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    Normality of Metric Spaces and The Shrinking Lemma: S S S S S 1 S A A B 1 1

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    Avijit Samanta
    The document defines normality of metric spaces and proves the shrinking lemma. It defines a normal topological space as one where disjoint closed subsets have disjoint open neighborhoods. It then proves that all metric spaces are normal by constructing a Urysohn function that separates closed sets. Finally, it proves the shrinking lemma, which allows shrinking open covers in normal spaces.

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    Normality of Metric Spaces and The Shrinking Lemma: S S S S S 1 S A A B 1 1

    Uploaded by

    Avijit Samanta
    21 views1 page
    The document defines normality of metric spaces and proves the shrinking lemma. It defines a normal topological space as one where disjoint closed subsets have disjoint open neighborhoods. It then proves that all metric spaces are normal by constructing a Urysohn function that separates closed sets. Finally, it proves the shrinking lemma, which allows shrinking open covers in normal spaces.

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    t4shrnk

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    The document defines normality of metric spaces and proves the shrinking lemma. It defines a normal topological space as one where disjoint closed subsets have disjoint open neighborhoods. It then proves that all metric spaces are normal by constructing a Urysohn function that separates closed sets. Finally, it proves the shrinking lemma, which allows shrinking open covers in normal spaces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views1 page

    Normality of Metric Spaces and The Shrinking Lemma: S S S S S 1 S A A B 1 1

    Uploaded by

    Avijit Samanta
    The document defines normality of metric spaces and proves the shrinking lemma. It defines a normal topological space as one where disjoint closed subsets have disjoint open neighborhoods. It then proves that all metric spaces are normal by constructing a Urysohn function that separates closed sets. Finally, it proves the shrinking lemma, which allows shrinking open covers in normal spaces.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Normality of metric spaces and the shrinking lemma

    Definition: A topological space is normal (a.k.a. T4 ) whenever given two disjoint closed subsets A, B, there exist
    disjoint open subsets U, V such that A ⊆ U, B ⊆ V .
    Theorem: If (X, d) is a metric space, then it is normal.
    Proof: Given S ⊆ X, define fS : X → R by fS (x) = d(x, S) = inf {d(x, a): a ∈ S}. Then fS ≥ 0, fS is continuous
    def

    and fS (x) = 0 ⇔ x ∈ S. In particular, if S is closed, then S = fS−1 ({0}).


    Let f = fA /(fA + fB ). Then 0 ≤ f ≤ 1. Since A and B are disjoint the denominator is never zero, so f is
    continuous. Furthermore f ≡ 0 on A and f ≡ 1 on B. Let U = f −1 ((−∞, 1/2)) and V = f −1 ((1/2, ∞)).
    Note: A function with the properties of f is called a Urysohn function after Pavel Urysohn (b. Odessa 1898,
    drowned off the coast of Bretagne 1924). The existence of a Urysohn function clearly implies normality. Urysohn’s
    lemma (4.3.1 [2], VII.4.1 [1]) proves the existence of such a function for any two disjoint closed subsets of an
    arbitrary normal space. Munkres calls it the first deep theorem of his book.
    Lemma: Suppose X is normal, and {U, V } is an open cover of X. Then there exists an open set W such that
    W ⊆ U and {W, V } is still an open cover of X.
    Proof: Since X = U ∪V , U c ∩V c = Ø. By normality there exist disjoint open sets S, W such that U c ⊆ S, V c ⊆ W .
    Then S c ⊆ U and W c ⊆ V , so in particular X = W ∪ V . Since W ∩ S = Ø, W ⊆ S c . Thus, W ⊆ S c ⊆ U .
    Shrinking Lemma: Suppose X is normal, and {Ui : i = 1, ...n} is a finite open cover of X. Then there exist open
    sets Wi such that Wi ⊆ Ui and {Wi : i = 1, ...n} is still an open cover of X.
    Proof: Induction on the preceding lemma.
    Note: The shrinking lemma can be generalized to an infinite cover as long as it is point-finite, i.e. each point
    of X is in at most finitely many covering sets. The proof is by transfinite induction. This shrinking property is
    equivalent to normality (VII.6.1 [1]).
    References:
    [1] J. Dugundji, Topology, Allyn and Bacon, 1966
    [2] J. Munkres, Topology: a first course, Prentice-Hall, 1975
    Copyright 1999 Dr. Dmitry Gokhman

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