]


weak point.

and concepts accurately. Higher in the band, candidates may be beginning
to use sociological terms and concepts with greater accuracy. However,
some aspects of the answer may only be partially developed/explained.


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2(e) To what extent is the hidden curriculum the most important part of an 15
individual’s education?
Candidates should discuss the ways in which the hidden curriculum can be
seen to be the most important part in an individual’s education. In
evaluation, they should consider other factors that may be more/just as
important.
Possible answers:
FOR
• the hidden curriculum is not explicit and obvious thus making
individual’s more susceptible to its influence as they are not aware it is
happening;
• the hidden curriculum is a crucial part of the informal education an
individual receives and compliments and reinforces the ideologies
learnt at home, normalising them further;
• the hidden curriculum teaches students to conform to the rules and
instructions of those higher than them in the hierarchy so leading to
social conformity in later life;
• the hidden curriculum teaches students an agreed set of norms and
values that produces social order and stability in society thus reducing
conflict and disorder (functionalism);
• the hidden curriculum according to Marxists inculcates individuals with
capitalist norms and values and normalises societal inequalities as
these are justified as being ’fair’ and ‘meritocratic’;
• the hidden curriculum encourages passivity in students and thus
prevents them from questioning the ‘status quo’ - instead they conform
to the dominant ideology;

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2(e) • feminists believe that the hidden curriculum is important as it is

embedded with patriarchal values and assumptions that teach boys and
girls that male and female gender roles and expectations are very
different;
• the hidden curriculum can influence students through the school’s
management structure, its rules and regulations, its teachers, its wider
support staff and its organisation, thus can influence individual’s in a lot
of different ways;
AGAINST
• the official curriculum is more important than the hidden curriculum as
this determines the subjects and course content that a student studies
as well as the examinations sat;
• the type of school attended is more important as this determines future
educational achievement, life chances and opportunities;
• teachers are more important than the hidden curriculum in an
individual’s education as their negative or positive labelling can result in
a self-fulfilling prophecy/the halo effect;
• peer group is more important than the hidden curriculum in an
individual’s education as this may effect whether the individual does
well or poorly in their examinations e.g. through joining a pro or an anti-
school sub-culture;
• the ethnocentric curriculum may be more important than the hidden
curriculum as it officially values certain cultures and ethnicities over
others;
• the gendered curriculum may be more important than the hidden
curriculum as it implies that males and females have different qualities
and capabilities and can be seen to set them up on different career
paths through their subject choices;
• material factors may be the most important part of an individual’s
education - having enough money to take part in school trips and extra-
curricular activities as well as to buy supporting revision guides and
private tutors is likely to positively affect educational achievement;
• the hidden curriculum is an important part of an individual’s education
but it is no more important than other factors;
Band 0 [0 marks]

sided.
Lower in the band (1–2 marks), expect one or two weak points. Higher in

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2(e) Band 2 [5–8 marks]

A one-sided answer cannot score higher than 8 marks.

on the question.

focused conclusion.
3(a) What is meant by the term ‘conformity’? 2

One mark for partial definition, e.g. fitting in.
Two marks for clear definition, e.g. attitudes and behaviour fit in with those
of the dominant social group.

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3(b) Describe two examples of corporate crime. 4
Candidates will be expected to describe two examples of corporate crime.
Possible answers:
• false claims – companies may falsely claim on insurance policies in
order to accrue money;
• tax evasion – not paying correct taxes on profits made, e.g. General
Electric, Starbucks;
• violations of environmental laws – e.g. a company disposes of its waste
illegally/pollution;
• business/financial fraud – embezzlement of money in order to increase
the company’s profits, e.g. Enron;
• bribery – of public officials in order to benefit the company, e.g. to get
planning permission;
• insider trading – manipulation of the financial stock market in order to
make the company money;
• corporate manslaughter – e.g. when workers die due to the company’s
failure to follow health and safety legislation, e.g. Far West Water;
• selling a deadly/dangerous product, e.g. thalidomide drug/Peanut
corporation of America;

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3(c) Explain how informal agencies of social control can prevent crime. 6
Candidates should discuss the ways informal agencies of social control, e.g.
schools, families, media, workplace, religion and peers can prevent crime.
Possible answers:
• informal sanctions – such as ridicule, comments and disapproving looks
– persuade people not to commit crime as they internalise that these
reactions are negative ones;
• Informal agencies typically have close relationships with individuals
therefore have more influence over them in persuading them not to
commit crime;
• religion – has rules regarding behaviour for their followers which
typically ensures criminal behaviour is avoided, e.g. the 10
commandments in Christianity forbid certain actions;
• media – reporting criminal behaviour and creating folk devils makes
people realise criminal actions will be punished and stigmatised;
• family – act as role models for their offspring and so will ensure
sanctions are put in place to prevent rule breaking behaviour, e.g.
grounding;
• education – the hidden curriculum transmits a set of values that
encourages conformity and non-criminal behaviour;
• peer group – positive peer pressure and the values of one’s sub-culture
can ensure that members do not commit criminal acts;
• workplace – will often use severe sanctions such as sackings,
demotions, etc. if criminal behaviour occurs – this deters individuals;
Band 0 [0 marks]



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3(d) Explain why official measurements of crime may not always be 8

accurate.
Candidates should discuss issues with the official measurements of crime,

e.g. the OCS. This is likely to consider problems of both reporting and
recording but this is not essential.
Possible answers:
• most crimes that make it to the statistics are reported to the police
either by victim or witness – if a crime is not reported then it will not
make the statistics (dark figure of crime);
• trivial crimes – often not reported to the police as people do not believe
the police can do anything;
• benefit to victims – crimes involving insured items are much more likely
to be reported to the police as the insurance company requires a crime
number;
• reprisal – victims and witnesses may not report a crime to the police if
they fear they will be threatened with reprisal, e.g. gangs;
• embarrassment – victims may not report crimes to the police because
they are embarrassed about what has happened
• e.g. sexual crimes – these are notoriously under-reported;
• invisible crimes – many white-collar and corporate crimes are unlikely to
come to the attention of the police as they are either unknown about or
dealt with internally by the company involved;
• police discretion – not all crimes reported to the police are recorded in
the statistics;
• cuffing – police are under pressure to achieve targets and so may
manipulate statistics to create a good impression of the job they do, e.g.
by downgrading a crime’s seriousness or filing it as a false report;
Band 0 [0 marks]

weak point.


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3(d) Band 3 [7–8 marks]

3(e) To what extent is gender the most important factor in determining 15

whether an individual commits crime?
Candidates should consider how gender may determine whether an

individual commits crime. This means they could look at either men or
women or both genders. In evaluation they may argue that it is other social
factors rather than gender that are most important, e.g. age, ethnicity and/or
social class.
Possible answers:
FOR
• masculinity – crime is a way of achieving masculinity for males and thus
increasing their status;
• risk taking behaviour – males are more likely to take risks and commit
‘edgework’ (postmodernism) than females which may account for their
higher crime rate;
• aggression – this is a way for males to assert their masculinity against
other males or females (expressive crime/protector role);
• breadwinner – traditional gender roles say that the man should provide
for his family, if he cannot do this legitimately then he may turn to crime;
• gangs – are dominated by males and gangs initiation ceremonies and
lifestyle choices often involve criminal behaviour, e.g. drug dealing;
• socialisation – girls and boys are socialised differently – girls to be
passive, males to be active (Oakley) – this may result in higher levels of
male criminality;
• social control – girls are more socially controlled than boys and so may
have less chance to commit crime, e.g. street culture versus bedroom
subculture;
• biology – testosterone and greater physical strength mean that males
are more likely to commit criminal/deviant acts than females;
• labelling and stereotyping – those in the CJS are likely to perceive
males as being the most likely to commit crime and so target them –
this can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy (Becker, Cicourel);

PUBLISHED
3(e) AGAINST
• self-report studies show that the number of female offences is under-
estimated which implies that the idea that gender is a reason to explain
criminality is wrong;
• as society becomes more egalitarian so it seems that female criminality
rises, e.g. girl gangs, ladettes, which implies that crime cannot be
explained by gender;
• police labelling – Cicourel says there is a picture of a ‘typical delinquent’
in the police and courts heads that criminals are male – this means
males are more likely to be stopped and searched and arrested than
females not that they are actually any more criminal (chivalry thesis –
Pollak);
• age – is said by many sociologists to be more important than gender in
explaining criminality, e.g. most offenders are young;
• ethnicity – is said by many sociologists to be a more important social
factor than gender – ethnic minorities are disproportionately reflected in
the criminal population, e.g. prison rates;
• social class – many sociologists believe that it is a person’s class
position that is the most influential in determining their criminality
• e.g. the lower a person’s class, the higher their rates of offending;
• type of crime – rates of shoplifting are similar for both males and
females making it difficult to argue that gender is a reason to explain
different offending rates;
• Interpretivism – people commit crimes for different reasons and to
generalise that this is because of their gender is misleading;
Band 0 [0 marks]

sided.
Lower in the band (1–2 marks), expect one or two weak points. Higher in


PUBLISHED
3(e) Band 3 [9–12 marks]

on the question.

focused conclusion.
4(a) What is meant by the term ‘broadcasting’? 2
One mark for partial definition, e.g. TV and radio.

Two marks for clear definition, e.g. transmitting radio or TV to large
audiences.
4(b) Describe two ways young people are living in a media culture. 4
Candidates will be expected to describe two ways young people are living in
a media culture. This may be demonstrated through examples.
Possible answers:
• time – young people spend more time interacting with and using the
media than any other age group;
• interactivity – new media immerses young people into a way of life
where online communication and relationships become the norm;
• social media – most young people take part in social media, sharing
stories, photos, videos, etc., virtual communities are part of most young
people’s lives;
• digital natives – young people have been brought up to see new, digital
media as the norm therefore it forms a part of their everyday norms and
values;
• postmodernism – these theorists claim that society is now so media
saturated that a young person’s way of life is dominated by the media;
• citizen journalism – the ability to film and share live news and events via
the internet means that young people are continuously living in a media
culture;

PUBLISHED
4(b) • cult of celebrity – celebrities, reality TV stars and sports people have
become role models and ‘stars’ for young people who follow them on
social media, subscribe to fan sites and engage with their websites, e.g.
influencers;
• postmodernism – hyper-reality = the media constructs for young people
a world that they have no real life experience of, thus creating reality
through a media culture;
• advertising – the proliferation of advertising and marketing opportunities
in all areas of life means that young people are now living in a media
culture;
• convergence – technology has developed to allow young people to
access media across various different platforms from a wide variety of
devices – a portable and instant media culture is formed;
• pluralism – competition and choice = more media is available and
targeted at young people than ever before;
4(c) Explain how new media is interactive. 6
Candidate’s should consider the ways that today’s media allow for
interactivity.
Possible answers:
• personalised media usage – e.g. having news on particular topics
emailed directly to you;
• create own media – write a blog, create a website, upload videos and/or
photos, tweet (Twitter), etc. (user generated content);
• online discussion – contribute to this via forums, social media and
message boards and reply immediately to others;
• role play and gaming – immersing yourself into a fantasy world and role
playing a particular part, often competing against users in other
countries and communicating with them through the medium/game;
• instant voting on live TV for something or someone, e.g. a talent show
winner, a point of view, a multi-choice quiz question;
• citizen journalism – the audience can now create media material
through uploading live footage;
• youtube channels/Instagram/tiktok, etc. – allow members of the
audience to create their own media output and interact with viewers or
comment on other creators channels/posts/videos;
• social media influencers and vloggers regularly interact with their fans
and let them ‘into their virtual lives’, e.g. Zoella;

PUBLISHED
4(c) Band 0 [0 marks]



4(d) Explain why the media is an important agency of socialisation. 8
Candidates should discuss reasons why the media is an important agency

of socialisation. They are likely to discuss processes such as imitation
and/or specific examples and case studies.
Possible answers:
• Marxism – the media convey the dominant norms, values and ideology
and so keep the population in a state of false consciousness;
• postmodernism – the media saturated society and multiple platforms
that now dominate the industry makes it easier than ever before for
people to be influenced by the media;
• feminism – believe messages and images in the media are patriarchal
and that this becomes represented as normal – so teaching the
audience to think of males and females in very different ways, e.g.
stereotyping;
• invisibility – by giving some social groups prominence in the media and
invisibilising others, the media is highly influential in determining what
the audience think of as ‘normal’/important;
• male gaze – the media objectifies females for the pleasure of males –
this legitimises the need for women to look a certain way in society in
order to be seen as beautiful (Mulvey);
• re-socialisation – the media can be an important agency of re-
socialisation for some ethnic groups (Gillespie) helping to transmit and
interpret society’s norms and values;
• imitation – media theories such as the hypodermic model suggest that
audiences copy what they see/hear in the media, particularly vulnerable
groups such as children – copycat violence is one such example;
• role models – members of the audience look up to people in the media
and thus their ability to influence views and appearance are huge, e.g.
the cult of celebrity, social media influencers;

PUBLISHED
4(d) • the media is said to be an important form of political socialisation –

presenting the ‘status quo’ as normal and either omitting or ridiculing
more radical and alternative viewpoints (Glasgow University Media
Group);
• the media is a secondary agency of socialisation and is thus important
(along with the other agents) in reinforcing cultural norms and values;
Band 0 [0 marks]

weak point.



PUBLISHED
4(e) To what extent is the media free from control and bias? 15
Candidates are likely to debate traditional media against new media,

although this is not prescriptive. All valid answers and examples should be
credited. It is likely that issues of content, control and ownership will be
considered.
Possible answers:
FOR
• pluralism – the media simply reflects and responds to its audience
therefore it is free from control and bias;
• narrowcasting – today’s digital media is able to cater for niche,
specialist audiences and alternative viewpoints as well as the more
traditional mass appeal broadcasting content therefore it is not biased,
there is something for everyone;
• ownership – the media is made up of both large corporations and
independent companies therefore cannot be accused of bias;
• citizen journalism – the public are now uploading media items
themselves as they happen, e.g. news stories to the internet – this
means today’s media is free from control and bias;
• cost – the internet has meant that former issues of cost that prevented
many groups from being able to create content has now been removed,
so making the media free from control and bias;
• access – the internet and the web mean that the media is now global,
we are being exposed to cultural diversity on a regular basis so seeing
different world perspectives – this makes the media free from control
and bias;
• muted voices – new media has given a voice and a space to those
minority/powerless groups that previously found it hard to be part of the
media, e.g. ethnic minorities, women, the disabled, demonstrating how
the media is now free from control and bias;
• hashtag campaigns – have allowed groups who feel an injustice or
sense of discrimination to use the internet to connect with many others
and to spread their message globally, e.g. #metoo – this demonstrates
how the media is free from control and bias;
• audience as producer – the audience and producer divide is no longer
clear as audiences can create media, e.g. websites, upload material
(prosumers) meaning there is little control and media is not biased;
• digital media – this is ever-changing and global and thus is impossible
to control;
• due impartiality – many broadcasters are bound by codes of conduct
that prevent them from being biased, e.g. the BBC/C4;
• postmodernism – they believe the media today is a diverse institution
with no ‘top down’ hierarchy – this means that the media cannot be
controlled or used for propaganda or convey a dominant ideology;

PUBLISHED
4(e) AGAINST
• media conglomerates increasingly dominate the ownership of the media
and are increasing their powers further through diversification;
• new media may be more free from control and bias but this is not the
case for traditional media which is still highly regulated;
• news values – these still determine the types of stories that typically
make the news, resulting in homogenous and stereotypical content that
is often biased, e.g. moral panics;
• digital divide – based on factors such as money, location and age –
mean that certain audience groups are not able to readily access and/or
produce media content therefore for many people the media is as
controlled and biased as it has ever been;
• state control – regulatory bodies such as the BBFC and PEGI
determine what can and cannot be included in media content, so
controlling media;
• censorship – this can be done by either private bodies or governments
in order to control the content and distribution of media content which
often results in biased output;
• media gatekeepers – these are still typically male, middle class, white
and middle aged – so reducing the diversity of content and opinion
available in the media meaning that biased content remains the norm;
• radical viewpoints – these are typically not easily available in the media
with most content following the dominant ideology which is heavily
controlled and very biased (GUMG);
• Marxists – they believe that the media is a tool of the ruling class used
to control the minds of the proletariat through the normalisation of
capitalism and conservative indoctrination (Miliband) in its biased
content;
• Marxism – alternative/radical views in the media are typically
marginalised and/or invisibilised meaning that the media controls its
biased content;
• propaganda – this is still a feature of the media proving that control and
bias are still inherent to the industry, e.g. preventing the government
and its policies favourably;

PUBLISHED
4(e) Band 0 [0 marks]


sided. Lower in the band (1–2 marks), expect one or two weak points.
Higher in the band (3–4 marks) candidates may offer more than two points
and provide a weak definition of key terms in the question.


on the question.

focused conclusion.

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© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

Generic Marking Principles

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

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Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

1 Components using point-based marking:

From this it follows that we:

2 Presentation of mark scheme:

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) What is meant by the term ‘secularisation’? 2

One mark for partial definition, e.g. less religious.

1(b) Describe two examples of the dark side of family life. 4

Candidates will be expected to describe two examples of the dark side of

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Question Answer Marks

1(c) • the increasing availability of contraception means that females can

Band 1 [1–3 marks]

Band 2 [4–6 marks]

1(d) Explain why an ageing population is likely to affect family life. 8

Candidates should discuss why an ageing population is affecting family life.

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Question Answer Marks

1(d) • there may be a return to extended families in order to allow multiple

Band 1 [1–3 marks]

Band 2 [4–6 marks]

Band 3 [7–8 marks]

1(e) To what extent is marriage threatened by alternatives to the family? 15

Candidates should discuss the ways marriage may be threatened by

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Question Answer Marks

1(e) • friends have become increasingly important to individuals and are

Band 1 [1–4 marks]

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Question Answer Marks

Band 2 [5–8 marks]

Band 3 [9–12 marks]

Band 4 [13–15 marks]

Question Answer Marks

2(a) What is meant by the term ‘faith schools’? 2

One mark for partial definition, e.g. a religious school.

© UCLES 2021 Page 9 of 28

Question Answer Marks

2(b) Describe two characteristics of anti-school sub-cultures. 4

Candidates will be expected to describe two characteristics of anti-school

© UCLES 2021 Page 10 of 28

Question Answer Marks

Band 1 [1–3 marks]

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