Toefl Structure

ABOUT:
In this unit you learn a list of nouns which are always uncountable nouns, compared to
countable nouns.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Countable and uncountable nouns are often tested in the Written Expressions. When
the noun functions as the subject, it is deemed important to determine whether the noun
is countable or uncountable since it will affect the verb forms. Uncountable nouns are
always used with a singular verb. Keep in mind that the words below are always
uncountable nouns.
ABOUT:
In this unit you learn a list of nouns which are always uncountable nouns, compared to countable
nouns.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Countable and uncountable nouns are often tested in the Written Expressions. When the noun
functions as the subject, it is deemed important to determine whether the noun is countable or
uncountable since it will affect the verb forms. Uncountable nouns are always used with a
singular verb. Keep in mind that the words below are always uncountable nouns.
Example of TOEFL test.
Choose one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten.
A
B
C
D
Choose CN if the underlined noun is countable and UN if the noun is uncountable.
1. The results section should simply state the findings, without bias or interpretation, and
CN UN
arranged in a logical sequence
2. According to an article by Youki Terada, Research and Standards Editor for

CN UN
Edutopia, homework is beneficial but only to a certain degree.
3. Nutrients are classified into five major groups: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and
CN UN
Minerals
4. The ideals of reason, science, humanism and progress need a wholehearted defense. CN UN
CN UN
5. Travelling with hand luggage only can be a fast and efficient option for passengers.
6. In the UK and India, the term "student" denotes those enrolled in secondary schools and
CN UN
higher.
7. Money may be regarded as a keystone of modern economic life.
CN UN
8. Two months of demonstrations have brought down the government but political players have

yet to agree on next steps. CN UN
7. We learned from Plato that people gain knowledge through interaction and dialogue.

CN UN
10. The purpose of a results section is to present the key results of your research. CN UN
Exercise 2: Choose one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or
rewritten.
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn how to decide whether a noun is a countable noun or an
uncountable noun by looking at the ending -s or -es. You will also learn some
exceptions.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
An ending -s or -es can be used to determine that a noun is a countable noun. In brief,
you can decide whether a noun functioning as a subject a singular or plural noun from
the ending -s or -es. Of course, there are some exceptions called irregular plural nouns
that you will learn in this unit. Now look at the following table.
You have to pay particular attention to the irregular plural nouns which are often tested in the TOEFL
test. Irregular plural nouns are nouns that do not become plural by adding -s or -es, as most nouns
in the English language do. You ae probably familiar with some of them as listed below with some
common patterns.
Exception type 2:
The following nouns have the same pattern both in singular and plural forms.
1. sheep
2. deer
3. offspring
4. series
5. trout
6. fish
7. corps
8. bison
9. spacecraft
10. salmon
Exception type 3:
Some nouns end in -s or -es, but they are singular nouns.
1. Subjects at school or college: economics, mathematics, physics, statistics, civics,
statistics, politics, etc.
2. Kinds of activities: acoustics, aerobics, athletics, classics, genetics, etc.
3. Kinds of sickness: measles, herpes, mumps, diabetes, rabies, draughts. Etc.
4. Some games: billiards, bowls
5. Some proper nouns: The united states, Brussels
6. Other kinds of nouns: news
7. Titles of films, books, magazines, songs etc.: Star Wars (movie), the New York Times
(magazine), Sons and Lovers (Novel)
Exercise 1
Choose S if the underlined noun is a singular noun and P if the noun is an uncountable
noun.
Example:
1. It is widely known that the Aeta or Agta people inhabit the remote and mountainous regions of
S P
Luzon, Philippines.
2. Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease and has been significantly reduced by
S P
immunization.
3. The Sea Wolves is a 1980 war movie based on the book Boarding Party by James Leasor, on a
S P
real incident which took place in World War II.
4. Any national literature was shaped by the history of the country that produced it. S P
5. An efficient series of steps to perform the teaching instruction is already explained by the
S P
academic manager.
6. The latest news about the Covid-19 is usually shown by the national TV at 7 p.m. S P
7. Many agree that men are created equal as stated by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. S P
8. Aerobics combines dance-like exercise with stretching and strength training to improve all
S P
elements of fitness.
9. Children mostly learn by observing, listening, exploring, experimenting and asking questions. S P
10. The United States is one of the most powerful country in the world. S P
Exercise 2: Choose one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten.

rewritten.
A B C D
AB C D
A B C D
A B CD
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn how to decide whether a noun or a noun phrase uses the
article a, an or the.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
English has three articles; a, an and the. A and an are called indefinite article whereas
the is called definite article. A and an are used to modify non-specific or non-particular
nouns. The article a is used before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound
and an before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound. Keep in mind that that you
use the indefinite article a or an only with a singular count noun whose specific identity
is not known to the reader.
Look at the following example.
 There is a laptop on the table.

 There is an apple for you.
 There is a university in our small city.
 We have an hour to go to do this test.
The definite article the is used to refer to specific or particular nouns. Make sure that the
article the with any noun (singular or plural, count or noncount) when the specific
identity of the noun is known to the reader, for instance, when the noun is already
mentioned previously or the noun is unique.
Look at the example.
 I have a new lecturer. The lecturer is from California.
 The covid-19 pandemic spreads all over the world.
 The Sacramento River flows south for 400 miles before reaching the Sacramento–San
Joaquin River Delta and San Francisco Bay.
 Exercise 1
 Choose a, an or the before the noun.

 Example:


1. The professor was here _____ hour ago. a an the

2. ___________ novels written by JK Rowling always sell well. a an the
3. He is going to buy _____MP3 player. a an the
4. _______ TOEFL test covers three sections. a an the
5. There was ______ excellent music concert last week.The professor was here _____ hour
a an the
ago.
6. _____weather in the recent months have been awful. It is always changing. a an the
7. The government should be responsible to feed _____ poor. a an the
8. There is ________ university in my town with hundreds of students. a an the
9. ______ Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean in the world. a an the
10. I have _____ brother and two sisters. a an the

rewritten.
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn how to choose the correct nouns to complete tenses.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
A noun may function as a subject or object. A noun can show someone‟s jobs such as
editor, explorer, economist, but it can also function as an abstract noun such as edition,
exploration, economy. In the TOEFL test you may be trapped with improper forms of
nouns. For example, in one of the answer options economics is used, but it should be
economist when referring to someone who is very good at economy. Thus, your task is
to find the correct form of noun based on the meaning of the sentence.
Learn the following table.
Another point that you may keep in your mind is that some abstract nouns may have
different endings with different meanings. They look similar but have different meanings.

A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn common suffixes in English which may help you identify parts
of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb.).
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Suffixes are a letter or group of letters attached to the ending of words to change their
meaning or function. There are many suffixes used in the English language and you
may be familiar with the following suffixes; -ance, -ment, -ion, -ize, -al, -ful, -less, -en,
-ly, -ward. Look and study the list below. Some TOEFL tests often test you the parts of
speech to complete the sentences and by knowing kinds of suffixes and their functions,
you may get the right answer easily.
Now learn the following example.

Exercise 1: Read the sentences and decide whether the underlined word is a noun, a
verb, an adjective or an adverb by looking at the suffixes.
1. During the pandemic many people have creative ideas to survive.
A. noun
B. verb
C. adjective
D. adverb
2. My father is a chemist. He is engaged in many chemical researches.
A. noun
B. verb
C. adjective
D. adverb
3. The color is used to modify the original web design.
A. noun
B. verb
C. adjective
D. adverb
4. The government plans to reduce the income tax due to the pandemic.
A. noun
B. verb
C. adjective
D. adverb
5. Some people are hopeless about the government‟s new economic policy.
A. noun
B. verb
C. adjective
D. adverb
6. You have to be careful when you want to criticize your supervisor.
A. noun
B. verb
C. adjective
D. adverb
7. We have to stick to the rules in the organization.
A. noun
B. verb
C. adjective
D. adverb
8. The falling price of oil will have a bad impact economically to the country.
A. noun
B. verb
C. adjective
D. adverb
9. This competitive world, it is a must for all fresh graduates to have skills.
A. noun
B. verb
C. adjective
D. adverb
10. When learning a foreign language, repetition is required to improve both accuracy
and fluency.
A. noun
B. verb
C. adjective
D. adverb
Exercise 2: Choose the best answers to fill in the blanks.

1. All schools have________ to ask students to study at home during the pandemic.
A. decision
B. decided
C. decisive
D. decisively
2. When given compliment, students will be more __________ when learning.
A. production
B. produce
C. productive
D. productively
3. Fresh graduates should possess various skills to ______ globally.
A. competition
B. compete
C. competitive
D. competitively
4. In a ______ condition, we have help and support each other.
A. criticism
B. criticize
C. critical
D. critically
5. His father is a very famous ______, but he is not interested at all at politics.
A. politician
B. politicize
C. political
D. politically
6. In many countries the __________ declines gradually due to the global pandemic.
A. economic
B. economical
C. economically
D. economy
7. She has to _____________ the course since she got D for linguistic 2.
A. repetition
B. repeat
C. repetitive
D. repeater
8. His parents are famous for their music work. They ___________ many songs.
A. compose
B. composition
C. composer
D. composite
9. The seminar committee has to _____________ many points some days before the
seminar is held.
A. organizer
B. organization
C. organize
D. organized
10. Students have to write their opinions about a specific ________approach in

teaching early kids.
A. educate
B. education
C. educative
D. educationally

rewritten.
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn common suffixes in English to identify whether a word is an
adjective or an adverb.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
The differences of adjective and adverb are often tested in the TOEFL test. You can
easily see the difference from their suffixes and their positions in the sentences. Most of
the adverbs end with -ly and of course there are some exceptions, whereas adjectives
can be easily seen from their suffixes such as -al, -ful, -less, -ive, -ic. You can also
identify the difference from their functions in the sentences.
A. Identifying the adjective and adverb from their suffixes
B. Identifying the adjective and adverb from their functions

Exercise 1: Read and choose the best answers.
1. The presenter from Cambridge University is __________ good.
A. incredible
B. incredibly
2. The ________ promoted staff has to attend a three-month training session.
A. new
B. newly
3. The flight to Dubai ________ planned is cancelled due covid-19 pandemic.
A. previous
B. previously
4. This is a very _________ meal and many seminar participants like it.
A. delicious
B. deliciously
5. Maya presented her research paper ________ in front of hundreds of audience.
A. good
B. well
6. dr. Jackson is completely _______ when explaining the best ways to cope with the
covid-19 pandemic.
A. smart
B. smartly
7. It is ___________ suggested that test participants come to the class 15 minutes
before the due schedule.
A. strong
B. strongly
8. The presentation on Covid-19 pandemic was __________ conducted by medical staff
from the state hospital.
A. perfect
B. perfectly
9. The team has made _________ progress on the field research.
A. significant
B. significantly
10. His boss asked her to write the monthly report more ________.
A. accurate
B. accurately
Exercise 2: Read the sentences and choose the best answers.

1. The number of fresh graduates with very good skills is increasing daily, making the
labor market very ____________.
A. competitor
B. competition
C. competitively
D. competitive
2. The graph shows a ________ good comparison of our distribution statistics with
those of our competitors.
A. relatively
B. relative
C. relatives
D. is relative
3. The people are generally _______ with the way the government copes with the
political issues.
A. comfortably
B. comfortable
C. in comfort
D. being comfortable
4. Though ________, government‟s economic policies still draw many criticism from
some politicians.
A. careful pan
B. carefully plan
C. carefully planned
D. plan carefully
5. It is believed by many that the digital payment platforms help boost _______
inclusion.
A. by financing
B. finance
C. financially
D. financial
6. Monarchs, ____________, are considered by many as one of the most recognizable
on the planet.
A. color brightly butterflies
B. brightly colored butterflies
C. butterflies with bright colored
D. butterflies which have brightly colored
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn some kinds of subject. It will help you to identify a subject in the
sentences and to analyze the sentences in general.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
A sentence has at least one subject and verb. Since the subject-verb agreement is often
tested in the TOEFL test, you should know how to identify which part of a sentence
functions as a subject. A subject usually appears before the verb. A subject may take
some forms; noun, noun phrase, pronoun, gerund, and to infinitive. Learn the following
examples and pay particular attention to the underlined word (s).
The underlined words or phrases below are subjects. Identify the subjects and
choose; N (noun), NP (noun phrase), P (pronoun), G (Gerund), TINF (To infinitive)
or NC (Noun Clause).
1. Cycling is getting more popular among people in the city. N NP P G TINF NC
2. The budget proposal has been sent to the head office. N NP P G TINF NC
3. That many people survived in the pandemic was amazing. N NP P G TINF NC
4. IELTS is one of the internationally standardized tests. N NP P G TINF NC
5. To give a presentation in English is not an easy job. N NP P G TINF NC
6. Ants generally work together to collect food. N NP P G TINF NC
7. Korea is a fast-growing country in the music industry. N NP P G TINF NC
8. To play online games all day long is just a waste of time. N NP P G TINF NC
9. He was sent to Harvard University to pursue a master degree. N NP P G TINF NC
10. How the government copes with the pandemic is highly appreciated. N NP P G TINF NC
Exercise 2: Read the sentences and choose the best answers.

1. _________ on the covid-19 pandemic victims raises some criticisms from public.
A. The researcher's experiments not do
B. Why did not the researchers do the experiments
C. The experiments by the research not doing
D. Why the researchers did not do the experiments
2. __________ the world face an unprecedented global health and socio-economic
crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic.
A. All countries
B. Countries of all
C. All countries of
D. Of all countries
3. ____________ are getting more popular surprises many sport enthusiasts.
A. That whitewater running
B. To run whitewater
C. Running whitewater
D. That whitewater runs
4. ______________ to shops, schools and other public places in Holland is very
common now.
A. Cycling
B. The cycling
C. The cycling of
D. That cycling is healthy
5. _______________ a new policy to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic a few days ago
draws various responses from politicians.
A.The government's launch
B.The launch of government
C.To launch the government
D.That the government launched
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn to identify one word which functions as the main noun in the
noun phrase.
From the main noun, you will also be able to identify whether the subject is a singular or
plural noun.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
You should keep in mind that that the subject in the sentence really determines the form
of the verb. In brief, the subject must agree with the verb (subject-verb agreement). In
the TOEFL test, the subject often takes the form of a complicated noun phrase. You
should be able to identify ONE word (main noun) in the noun phrase which functions as
the subject. To easily identify the head word, please learn the following points:
a. When you find the noun phrase without any preposition, the last word is the main
noun
as the subject word.
The underlined word is the main noun.
1. Financial crisis
2. original research results
3. Word processing system
4. a word class university
5. the most widely recognized achievement
6. the most commonly observed male mating preferences
b. Bear in your mind that the noun after any preposition (in, on, at, by, to, with, of, about,
for, among, from, etc.) is not the subject.
The underlined word is the main noun and the word after the main noun is the
preposition.
1. The manager of the bank

2. The man from Boston
3. The hotel by the beach
4. a variety of observed male mating preferences
5. the expensive presents for the singing competition winners
6. scientific and public interest in the possibility of Martian life
Learn the following noun phrases and all phrases function as the subject of sentences.
Choose a word as the main noun of the subject.
1. the government's decision for a short-term plan to deal with the pandemic
government
decision
plan
pandemic
2. the long and tiring preparation for the TOEFL ITP final test
the
long
preparation
test
3. A particularly important early development
Particularly
Important
Early
Development
4. the economic crisis in some developing countries due to the Covid-19
the
crisis
countries
Covid-19
5. Increases in quantity of the money
Increases
Quantity
The
Money
6. Accurate analysis of data using standardized statistical methods in scientific studies
analysis
data
methods
studies
7. Infusions of gold or silver into an economy
Infusions
Gold
Silver
Economy
8. The neocortex of many species of whale

Neocortex
Many
Species
Whale
9. The chief varieties of ordinary lava rocks
Chief
Varieties
Lava
Rocks
10. A team of graduate students under the leadership of Professor Richard
team
students
leadership
Professor Richard
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will again learn how to identify whether the subject is a singular or
plural noun by looking at the endings of the main noun of the subject.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
In the previous strategy, you have learned how to identify one word as the subject. The
next step you have to take is to identify whether the main noun is a singular or plural
noun by looking at the endings even though there are, of course, some exceptions. In
brief, here are three steps to analyze the subject.
 Choose one word (the main noun) as the subject

 Decide whether the main noun is a singular or plural noun
 Check whether the subject agrees with the verb
Read the sentences and find the subject and then decide whether the subject is a
singular noun (S) or plural noun (P).
S P
1. Visual expression through the different tool kits on Instagram was made even more attractive.
2. The rule also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once. S P
3. Many anthropologists combine cultural research with studies of the environments in which
S P
people live.
4. The rulers are deeply concerned with ensuring their immortality. S P
5. The natural recourses remain the same or even it tends to decrease slowly. S P
6. The additional financial supports are added when required.

S P
7. School projects are completed done some days before the deadline. S P
8. The old city of Jerusalem has various tourist attractions. S P
9. This research requires a corresponding theoretical background. S P
10. The San Andreas fault marks the edges of two geologic plates. S P
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn to identify one word which functions as the main word in the
verb phrase. From the main word, you will also be able to identify whether the verb
agrees with the subject.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
The verb phrase includes one main verb and one or more auxiliary verbs before the
main verb. The auxiliary verbs include is, am, are, was, were, has, have. Look at the
following examples of verb phrases:
 is doing
 am taken
 was giving
 were given
 has been working
 have been printed
The underlined words are parts of the verb phrase which you have to pay particular
attention to since their forms may change, based on the forms of the subject as you
have learned in the previous strategies.
Read the sentences and choose the best answers.
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn a noun phrase which functions as an appositive in order to
identify the right main noun which functions as the subject of the sentence.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
An appositive is a phrase, usually a noun phrase, that renames another phrase or noun
has the same meaning. In the structure section, appositives may confuse you as you
may think that it is the subject of the sentence.
Learn the following example.
 Barrack Obama, the 44th president of the United States, was the first African
American to serve in the office.
The words the 44th president of the United States is the appositive phrase in that
sentence, as it renames the noun phrase 'Barrack Obama.' The sentence says
that Barrack Obama and the 44th president of the United States are the same person.
Note that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense
(Barrack Obama was the first African American to serve in the office).
Appositives can also come in the form of phrases like the examples below.
 My childhood home, a wooden and small house, is located by that small road.
In this example My childhood home is the subject of the sentence and home is the main
noun functioning as the subject. The phrase a wooden and small house can easily be
recognized as an appositive phrase because of the commas.
1. One of the most influential Virginians of colonial times, _________ in England.

A. the education received by William Bird
B. was the education that William Bird received
C. William Bird was educated
D. the education that William Bird received
2. The incidence of anorexia nervosa, __________ , is growing in industrially advanced
societies.
A. is an eating disorder
B. an eating disorder which
C. an eating disorder
D. for which an eating disorder
3. The tetracyclines, _______ antibiotics, are used to treat infections.

A. are a family of
B. being a family
C. a family of
D. their family is
4. The Old Man and the Sea, ___________, was published in 1952 and awarded the
1953 Pulitzer Prize for fiction.
A. a short novel by Ernest Hemingway
B. of a short novel by Ernest Hemingway
C. a short novel by Ernest Hemingway which
D. a novel by Ernest Hemingway short
5. The Duncan sofa, __________, is highly valued in today's antique furniture market.
A. a colonial masterpiece
B. a colonial masterpiece which
C. it is a colonial masterpiece that
D. whose colonial masterpiece
6. Ulysses S.Grant, ________, showed great magnanimity in receiving the surrender of

his arch-rival, Robert E.Lee at the end of the Civil War.
A. that was the supreme commander of Northern forces
B. who supremely commanding Northern forces
C. he was the supreme commander of Northern forces
D. the supreme commander of Northern forces
7. Mars, __________, has been a source of human fascination for untold generations of
sky gazers.
A. the fourth planet from the Sun
B. it is the fourth planet from the Sun
C. which the fourth planet from the Sun is it
D. is it the fourth planet from the Sun
8. Chopin, __________, died at Place Vendome.

A. a famous Polish composer
B. He is a famous composer
C. a famous composer who is
D. that is a famous composer
9. Coca-Cola, _________, has encountered several management problems lately.

A. which is a large multinational corporation
B. a large multinational corporation
C. there is a large multinational corporation
D. a large multinational corporation is it
10. Henry and June, __________, was bowdlerized at first publication.

A. what a novel of sexual exploration
B. it is a novel of sexual exploration
C. which it explored sexuality
D. a novel of sexual exploration
ABOUT:
In this unit, you will learn the pattern 'one of the plural noun' which is often tested in the
TOEFL test, in order to identify the subject and the corresponding verb.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
When you find the pattern "one of the + plural nouns" in the TOEFL test, you need to
remember that the subject is "one" which is a singular noun. Therefore, it needs a
singular verb. Another point you need to pay attention to is that the noun following the
article "the" must be a plural noun.
Learn the following example.
Remember that word "members" is a plural noun because it refers to phrase "one of the
members", meaning that the number of research members is certainly not only one.
The subject of the sentence is "one", not "members", indicating that it is a singular noun
which needs a single verb. "Is" is the single verb which agrees with the subject "one".
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the
sentences are marked (A), (B), (C) and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase
that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this unit, you will learn to find one word for the subject and one word for the verb and
then check the subject-verb agreement.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
When you find a simple sentence in the TOEFL, you need to find one word as the main
subject and one word as the main verb. What you have to do next is surely to check
whether the subject agrees with the verb (subject-verb agreement). This is a very basic
strategy to analyze the simple sentence. And remember that subject-verb agreement is
commonly tested in the TOEFL test. Once again, you only need to find one word for the
subject and one word for the verb.
Here are some steps you can apply to analyze the sentence:
• Find the noun phrase at the subject
• Find one word as the main noun in the subject
• Check whether the noun is single or plural
• Find one word as the main verb in the sentence
• Ensure that the subject agrees with the verb.
Read the sentences and check whether the sentences are True (T) or False (F).
1. Many university students has completed their final task on time. T F
2. Most people agree that the health care system in the country is in need of an overhaul. T F
3. The beauty business has permeated our lives like few other industries. T F
4. The database represents a comprehensive multilingual source of current literature on the topic. T F
5. Ten essays is being selected by juries to be the best essay in the writing competition. T F
6. Several studies have been conducted involving a number of individual butterflies. T F
T F
7. Newspapers with reputable brands and unique content are finding success behind paywalls.
8. Private rocket companies is competing to be the first to send paying tourists into space. T F
9. The study tests the relationship between formal employment and participation in crime at the T F
individual level.
10. Research by Feng Zhu and Monic Sun explore how advertising drives bloggers to shift their
writing to subjects that will grab more eyeballs. T F
1. ________one of the oldest art forms, combining beauty and functionality into one.
A. Because architecture is
B. Having architecture as
C. Architecture being
D. Architecture is
2. Most TV companies __________ large advertising budgets so that can compete

successfully against other similar companies.
A. maintain
B. to maintain
C. to be maintained
D. by maintaining
3. __________ an opportunity for convenient and efficient ways to get information.

A. A cellphone provides
B. A cellphone to be providing
C. A cellphone which provides
D. A cellphone providing it
4. __________ the largest of all terrestrial planets in our solar system.

A. That the Earth is
B. Being the Earth
C. The Earth is
D. The Earth being
5. _________________________ of liquids through pipes.

A. The flow controlled by walves
B. For walves to control the flow
C. Valves control the flow
D. Controlled by valves, the flow
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
ABOUT:
In this unit, you will learn relative clauses indicated by the use of who, which, that,
whose, whom.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Relative clauses are clauses which start with the relative pronouns who, that, which,
whose, whom and are generally used to define the noun that precedes them or to give
extra information.
Look at the following examples:
 He is the man who is administering the TOEFL ITP test today.

 That is the new novel that is written by Andre Hirata.
 The museum which was designed by French architect was officially opened in
1986.
 The woman whose house is located by the city park got promoted last week.
 That is the lecturer whom I admire because of his wide range of knowledge.
Remember that the relative pronouns who, that, whose are preceded by a person. The
relative pronouns which and whose are preceded by a thing, whereas the relative
pronoun whom is used as the object of the relative clause. Look at the table below.
T F
1. Martha has just a movie which shows a sad ending.
2. The doctor is treating the patient whose face is partly burned in the fire.
T F
3. Carla bought a new camera who has a very camera lens.

T F
4. The new secretary which you spoke to yesterday used to work in a foreign company.
T F
5. Andy has a camera which is completed with the newest lens technology.
T F
6. Tony who‟s academic achievement is the best is granted a scholarship.

T F
7. The new brand cellphone that was produced in China sells well Indonesia.
T F
8. That is the best film who I have been looking forward to seeing.
T F
9. The credit card which is used to buy goods or services is commonly used now.
T F
10. The president who just appointed a new finance minister is delivering a speech on the
T F
pandemic.
Choose the right clause marker (who, which, whom, etc.).
1. Venice is a beautiful city ____ 118 small islands are separated by canals and linked
by bridges
A. who
B. which
C. where
D. whose
2. A superstar _____ spanned pop, disco and MTV, Michael Jackson was one of the
great music heroes of the late 20th century.
A. who
B. whose
C. which
D. in which
3. An autopsy determined that Jackson died of cardiac arrest after an overdose of the
anesthetic propofol, _____ was being administered to him as a sleep aid by his
personal physician.
A. who
B. whose
C. which
D. where
4. The core is the only region in the Sun _____ produces an appreciable amount of
thermal energy through fusion.
A. who
B. whose
C. which
D. for whom
5. The sun is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma with internal convective motion ____
generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process.
A. who
B. whose
C. which
D. in which
6. He is also an unemployed, deeply indebted, borderline alcoholic ____ still lives with
his parents and is estranged from his ex-girlfriend.
A. who
B. whom
C. whose
D. which
7. The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of the solar
calendar, ____ is the predominant calendar in use today.
A. who
B. whose
C. which
D. where
8. The name “venice” is derived from the ancient Veneti people ____ inhabited the
region by the 10th century BC.
A. who
B. which
C. whose
D. where
9. Produced for the purpose of raising capital for another film ____ Borchardt intends to
make, the epic Northwestern, Coven suffers from numerous setbacks.
A. who
B. whose
C. which
D. in which
10. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international
financial
center _____ gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century.
A. who
B. whose
C. which
D. where
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn the present participle (V-ing) which functions as an adjective. It
is usually called reduced clauses with present participles.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
A present participle (or commonly called V-ing) is a word that ends "-ing," and is formed
from a verb. It can function as part of the verb or an adjective. Therefore, in the
structure section, it may cause confusion to you. Keep in mind that it is a part of the
verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be.
In this sentence talking is part of the verb because it is accompanied by is.
A present participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the

verb be.
Please remember that minister is the subject and is the verb, whereas explaining is a
participle adjective which modifies the noun minister. It is also called a reduced clause.
Complete clause:
 The minister who is explaining the government’s policies is a newly appointed

minister.
Reduced clause:
 The minister explaining the government’s policies is a newly appointed minister.
T F
1. The hotel offering the best service will have the most customers.
2. Our swimming team winning the competition is our best team.
T F
3. The woman is trying to explain the importance of clean life is a famous environment activist. T F
4. The man is discussing the research project with the dean is our newly appointed head of
T F
department.
5. The climbers are planning to climb Mount Everest should report to the officer.
T F
6. The research members joining the well-planned research on the Covid-19 attended a two-day
T F
training session.
7. The research team giving the most attractive presentation draws the most attention from juries. T F
8. The first presenter delivering his presentation was often interrupted by sudden questions from
T F
the audience.
9. The hotel was announcing a significant discount received positive response from public. T F
10. The scholarship applicants are returning their completed forms at the earliest date have the
T F
highest priority.

1. The novel ____________ a sacred and pure Japanese woman during the World War
II had sold out two weeks after it was published.
A. represented
B. to be represented
C. by representing
D. representing
2. The statue of liberty in the USA is in the form of a woman ___________ flowing robes
and a spiked crown.
A. to wear
B. wearing
C. as worn
D. for wearing
3. Employment and wages have increased in most occupations _____ higher social or
analytical skills.
A. required
B. they require
C. requiring
D. require
4. The seminar participant ______ a terrible fever has been taken to the nearest
hospital.
A. to suffer from by
B. suffering from
C. by suffering
D. from suffering
5. Some human right activists asserted this statue _______ the inhumane treatment of
fellow humans during the World War II needs to be removed.
A. to symbolize
B. by symbolizing
C. which is symbolized
D. symbolizing
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn the past participle (V-ing) which functions as an adjective. It is
usually called reduced clauses with past participles.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
A past participle (or commonly called V-3) is a word that is formed from a verb and can
function an adjective or a part of a verb. That is the reason why it may confuse you
when you do the Structure section of TOEFL test. The past participle often ends with –
ed , but there are also some irregular forms with the ending –d,-t,-en or –n.
The part participles sent (1st sentence) and written (2nd sentence) are part of the verb
because they are preceded by the auxiliary verbs has (1st sentence) and was (2nd
sentence).
A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form

of be or have.
When reading the sentences above, you may think that the verb is bought,
not was (1st sentence), and written, not has (2nd sentence). Remember
that bought and written are adjectives rather than verbs because they are not
preceded by a form of be or have. In the first sentence, cellphone is the subject
and was is the verb. In the second sentence, novel is the subject and has is the verb.
The following example shows how a past participle can be confused with the verb in the
Structure section of the TOEFL test.
You should also remember that -ed verbs can be the simple past (V-2), the past
participle of a verb (V-3) or an adjective. It may be a bit confusing for you when doing
the TOEFL test.
T F
1. The fried chicken is served in this new restaurant is really delicious.
2. All academic staff were invited to attend the workshop three days ago. T F
3. The old Buddhis statue exhibited in the hall has been recognized as the oldest statue from the
T F
18th century.
4. The issue on health is discussed by the team has turned out to be the main agenda for the next
T F
meeting.
5. The project proposal submitted by the students is not accepted by the lecturer. T F
6. The name of the presenter is listed in the poster has been revised by the committee. T F
7. Those suspected copying and pasting others‟ academic work have to take another test. T F
8. The new novel by JK Rowling was displayed in the bookstore three days ago has sold out. T F
9. Some exercises discussed by the lecturer this morning will be on the next meeting's exam. T F
10. The cell phones were produced in Korea has been exported to some foreign countries. T F
1. The royal palace ____________ in 1866 is visited by thousands of tourists every
year.
A. build
B. built
C. to build
D. by building
2. Venice _______ its several important artistic movements is a city in northeastern
Italy.
A. known
B. known for
C. to know for
D. by knowing for
3. We all know that a museum is an institution ________ historical artifacts among other
products of historical, scientific, cultural, and artistic importance.
A. to establish to preserve
B. to be established to preserving
C. established to preserve
D. to establish by preserving
4. ____________ the French sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, Liberty statue was a gift of
friendship from the people of France to the United States.
A. designed by
B. designing
C. as designed by
D. to design for
5. Many scientists argue that that there is no vaccine ________ to reduce the Covid-19
mortality.
A. proving
B. has proven
C. or prove
D. proven
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn some words which are called clause connectors used to
connect clauses (the main clause and sub-clause).
BRIEF EXPLANATION
In the TOEFL test, you may be confused with complex sentences as they usually look
long and complicated if compared to simple sentences. A complex sentence is made up
of an independent clause (the main clause) and one or more dependent clauses (sub-
clauses). Subordinating conjunctions (clause connectors) are used to connect the main
clause and sub clause.
You have to be familiar with the meanings and functions of clause connectors. Here is
the list of connectors which are commonly tested in the TOEFL test.
When you notice a complex sentence in the TOEFL test, you have to
 identify the clause connector to check whether the connector used is right or
wrong
 break down the complex sentence into a main clause and a sub-clause
 analyze the subject-verb agreement in both the main clause and the sub-clause
T F
1. As soon as I saw her happy face, I knew that he passed the interview test.
2. When dissatisfied with the low pay and limited opportunities his employment offered, Mozart
T F
kept on composing many works.
3. Since the search to find the documents is not that easy last week, we decided to stop for a while. T F
4. Even though the river does not contain many fish, many people keeps coming to fish. T F
5. Despite she felt very sleepy, she did not want to go to bed. T F
6. The day was hot, but we were walking along the beach. T F
7. More than a thousand people took the refugee after the tsunami hit the houses near the beach.
T F
8. If he was released in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versalles. T F
9. The natural recourses remain the same although the world population continues to grow
T F
significantly.
10. Even though the field research is completed, we need to analyze the data.
T F
1. __________ they are widely perceived as gentle creatures, hippopotamuses are

responsible for more human deaths in Africa than any other animal.
A. Despite of
B. Even though
C. In spite of
D. Nonetheless
2. The Indian variety of crocodile is the most widely researched crocodile in the world
_______ anatomical structure is so unusual.
A. because its
B. because of its
C. it is because
D. is because
3. _______ he worked with the deaf for many years and patented many devices to help
them, Alexander Graham Bell will forever be remembered for inventing the telephone.
A. Nevertheless
B. In spite of
C. Despite
D. Even though
4. The test taking strategies will work effectively _______as directed by the mentors.
A. unless they used
B. unless they are used
C. unless they are using
D. unless are they used
5. __________ as a medical student at the University of Pisa, Galileo increasingly
devoted his time to the study of mathematics.
A. While as registered
B. While he was registered
C. While he registering
D. While be registered
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn how to identify the main clause and sub-clause in the complex
sentences.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
As explained in the previous strategy, one of the easiest ways to analyze the complex
sentence is to identify the main clause and sub-clause and then analyze the subject-
verb agreement in both clauses.
One feature of the main clause is that it can be independent as a complete sentence,
whereas the sub-clause cannot stand alone without the main clause. The sub-clause is
easily identified by the use of a clause connector which comes at the beginning of the
sub-clause.
You should also notice that there are some kinds of sub-clauses.
a. Adjective clause
 He is the woman who called me yesterday.
b. Noun clause
 That he is interested in linguistics surprises his father.
c. Adverb clause
 He does not apply for the jo because he cannot meet some requirements .
Read and choose whether the sentence is a main clause (MC) or sub-clause (SC)
MC SC
1. After he was released from jail in 1987.
MC SC
2. He gained popular support by establishing a new political party.
MC SC
3. Most of us underestimate his good advice
MC SC
4. Even though we know the advice to be true
MC SC
5. That I saw her glooming face
MC SC
6. I knew that she felt disappointed
MC SC
7. Though she was very tired
MC SC
8. Who could not sleep
MC SC
9. The weather was good
MC SC
10. That we were travelling to Bali
MC SC
11. Anarchism is small minority political movement in Azerbaijan
MC SC
12. Although it has unique roots
MC SC
13. Because the ice crystals from which they from are usually hexagonal
MC SC
14. Snowflakes often have six-sided shapes
MC SC
15. That more than 100 were infected
MC SC
16. When hundreds of people attended a mass prayer
MC SC
17. Many villagers still rely on the farming business
MC SC
18. Since they do not have other skills to earn a living
MC SC
19. They have decided to take the TOEFL preparation course
MC SC
20. After the government announced the scholarship program
1. Balinese cats, which are a cross between Siamese and long-haired cats, _______
medium length silky coats of fur.
A. they have
B. have
C. which have
D. having
2. Vitamins are organic compounds ______ and must be ingested to maintain proper
bodily functions.
A. that they can‟t be produced by the body
B. the body can't produce them
C. that can't be produced by the body
D. not produced them by the body
3. ________ business managers plan the task that their employees are to carry out.
A. It is the organizing process
B. They process the organizing
C. While the organizing process
D. Through the organizing process
4. ________ young, Eugene O'Neill travelled with his father theatrical company, and the
stage was an important part of his life.
A. When was he
B. He was
C. Was he
D. When he was
5. __________, the nation's capital remained in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A. While designing Washington, D.C.
B. Washington, D.C. was designed
C. While Washington, D.C. was being designed
DWashington, D.C. designed
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this unit you will learn how the sub-clause can be reduced to make the sentences
concise. The reduced clause is often confusing for TOEFL test takers.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
The sub-clauses can be reduced by omitting the parts of the sentences (subject and to
be), when the subjects in the main clause and sub-clause are the same. This pattern
may confuse you. Therefore, learning how the reduced clause with the clause
connectors is made up will surely help you to analyze the meaning of the sentence.
a. When the museum was opened for public for the first time, the museum was visited
by
more than a thousand visitors.
Reduced clause
 When opened for public for the first time, the museum was visited by more than
a thousand visitors.
b. After he moved to Arizona, he started to run an online business in 2010.
Reduced clause
 After moving to Arizona, he started to run an online business in 2010.
c. If the policy is agreed by the senate, the policy will be officially announced to public in
July.
Reduced clause
 If agreed by the senate, the policy will be officially announced to public in July.
Read the sentences and decide whether the sentences are True (T) or False (F)
1. Linda began work in a bank after complete his college. T F

2. You should talk to your parents before deciding to marry him. T F
3. He tried to get a high-paying job since leaving college. T F
4. Some phrases can be added to the manuscript when you proofreading. T F
5. Once purchased, this laptop cannot be returned to the computer store. T F
6. When analyzed the data from the research, the researchers should work very carefully. T F
7. Although not selected as the main basketball team member, Mark keeps on practicing. T F
8. The guidelines from the technician will not be effective unless taken as suggested. T F
9. Though located far from the downtown, that new hotel has a good occupation rate. T F
10. Whenever be conducted properly, the bridge construction will run as expected. T F
1. Peter began to run his first research project ________ his graduate degree in
Harvard University.
A. after complete
B. after being completed
C. after completing
D. after he completing
2. Even though __________ unwell, Martha insists to take the TOEFL ITP test.
A. to feel
B. to feeling
C. felt
D. feeling
3. The American delegations stopped to visit some tourist destinations ______ across
the country.
A. while being driven
B. while driving
C. while they driving
D. while driven
4. It is widely believed that the Yangtze river flows 3,900 miles across China _________
the Pacific Ocean at Shanghai.
A. before reached
B. before it reaching
C. before it reached
D. before reaching
5. When __________ for a scholarship, you should meet several academic

requirements.
A. applied
B. being applied
C. applying
D. are applying
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn how to analyze both the noun clause which starts with
questions words and the inversion of subject and verb.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
The question words such as when, what, who, where, why, and how can function as the
clause connecter which connect the main clause and sub-clause. One point you should
notice is the position of subject and verb in the sub-clause. It should not be inverted
since it is not a question.
Learn the following examples and pay particular attention to the differences between a
question word which starts a question and a sub-clause.
In the TOEFL test, the position of subject and verb is often intentionally made wrong.
Therefore, you need to be careful with the inversion pattern.
Read the sentences and decide whether the sentence starting with a question word is a
question (Q) or sub-clause (SC).
1. Why do you delay the report writing? Q SC
2. The lecturer wanted to know why I delayed the report writing. Q SC
3. Many people do not know when the pandemic will end. Q SC
4. When will the pandemic end? Q SC
5. How do you conduct the research for your final project? Q SC
6. I am now sure how I will conduct the research for my final project. Q SC
7. I do not know what the title of his research paper is. Q SC
8. What will you do with your field research? Q SC
9. Why did you conduct the research in Kalimantan? Q SC
10. My father asked me why I planned to work in the USA. Q SC
T F
1. There are some ways how can we best use parents and community members to support our
students.
2. The lecturers have discussed how they can make their teaching more sustainable for them
T F
personally.
3. The presenter explains why we should use video streaming, podcasting, and related digital
T F
media technology in class.
4. The interviewer asked me where did go to college. T F
5. The professor did not know why so many students failed the final writing test. T F
6. Peter asked me about what was the relationship between school and social justice. T F
7. The lecturer asked us what we thought about the most exciting or effective learning
T F
environment.
8. The team will discuss who will get engaged in the coming research. T F
9. I want to know what is the status of parliamentary opposition in modern political systems. T F
10. My lecturer asked me what my favorite moment in my education was. T F

1. The lecturer talked on and on __________________.
A. about what classical liberalism was.
B. about what was classical liberalism.
C. was about what classical liberalism.
D. what about classical liberalism was.
2. The students are interested in _______ academic performance.
A. how does moral values encourage
B. how moral values does encourage
C. how moral values encourage
D. how encourage moral values
3. We are discussing __________ in the context of a developing democracy.
A. how can we measure political interest
B. how we can measure political interest
C. can we how measure political interest
D. political interest how we can measure
4. The seminar will discuss ___________.
A. what plays does the government in education
B. what role does government play in education
C. what role government plays in education
D. what role government play in education does
5. The presentation will mainly elaborate _______ in a modern classroom.
A. how can we best use the internet
B. how we can best use the internet
C. how best can we use the internet
D. how can we use best the internet
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn the inversion which involves adverb of place which comes
at the beginning of the sentences. In this case, the subject and the verb are inverted.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Another inversion that you need to pay attention to is the use of adverb of place such as
here, there, nowhere, beside, in, near which serves as a complement to the sentence
and they come at the beginning of the sentence. Learn the following examples.
The inversion occurs in the sentences above because the adverb of place is needed to
complete the sentence. Now notice the use of to be in sentences (d) and (e), the form
of the verb will greatly depend on the subject used. The subject in sentence (d)
is room (a singular noun). Therefore it needs a verb is, not are.
1. Never had Mark worked so hard. T F
2. Rarely Jane helped me with my homework. T F
3. Not only was it drizzling, it was so windy. T F
4. Seldom did Pam wrote any of English novels. T F
5. Never had we visited a foreign country. T F
6. Only once Andrew came to my apartment. T F
7. Never in the world do I believe that this terrible earthquake will occur. T F
8. Hardly ever it rains heavily at the beginning of the rainy season. T F
9. Seldom did Jack dropped by my house. T F
10. Only for a short period of time did he spend his time in New York. T F

1. Around the corner ______ you are going to stay in during a three-day seminar.
A. the hotel is
B. hotel there is
C. is the hotel
D. of the hotel
2. Nowhere _________ higher than in the IT industry in Korea.
A. that sale figures
B. sale figures
C. sale figures
D. are sale figures
3. Behind the rector‟s office ______________.
A. are some pine tree
B. are some pine trees
C. is some fine trees
D. is some fine tree
4. Around the Grand Hotel _________ the students are staying during the competition
session.
A. small hotels are there
B. are small hotels
C. the small hotels are
D. there small hotels are
5. Next to Room 5 ___________ the delegation from the USA is going to have an
internal meeting.
A. is the convention hall
B. the convention hall is
C. are the convention hall
D. the convention hall are
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn the inversion which involves negative expressions. Again,
you should notice the subject and verb inversion.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
The inversion of the subject and verb with negative expressions often appear in the
TOEFL test and it may confuse you. Therefore, you need to get familiar with the
following expressions.
When those expressions appear at the beginning of sentences, the subject and verb
should be inverted. Learn the following examples.
1. Only once did the professor agree with me.
Only once is the negative expression used at the beginning of the sentence. Therefore,
the subject the professor comes after the auxiliary verb did.
2. Hardly ever do my brothers call me.
Hardly ever is the negative expression and you know that it appears at the beginning of
the sentence. Therefore, the subject and the verb should be inverted. The auxiliary
verb do comes before the subject my brothers.
1. Never had Mark worked so hard. T F
2. Rarely Jane helped me with my homework. T F
3. Not only was it drizzling, it was so windy. T F
4. Seldom did Pam wrote any of English novels. T F
5. Never had we visited a foreign country. T F
6. Only once Andrew came to my apartment. T F
7. Never in the world do I believe that this terrible earthquake will occur. T F
8. Hardly ever it rains heavily at the beginning of the rainy season. T F
9. Seldom did Jack dropped by my house. T F
10. Only for a short period of time did he spend his time in New York. T F

1. _______ had the lecturer given us a task to write a handwritten essay.
A. Seldom
B. When
C. As
D. Although
2. _______ Mark so disappointed with the test results.
A. Anyone had seen never
B. Never anyone had seen
C. Never had anyone seen
D. Whenever anyone had seen
3. Only for a few times ____________ in the charity programs in 2019.
A. the students did participate
B. did the students participate
C. the students participated
D. students' participation
4. Rarely _________ in a such prosperous country.
A. against labor laws had taken place any protest
B. any protest against labor laws had taken place
C. protest against labor laws had taken any place
D. had any protest against labor laws taken place
5. Only for a short period of time_______ run at top speed.
A. cheetahs
B. do cheetahs
C. that a cheetah can
D. can
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn the parallel pattern when you use the connector and, but
and or (coordinate conjunctions). The pattern should be the same before and after
those connectors.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
The function of connectors and, but and or is to join the equal pattern. Therefore, the
pattern before and after the connector (coordinate conjunctions) should be the same.
Those connectors can be preceded and followed by adjective, adverb, noun, verb,
phrase, and clause. Learn the following table.
Now learn the following examples:

In the TOEFL test, you need to notice the parallel pattern before and after the connector
since one of them is often made wrong, not parallel. Learn the following example of
TOEFL test.
1. We usually read novels because we like the story in it or because of interest. T F
2. The guests entered the hotel, checked in and went to their rooms. T F
3. The secretary still has some emails to write, some reports to proofread and to file some letters. T F
4. Our bank manager is smart, resourceful and many people like him. T F
5. The newly designed hotel is modern, elegant and beauty. T F
6. We would like to know when we have to register and how much we have to pay. T F
7. Mark's is a singer, a writer and she treats patients in hospitals. T F
8. The tigers are walking slowly and silent towards its prey. T F
9. On their free time my children like to go swimming, to read or to cycle. T F
10. We have some choices after the seminar is over; going shopping, seeing a movie or taking a
walk in the downtown. T F
1. Chatting through cellphones, producing videos and _________ are some favorite
activities young people like doing at the present.
A. to play online games
B. by playing online games
C. playing online games
D. online games
2. Naturally young children like ______, playing games and drawing.

A. to sing
B. singing
C. by singing
D. songs
3. Paint can be applied to a surface with rollers, ________ or spray guns.
A. brushes
B. brushes can be used
C. with brush
D. by brush
4. His father is widely known as a doctor, human right advocate and ________
A. motivator
B. to motivate
C. motivation
D. motivate
5. Almost all dogs can show dangerous reactions and cause unimaginable damage, or
__________.
A. to bring about fatalities
B. about fatalities
C. bring about fatalities
D. bringing about fatalities
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn some fixed paired expressions which are often tested in
the TOEFL test. You will also learn that the parallel structure applies when the paired
expressions are used in the sentences.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
In English there are some fixed paired expressions that you have to be familiar with
since they often appear in the TOEFL test. Another point you have to keep in your mind
is that the structure should be parallel when pair expressions are used. Here are some
paired expressions that you should be familiar with;
 both _____________ and _____________

 neither ___________ nor _____________
 either ____________ or ______________
 not only __________ but also __________
To help you understand the paired expressions better, please learn the following
sentences.
1. His father is both a teacher and smart. (false)

2. His father is both a teacher and a writer. (true)
3. He wants either to visit a museum or to going to the beach. (false)
4. He wants either to visit a museum or to go to the beach. (true)
5. Neither Peter or Dicky likes playing online games. (false)
6. Neither Peter nor Dicky likes playing online games. (true)
7. He does not only conduct the research but write books. (false)
8. He does not only conduct the research but also write books. (true)
Again you should remember that the phrases before and after AND, NOR, OR and BUT
ALSO should be completed with the same structure. Learn the following examples:
1. My parents would like neither to go shopping or to visit some tourist spots. T F
2. Either Peter nor mark can help you with math homework. T F
3. The novel is both journalistically accurate and completely fictitious. T F
4. Based on the guideline, students can either send the task via email or they can hand in the task
T F
directly to the lecturer.
5. The flood ruined not only the plants but also the houses. T F
6. He wants not only to take a master degree but he would like to work as a part time staff in
T F
media agency.
7. The certified examiner could easily point out the mistakes neither what we said nor what we
T F
wrote.
8. They not only liked the play but also loved the music. T F
9. Both the class teacher or the headmaster could help you solve your academic problems. T F
10. He not only wrote a financial statement but also made a summary of the company‟s
T F
performance.
1. Good morals can be boosted ____________.

A. not only by families but by communities
B. not only by families nor by communities
C. not only by families or by communities
D. not only by families but also by communities
2. In other cultures ________ are presumed to be endowed with all necessary
predictive powers.
A. either divine or secularly inspired doctrines
B. both divine as well as secularly inspired doctrines
C. neither divine or secularly inspired doctrines
D. not only divine but secularly inspired doctrines
3. ____________ agree to focus on taking care of students‟ health and well-being and
offering learning-teaching process online.
A. Both the school as well as parents
B. Both the school and parents
C. Either the school nor parents
D. Neither the school or parents
4. ___________ should have immediate plans to continue classes online to keep

students connected to the learning process.
A. Either the school nor the education department
B. Both the school as well as the education department
C. Either the school or the education department
D. Not only the school but the education department
5. The public health infrastructure is essential not only to respond to crises, _________
the medical staff with good facilities to serve the patients.
A. but to provide
B. providing
C. that provides
D. but also to provide
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn how to form comparative forms and learn some
exceptions which often appear on the TOEFL test.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Comparative forms are used to compare two objects or people they modify. The
comparative forms are often indicated by the word than (not then) and the use of -er or
more. The -er is used after the adjectives with one or two syllable (short adjectives),
whereas more is used after the adjectives with more than 2 syllables (long adjectives).
In the TOEFL test, you may find sentences with incorrect comparative and superlative
forms. Therefore, you should be familiar with the pattern. Learn the following examples.
To help you understand the paired expressions better, please learn the following
sentences.
1. His father is both a teacher and smart. (false)

2. His father is both a teacher and a writer. (true)
3. He wants either to visit a museum or to going to the beach. (false)
4. He wants either to visit a museum or to go to the beach. (true)
5. Neither Peter or Dicky likes playing online games. (false)
6. Neither Peter nor Dicky likes playing online games. (true)
7. He does not only conduct the research but write books. (false)
8. He does not only conduct the research but also write books. (true)
Again you should remember that the phrases before and after AND, NOR, OR and BUT
ALSO should be completed with the same structure. Learn the following examples:
Example of TOEFL Test
1. At the present, no problem is more serious ___________

(A) than the health issues
(B) than the health issues do
(C) as the health issues
(D) as the health issues do
 When you read the above sentence, you will find the key words more
serious which indicates that the TOEFL test may test you about the comparative
form with a long adjective.
 Another key word of comparative form is the word than. Therefore, option A and
B may be the right answers.
 Compare the patterns in the option A and B and you will find that option A is the
best choice.
 Option A is right because even though is a connector used to link contrasting

ideas.
 Option B is right because considered (past participle) is used after auxiliary
verb to be in passive sentence pattern.
 Option C is right because –est is used to form a superlative form with short
adjectives.
 Option D is wrong because more shorter is redundant. The right one
is shorter or much shorter.
There are, of course, some exceptions which often appear in the TOEFL test and they
may confuse you.
1. My brother is a bit taller then my father. T F
2. My essay is more long than yours. T F
3. Cycling is more relaxing than jogging. T F
4. My room is more colorful than my brother's. T F
5. My writing skill is gooder than my speaking one. T F
6. Carla's is more modern than Monica's. T F
7. My mother looks more happier today than yesterday. T F
8. It is more appropriate to talk to him right after the class. T F
9. This topic is importanter than the previous topic. T F
10. To get a good job is now more competitive than the one in the previous years. T F
1. Henry Aaron hit more home runs during his career________ any other player in
baseball history.
A. as
B. from
C. than
D. despite
2. A virologist, Hyeryun Choe, states that viruses with this mutation were ________
those without the mutation in the cell culture system we used
A. much more infectious
B. more infectious than
C. than much more infectious
D. more infectious
3. The basement area was __________ his small cabin lab-room, noticeably so with
fewer plants and absent the desk.
A. considerably larger than
B. considerable larger than
C. considerably more larger than
D. considerably as large than
4. If expectation is _______ reality, it often makes people get uncontrolled.

A. more strong
B. stronger than
C. more stronger than
D. very strong
5. Sub-Saharan immigrants in the United States are also _________ than the U.S.
native born population.
A. more educated highly
B. very highly educated
C. more highly educated
D. highly more educated
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn how to form superlative forms and learn some exceptions
which often appear on the TOEFL test.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Superlative forms are used to tell an object/person that is at the upper or lower limit of a
quality. They are used in sentences where a subject/person is compared to a group of
objects. When you want to make superlative forms, you just need to use these following
patterns.
There are, of course, some exceptions which often appear in the TOEFL test and they
may confuse you.
1. He is the funnier student in class. T F
2. Today‟ situation seems like the worst situation after the economic crisis in 1998. T F
3. Many think that the Nile River is the longest river in the world. (T/F) 4. Linguistic is the more
T F
boring subject this semester.
4. Linguistic is the more boring subject this semester. T F
5. He is one of the most creative employees in our company. T F
6. This is the beautifulest temple I have ever seen. T F
7. I am thinking of buying my sister the newest cell phone. T F
8. We all know that Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system. T F
9. This is the more interesting novel I have ever read. T F
10. Brian seems to be the more happier guest at the party. T F

1. Of all the species in the world, _______ and most dangerous is the saltwater
crocodile which can grow up to 23 feet in length.
A. the larger
B. larger than
C. the largest
D. more larger
2. The university of Oxford, __________ in the UK, is one of the most prestigious
universities in the UK with very extremely competitive admission
A. the older university
B. the oldest university
C. the most old university
D. the university oldest
3. A la recherche du temps perdu written by Marcel Proust contains an estimated

9,609,000 characters and is considered one of ________ novels.
A. the most long
B. longer than
C. as long as
D. the longest
4. ________ was a local tsunami, triggered by an earthquake and rockfall, in Lituya

Bay, Alaska on July 9, 1958.
A. The most tall wave ever recorded
B. The tallest wave ever recorded
C. The taller wave ever recorded
D. Wave ever recorded the tallest
5. Vesuvius which last erupted in 1944 is also considered by some ______ volcano in
the world today.
A. to be the most dangerous
B. like the most dangerous
C. the most dangerous
D. dangerous for most
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn how to analyze the passive sentences in contrast with the
active sentences. By knowing the pattern, you will easily guess the meanings of the
sentences.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Do you know the differences between active sentences and passive sentences? In
active sentences, the subject performs the action. On the contrary, the subject receives
the action in passive sentences. Passive sentences are often tested in the TOEFL test.
Therefore, you should be familiar with the pattern. The preposition by is sometimes
used in passive sentences so when the word by is used in the sentence, it may indicate
that it is a passive sentence (or a reduced clause with past participle).
The common pattern of passive sentence is:
Now learn the following examples:

1. The novel is translated into some foreign languages.
2. The students are encouraged to study at home.
3. The museum was renovated by Italian government in 1970.
4. The people were asked to stay at home after the pandemic spread all over the world
in March 2020.
5. The email has been sent to our clients.
6. Some new offices have been built near the airport.
7. It can be concluded that good practice makes you perfect.
8. A city park will be built next July.
9. The paper is being written by the research team.
10. The financial statement is being checked now.
Another point you should remember is that the past participle can indicate that it is part
of either a reduced clause or a passive sentence. When there is an auxiliary verb to be
(is, am, are, was, were, been, being) + past participle in a sentence, it can be
concluded that it is a passive sentence.
Read the sentences and decide whether the past participle is part of a reduced clause
(RC) or a passive sentence (PS).
1. This sophisticated gadget was produced in China. RC PS
2. The novel is written in English. RC PS
3. The novel written in English is a bit difficult to understand. RC PS
4. The concert was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. RC PS
5. His novel recently published in 2020 sells like a hot cake. RC PS
6. Designed by French Architects, the museum contains many old artifacts. RC PS
7. The museum was designed by French Architects in 2010. RC PS
8. The front door and some rooms have been renovated. RC PS
9. A new comet found in the universe draws particular attention among the astronomists. RC PS
10. The hotel rooms have been fully booked during the peak season. RC PS

1. Eiffel Tower _________ by the French civil engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was
the main exhibit of the Paris Exposition or World's Fair of 1889.
A. was designing
B. designs
C. designed
D. was designed
2. The Grand Canyon located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, in Coconino
County, Arizona, the USA________ by thousands of tourists every year.
A. visited
B. is visited
C. was visited
D. has been visited
3. The temple ______ in the 9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty,
in which its design follows Javanese Buddhist.
A. built
B. was built
C. were built by
D. building was
4. The Statue of Liberty _______ as a universal symbol of freedom and democracy.

A. recognized
B. recognizes
C. is recognized
D. is recognizing
5. At the present social media __________ to preserve and distribute information.
A. commonly used is
B. commonly is used
C. is commonly used
D. used commonly is
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn how gerund (V-ing) is used after prepositions which are
preceded by verbs, adjectives, nouns.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Gerund is V-ing. The test items about gerund often appear in the TOEFL test. You
should remember that if a preposition is followed by another verb, the verb must be in
the gerund (V-ing) form. Learn the pattern below.
There are some patterns which involve preposition + gerund. Below are some common
patterns you need to learn and get familiar with.
Now learn the following examples.
1. We are thinking of moving to a new apartment.
2. The teacher asks all students to concentrate on completing their final projects.
3. The government and community have to keep on working hard.
Learn the following examples:

1. I am interested in conducting a field research.
2. His parents are worried about traveling at night.
3. Pete is good at giving presentation in English.
1. We have reminded them the danger of traveling by public transportation.
2. The new method of learning during the pandemic is introduced by the education
department.
3. It is considered an advantage of doing things together.

1. We cope with the problem by analyzing some basic causes.
2. We finally solve the problem without humiliating any parties.
This TOEFL test uses a noun + preposition pattern (danger of V-ing)

After the preposition of, a gerund (V+ing) should be used. Therefore, the right answer is C.
Option A is right because paleontologists is a plural subject which agrees with the verb
learn (a singular verb).
Learn that there is a preposition by and it should be followed by gerund (V-ing).
Therefore, to study is wrong. It should be studying.
1. I want to know his reaction on hearing that good news. T F
2. Many people are worried about loose their jobs. T F
3. The president is disappointed about seeing bad work performance. T F
4. She is famous for to sing local songs. T F
5. The manager likes the idea of opening some new branches. T F
6. Carla is glad about taking a long vocation. T F
7. That is the real reason for reduce the tax. T F
8. Some students are blamed for cheating during the test. T F
9. The parents often complain about bullying at school T F
10. She has difficulty in comprehended the written English text. T F

1. Some graduates ______ master degrees abroad.
A. are interested in pursuing
B. interested in pursuing
C. interests to pursue
D. are interested to be pursued
2. The reason the school __________ its learning teaching process is partly because of
the high dedication of teachers.
A. is succeeded in development
B. is succeeding the development
C. succeeds to develop
D. succeeds in developing
3. This book provides readers with advanced ________ conducting behavioral

researches among school students.
A. methods for conduct
B. methods for conducting
C. to conduct methods
D. to conducting methods
4. Most local governments simplify the decision ______ a practical strategy that meets
community‟s needs.
A. to adopting
B. in order to adopting
C. by adopting
D. by being adopted
5. Androids have made access to information instantly available just by push a few
buttons.
A. just by pushing
B. by just to push
C. by just pushing
D. to push just
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn how to differentiate between the function
of because and because of in sentences.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Because and because of actually have the same meaning, but both are used
differently. Learn the following chart:
From the chart, we know that the word because is followed by a clause (subject + verb),
whereas because of is followed by a noun. Learn the following examples.
1. The flight was delayed because the weather was so bad. (clause)

2. The flight was delayed because of the bad weather. (noun)
3. The manager did not come to the office because he was seriously sick.
4. The manager did not come to the office because of serious sick
Complete the sentences with B (because) or BO (because of).
1. The lecturer came to the class late ________ the wrong schedule.
B
BO
2. The deliveryman did not deliver the package on time _______ it was not easy for him
to find the accurate address.
B
BO
3. Some people in the town were hospitalized ________ the covid-19.
B
BO
4. I could go to your party _______ I was going away.
B
BO
5. Some students sometimes get to the school late ______ bad weather.
B
BO
6. The shipment slows down _______ the covid-19 pandemic hits all cities.
B
BO
7. Some people got food poisoning ______ undercooked sea fish.
B
BO
8. She does not go to the music concert ______ the ticket is very expensive.
B
BO
9. People work all day long _____ they need a lot of money.
B
BO
10. Some refugees are infected by diseases_________ insufficient clean water.
B
BO
1. Many sociologists believe that the distinction between natural and social orientations
is a significant point _______ their different explanations of social behavior.
A. because
B. because of
C. even though
D. however
2. Many business sectors are doing badly _____________mostly affected by

the Covid-19 pandemic.
A. because of the economic situation
B. the economic situation of because
C. the because of economic situation
D. the economic situation because of
3. Many people in the villages are afflicted by armed conflicts _________ tends to only
think of maintaining its power.
A. because of which the weak government
B. which the weak government because of
C. the weak of government which because
D. because of weak government which
4. __________ of shelter for the most vulnerable people, the government emphasizes
on social programs, especially on healthcare systems.
A. Even though the lack
B. In spite of the lack
C. Because of the lack
D. Because the lack
5. According to the health research agency, nearly 20% of citizens do not obtain needed
medical care ____________.
A. the cost because of
B. because of the cost
C. because the cost of
D. because the cost which
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
ABOUT:
In this strategy, you will learn to differentiate the use of despite / in spite of and
though / even though in sentences. Those two groups of words have the same
meaning, but they are used differently.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
Once again, despite/in spite of, and though/even though/although have exactly the
same meaning and they are used to link two contrasting ideas. However, there is a
slight difference between these two groups that you need to pay attention to. Briefly, in
the sentences despite and in spite of are always followed by a noun/noun phrase,
whereas even though, although and though are always followed by a clause (subject
+ verb). Learn the following chart.
You should also remember that despite is not followed by of. On the contrary, in
spite is always followed by of.
 despite of = wrong
 despite = right
 in spite = wrong
 in spite of = right
Now learn the following examples.

1. Despite the bad weather he travelled by motorcycle. (noun phrase)
2. Even though the weather is bad, he travelled by motorcycle. (clause)
3. In spite of the cold water he swam in the lake. (noun phrase)
4. Although the water was cold, he swam in the lake. (clause)
5. They played soccer despite the rain. (noun phrase)
6. They played soccer though it rained. (clause)
7. They came home on time in spite of bad traffic jam. (noun phrase)
8. They came home on time even though bad traffic jam happened. (clause)
1. Pete lives in a very small house even though he is a high-ranking official. T F
2. Pete lives in a very small house in spite of being a high-ranking official. T F
3. Despite Mark is much smaller than the others, he manages to win the running competition. T F
4. In spite of being much experienced than the others, Pete failed to get the job. T F
5. Although the rain, students arrived at school on time. T F
6. Although it rained heavily, the students arrived at school on time. T F
7. The earthquake woke me up, even though it was not that big. T F
8. Maya does not want to give up, in spite of she does not have enough skills to compete. T F
9. He did not want to resign from his current job even though he had a serious problem with his
T F
supervisor.
10. Despite John's TOEFL score is still below the expected requirement, he insists on sending the
application form for scholarship program. T F
1. ______ some aspects of the social constructionist perspective can be quite

complicated, it starts from a relatively simple point of departure.
A. Although
B. Because of
C. Despite
D. In spite of
2. ________ the distinction between natural and social points, these types of approach
to social issues are examples of social construction.
A. Even though
B. Because
C. In spite of
D. Therefore
3. _______ a large enough sector of society is affected by an issue, it becomes a social

issue.
A. Because
B. When
C. Hence
D. Even though
4. Some surveys state that optimism is growing among people, _______ signaling tough
conditions.
A. although economic indicators
B. despite the economic indicators
C. in spite of the economic indicators are
D. even though the economic indicators are
5. ___________ and social issues, president insist on speeding up infrastructure

programs.
A. In spite of the current political
B. Despite of the current political
C. Even though of the current political
D. Although the current political
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D

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ABOUT:

Choose CN if the underlined noun is countable and UN if the noun is uncountable.

2. According to an article by Youki Terada, Research and Standards Editor for

8. Two months of demonstrations have brought down the government but political players have

7. We learned from Plato that people gain knowledge through interaction and dialogue.

Exercise 2: Choose one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or

Look at the following example.

 There is a laptop on the table.

Look at the example.

 I have a new lecturer. The lecturer is from California.

 The covid-19 pandemic spreads all over the world.

1. The professor was here _____ hour ago. a an the

Exercise 2: Choose one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or

Look at the following example.

Now learn the following example.

Exercise 2: Choose the best answers to fill in the blanks.

10. Students have to write their opinions about a specific ________approach in

Exercise 3: Choose one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or

A. Identifying the adjective and adverb from their suffixes

B. Identifying the adjective and adverb from their functions

Exercise 2: Read the sentences and choose the best answers.

1. Cycling is getting more popular among people in the city. N NP P G TINF NC

2. The budget proposal has been sent to the head office. N NP P G TINF NC

3. That many people survived in the pandemic was amazing. N NP P G TINF NC

4. IELTS is one of the internationally standardized tests. N NP P G TINF NC

5. To give a presentation in English is not an easy job. N NP P G TINF NC

6. Ants generally work together to collect food. N NP P G TINF NC

7. Korea is a fast-growing country in the music industry. N NP P G TINF NC

Exercise 2: Read the sentences and choose the best answers.

1. The manager of the bank

3. A particularly important early development

5. Increases in quantity of the money

6. Accurate analysis of data using standardized statistical methods in scientific studies

7. Infusions of gold or silver into an economy

8. The neocortex of many species of whale

9. The chief varieties of ordinary lava rocks

 Choose one word (the main noun) as the subject

4. The rulers are deeply concerned with ensuring their immortality. S P

6. The additional financial supports are added when required.

8. The old city of Jerusalem has various tourist attractions. S P

9. This research requires a corresponding theoretical background. S P

Read the sentences and choose the best answers.

Read the sentences and choose the best answers.

Read the sentences and choose the best answers.

1. One of the most influential Virginians of colonial times, _________ in England.

3. The tetracyclines, _______ antibiotics, are used to treat infections.

6. Ulysses S.Grant, ________, showed great magnanimity in receiving the surrender of

8. Chopin, __________, died at Place Vendome.

9. Coca-Cola, _________, has encountered several management problems lately.

10. Henry and June, __________, was bowdlerized at first publication.

Learn the following example.

1. Many university students has completed their final task on time. T F

6. Several studies have been conducted involving a number of individual butterflies. T F

Read the sentences and choose the best answers.

2. Most TV companies __________ large advertising budgets so that can compete

3. __________ an opportunity for convenient and efficient ways to get information.

4. __________ the largest of all terrestrial planets in our solar system.

5. _________________________ of liquids through pipes.

Look at the following examples:

 both _ and _