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    Lec 2 Theories of Failure (Dr. M.M.abdelkader)

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    Ahmed Aly
    The document discusses theories of failure for materials under stress. It introduces concepts like stress, strength, design factor, and factor of safety. It then covers theories like maximum shear stress theory and yield criteria for ductile materials. Maximum shear stress theory predicts yielding when the maximum shear stress equals the material's shear yield strength. For plane stress problems, there are three cases to consider depending on the relative magnitudes of the principal stresses. Hydrostatic stress does not cause failure as there is no shear stress. Brittle fracture criteria like maximum normal stress theory are also discussed.

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    Lec 2 Theories of Failure (Dr. M.M.abdelkader)

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Aly
    28 views13 pages
    The document discusses theories of failure for materials under stress. It introduces concepts like stress, strength, design factor, and factor of safety. It then covers theories like maximum shear stress theory and yield criteria for ductile materials. Maximum shear stress theory predicts yielding when the maximum shear stress equals the material's shear yield strength. For plane stress problems, there are three cases to consider depending on the relative magnitudes of the principal stresses. Hydrostatic stress does not cause failure as there is no shear stress. Brittle fracture criteria like maximum normal stress theory are also discussed.

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    The document discusses theories of failure for materials under stress. It introduces concepts like stress, strength, design factor, and factor of safety. It then covers theories like maximum shear stress theory and yield criteria for ductile materials. Maximum shear stress theory predicts yielding when the maximum shear stress equals the material's shear yield strength. For plane stress problems, there are three cases to consider depending on the relative magnitudes of the principal stresses. Hydrostatic stress does not cause failure as there is no shear stress. Brittle fracture criteria like maximum normal stress theory are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views13 pages

    Lec 2 Theories of Failure (Dr. M.M.abdelkader)

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Aly
    The document discusses theories of failure for materials under stress. It introduces concepts like stress, strength, design factor, and factor of safety. It then covers theories like maximum shear stress theory and yield criteria for ductile materials. Maximum shear stress theory predicts yielding when the maximum shear stress equals the material's shear yield strength. For plane stress problems, there are three cases to consider depending on the relative magnitudes of the principal stresses. Hydrostatic stress does not cause failure as there is no shear stress. Brittle fracture criteria like maximum normal stress theory are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Material Strength

    2nd year

    Lecture 2
    Theories of failure

    Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader

    1 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader


    Design Factor and Factor of Safety

    Stress and Strength


    Stress σ or τ : Calculated from load and dimensions
    Strength Su or Ss : Material property

    • Design Factor Strength S u


    nd  
    Stress 

    • Actual Stress = f( Load & Actual Area)

    Strength Su
    • Factor of Safety (f.s.) f .s.  
    Actual  Stress  a

    • Margin of safety (m) = (f.s. - 1)%

    2 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader


    Theories of Failure

    3 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader


    Stress Strain relations

    y
    Biaxial stress

    𝜇 𝜎𝑦
    x x
    𝜎𝑥
    𝜀𝑥 = −
    𝐸 𝐸
    𝜎𝑦 𝜇 𝜎𝑥
    𝜀𝑦 = −
    𝐸 𝐸
    𝜇𝜎 𝜇 𝜎𝑦
    𝜀𝑧 = − 𝑥 −
    𝐸 𝐸
    y
    Triaxial stress

    𝜀𝑥 −𝜇 𝜎𝑥
    1 1 −𝜇
    𝜀𝑦 = −𝜇 1 −𝜇 . 𝜎𝑦
    𝜀𝑧 𝐸 −𝜇 −𝜇 1 𝜎𝑧
    Where
    𝐵 = 1 − 𝜇 − 2𝜇2
    𝜎𝑥 𝜇 𝜀𝑥
    𝐸 𝐶 𝜇 𝐶 =1−𝜇
    𝜎𝑦 = 𝜇 𝐶 𝜇 . 𝜀𝑦
    𝜎𝑧 𝐵 𝜇 𝜇 𝐶 𝜀𝑧
    4 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader
    Triaxial stress

    deviatoric component

    Responsible for yielding

    5 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader


    Hydrostatic stress component

    6 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader


    Mohr’s circle for Triaxial stress

    Three-Mohr-circle diagram of
    three-dimensional stress system
    7 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader
    σavg increasing lead to increase of Increasing radius of Mohr’s Circle lead
    hydrostatic component to increase of deviatoric component

    8 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader


    9 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader
    Six stress components: σx, σy, σz, τxy, τxz, τyz give three principal stresses σ1, σ2, σ3.
    These are the roots of the determinate

    𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧
    𝜎1 +𝜎2 +𝜎3
    𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0 , 𝜎 =
    3
    𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜎

    The maximum shear stress:


    𝜎1 −𝜎2 𝜎1 −𝜎3 𝜎2 −𝜎3
    τmax= largest of , ,
    2 2 2

    If σ3 = 0, then
    𝜎1 −𝜎2 𝜎1 𝜎2
    τmax= largest of , ,
    2 2 2

    10 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader


    Theories of Failure

    u
    Ductile materials (yield criteria) y
    • Maximum shear stress (Guest-Hancock theory)
    • Distortion energy (Von Mises theory)
    • Ductile Coulomb-Mohr (DCM)

    yield criteria

    u

    Brittle materials (fracture criteria)


    • Maximum normal stress (Rankine theory)
    • Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM)
    • Modified Mohr (MM)
    fracture criteria
    11 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader

    Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory for Ductile Material
    • The maximum-shear-stress theory predicts that yielding begins whenever the
    maximum shear stress in any element equals or exceeds the maximum
    shear stress in a tension test specimen of the same material when that
    specimen begins to yield.
    • For simple tensile stress, σ = P/A, and the maximum shear stress occurs on a
    surface 45° from the tensile surface with a magnitude of τmax = σ/2.

    • So the maximum shear stress at yield is τmax = Ssy = Sy/2.

    • For a general state of stress, three principal stresses can be determined and
    ordered such that σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ σ3.
    • The maximum shear stress is then τmax = (σ1 − σ3)/2. Thus, for a general state
    of stress, the maximum-shear-stress theory predicts yielding when:
    τmax = (σ1 − σ3 )/2 ≥ Sy / 2 or σ1 − σ3 ≥ Sy
    • Note that this implies that the yield strength in shear is given by Ssy = 0.5Sy
    • For factor of safety, n.
    τmax = Ssy /n = Sy / (2 n) or σ1 − σ3 = Sy / n
    12 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader
    Plane stress problems are very common where one of the principal stresses is zero,
    and the other two, σA and σB, are determined.
    Assuming that σA ≥ σB, there are three cases to consider in plane stress:
    Case 1: σA ≥ σB ≥ 0 . Then , σ1 = σA and σ3 = 0. ,
    then begins to yield if σA ≥ Sy and the factor of safety n = Sy / σA
    Case 2: σA ≥ 0 ≥ σB . Then , σ1 = σA and σ3 = σB ,
    then begins to yield if σA − σB ≥ Sy and the factor of safety n = Sy / (σA - σB )
    Case 3: 0 ≥ σA ≥ σB .( │σB │ ≥ │σA │ ≥ 0) , then σ1 = 0 and σ3 = σB ,
    then begins to yield if σB ≤ −Sy and the factor of safety n = -Sy / σB

    Case of Pure Shear σA = - σB = τmax = Sy/2.


    Ssy = 0.5 Sy

    Case of Hydrostatic test


    σ1 = σ2 = σ3 = -P .... τmax = 0 …. Py → 
    No failure n= 

    13 Dr. Mohamed M. Abdelkader

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