2

UNIT
Rural Development
Programmes

CONTENTS
Part-1 : Sriniketan Experiment. *************°*********** ... 2-2P to 2-3P

Part-2 : Gurgaon Experiment .. ...2-3P to 2-4P

*******°***********°***°*°°******

Part-3 : Marthandam Experiment * ...24P

********** to 2-5P

Part-4 : Baroda Experiment... 2-5P to 2-6P

Part-5 : Firkha Development Scheme 2-6P to 2-7P

Part-6 : Etawah Pilot Project.. .2-7Pto 2-8P

Part-7: Nilokheri Experiment.. .. 2-8P to 2-9P

Part-8 :
Approaches to Rural...*******o**************
. 2-9P to 2-16P
Community Development
Part-9 : Approaches to Rural Community... 2-16P to 2-18P
Development : Tagore Approach
Part-10 Approaches to Rural Community. 2-18P to 2-20P
Development Gandhian Approach
Part-11 :
Approachesto Rural Community
. 2-20P to 2-20P
Development C. Subramanian
Approach

2-1P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
2-2 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Development Programme

PART-1
Sriniketan Experiment.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.1. Write a short note on : Sriniketan Experiment.

Answer
1 During the time when Tagore was in charge of the family's estates i
East Bengal he was exposed to the poverty and oppression engulfing
the rural mass.
This whole scenario made him keenly sensitive towards these people
and he decided to pull them out from this poverty and oppression.
3. Tagore's ideological framework attracted Leonard Elmhirst, a Britisi
agronomist to come to India upon the invitation of Tagore to work witi
him.
They both began to formulate methods for social and economic change
To translate his dream into reality, the Institute of Rural Reconstructian
in Sriniketan was established in 1920.
The object of Sriniketan programme is to bring back life in its
completeness into the villages making them self-reliant and self
respectful. The objectives of the mission were
i. To win the friendship and affection of villagers and cultivators by
talking a real interest in all that concerns their lives and welfare
and by making a lively effort to assist them in solving their mos
pressing problems.
1. To take the problem of the village and the field to the class room fot
study and diseussion and to the experimental farm for solution.
i. To put the students in the way of acquiring practical experience in

cultivation, dairy, animal husbandry, poultry keeping, carpentrs

and smithing, weaving and tannery; in practical sanitation wors
and in the art and sprit of cooperation.
iv. To give the students elementary instruction in the science connecte
with their practical work.
V. To encourage in the staff and students of the department itsell
spirit of sincere service and willing sacrifice for the people of
surrounding villages.
 Rural Development : A &P 2-3P (HSMC-Sem-1 & 8)
V1. To train the studentsto a due sense of
their own intrinsic
physical moral and in particular to teach them
and worth,
to do with their
own hands
everything which a village householder or a cultivator
does or should do for a living, if
possible, more efficiently.
7 The experiment was
strongly supported by a team of
Bengalis. foreigners
and
8. The Sriniketan programme covered
broadly four general areas:
agriculture, crafts and industries, village welfare and education.
9 The agricultural activities were based on three phases
1. experiment;
.training, and
11. extension.
10. Extension activities were
given much priority. A Demonstration Plot
was created to
impart training and education to all the farmers through
real life situation.
11. One two
or
agricultural workers from Sriniketan often used to go to
the villages and farmers to supervise all activities.
12. Dairy, poultry, pisiculture and bee-keeping were also some ofthe salient
activities associated with the experiment in view of augmenting the
rural resources and over all development of the villagers.
Significance of Sriniketan programme
. The Cooperative movement was a
significant aspect of the experiment.
2. Another con.cept Dharmagola'
reflecting the principle of cooperative
was introduced in 1928 for the benefit of the villagers. During the
barvesting time, every family used to deposit some amount of paddy in
the respective Dharmagola and in time of exigencies
they could buy
some after paying minimum interest within their affordability.
3. Mahila Samities (Women's Association) played a considerable role in the
economic and social welfare of the community.
Drawbacks:
This institute could not get Government help and support.
2. It could not do research work and hence the programmes remained
limited.

PART-2
Gurgaon Experiment.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
2-4P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8) Rural Development Programmes

Que 2.2. Write a short note on :Gurgaon Experiment.

Answer
1 Rural upliftment movement on a mass scale was first started by Mr. p
L. Brayne in 1920.
2. He was prompted by the backwardness, poverty and misery of the people
3. After seven years of study he developed a scheme called "The Gurgaon
scheme" with the following objectives:
i. To increase crop production,
i. To control extra expenditure,
ii. To improve the health,
iv. To develop the feeling of
women-education, and
v. Home development work.
4. He took the whole district as the field of
operation and approached the
area with every form of
propaganda and publicity.
5. Under his programme village guides' were
posted in each village, who
acted as the channel to pass on the information to
6. The programme introduced
villagers.
improved seeds, implements, methods of
cultivation, etc.
7. The activities introduced by
Brayne were
i A school of rural economy to train the
i. A domestic school of
village guides in 1925.
economy to train groups of women under
women and children welfare work in
1926.
ii. Health association, which ran five
health centres in the district.
iv. A women's Institute at
Gurgaon manage the ladies' garden in
to
Gurgaon.
Drawbacks:
1. As the village guides were not technical
men, very little permanent
value was achieved.
2. The project could not develop
continue work when the village
leadership in the villages that would
3.
guides had left the villages.
This project was based upon the sentiments of
F.L. Brayne and when he
was transferred,
gradually this programme stopped.
4. The main reason for the failure of this
programme was that the reforms
were impOsed on the
people, rather than initiatedby themselves.

PART-3
Marthandam Experiment.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type
Questions
 Rural Development : A &P 2-6P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8)

Que 2.3. Write a short note on : Marthandam Experiment.

Answer
The work was commenced by Dr. Spencer Hatch an American
1
expert in Travancore under the auspicious of YMCA in
Agricultural
1921.
The villages in Marthandam area were undeveloped economically and
2. the economic condition of the native majority was poor.
The main objectives of this project were:
3.
Spiritual development i. Mental development
ii. Physical development iv. Social development
v.Economicdevelopment
Dr. Hatch implemented an all round development in agriculture, publie
health and education.
For this project, the extension secretary was appointed to supervise the
5.
activities ofthe group.
6. Marthandam was in a strategic position to serve the villages.
It kept prize bulls and goats, model bee-ives, demonstration plots for
improving grain and vegetable seeds, poultry runs with prize laying-
hens, a weaving shed, etc.
Inside the centre, there was equipment like honey extractors, health
charts and the items needed for other cottage vocations.
At the centre, cottage vocations were taught and agricultural implements
tested. The emphasis throughout was on self-help and co-operation.

10. The suecessful output of this project was the Eeg-selling Club. In 1939
which became a self governing body.
1. Another co-operative society was honey club, where the villagers were
taught the use of modern bee-hives and extracted honey scientifically.
The honey was cured and marketed co-operatively.

Drawbacks:
The main shortcomings of the project were inadequate funds and
governmental help.
The whole programme was centred on a person and after the death of
Dr. Hatch, there was a conflict on the question of leadership.
Due to no economic advantage to the non-paid workers, this programme
could not survive.

PART-4
Baroda Experiment.
2-6P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8) Rural Development Programme

Questions-Answer
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Question

Que 24.Write a short note on: Baroda Experiment.

Answer
1. This movement was started by V.T. Krishnachari in 1932 in the Baroe
state where he was Dewan at that time.
2. The first objective was to bring about a rapid increase in standards
living, industrialization and rapid expansion of the educational syste
3. The second objective was to increase agricultural production
the provision of basic necessities.
throu
4. This Project was started in the district of Navsari in the Gujarat
State
5. Many programmes such as gardening, poultry-farming, bee-keepin
spinning and weaving were organized.
6. Re-stabilization of Panchayats and other programmes
were organized.
of village progree
7. The adult education had been extended.
Working System
By personal education and contact by the village guides.
2. To use the school teacher of village in the extension of
programme.
3 To use the traditional means of extension.

PART-5
Firkha Development Scheme.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.5. Write short note

a on: Firkha Development Scheme
Answer
The Firka Development Scheme launched
by Madras Government
1946 aimed at the attainment ofthe Gandhian ideal of"Village
Swar
2. This scheme aimed at bringing educational, economic, sanitary andothe
a
of the
developmental activities in villages and also revitalise the spirit ou
people and make them self-confident and self-reliant.
3. Among Pre-Independence project, this was the biggest project.
 Rural Development: A &P 2-7P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)

4. The short term objectives of the scheme was to develop basic amenities
and an institutional framework for carrying out communication, water
supply, sanitation, formation of panchayats and cooperatives.
5 The long term objectives were to attain self-sufficiency in food, clothing,
shelter, development of agriculture, animal husbandry, khadi and village
industries.
6. The administrative machinery consisted of Director of Rural Welfare at
the State level, the Collector at District level, the Rural Welfare Officer
at Firka level and 5 to 10 Gramasevaks under him. Besides these, staffs
for Agriculture and Public Works were also provided for every Firka.
7. In 1953-54, when the Community Development Programme and
National Extension Service Programme were adopted by Madras State,
the Firka Development Scheme was merged with it.

PART-6
Etawah Pilot Project.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.6. Describe Etawah Pilot Project.

Answer
This project was started in 1948 by Mr. Albert Mayer of USA who came
to India with the American forces in 1944.
He was the originator of this project at a village called Mahewa in UP.
A pilot project for development of Etawah district in UP was formulated
byhim with the following objectives:
i To know the degree of productive and social improvements, through
self confidence and cooperatives
ii. To find how quickly these results could be attained;
i. To know whether the results remain permanent even atter the
special pressure is withdrawn; and
iv. To assess how far the results were reproductive in other places.
4. In the project, development officers at various levels were posted.
5. At village level, there was a 'multi-purpose' village level worker (VL)
with four or five villages under him.
6. This programme works were, by and large, similar to earlier projects;
introduction of improved variety seeds, chemical fertilizers, improved
implements, plant protection measures, horticultural development, soil
conservation, improved cultural practices and the like.
2-8 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
Rural Development Programm

animal husbandry, cooperation, credit

provi
7. There were projects in of roads, water supply, drain
narketing and supply,
improvements
aina
etc.
tour for farmers, village leo
3. There were adult literacy programmes,
contact programes, etc.
training camps, mass
started in 64 villages. After one year the numk
9 Initially the work was went up to 97. In 1951, another t
of villages covered by the project
villages were included.
the National Extension Servin
10. This project was finally merged with
(NES) block.
in agricultu
convincing achievement of this project
was
11. The most
ticularly in wheat production due to adoption of improved productie
technologies.
12. This project solved the problem of unemployment and under
employments.
13. Success gained in Etawah could not be maintained after Mayer's departu
in 1957.

PART-7

Nilokheri Experiment.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.7. DescribeNilokheri Experiment.

Answer
1. It started during 1948 under the leadership of s.K.Dey who was thes
the Minister of Community
Development.
2. Its primary purpose was to develop a new township to rehabilita"
displaced persons from West Pakistan.
3. The project was built in a swampy barren land around the
vocatio
training centre on the highway of Delhi and Ambala.
4.4. S.K.Dey launched the scheme called 'Mazdoor
new
construction of township at Nilokheri.
Manzil'
5. This scheme gave
the
people
i. Training agricultural implements preparation,
on

ii. Training on cottage industries,

i. Training on carpentry etc.
 Rural Development: A & P 2-9P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)

6. Alongsidetechnical and vocational training, work centres were started

in the crafts like weaving calico printing, soap making, laundry, bakery,
tinsmithy, blacksmithy, general mechanies, leather and a multitude of
other crafts and trades.
7. The Nilokheri project was unlike any other village development project.
S. Its objective was to rehabilitate the refugees in a planned settlement
where they could get everything which is required for a town or a
village.
9. The colony had school, an agricultural farm, polytechnic training centre,
dairy. poultry farm, piggery farm, horticulture garden, printing press,
garment factory, engineering workshop, soap factory, etc.
10. Nilokheri was an excellent exercise in the planning of a town.

PART-8
Approaches to Rural Community Development.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.8.What do you understand by Rural Development?

Answer
1. Rural Development is the process of improving the quality of life and
economic well-being of people living in rural areas, often relatively
isolated and sparsely populated areas.
2 Traditionally, rural development was centred on the misuse of land-
intensive naturai resources such as forestry and agriculture
3. However today, the increasing urbanisation and the change in global
production networks have transformed the nature of rural areas
4. Rural development still remains the core of the overall development of
the country.
5. More than two-third of the country's people are dependent on agriculture
for their livelihood.
6 One-third ofrural India is still below the poverty line. Therefore, it is
important for the government to be productive and provide enough
facilities to upgrade their standard of living.
7 Rural development is a term that concentrates on the actions taken for
the development of rural areas to improve the economy.
8 However, following few areas demand more focused attention:
Education.
 Rural Development Programme
(HSMC-Sem-7& 8)
2-10 P
Sanitation.
and
Public health
Women empowerment.
ii. irrigation, etc.).
Infrastructure
development (electricity,
iv. extension and research.
Facilities for agriculture
v.
Availability of credit.
vi.
vii. Employment opportunities.

importance
and objectives of Rural
Give the
Que 2.9.
Development.

Answer
Development:
Importance of Rural for the majority of the
important not only
1. Rural development is also for the overall economie
in rural areas, but
populationresiding
nation.
expansion of the
noticeable importance in the
is considered to be of
2. Rural development
nation.
process of the evolution of the
productivity, higher socio
3.
3. Itis a strategy that tries to obtainimprovedand economie development.
economic equality, and stability in social
exists in roughily about
task is to decrease the famine that
The primary
. and to make suficient and healtay
70 percent of the rural population,
food available.
and footwear
task is to ensure the availability of clothing
5. The secondary recreational provision
environment and house,
medical attention,
a clean
communication.
education, transport, and
Development:
Objectives of Rural
and wages of rural people.
1 To improve productivity
increased and quick employment
possibiities
2. To guarantee
2. notable decline a
unemployment and bring
a
3.
3. To demolish
underemployment.
standard of living of the underprivileges
4.
A. Toguarantee an increase in the
population. clesa
education, healthcare.
the basic needs: elementary
6.
b. To provide
drinking water, rural roads, etc.
rural development
Que 2,10.| What aredifferent approaches to
India ?

Answer
to rural development
1 There are no universally accepted approaches
culture.
is a choice influenced by time, space and of
overall development ru
The term rural development connotes
a r e a s to improve the quality
oflife of rural people.
 Rural Development A &P 2-11 P (HSMC-Sem-7 & 8)

3. It encompasses the development of agriculture and allied activities, village

and cottage industries and crafts, socioeconomic infrastructure,
community services and facilities and, above all, human resources in
rural areas.

4. Hence the types of approaches to rural development are as follows:

i. Broad front Approach.
. Sectoral Approach.
ii. Participatory Approach.
iv. Area Development Approach.
V. Target Approach.
vi. Basic Needs Approach.
vii. Employment-oriented Integrated Approach to Rural Development.
.vii. Integrated Development Approach.
ix. Growth Center Approach.
X. Community-Driven Development (CDD) or Approach.
xi. Gandhian Approach.
xii. Tagore Approach.

Que 2.11.| Write a short note on : broad-front development

approach.

Answer
1. Community Development and Panchayat Raj were often described as
broad-front development strategies as they aimed at development of
villages covering all the major spheres like Agriculture, Animal
Husbandry, Rural Industries, Communication, Health, Education,
Women Welfare and Social Welfare.
2. In early fifties, rural development efforts began with broad-front
development approach.
The Community Development Programmes (CDP) and National
Extension Service (NES) initiated in 1952 fell under this approach.
Though CDP, as a holistic approach, did not succeed as expected. The
impact of programme was ephemeral.
5. It could not make a dent into social fabric as was expected. The critics
also point out that:
i It brought about a great disparity between the rich and the poor,
. It hardly touched the problem of meeting the felt needs of the
people,
iii. It failed to bring about the process of modernization through social
education, and
iv. Lack of people's participation.
In spite of the criticisms these programme's added a new dimension to
the process of change and generated community consciousness to solve
community problems
 Rural Development Progra
2-12 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
Programm
approach
was a significant approaelh, wh
7 The broad-front development upliftment of rural India,
stone for the
laid the foundation

short note on:Sectoral Approach.

Que 2.12.Write a
Answer
in individual sectors like e d .
1. Sectoral development planning
social security are included sectoral appre
in
health, housing and
development.
advocates compartmentalization
of develom
This approach nent
2
different sectors.
this compartmentalized approach
3 Its inadequacies stem from
was rather critical on the food front. The
4 By 1960's the situation led to strategy for loes
for great concentration on food production
districts and areas capable of riel
potential sectors and well-endowed
higher agricultural production.
More attention was paid in improving productivity per acre than
5.
extending the acreage.
6. For this purpose Intensive Agriculture Development Programme AD
and Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (LAAP) were launched
7. Both IADP and IAAP constituted landmarks in the developmenm
agriculture.
8. The programmes placed agriculture on a qualitatively different fota
with wide ranging repercussions on rural scenario.
9. The programmes resulted in a spectacular breakthrough in a
agricultural production and productivity per hectare but at theex
of social equality and social justice.
Que 2.13.Write a short note on: Participatory Approach.

Angwer
1. This concept has been developed from Participatory Development
2. Participatory development is a process through whichstakeholders
influence and share control over development initiatives, and over
decisions and resources that affect themselves.
3. Participatory Development (PD) is a process to engage local populatio
in development projects.
4 PD uses local decision making and capacities to steer
s and define
nature of an intervention.
5. PD aims at achieving a localized based
capital accumulation process
the skills development and local resources
6.
generation.
The essential feature of PD is social mobilization.
e n g

7 PDgives a self-confidence through which the community

new agemer
in more ambitious projects
involving collective action and man
 A & P 2-13 P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)
Rural Development

Que 2.14. | Write a short note on : Area Development Approach.

Answer
of an area depends not
. This approach contemplates that development network but
an adequate infrastructure
only on the development of activated around the
also the way factors of the local economy
are

production infrastructure.

of spatial and functional

In other words, for development an area,
2 integration is necessary.
provide
centers ideal locations for the provision
Thus, while rural growth are regarded as basic
their hinterlands
of infrastructural facilities, achieve
multi-sectoral planning to
planning units for integrated
integrated development of
an area.

a r e a poverty into
consideration, provides a
The approach, while taking pattern of
4 sectoral activities as well as spatial
balance between various economic growth is being
however, it does not e n s u r e that
growth; communities of the rural
areas.
shared by all classes and
short note on: Target Approach.
Que 2.15. | Write a
Answer rural development
the lagging sectors/regions
of the social and
accommodate
In order to
1. re-conceptualized to highlight the improvement
was
life of a specialized group of
people. landless
economic
of marginal and small farmers,
The target group
comprised such as Small
2. labourers for whom special programmes
Farmers
agricultural and Marginal
Agency (SFDA)
Farmer Development started.
(MFALDA) were
Development Agency results
showed a better
approach
group a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and
It was noticed that the target and
were satisfactory
information
facilities
where were reasonably strong.
arrangements imbalance.
organizational
correction of regional
was for the Development
This approach like Tribal Area
programmes
of Target Approach Programme
(HADP),
Many Hill Area
Development
Development
Programme (TADP),
Desert
(DPAP),
Programme Programme
Prone Area Development
Drought C o m m a n d Area
(DDP), and implementation.
Programme
successful in terms of
CADP) were fairly
Needs Approach.
Write a short
note on : Basic
Que 2.16. |
minimum
the need for
a
Answer gives primacy to development
of
needs approach central
concern

The basic as a
the poor
standard of living of

planning
2-14P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Development Prograe
It therefore contributes to the formulation of a development st.
armme
2.
which aims at reducing poverty and inequality, promoting gr strate
employment and distributive justice.
3 The basic needs concept is a wider scope covering personal and .
consumption and also human rights, peoples participatio 306
tion, employme
and growth with justice.
4. The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) in India was introd
1974 during the first year of fifth plan period.
5. The fifth plan proposed MNP with the objectives ofestablishing
netwo
of basic services and facilities of social consumption in all areas
nationally accepted norms within in a specified time frame. up
6. It is essentially a programme of investment in human reson
development and seeks to improve the consumption of thosel
below poverty line and thereby improving productive eftficiency of
and their quality of life.
pen
Que 2.17. Write a short note on: Employment-oriented
Integrte
Approach to Rural Development.

AnswerT
1. With a view to
overcome the limitations of earlier
approaches and
improve the quality of life of the poor livingin the rural areas, a muitilen
multi-sector, with multi-section concept of integrated rural developme
was launched in 1978-79.
2. The different programmes were
brought under single umbrella
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP).
3. It aimed at ensuring accelerated welfare and
of the poor based on Gandhian development of the poors
concept of Antyodaya.
4 Several programmes for providing
employment to rural poor, namel
rural works programme, rural
employment
TRDP, Development of Women and Children inguarantee program
Rural Areas (DWER
and Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) were
introduced.
Que 2.18, Write a short note on :
Integrated Developme
Approach.
Answer
1. The area development
approach by and large failed to address the que
ofinequalities in the distribution of employment, incomes and assel
2. In the context
been developed.
of this problem the integrated
development appro
3. A mere
geographical emphasis, as is the case with the area develo pme

approach, has been found to be inadequate in solving the prode

The Indian economy and social
structure are characterized by despre
poverty, poor health conditions, illiteracy, wit
distribution of land and lack of exploitation, ine
infrastructure and public utilhue
 Rural Development :A & P 2-16 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
5 This means that the problem requires an approach that will take into
account all these factors in devising a comprehensive strategy to further
rural development.
6 The concept of"integrated rural development" came into vogue with the
need for a multipurpose thrust to rural planning.
7. It stresses that various facets of rural development, which have an
impact on rural life, are interrelated and cannot be looked at in isolation.
Thus, an integrated approach towards rural development is essential.
Que 2.19.| Write a short note on: Growth Center Approach.

Answer
1 It is most appropriate for planning integrated rural development.
2 Based on the principle of "equal accessibility"', this approach brings all
facilities, services and local administration within easy reach of the
population.
3. The growth center are equipped with the following facilities:
i Training center to impart practical training and build capacity to
enhance productivity ofagriculture and rural industries.
Mobile training-cum-demonstration unit to provide on the spot
training, repair and maintenance, services for agricultural and
industrial machineries.
i Marketing-cum-warehousing facilities for providing safe storage
d marketing of farm produce and cottage industries products.
iv. Forest and grass nursery to provide fruits, fuel, fodder and forest
cover.
Developmental school based on the " earning while learning
V.

principle".
vi Residential housing complex for workers in the project area.

Que 2.20. Write a short note on: Community-driven development

(CDD)or Approach.
Answer
1. It is derived from community-based development (CBD).
2. The underlying assumption of CDD projects are that:
i. Communities are the best judges of how their lives and livelihoods
can be improved, and
i. If provided with adequate resources and information, they can
organize themselves to provide for their immediate needs.
3. CDD programmes are motivated by their trust in people and hence it
advocates people changing their own environment as a powerful force
for development.
2-16P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8) Rural Development Program
By treating poor people as assets and partners in the devalo
process, CDD is more cost-effective compared to centrally-led
based programmes. N
5. CDD can also be supported by strengthening and financing commu
groups, facilitating community access to information, and promo
enabling environment through policy and institutional reform,

PART-9
Approaches to Rural Community Development: Tagore Appronek

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.21.| Write a short note on: Tagore approach to ru

community development.
Answer
Tagore as a great visionary realised the logical, scientific and realisticwar
the solutions to problems associated with the lives of the rural mass.
A First phase of Rural Reconstruction- East Bengal
Experiment
1 Tagore came into direct contact with the rural Bengal after be t
the charge of their Zamindari estate at East
Bengal
2. It was during that period the idea of rural reconstruction
his mind. That was the beginning of his rural reconstruetie
came
programme.
3. His programme included health, education, cottage industnes
agriculture, fisheries, weaving etc.
4. He introduced the experiment of tractor for cultivation, furnar
potteries and ceramics, a husking machine for paddies.
5. An all-round development of a
village was his ultimate object
which to his mind was necessary for
making a self-sufficient
self-confident society.
B. Rural Bank :
1. The concept of rural bank occupies a very significant plae
Tagore's Rural Reconstruction Programme.
2 While acting as a Zamindar, he observed that one
ot tn
ma

reasons of rural poverty was the ruthless exploitation by

Zamindars, the middlemen and the money lenders.
3. The only way to rescue the
villagers was to lend money at aa ratee
lower interest.
With this objective, Tagore established Patisar Bank in
190
 A &P 2-17 P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)
Rural Development

C. Sriniketan Experiment:
1. The institution of Sriniketan was not an isolated experiment, but
an integral part of Tagore's total educational and reconstruction
work.
2. The objectives of the mission were:
To win the friendship and affection of villagers and cultivators
by talking a real interest in all that concerns their lives and
welfare, and by making a lively effort to assist them in solving
their most pressing problems.
To take the problem of the village and the field to the class
room for study and discussion and to the experimental farm
for solution.
ii.
ii. To put the students in the way of acquiring practical experience
in cultivation, dairy, animal husbandry, poultry keeping8
carpentry, and smithing, weaving and tannery; in practical
sanitation work; and in the art and sprit of cooperation.
iv. To give the students elementary instruction in the science
connected with their practical work.
To encourage in the staff and students of the department
itself a spirit of sincere service and willing sacrifice for the
people of the surrounding villages.
vi To train the students to a due sense of their own intrinsic
worth, physical and moral and in particular to teach them to do
with their own hands everything which a village householder
or a cultivator does or should do for a living, if possible, more
efficiently.
D. Rural Industries:
1. Tagore felt it necessary to revitalize the decadent cottage industries
and to train the local artisans and village youth so that they could
make use of the new innovations.
2. With this idea he set up Shilpa Bhavana at Santiniketan.
E Institute of Rural Reconstruction :
1 The Institute of Rural Reconstruction started operating through
two broad divisions of work.
2. It maintained a number of demonstration and service units
concerning agriculture, animal husbandry, cottage industries,
health, education and village organization.
3. The institute manifested itself in three different types of activities

namely research, extension and education.

F. Rural Library:
Rural library was an essential part of the rural reconstruction
programme of Tagore.
2. The utility of library has been always recognized by Tagore.
3. So, from the very beginning there was a central library for learning
and research.
Another local library to serve the local people and to grow interest
for reading and learning among them.
2-18P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Development Program
The most unique feature of this library system was the intr
5.
ofcirculating library in 1925.
It was actually a mobile library where one village worke
introduet
6.
door to door service by carrying books in a bag
rker used
give

PART-10
Approaches to rural community development: Gandhian Apprs.
proaek
Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Question

Que 2.22. Describe Gandhian approach to rural communi

development.
Answer
1. Gandhian approach to rural development attaches supreme importa
to moral values.
2. It gives primacy to moral values over material conditions.
3 The Gandhians believe that the source of moral values in
general liesi
religion and Hindu scriptures like the Upanishads and the Gita.
The concept of Rama Rajya' is the basis of
social order.
Gandhiji's idea of an ide
5. Gandhiji defined Rama Rajya as "sovereignty of the people based a
moral authority".
6 Following are the basic tenents of the Gandhian ideal social order
A Ideal Village:
1 The village is the basic unit of the
Gandhian ideal social ord
2. Gandhi's ideal village belongs to the Pre-British
Indian villages period, wh
were
supposed to constitute the federation
selfgoverning autonomous republics.
3. According to Gandhiji, this federation will be brought abn
not by compulsion but by the voluntary offer of every viliag
republic to join such a federation.
4. The work of the central
the work of different
authority will only be to coora
village republics and to supervIsebas
manage things of common
interest, as education,
industries, health, currency, banking etc.
5 The central
authority will have no power to enforce its sionsd

village republics the

B. Decentralisation:except moral pressure or power ot per
1. Gandhi firmly believes that village republics can be built o
through decentralisation of social and
political power.
Rural Development :A&P 2-19 P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)
2. Insuch a system decision-making power will be vested in the
Village Panchayat.
B. The representatives would be elected by all adults for a fixed
period of five years.
The elected representatives would constitute a council, called
the Panchayat.
5. The Panchayat exercises legislative, executive and judicial
functions.
6. It would look after education, health and sanitation of the
village
7. Resources for Gandhian approach to managing village affairs
would be raised from the villages.
8. The Panchayat would play its role in propagating the
importance of moral and spiritual values among the rural
people.
C. Self-sufficiency:
1. The village should be self-sufficient as far as its basic needs -

food, clothing, shelter and other necessities-are concerned.

2. The village should produce food-crops and cotton in order to
meet its requirements.
3. Some lands should also be earmarked for cattle and for a
playground for adlts and children.
Village economy should be planned with a view to providing
full employment to all the adults of the village.
5. Each man should be guaranteed employment to enable him to
meet his basic needs in the village itself so that he is not forced
to migrate to towns.
D. Industrialization :
1. Industrialization leads to passive or active exploitation of the
villages.
2. Industrialization replaces manpower and hence it adds to

unemployment.
3 In order to avoid such a catastrophe, village and cottage
industries should be revived.
They provide employment to meet the needs of the villagers
and facilitate village self-sufficiency.
5. Gandhians are not against machine per se ifit meets two aims:
self-sufficiency and full employment.
According to Gandhiji, there would be no objection to villagers
even the modern machines and tools
that they could
using
make and could afford to use.
E Trusteeship:
of
1. Gandhiji was not against the institution private property.
to what
But he wanted to restrict the right of private property
was necessary to yield an
honourable livelihood.
2. For the excess he prescribed the principle of trusteeship.
 Rural Development Pro
2-20 P (HSMC-Sem-7 & 8)
Ogramn
the prineiple of trusteeship in e.
3. Gandhiji emphasized
economic affairs.
90cial
that all social property should .
4. He firmly believed held
trust.

PART 11
Development
Approaches to Rural Community
C. Subramanian Approach.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.23.Describe C. Subramanian approach to rural commu

development.
Answer
1. Integrated Rural Development according to C. Subramanian the t
Finance Minister of India, means 'A systematic, scientific and integ
use of our natural resources enabling every person to engage himsei
a productive and socially useful occupation and earn an income t
would meet at least the basic needs'.
2. Integrated Rural Development is a strategywhich focuses attentin
the rural poor and attempts to improve the quality of life of the we
sections of the society.
3 The strategy isjust not an attempt ofincreasing agricultural produrts
but ensuring that the poor and the weaker sections share the bene
of economic and social progress.
The concept of Integrated Rural Development came into vogue w
need for a multi-purpose thrust to rural planning.
5. It is a 'multi-level, a multi-sector, and multi-section
concept
6. As a multi-level concept, it encompasses rural development
levels in the spatial hierarchy such as the viable cluster of
a
communities, blocks and districts.
7. As a multi-sector concept, it encompasses agriculture, indusuy,,educa
health and transportation.
8. As a multi-section micdevelop
concept, it encompasses socio-economic aev
o fther
of the target group of the weaker sections or sub-sections
population, such as, landless labourers, artisans, small farmet
farmers, Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.