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 Thermo Tut-2 Solution

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 Solution Tutorial Sheet No. 4
1. A constant pressure piston cylinder contains 0.2 kg water as saturated vapor at 400 kPa. It
is now cooled so the water occupies half the original volume. Find the work of the process.

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Solution: Ref to Steam Table v1=0.4625 m3/kg V1=mv1=0.0925 m3

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v2=v1/2=0.23125 m3/kg V2=V1/2=0.04625 m3

Process: P=C so the work term integral is

W=
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=P(V2-V1)=400 kPa ×(0.04625-0.0925) m3= -18.5 kJ
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2. A piston cylinder contains 0.5 kg air at 500 kPa, 500 K. The air expands in a process so P is
linearly decreasing with volume to a final state of 100 kPa, 300 K. find the work in the
process.
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Solution: process: P=A+BV (linear in V, decreasing means B is negative)

From the process: 1W2= =Area= ½(P1+P2)(V2-V1)

V1=mRT1/P1=0.5×0.287× (500/500)=0.1435 m3

V2=mRT2/P2=0.5×0.287× (300/100)= 0.4305 m3

1W2=1/2×(500+100) kPa×(0.4305-0.1435) m3=86.1 kJ

3. A gas initially at 1 MPa, 500oC is contained in a piston and cylinder arrangement with an
initial volume of 0.1 m3. The gas is then slowly expanded according to the relation
PV=constant until a final pressure of 100 kPa is reached. Determine the work for this process.

Solution: By knowing the process, the states 1 and 2 we can find the relation
between the pressure and the volume so the work integral can be performed.

Process: PV=C => V2=P1V1/P2=1000×0.1/100=1 m3

For this process work is integrated to equation

1W2= = = C ln (V2/V1)

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1W2=P1V1 ln V2/V1=1000×0.1 ln (1/0.1)

=230.3 kJ

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4. Air goes through a polytropic process from 125 kPa, 325 K to 300 kPa and 500 K. find the
polytropic exponent n and the specific work in the process.

Sol :Process: Pvn=Constant=P1v1n=P2v2 n

Ideal gas Pv=RT so la

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v1= =0.7462 m3/kg
K.

v2= =0.47833 m3/kg

from tha process equation: p2/p1 = (v1/v2)n = ln ( p2/p1) = n ln (v1/v2)

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n= ln ( p2/p1) /ln (v1/v2) = ln 2.4/ln 1.56 = 1.969

the work is now from eq. per unit mass

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1W2 = ( p2v2 –p1v1)/ (1-n) = R(T2- T1)/(1-n) = 0.287(500-325)/ 1 – 1.969 = - 51.8 kJ/kg.
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5. Ten (10) Kg of water in a piston cylinder arrangement exists as saturated liquid /vapor at
100 kPa, with a quality of 50% .It is now heated so the volume triples. The mass of the piston
is such that a cylinder pressure of 200 kPa will float it.

(a) Find the final temp. and volume of the water

(b) Find the work given out by the water
Solution: Take CV as the water, m2=m1=m;

Process: v=constant until P=Plift then P is constant.

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State 1: v1=vf + x vfg=0.001043+0.5×1.69296=0.8475 m3/kg
State 2: v2, P2≤Plift => v2=3× 0.8475=2.5425 m3/kg , at 200 kPa.

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T2=829oC; V2=mv2=25.425 m3

1W2=
= 200 kPa × 10 kg × (2.5425-0.8475) m3/kg = 3390 kJ

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6. Air at 200 kPa, 300 C is contained in cylinder / piston arrangement with initial volume 0.1
m3. The inside pressure balances ambient pressure of 100 kPa plus an externally imposed
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force that is proportional to V0.5. Now heat is transferred to the system to a final pressure of
225 kPa. Find the final temperature and the work done in the process.

Solution: C.V Air. This is a control mass. Use initial state and process to find T2
K.

P1=P0+CV1/2; 200 100+C(0.1)1/2, C=316.23

=>225=100+CV21/2 => V2=0.156 m3
V.

P2V2= mRT2 = T2 =>

T2=( P2V2/ P1V1) T1 =225×0.156×303.15/(200×0.1)=532 K= 258.9oC
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W12=
= P0(V2-V1) + C× 2/3 × (V23/2-V13/2)
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= 100(0.156-0.1) + 316.23 ×2/3×(0.1563/2-0.13/2)

= 5.6 + 6.32 =11.9 kJ

7. A water-filled reactor with volume of 1m3 is at 20 MPa, 3600C and placed inside a
containment room. The room is well insulated and initially evacuated. Due to failure, the
reactor ruptures and the water fills the containment room. Find the minimum room volume
so that final pressure does not exceed 200 KPa.

Solution: C.V containment room and reactor:

Mass: m2 = m1 = Vrector / V1 = 1/ 0.001823 = 548.5 kg.

Energy: m(u2 – u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2 = 0- 0 = 0

State 1 : table B:1.4 V1 = 0.001823 m3/kg, u1 = 1702.8 kJ/kg.

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Energy eqn, then gives u2 = u1 = 1702.8 kJ/kg.

State 2: p2 = 200kPa, u2 ug = two phase table, B.1.2

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X2= (u2- uf)/ufg = (1702.8 – 504.47) / 2025.02 = 0.59.176

V2 = 0.001061 + 0.5917 * 0.88467 = 0.52457 m3/kg

V2 = m2 v2 = 548.5 * 0.52457 = 287.7 m3

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8. A piston /cylinder assembly contains 1 kg of liquid water at 200 C and 300 KPa. There is a
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linear spring mounted on the piston such that when the water is heated the pressure reaches 1
MPa with a volume of 0.1 m3. Find the final temperature, heat transfer and work done in the
process.

Solution: Take CV as the water, m2=m1=m;

K.

Energy eq. m(U2-U1) = 1Q2 – 1W2

State 1: compressed liquid, take the saturated liquid at same temp.

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V1 = vf(20) = 0.001002 m3/kg, u1 = uf = 83.94 kJ/kg.

State 2: v2 = V2/m = 0.1 / 1 = 0.1 m3/kg and p = 1000kPa.

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Two phase as v2 vg so T2 = Tsat = 179.9 0C

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X2= (v2- vf)/vfg = (0.1 -0.001127 )/ 0.19332 = 0.51145

U2 = uf + x*ufg = 780.08 + 0.51145*1806.32 = 1703.96 kJ/kg.

Work done while the piston moves at linearly varying the pressure, so we get

1W2= = 0.5* (300 + 1000)(0.1-0.001) = 64.35 kJ

Heat transfer is found from the energy eqn.

Energy eq. 1Q2= m(U2-U1) + 1W2 = 1 ( 1703.96 – 83.94) + 64.35 = 1684 kJ

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