Basic Electronics: The Atom

ARIES COMPUTER SOLUTIONS - ANAND
BASIC ELECTRONICS
 THE ATOM
 NUCLEUS
The Nucleus is located in the center of the atom.
The Nucleus contains the protons and neutrons.
Orbiting around the nucleus are the electrons.
 PROTONS
Protons are located within the nucleus of the atom.
Protons are positively (+) charged.
 NEUTRONS
Neutrons add atomic weight to an atom.
Neutrons have no electrical charge.
 ELECTRONS
Electrons orbit around the nucleus of the atom.
Electrons are negatively (-) charged.
 Electron orbiting around the neuclus with a high speed force the repul them in outside
direction. Due to this two opposite forces, electron orbits in a fix path.
 FOR EXAMPLE
+ + = REPULSION
- - = REPULSION
+ - = ATTRACTION
- + = ATTRACTION
 Proton parts is word particles.
Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

FREE ELECTRONS
Only the FREE ELECTRONS in the outermost shell (Valance
Ring) are free to move from atom to atom. This movement
is called ELECTRON FLOW.
 These FREE ELECTRONS are loosely held and can easily be

moved to another atom or ion.
 Because of their distance from the nucleus, free electrons
have a weak magnetic attraction. Since this attraction is not
as strong to the nucleus as the bound electrons on the inner
orbits, the electrons move easily from atom to atom.
 CONDUCTOR
 A CONDUCTOR is any material that easily allows

electrons (electricity) to flow.
 A CONDUCTOR has 1 to 3 free electrons in the
outer ring.
 Because atoms with 1 to 3 electrons in the outer
 ring are held (bound) loosely to the atom, they can
easily move to another atom or make room for
more electrons.
 Conductor material includes copper and gold.
 INSULATOR
 An INSULATOR is any material that inhibits (stops)

the flow of electrons (electricity).
 An insulator is any material with 5 to 8 free
electrons in the outer ring.
 Because, atoms with 5 to 8 electrons in the outer
ring are held (bound) tightly to the atom, they
CANNOT be easily moved to another atom nor make
room for more electrons.
 Insulator material includes glass, rubber, and
plastic.

 SEMICONDUCTOR
 Any material with exactly 4 free electrons in the outer orbit

are called SEMICONDUCTORS.
 A semiconductor is neither a conductor or insulator.
 semiconductor material includes carbon, silicon, and
germanium.
 These materials are be used in the manufacturer of diodes,
transistors, and integrated circuit chips.
 FREQUENCY
 This frequency is measure in Hertz.
 In electronics Hertz is also important terminology to understand. Hertz is

cycle per second.
 According to Hertz, time is steady but the cycle may be very from 1 cycle to
more than 1 cycle.
1 Hz = 1 cycle / 1 sec
1000 Hz = 1khz
1000 KHz = 1 Mega Hz
1000 MHz = 1 Giga Hz
o VOLTAGE
 Voltage is the electrical force that moves electrons through a conductor.
 Voltage is electrical pressure also known as EMF (electro motive force) that
pushes electrons.
 The greater difference in electrical potential push the greater the voltage force
potential.

o CURRENT
 Current is the quantity or flow rate of electrons moving past a point within
one second.
 Current flow is also known as amperes or amp for short.
 Higher voltage will produce high current flow and lower voltage will produce
low current flow.
o ELECTROMAGNETIC
 When current flow a small magnetic field is created. The higher current flow
and the stronger magnetic field.
 Ex: It’s principle are used in alternator, ignitions system and any other
electronic device.
o HEAT
 When current flow, heat will generated. The higher the current flow the
greater the heat generated.
 Ex: Bulb. If enough current flows across the filament, it will flow white hot and
illuminate to produce light.
 OPEN CIRCUIT
 When current path is broken (incomplete) the circuit is said to be open. The
resistance of an open circuit is infinity high. There are no current flows in an open
circuit.

o CLOSE CIRCUIT
 The current path is closed through resistance. The purpose of the resistance is to
limit current flow or generate heat.
 SHORT CIRCUIT
 When the current path is closed but has little or not resistance, the result is a short
circuit. Short circuit can result in too much current flow. In this circuit the flow of
current depends on applied load value (resistance value).
o RESISTANCE
 Resistance is the force that reduces or stop the flow of electrons. It opposes voltage.
 Higher resistance will decrease the flow of electrons and lower resistance will allow
more electrons to flow.
o RESISTANCE FACTOR
Various factor can affect the resistance;
 Length of the conductor; The longer the conductor , the higher the resistance.
 Diameter of the conductor; The narrower the conductor , the higher

resistance.

 Temperature of the material; Depending on the material , most will increase

resistance as temperature increase.
o WATT
 The consumption of electrical energy is called WATT.
 Energy always transfer for one energy to other energy.
 If we consume 1000 watt of electrical energy in one hour than charge 1 unit of
consumption. Electrical company will be claim 1000 watt × 1 hour = 1 unit.
o EARTHING
 PN = PE
Good condition of earthing and neutral.
 NO EARTHING
Bad condition of earthing.
 Neutral leak
PN < PE
 Earthing leak
PN > PE
 PROBLEM: Computer hang--up, Restart, Bad sector.
 FUSE
 In electronics and electrical engineering a fuse is a type of low resistance resister that
acts as a sacrificial device to provide over current protection of either the load or
source circuit.
 A fuse consist of a metal strip on wire fuse elements that metals when too much
current flows , which interrupt the circuit in which it is connected. The fuse is
arranged in series to carry all the current passing through the protected circuit. The
resistance of the elements generates heat due to the current flow their internal

resistance grows as they are heated, these principle reason the fuse material to melt,
disconnecting the circuit from power for excessive current failure of these device
depends on short circuit, overloading, mismatched loads or device.
 Ex: A wire having weighting carrying capacity is around 30kg. If we put a weight of
move than the wire will be break. But from where it can be broken that is not define
and it is very difficult to predict also. But it define its place than it can be possible to
predict easily. This kind of process is exactly done in flow of electrons or current in
electronic device or in our home.
 If load is 20Ω of any device and we apply 230v supply then with the help of ohm’s low
we can find out the current flouring through the device.
 If a wire capacity is higher than 11.5amp than current can easily be flow otherwise
this wire will be broken and prevent any farther damage may caused in instruments
or device.
 This wire capacity is 20amp flow current. Now new short cut is 2Ω.
 Wire capacity is 20amp and fuse capacity is 15amp so only fuse will be burn and
circuit should be open.
 RESISTOR
 WIRE WOUND RESISTOR

 Special resister wire (nichrome) is wrapped around an insulation core
typically porcelain , cement or pressed paper.
 This resister are widely used for high current applications with low
resistance and high power.
 Example : Fan regulator , single resistor package in which one end of each
resistor is connected to a separate pin and the other ends are all
connected together to the remaining pin (common pin).

 CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTOR
 This resister is made up of carbon or graphite mixed with a powered

insulating material.
 Metal caps with tinned copper wire are joined to end of the carbon
resister element. They are used for soldering the connection into a
circuit.
NOTE :Now becoming obsolete because development of carbon film resisters.
 Axial lend resistors have the value of resistance printed on them or as a color code.
Surface mount resisters have a numerical code indicating a value.

 VARIABLE RESISTER
 Three terminal
 End connected across the voltage source
 Third variable taps off parts of the voltage
 These type of resisters are used in computer as brightness , contrast

control speaker volume control and in our home fan regulator.
 RESISTOR PROBLEM
 Resistor can become open or they an drift out of tolerance.
 When light current flow through the resistor it can burn open or drift
out of tolerance.
o THERMISTOR
 Thermister are temperature sensitive resister. Whose resistance value
changes in operating temperature. This is used in electronics circuit
where temperature measurement , control and compensation are
desired.
EX: NTC (negative temperature co-efficient) means,
 When temperature increases the value of resistance will decrease.
 In room temperature , NTC resistance value is 4 to 8 Ω.
 But when it heat due to current flow it was change value like “0” Ω.
 PTC (positive temperature co-efficient)

 When temperature is increase , resistance is decrease.
Increase
i
Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email
Email:- :arieslaptop@yahoo.com
arieslaptop@yahoo.com
o SURFACE MOUNTING RESISTOR

 It is also called chip resister. These resisters are rugged, their
temperature stability is high. Their end are electrodes are soldered
directly to a circuit board.
 These resisters are much smaller than conventional resister.
 Body color is usually off white or black.
 Three (four) digit on the body.
 First two (three) digits indicate the first two (three) numbers.
 Tolerance are not indicated on the chip but they are available in +/-
1% to +/- 5%.
 Third (fourth) digit indicates the multiplier.
470 = 47 Ω
101 = 100 Ω
100 = 10 Ω
222 =2200 Ω
223 = 22000 Ω
153 = 15000 Ω
295 = 2900000 KΩ = 2.9 MΩ
2R2 = 2.2 Ω
2E2 = 2.2 Ω
o NETWORK RESISTOR
 It is called single in line resistor. Multiple resisters combine to
from a network package. The value of each resister in one network
is same. If any one of resister damage, we have to replace the
package.
 In this resister one end of each resistor is connected to a separate

pin and the other ends are all connected together to the common
pin.
 The common pin can be identifying by the white dot.

o DIODE
 In diode “P” is the positive and “N” is the negative.
 In this to divide in two bias.
1. Forward bias
2. Reverse bias
 In forward bias, diode is connected to positive to negative and power

supply is connected to positive to negative. This flow is forward bias.
 In reverse bias, diode is connected to negative to positive and power

supply is connected to positive to negative and then current flow but
diode is in reverse bias so circuit is connected to reverse bias.
o LED
 LED is light emitting diode.
 Light emitting diode is a diode that produces light when current flows
through it.
 When it is forward bias , the LED does not emit light when it is reverse
biased. The LED is used as a low current indicator. Lamp in many types
of consumer and industrial equipments, such as monitors , TV , pointer
, hi-fi system and machinery control panels.
 CAPACITOR
 The components which is made to provide specific amount of the

capacitance called capacitor. Sometimes we can say consider also.
 A capacitor consist of the two conductors separated by a dielectric.

Capacitor store energy storage means the charge remains after the
voltage source is disconnected.
 To measure how much charge is stored is the capacitance. It is identify

by ‘C’.

 A capacitor concentrates the energy in the dielectric between the plates.
 Appling a voltage to a discharged capacitor causes a current to charge

the capacitor.
 Connecting a path across the terminals of a charged capacitor causes a

current to flow which discharges the capacitor.
[ The value of C does not change with the voltage : It depends on the
physical construction of the capacitor.]
 The (F) farad is the unit of capacitor.
[ NOTE : Most capacitors have values less than 1F.]
o LINE FILTER
 When AC single pass in the line filter , line filter is converted into pure DC
single.
o TRANSISTOR
 PNP transistor
 NPN transistor

o MOSFET
 N - channel mosfet
o Drain connected to diode cathode.
o Source connected to diode anode.
 P- channel mosfet
o Drain connected to diode anode.
o Source connected to diode cathode.
o SWITCH ON
 Switch on mosfet means (its work) to mosfet is gives the voltage to
in use for source to destination voltage regulator.
Gate Drain source
 +1v to +4v = input > output
 +5v to +12v = input = output

o TRANSFORMER
 Transformer is worked at principle of mutual induction.
 In transformer, two windings are adjusted. In this one winding

are created magnetic field to effect this so, one winding created
magnetic field joined with second winding and then second
winding created electromagnetic energy induced.
 Two types of transformer.
 Step down transformer

 Step up transformer
o SUMMARY
 A voltage causes electros to flow.
 A flow of electron is called current.
 The current flow generates a magnetic field(electromagnetism).
 Looping a wire increases the magnetic field strength(coil).
 Magnetic field pass easily , through iron.
 A changing magnetic field induces a current in a conductor.
 Transformer must be use alternating current.
 The output voltage is equal to the ratio of the numbers of turns on

the primary and secondary coils times the input voltage.
 The ratio of primary and secondary voltage is the same as the ratio
of primary & secondary coils.

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
 IC GATE
 Basic gates
 AND
 OR
 NOT
 Combination gates
 NAND
 NOR
 Exclusive gates
 XOR
 XNOR
LOGIC GATES
Logic Gates are circuits made up of transistors, diodes, and resistors. Logic gates
process one or more input signals in a logical fashion. Depending on the input
value or voltage, the logic gate will either output a value of '1' for ON or a value of
'0' for OFF.
Logic Gates allow simplification of circuit operation. A basic understanding of logic

gates will aid technicians in electrical diagnosis.

 Basic Gate
 AND GATE
TRUTH TABLE
Input Input Output

A B C
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
'AND' gates are like two or more switches in series. All the switches have to be closed ( 'ON' or a
value of '1') in order to make the lamp (output C) turn on.
If all inputs are not "ON", the output is "OFF".
All input values to the AND gate must be a '1' in order for the output value to be '1'.
Any other input combinations will result in a 'zero' as the output as shown in the truth table
above.
 OR GATE
TRUTH TABLE
Input Input Output
A B C
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
An 'OR' gate is like two or more switches in parallel. Only one switch needs to be
closed ('ON' or a value of '1') in order to make the lamp (output C) turn 'ON' with a
value of '1'.
All input values to the AND gate must be a '1' in order for the output value to be '1'.
 Any other input combinations will result in a 'zero' as the output as shown in the
truth table above.

 NOT GATE
TRUTH TABLE
Input Output
A C
0 1
1 0

NOT gates reverse the input signal value. If the input value is '1', the output value
will be '0'. If the input value is '0', then the output value will be '1'. NOT gates can
be referred to as inverters; whatever the input signal is the output is always the
opposite.
 Combination Gate
 NAND GATE
TRUTH TABLE
Input Input Output
A B C
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

A NAND gate is the combination of both an AND gate and a NOT gate. It operates
the same as an AND gate but the output will be the opposite. Remember the NOT
gate does not always have to be on the output leg; it could be used to invert an
input signal also.
 NOR GATE
TRUTH TABLE
Input Input Output
A B C
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

A NOR gate is the combination of both an OR gate and a NOT gate. It operates the
same as an OR gate, but the output will be the opposite.

 XOR
TRUTH TABLE
Input Input Output

A B C
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
0 0 0
 XNOR
TRUTH TABLE
Input Input Output
A B C
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
0 0 1
 LOGIC LEVEL
• TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic)
• CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
 CRYSTAL
 Crystal is the most important part of motherboard.
 In motherboard 32khz signal used for time and 14.3mhz is used for carrier
signal.
How to work 32 kHz RTC on motherboard ?
 5v dc supply + 32khz crystal frequency = DATA

How to work 14.3mhz crystal on

motherboard ?
 In long wire resistance is very high .
 If 5v logic signal pass on wire so high resistance Wire effect oppose to

voltage flow and on destination we can get low voltage like 3v it’s depend
on wire resistance. For this situation we lost voltage flow. Crystal circuit
help us for lost volt amplified and get correct voltage level on destination.
MOTHERBOARD
 Logic 0 and logic 1 is the machinery language. 011001110 is a data of machine and on
computer screen A, B, C and D is a language for our understanding .
 The motherboard is the large circuit board inside your computer's case. It's sometimes
called the system board, the logic board, the baseboard, or less commonly, the planar board.
Everything connected to your computer system, plugs either directly or indirectly into the
motherboard.
 I'm sure everyone has heard the CPU, or Central Processing Unit, referred to as the 'brain'
of your computer. Well, the CPU sits on the motherboard, and if it can be called the brain of
your computer then the motherboard is truly the central nervous system. The motherboard
contains the CPU, the BIOS ROM chip (Basic Input/ Output System), and the CMOS Setup
information. It has expansion slots for installing different adapter cards like your video card,
sound card, Network Interface Card, and modem. This circuit board provides a connector for
the keyboard as well as housing the keyboard controller chip. It has RAM slots for your
system's Random Access Memory (SIMMs or DIMMs), and provides the system's chipset,
controllers, and underlying circuitry (bus system) to tie everything together.
 The motherboard, more or less, is your computer. It defines your computer type,
upgradeability, and expansion capability.

Integrated Motherboards
CPU
VGA SLOT
AGP SLOT
PCI EXPREES RAM
GMCH
SLOT
PCI SLOT USB

SOUND
ICH HDD
CARD LAN CARD
COM PORT FDD

I/O LPT
KEY BOARD
Integrated Motherboards have assemblies that are otherwise installed as expansion boards, integrated or
built right onto the board. The serial and parallel ports, the IDE and floppy drive, and joystick all connect
directly to the motherboard. This is now standard on any late model 486 and above. It tends to free up
some space inside the case and allows for better accessibility and air flow. The systems are cheaper to
produce because there's less material involved, less installation, and testing can all be done at the same
time. They are more expensive to repair because, if you end up with a controller failure or broken pin, it
means a new motherboard (and, of course, because of the added assemblies, the motherboard can be
more expensive than its non-integrated counterpart). However, these particular integrated assemblies
are generally fairly stable and although problems can occur, they tend to be fairly rare.
All in all, the integrated motherboard tends to be a good thing as opposed to the 'Embedded
Motherboard'.

 Inter section for clock
14.3MHZ
CPU
Clock
IC MCH RAM
ICH BIOS
I/O
 SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY
LINE FILTER
OO
OO CAPACITOR
LF CPU
2V/ 45AMP
CA
P

 VRM section
1. When +12v power supply is on 1st mosfet is gives +0.85v to CPU.
2. CPU gives volt sense signal to I/O.
3. I/O gives VID signal to buck I/C.
4. VID signal change his frequency to use buck IC.
5. Buck IC is gives to change frequency to driver IC.
 Driver IC gives this frequency to 1st and 2nd mosfet gate terminal.
6. Mosfet gives to 2v/45amp to CPU with pure DC.
7. And that time CPU gives load resistor to buck IC.
8. And this process is complete success then buck IC gives power good signal to
I/O.
9. And I/O give SMPS to logic low signal then SMPS continue on.

 Fan on/ off

Remove
CPU
Mosfet
All mosfet ok but No shorting
short
pad short on mosfet pad
Replace
bad mosfet Remove &
check all Replace Single driver
capacitor buck IC replace
ok Same problem
after sometime
Cap. Ok but Replace

Replace ok I/O
GMCH
bad cap.
short
Replace
mosfet &
related Replace
driver IC ok ok GMCH
ok Replace
ok
mos, driver
IC & buck
IC
Change GMCH
ok bridge

 CPU CAN’T HEAT
CPU can’t heat
Mismatch CPU
CPU is ok but can’t heat
Install correct
CPU
If Single
If m.board is driver IC
Problem Solve Replace
775 socket & then
buck
buck is square. replace it
so replace only
APM 7120,FP
6321, UP6103, OK
OK Replace I/O
UP 8501, UP
9901, UP 9907
(8leg) IC
OK GMCH
OK

 HANG UP OR RESTART COMPUTER

HANG UP / RESTART
SMPS power connector
Need to Clean CPU , FAN, heat sink.

ok
Replace V core bad

ok
capacitor
Clean & reinstall

ok
GMCH heat sink
ok Check fan lock & base
Change fan &

ok heat sink
 KEY BOARD & MOUSE CIRCUIT

KEY BOARD / PS2 MOUSE
Check ps2 connector
Change ps2 Connector ok

connector & ok
Check all fuse

& network
resistor
Fuse or resistor All fuse & resistor

faulty found ok
replace it
problem solve
Remove all pf
or network pf
Replace
ok
I/O
Replace
ok ICH
W83627HF
FEATURES:
FDC, COM PORT, Infrared, Parallel Port, Keyboard Controller, Game Port, MIDI Port,
General Purpose I/O Ports, Hardware Monitor Functions.

 DMA(Direct memory access)
DMA Channels
DMA stands for Direct Memory Access. These are channels which allow specific devices such as hard
drives, CD ROMS, tape drives and sound cards to access memory directly, without having to pass through
the CPU. This allows for faster data transfers. Once again, each device requires its own channel. If two
devices are assigned the same DMA channel, neither will write to memory properly, and a resource
conflict could freeze up your system.
Direct memory access

In most mini- and mainframe computer systems, a great deal of input and output occurs between the disk
system and the processor. It would be very inefficient to perform these operations directly through the
processor; it is much more efficient if such devices, which can transfer data at a very high rate, place the
data directly into the memory, or take the data directly from the processor without direct intervention
from the processor. I/O performed in this way is usually called direct memory access, or DMA. The
controller for a device employing DMA must have the capability of generating address signals for the
memory, as well as all of the memory control signals. The processor informs the DMA controller that data
is available (or is to be placed into) a block of memory locations starting at a certain address in memory.
The controller is also informed of the length of the data block.

 IRQ(Interrupt request controller)
IRQs (Interrupt Request lines)

Interrupt Request lines are special pathways directly to the processor that a device uses to get the
attention of the CPU when it needs to. Actually, the lines go through an interrupt controller (which is
usually part of the chipset on your motherboard) that checks the information (and source) before passing
it on to the CPU. Each line has a specific number and the CPU associates that number with a certain
device. Each device is also assigned a priority level. When an interrupt request is received, the processor
will put aside what it's doing and handle the request. When it's finished, it will return to the task it was at
originally. However, if an IRQ is received and the task being performed has a higher priority, then it will
finish the task before the interrupt is handled.

 RESET SIGNAL
 When power on, +5v, +3.3v, +12v supply is gives to I/O then clock IC is gives
the signal free clock signal to CPU and CPU is pass reset signal to GMCH, ICH ,
LAN IC and SOUND IC. This all devices are reset at same time.
 LPT PORT

 LPT port problem flow chart:
Network
resister
Faulty All resister ok

resistor
found &
replace Replace pf
ok
Replace
ok
I/O
Replace
ok ICH
 COM PORT

GD75232 ,GD75135,GD75185
SN75232, SN75135 , SN75185
 COM PORT PROBLEM

Replace
Buffer IC
Ok
Replace I/O
 POWER OFF / ON

 POWER OFF problem flow chart:

Power off
Service m.board
ok CMOS clear
jumper
ok Check 2032 cell &

Socket
ok I/O replace
ok Replace 32khz crystal
ok Replace 32khz crystal pf &

resister
ok ICH
replace

 BIOS
ROM (Read Only Memory)
An acronym for Read Only Memory, ROM is computer memory on which data has
been pre-recorded. The programming code and/or data on a ROM chip is written to
the chip at the factory. It can be read, but it cannot be erased or removed. It's
permanent. ROM retains its data or content even when the computer is turned off,
unlike a computer's main memory (RAM), which needs a constant charge of
electricity to keep its information. For this reason, ROM is considered to be 'non-
volatile' and RAM is 'volatile'.
ROM chips are used in all kinds of electronic devices from calculators to video
games. Most personal computers have several applications of ROM memory. These
chips often store permanent and critical information and programs that don't need
to be changed, or don't need to be written to. Most personal computers have a small
amount of ROM that stores the code that starts up or boots the computer. Early
computers also used ROM to store the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) which acts
as a translator between the PC's hardware and the operating system.
The problem with using these ROM chips for BIOS information is that computer
manufacturers had to build their systems around the available fabricated ROMs and
their coding. Because the information was written to the chip during the fabrication
process, changes to the chip would involve developing new assembly lines and
purchasing new equipment. It would cost a small fortune if a single computer or
motherboard manufacturer had visions of having the coding on these chips changed
to accommodate new developments or enhancements they might want to
incorporate into their product.
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
Remember, all a computer can understand is 1s and 0s. That's how a transistor
works. It either allows electricity to pass or it doesn't. There's either an electrical
charge, or there isn't. It's on or off (1 or 0). These memory chips are made up of
millions of tiny transistors that hold the 1s or 0s. Just like millions of tiny switches
or fuses.
With a ROM chip, these switches are permanently set at the factory in their
respective on or off (1 or 0) positions. In the case of a PROM (Programmable Read
Only Memory), the chip is manufactured with all its little switches or fuses intact, or
set to '1' (blank memory). When these chips are programmed, with the use of a
device called a PROM programmer (or burner), a high voltage electronic pulse
destroys selected switches, burning in the settings that need to be change to a '0'.
So PROM is programmable, but only once. Like ROM, it's permanent, or non-volatile.
It cannot be erased.
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

An EPROM is a special kind of PROM chip that can be reprogrammed. Its
information is stored as electrical charges deposited on the chip (1s and 0s).
EPROMs are easy to spot on your computer's motherboard. They're still in the form

of a DIP chip like ROMs and PROMs, but they'll have a metallic-like label on top of
the chip (usually displaying the serial number, version, date and manufacturer's
name). This is for good reason. The label is covering a small window.
An EPROM can be erased by removing it from the circuit, and shining an ultraviolet
light through the window on top of the chip. It can then be reprogrammed using an
EPROM burner. EPROMs are still considered non-volatile, they won't lose their
information when the computer is turned off.
 EEPROM
(Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEPROM doesn't have to be removed and sent back to the manufacturer to be

reprogrammed. It can be electronically reprogrammed while in circuit using a
software program designed specifically for that purpose. Also, EPROM has to be
erased entirely and then reprogrammed. With EEPROM, a single byte can be erased
and re-written. In fact, EEPROM is erased and written one byte at a time, which
makes it quite slow as memory goes. Still, it allows manufacturers the ability to put
configuration settings on an expansion card's EEPROM chip. By using software that
came with a device, DMA channels, IRQs and I/O addresses can be assigned without
the use of jumpers and DIP switches. The resource settings for software
configurable devices can be changed without even opening the computer's case.
 FLASH ROM (Flash Read Only Memory)

FLASH ROM is a type of EEPROM, but its information can be erased and written to in
blocks instead of single bytes. This tends to make it faster than regular EEPROM. It
also requires less voltage to perform the procedure.
FLASH ROM is now commonly used to store the BIOS information for personal
computers. This allows BIOS manufacturers the opportunity to provide updates via
the Internet, and it allows users to possibly gain access to new features that weren't
originally supported by their computer.
It's important to get the right Flash Program for each particular BIOS. Don't use one
you got from a friend or some unknown website. Go to the manufacturer's website
and have your BIOS and motherboard's version and model number, serial number
and date handy. Print out the instructions and follow them closely. Check out any
information on backing up and restoring your previous BIOS if something should go
wrong.
Flashing the BIOS should not be done every time an upgrade is available. In my
opinion, it should only be done when a required feature is not supported and the
only other recourse is a new motherboard, because if things go wrong, that could be
what you're replacing. Don't flash it just for the sake of flashing it. If you don't need
the upgrade, don't flash your BIOS. Making a mistake in the procedure, losing power,
or using the wrong image file could be disastrous.

PROM : one time write
EPROM : Unlimited read, 10 times write
EEPROM : Unlimited read, 100 times write
FLASH ROM : Unlimited read & write
49FL002
002,020 = 256 KB
003,030 = 364 KB
004,040 = 512 KB
080 , 8005= 1024 KB – 1MB
016, = 2048 KB – 2MB
032 = 4096kb
49,39,25 = Indicate BIOS family
LF, FL,V = BIOS operating voltage
 This bios uses all hardware but not used in Intel made board.
 Intel used n82802AB (4MB).
 BIOS RUN
1. Green wire is provide to +5v supply to gives I/O.

2. When power on volt is start to supply.
3. Clock IC gives free clock signal to CPU & GMCH.
4. CPU make reset signal.
5. CPU, GMCH, ICH, I/O & RAM request for clock signal to clock IC.
6. Clock IC make clock pulse for all devices
7. Post code (Power on self test), run post code/ post code is a self test software.
It start from FFFF or - - - - .
 When post code run, display on post debug card.
 Bios fault
 Date & time not set
 Fast time
DMI POOL error
 RAM or CPU not supported
 No display
 RAM power supply
CPU R
A
GMCH M
1. Power supply is regulate by mosfet.
+5v
3055L
1v to 4v 2.5v

2. Transistor
NPN --- C5707, C5706, D882, D1802
PNP --- A2039, B1202
3. Chip type mosfet
D1 D2 P & N channel mosfet
S1 G1 S2 G2
Compatible : 7338, 4500
4. Voltage regulated IC
APL 1117, APL 1084,APL 1085
APL 1117: 1amp low drop out fast response positive adjustable regulator & fixed.
APL 1084: 5amp low drop out fast response positive adjustable regulator & fixed 3.3v.
APL 1085 : 3amp low dropout fast response positive adjustable regulator & fixed 3.3v.
 In power supply more causes dry solder problem so

pull up & check then solder & start.
 Ram start with join the jumper.
 When start frame, first check the RAM code.
C0 D0
C1 D1
C2 D2
. .
. .
C9 D9

 RAM fault
Clean RAM & slot
Clean CPU
pin side &
socket
ok Check RAM power

supply.
Power supply problem If power supply is ok then

found. Replace bad parts Check network resistor
& problem solve between the GMCH & RAM
Found bad All resistor ok

resistor
replace & ok
Bios program
ok Dry solder GMCH or clock IC
ok Replace GMCH

 LAN
Computer A
RJ45 TX
LAN IC ICH
&
connector
RX
Computer B
RJ 45 TX
LAN IC ICH
&
connector
RX

 LAN problem
LAN
problem
Check RJ45
connector
replace
ok 25mhz
crystal
replace
LAN IC
ok replace
ok Replace
transformer
ok ICH
 Sound IC jumper
7805
Sound IC
ICH
Back panel
audio jack
 Sound problem flow chart:
Sound problem
Check jumper
ok Back panel jack
Jack ok . Check Voltage regulator

ok
IC “7805” pin no.3 +5vDC
Bad IC 7805 IC ok
replace & ok
24mhz crystal
optional
Replace Sound IC
ok Reball or Replace ICH
 HDD
=
PATA
ICH SATA

 USB
ICH
KB FUSE
USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Universal Serial Bus is a relatively new bus technology. It was designed for low to mid-speed peripherals
such as scanners, keyboards, mice, joysticks, printers, modems and some CD-ROMs. USB boasts the
ability to daisy-chain up to 127 devices. This means that you could have a joystick plugged in, with a
printer plugged into that, and a scanner plugged into the printer, etc...
USB is Plug-and-Play, and is completely "hot-swappable". In other words, devices can be plugged in, and
unplugged while the computer is turned on and running
USB was first introduced with new computers around 1997 and the final version of Win95 (SR2)
provided very limited support for it. A few problems seemed to develop at first. You had to have a
Pentium machine with a BIOS that supported USB, and it had to be enabled in the setup. Your computer
had to have USB ports on it, or pins that allowed for the attachment of a USB interface. Aside from that,
you could install a USB adapter card in one of your PCI slots.
Some problems did arise at first. One problem was the Operating System. The early versions of Win95 did
not support USB. Also, a lot of machines shipped with USB ports or capabilities before the BIOS supported
it completely. Updating, or flashing the BIOS could sometimes solve the problem. Despite the growing
pains, Windows 98 and computers shipped after 1998 provide excellent support for USB; and the
number of devices have increased dramatically.

 VGA
GMCH
BLUE GREEN
RED
5 4 3 2 1
6 7 8 9 10
15 14 13 12 11
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
 DEBUG CARD
___ ___ ___ ___
F F F F -12V CLOCK
+12V IRDY
+5V FRAME

+3.3V RESET
 LED status
 Clock: LED always on.
Clock IC gives clock signal to CPU so CPU on.
 Reset: On ---- Off
 Frame : Blink. Post code data run in CPU then LED blinking.
 Clock = on – off
 Reset = on
 Frame = off

 Clock = on
 Reset = on—off
 Frame = off or continue on

 Clock = on/off
 Reset = on
 Frame = on
 Clock – on
 Reset – on - - - - off
 Frame – blinking
 Start post code
RAM section
Post code

C1 D1 follow RAM section flow chart
Bios reprogram
C9 D9 Clock IC, dry solder ICH,GMCH, I/O dry solder
E0 Bios reprogram
RAM section
E9
Dry solder clock IC,ICH,GMCH,I/O
25 , 26 Display ok
35 , 36 Hard disk
37 , 38 Memory counter
 This number is shown to VGA is start, when not start to see KB num
lock, this key is blink so VGA port is faulty.
 When any error and only one bridge so bridge is faulty so dry
solder.

Laptop Motherboard
 Power supply level
 VRM power
 SMPS
 Inverter power supply
 Battery power supply
 RAM power supply
 There are three logic level in laptop motherboard :
1st logic level

 2nd logic level

 3rd logic level
 Volt in circuit

 Battery charging circuit:

Battery
Fuse
LF
Battery Cap.
charging
 Power supply section:

 S5 state:
 When power on button super I/O controller gives 3.3v enable signal
& RSM signal on.
 That’s means SIO & bios both are ok.
 S5 enable gives regulator IC.
 When S5 state gives to regulator IC to on 3.3v supply.
 S5 root
 Power on --- bios ---- bios reset signal --- I/O --- S5 state --- voltage
regulator IC --- 3D3v - S5 --- 3v supply --- 5v --- 3v+5v--- ICH.
 S4 state
 S4 state leave ICH & gives memory controller IC to start & then
mosfet triggering start.
 Mosfet makes 1.8v & this voltage level is called S3 state.
 S3 state use for GMCH & memory for provide power.
S3 state 3v 5v
Mosfet out voltage 1.8v
Memory S4 state
LF controller ICH
IC
Cap.
 S3 ,S0 state
 S3 state all supply provide to regulator IC.
GPU = 1.04v
GMCH = 1.5v
CPU = 1.1v
 S3 state start then after almost all start.

Discharging
mosfet
Fuse
DC in mm
BQ ROM
IC
SMBC
I/O SMBD
VGA
 Inverter:
Inverter
 Inverters are electric circuit boards that convert direct current---DC---into alternating current---
AC. They are usually placed behind the LCD display in a laptop. This circuit energizes the lighting
system on a laptop screen. There are 3 components in a laptop screen: the LCD screen, the light
bulb and the inverter. The inverter provides the light bulb with power that lights up and
enhances colors on the LCD screen. The other function of the inverter is to store electric current
to make the laptop portable. The inverter utilizes electric power stored in the battery and allows
the user to use the laptop even when it is not connected to an electric socket or direct power
source.

THE METHOD
 The inverter converts direct electric current into alternating current. The direct current in the
case of a laptop is the current stored and supplied by a battery into oscillating power or
alternating current. This is done by an oscillator placed in an electric circuit. The oscillator
drives a transistor to create a square wave. This square electric wave is put through a
transformer to produce the output that lights up the bulb to enhance images and colors on the
laptop screen.
 LCD
 GMCH gives LVDS signal to VGA port. & I/O connected to VGA port.
 VGA port is connected to LCD back panel.
 VGA port is connected to inverter by +18v, +5v & brightness.
 In inverter, dual mosfet work & switching start & from step up
transformer 600 to 700 AC provide to LCD so gives it heat.
 This 600 to 700 AC is gives to bulb LCD.
Laptop LCD
We used to have to agonize about different grades of LCD screens, but you can assume that LCD
laptop screen today are Active Matrix, the better version of LCD compared to Passive Matrix. LCD
screens are perfectly flat, about half an inch thick, and use less power than old CRT screens. The main

power drag on the LCD is the need to run a backlight to illuminate the display. On top of that, the
backlight has to shine through the screen and illuminate even when you are viewing a black screen.
Until there’s some alternative such as a self-illuminating screen technology, we are stuck with lighting
up a backlight. That’s the way it is.
Laptop Size
Clearly, a laptop with a 15.4″ diagonal screen is going to be physically larger than one with a 14″ or
12″ or screen. The actual size of the laptop has been increased in order to hold the larger screen. So,
choose wisely if you want a big screen–you may not be happy with a laptop that feels clunky and is
harder to move around. If you want a giant desktop replacement laptop, you can get as big a screen as
you like. We have found that even to pass a laptop with a 15″ screen across the room you may need to
use two hands. If you want a “normal”-sized laptop, we highly recommend the 13″ or 14″ screen. It’s
a decent compromise between size and heft.
Widescreen vs. Standard Aspect Ratio

Although you can still find them here and there, standard aspect screens (4×3 aspect ratio) are starting
to disappear. That’s kind of a rip-off, as regular aspect ratio screens are bigger than wide screens, with
16×9 ratios. Now that there’s a widescreen craze with big TVs, the little screens are following, and we
will probably be in an all-widescreen world pretty soon; so, we won’t worry about it too much. The
LCD makers have geared their factories towards the wide screens, and that means cheaper wide
screens.
Screen resolution
Resolution refers to the amount of pixels across by the amount of pixels up and down. Usually, bigger
screens mean bigger resolutions. Also, cheaper screens of the same size have less resolution. You may
want to upgrade to the “+” version of the screen you are thinking about if you have good near vision.
It will give you more room to move things around and you can see more stuff at once. If you want to
see big text, you may want to consider sticking with the standard screen, or even looking for a cheaper
model with a lower resolution. We are getting closer to a time where font size and screen resolution
won’t matter, but we aren’t there yet. You may want to go and look at different screens at a local
computer or electronics store to figure out what size and resolution you like. As time goes on, larger
screens keep getting cheaper, and instead of increasing screen size too much laptop prices have come
down. If you are aiming for a very small notebook, you will most probably end up with a 12″ screen.
Here’s a range of laptop screen sizes and the resolutions that are often displayed on the screen. To give
you an idea of how much you can see on the screen we include megapixel values for each screen size:
Possible LCD Sizes Viewable

Screen Resolutions (in pixels)
(diagonal) Megapixels
800×600 (SVGA – standard) 12″ 0.48

1024×768 (XGA – standard) 12″, 13.3″, 14″, 15″ 0.79
15.4″, 14.1″, 13.3,
1280×800 (WXGA – wide) 1.02
12.1″
1440×900 (WXGA+ – wide) 14″ 1.30
1280×1024 (SXGA – standard) 14″, 15″, 15.7″ 1.31
1400×1050 (SXGA+ – standard) 12.1″, 14″, 15″ 1.47
1680×1050 (WSXGA+ – wide) 15.4″ 1.76
1600×1200 (UXGA – standard) 14″, 15″, 16″ 1.92
1920×1200 (WUXGA – wide) 17″, 15.4″ 2.30

 Speaker:
GMCH
Sound IC ICH
Ec mute
Amplifier I/O
EC mute
Logic 1 --- off mute
Logic 0 --- on

Aries Computer Solutions Anand Web: http://arieslaptop.hpage.com Email: arieslaptop@yahoo.com
VOLT IN CIRCUIT
+19 V ADAPTER SUPPLY
FUSE
B+
FUSE
B+
GROUND
FUSE
B+
WHEN ADAPTER DETECTED SIO

THEN IT’S START BATTERY CHARGING
CONTROLLER IC.
GROUND


FUSE
B+
BATTERY
GROUND CHARGING
CIRCUIT
3V3 ALWAYS ON VOLT
5V ALWAYS ON VOLT
VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC
11 V OR 18V FROM VOLT IN CIRCUIT
3V3 ALWAYS ON VOLT

POWER ON SWITCH
VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC
5V ALWAYS ON VOLT
X-BUS INTERFACE
RSM RST SIGNAL
S5 ENABLE SIGNAL
BIOS
IF RSMRESET & S5 ENABLE 3.3V IS OK FROM SIO

THAT MEANS BIOS,SIO,32KHZ RTC IS OK
18V OR 11V FROM VOLT IN CIRCUIT
3V3 ALWAYS ON VOLT

POWER ON
SWITCH
5V ALWAYS ON VOLT
X-BUS INTERFACE
RSM RST SIGNAL
S5 ENABLE SIGNAL
BIOS
3D3V_S5 STATE VOLT

5 VOLT

18V OR 11V FROM VOLT IN CIRCUIT
POWER ON
SWITCH
3V3 ALWAYS ON VOLT
5V ALWAYS ON VOLT
X-BUS INTERFACE
RSM RST SIGNAL
S5 ENABLE SIGNAL
BIOS
3D3V_S5 STATE VOLT

5 VOLT
POWER GOOD SIGNAL ENABLE
NOW HERE S5_STATE FUNCTION

IS CLEAR ..
POWE GOOD SIGNAL
WHEN POWER GOOD SIGNAL

RECEIVED FROM ICH . SIO
START S4 SIGNAL FOR RAM
POWER SUPPLY & RUN
POWER
POWER GOOD SIGNAL VOLTAGE FOR GMCH
18 OR 11V
FROM
VOLT IN
S3_STATE IS 1.8V FOR RAM & GMCH
GMCH POWER SUPPLY SEND POWER GOOD SIGNAL TO “SIO” NOW “SIO” CAN START
VCORE SUPPLY START COMMAND FOR CPU ( S0_STATE)
S0_STATE
POWER GOOD SIGNAL
POWER GOOD SIGNAL

18 /11 V

Desktop ic’s list

BUCK CONTROLER
1 ADP 3168
2 ADP 3180
3 ADP 3181
4 ADP 3188
5 ADP 3192 (DG 965 RY)
6 RT 9241
7 RT 9246
8 RT 9245
9 RT 9218
10 RT 9248
11 RT 8800B
12 RT 8802A
13 RT 9607
14 ON-NCP5387 (D945 GCNL)
15 ON-NCP 5392 (DG43NB)
16 ON-NCP 5388 (D945GCCR)
17 ON-NCP 5388 (D945GCCR)
18 EPU ASPO905 (ASUS P5G -41C-M LX)
19 FP45AV
20 ST L6703 (MSI G31M3)
21 ST -6714
22 ISL 6566
23 ISL 6312 (MSI 945 GM4)
24 ISL 6322
25 ISL 6266
26 ISL 6266A
27 ISL 6561
28 ISL 6316
29 ISL 6568
30 BD BG (31 F)
31 FP 62 AF
32 RT 9602
VRM SECTION
1 680MFD – 4.V
2 560 MFD – 4.V
3 1000 MFD- 16 .V (6.3V)
4 1500 MFD – 6.3 V (16.V)
5 1800 MFD – 16.V ((6.3)
6 820 MFD - 6.3 (2.5 )
7 561 MFD - 2.5 (4.V)
8 3300 MFD – 6.3 (16 V)
9 1500 MFD 16. V
10 1000 MFD – 6.3
11 470 MFD – 16.
12 2200MFD -6.3 (16 V)
BUCK CONTROLER MAIN POWER SUPPLY IC

1 APW 7120 ALL COMPITBLE

2 FP 6321
3 RT 9214
4 UP 6103 S8 (CHINA M.BOAR)
5 8501 (CHINA M.BOARD)
DRIVER CONTROLER
1 ADP 3418
2 N3488
3 N5359 (N)
4 RT 9206
5 RT 9218
6 RT 9602
7 FP42AK
8 ADP 3110
9 ADP 3120
10 FP PG28T (5009M)
11 RT 9603
12 RT 4814
13 AP BH (H16) (16LEG) (CHINA)
14 AAAA (UOJ) (16LEG) (CHINA)
15 AA 96 (MOE) (16LEG) CHINA
16 AJ 9M (80B) (16LEG)
I/O
1 W83627 HF-AW
W83627 HF-EHG
W83627 HF-EHF
W83627 HF-DGH
W83627 HF-THG
W83627 HF-THF
SMSC ITE
2 LPC47M172 –Nw IT 8712F –A
IT 8718 -S
LPC47M172 –NR IT 8705 AF

LAPTOP IC LIST :
S.No IC NUMBER Type
1 RT8206B PRIMARY IC
2 TPS51125 PRIMARY IC
3 BQ24740 CHARGING IC
7 ISL887 CHARGING IC
8 ISL88 CHARGING IC
9 NPCE781LA0DX NUVOTON IO IC
10 KP926QF-D3 ENE IO IC
11 NPCE781BAODX NUVOTON IO IC
12 RT8205 PRIMARY IC
13 NPCE795PAODX NUVOTON IO IC
15 RT8223 PRIMARY IC
16 KB926QF-EO ENE IO IC
17 RT8206B PRIMARY IC
18 ISL6251 CHARGING IC
19 ISL6236 PRIMARY IC
20 ISL6268 SECONDARY IC

21 ISL95831 VRM IC
22 TPC8028 MOSFET
23 ADP3212 CORE IC
24 TPS51124 SECONDARY IC
25 TPS51116 CHARGING IC
26 NPCE781EAODX NUVOTON IO IC
27 MAX8731AE CHARGING IC
28 ITE8502E ITE IO IC
29 HM55 BGA
30 HM65 BGA
31 HM57 BGA
32 HM67 BGA
33 INTEL GL945 NORTH BRIDGE
34 AC82PM45 NORTH BRIDGE
35 MAX8724E PRIMARY IC
36 MAX8770E CORE IC
37 MAX7020 PRIMARY IC
38 IBM AF82801 SOUTHBRIDGE
39 MAX8725E PRIMARY IC
40 KB926QF-CO ENE IO IC
41 KB3926QF-D2 ENE IO IC
42 KB3930QF-A1 ENE IO IC

43 KB3926QF-A1 ENE IO IC
44 PC97551 IO IC
45 SL4814 MOSFT
46 IRF6721SPBF MOSFET
47 IRF6725MTRPBF MOSFET
48 WPCE773LAODG WINBOND IO IC
49 ISL6236 PRIMARY IC
51 MAX8734AE PRIMARY IC
52 MAX1909E CHARGING IC

Basic Electronics: The Atom

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic Electronics: The Atom

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic Electronics: The Atom

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ARIES COMPUTER SOLUTIONS - ANAND

The Nucleus is located in the center of the atom.

The Nucleus contains the protons and neutrons.

Orbiting around the nucleus are the electrons.

Protons are positively (+) charged.

Neutrons have no electrical charge.

Electrons are negatively (-) charged.

Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

 These FREE ELECTRONS are loosely held and can easily be

 A CONDUCTOR is any material that easily allows

 An INSULATOR is any material that inhibits (stops)

Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

 Any material with exactly 4 free electrons in the outer orbit

 This frequency is measure in Hertz.

 In electronics Hertz is also important terminology to understand. Hertz is

1000 KHz = 1 Mega Hz

1000 MHz = 1 Giga Hz

Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

 Current flow is also known as amperes or amp for short.

Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

 Diameter of the conductor; The narrower the conductor , the higher

Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

 Temperature of the material; Depending on the material , most will increase

 Energy always transfer for one energy to other energy.

Good condition of earthing and neutral.

Bad condition of earthing.

 PROBLEM: Computer hang--up, Restart, Bad sector.

Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

 WIRE WOUND RESISTOR

Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

 CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTOR

 This resister is made up of carbon or graphite mixed with a powered

NOTE :Now becoming obsolete because development of carbon film resisters.

Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

 End connected across the voltage source

 Third variable taps off parts of the voltage

 These type of resisters are used in computer as brightness , contrast

EX: NTC (negative temperature co-efficient) means,

 When temperature increases the value of resistance will decrease.

 In room temperature , NTC resistance value is 4 to 8 Ω.

 PTC (positive temperature co-efficient)

o SURFACE MOUNTING RESISTOR

 These resisters are much smaller than conventional resister.

 Body color is usually off white or black.

 Three (four) digit on the body.

 Third (fourth) digit indicates the multiplier.

295 = 2900000 KΩ = 2.9 MΩ

 In this resister one end of each resistor is connected to a separate

 The common pin can be identifying by the white dot.

Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

 In this to divide in two bias.

 In forward bias, diode is connected to positive to negative and power

 In reverse bias, diode is connected to negative to positive and power

 LED is light emitting diode.

 The components which is made to provide specific amount of the

 A capacitor consist of the two conductors separated by a dielectric.

 To measure how much charge is stored is the capacitance. It is identify

Http://www.arieslaptop.in Email :- arieslaptop@yahoo.com

 A capacitor concentrates the energy in the dielectric between the plates.