Introduction to Programming Languages

and Tools of the Trade

This lesson covers the basics of programming languages. The topics covered here apply
to most modern programming languages today. In the 'Tools of the Trade' section,
you'll learn about useful software that helps you as a developer.
Sketchnote by Tomomi Imura

Pre-Lecture Quiz
Pre-lecture quiz

Introduction
In this lesson, we'll cover:

 What is programming?
 Types of programming languages
 Basic elements of a program
 Useful software and tooling for the professional developer

What is Programming?
Programming (also known as coding) is the process of writing instructions to a device,
such as a computer or mobile device. We write these instructions with a programming
language, which is then interpreted by the device. These sets of instructions may be
referred to by various names, but program, computer program, application (app),
and executable are a few popular names.

A program can be anything that is written with code; websites, games, and phone apps
are programs. While it's possible to create a program without writing code, the
underlying logic is interpreted to the device and that logic was most likely written with
code. A program that is running or executing code is carrying out instructions. The
device that you're currently reading this lesson with is running a program to print it to
your screen.

✅ Do a little research: who is considered to have been the world's first computer
programmer?

Programming Languages
Programming languages serve a main purpose: for developers to build instructions to
send to a device. Devices only can understand binary (1s and 0s), and
for most developers that's not a very efficient way to communicate. Programming
languages are a vehicle for communication between humans and computers.
Programming languages come in different formats and may serve different purposes.
For example, JavaScript is primarily used for web applications, while Bash is primarily
used for operating systems.

Low level languages typically require fewer steps than high level languages for a device
to interpret instructions. However, what makes high level languages popular is its
readability and support. JavaScript is considered a high level language.

The following code illustrates the difference between a high level language with
JavaScript and low level language with ARM assembly code.

let number = 10
let n1 = 0, n2 = 1, nextTerm;

for (let i = 1; i <= number; i++) {

console.log(n1);
nextTerm = n1 + n2;
n1 = n2;
n2 = nextTerm;
}
area ascen,code,readonly
entry
code32
adr r0,thumb+1
bx r0
code16
thumb
mov r0,#00
sub r0,r0,#01
mov r1,#01
mov r4,#10
ldr r2,=0x40000000
back add r0,r1
str r0,[r2]
add r2,#04
mov r3,r0
mov r0,r1
mov r1,r3
sub r4,#01
cmp r4,#00
bne back
end

Believe it or not, they're both doing the same thing: printing a Fibonacci sequence up to
10.

✅ A Fibonacci sequence is defined as a set of numbers such that each number is the
sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1.
Elements of a program
A single instruction in a program is called a statement and will usually have a character
or line spacing that marks where the instruction ends, or terminates. How a program
terminates varies with each language.

Most programs rely on using data from a user or elsewhere, where statements may rely
on data to carry out instructions. Data can change how a program behaves, so
programming languages come with a way to temporarily store data that can be used
later. This data is called variables. Variables are statements that instruct a device to save
data in its memory. Variables in programs are similar to ones in algebra, where they
have a unique name and their value may change over time.

There's a chance that some statements will not be executed by a device. This is usually
by design when written by the developer or by accident when an unexpected error
occurs. This type of control of an application makes it more robust and maintainable.
Typically these changes in control happen when certain decisions are met. A common
statement in modern programming languages to control how a program is run is
the if..else statement.
✅ You'll learn more about this type of statement in subsequent lessons

Tools of the Trade

In this section, you'll learn about some software that you might find very useful as you
start your professional development journey.

A development environment is a unique set of tools and features that a developer will
use often when writing software. Some of these tools have been customized for a
developer specific needs, and may change over time if a developer changes priorities in
work or personal projects, or when they use a different programming language.
Development environments are as unique as the developers who use them.

Editors
One of the most crucial tools for software development is the editor. Editors are where
you write your code and sometimes where you will run your code.

Developers rely on editors for a few additional reasons:

 Debugging Discovering bugs and errors by stepping through code, line by line.

Some editors have debugging capabilities, or can be customized and added for
specific programming languages.
 Syntax highlighting Adds colors and text formatting to code, makes it easier to
read. Most editors allow customized syntax highlighting.
 Extensions and Integrations Additions that are specialized for developers, by
developers, for access to additional tools that aren't built into the base editor. For
example, many developers also need a way to document their code and explain
how it works and will install a spell check extension to check for typos. Most of
these additions are intended for use within a specific editor, and most editors
come with a way to search for available extensions.
 Customization Most editors are extremely customizable, and each developer will
have their own unique development environment that suits their needs. Many
also allow developers to create their own extension.

Popular Editors and Web Development Extensions

 Visual Studio Code

o Code Spell Checker
o Live Share
o Prettier - Code formatter
 Atom
o spell-check
 o teletype
o atom-beautify

Browsers
Another crucial tool is the browser. Web developers rely on the browser to observe how
their code runs on the web, it's also used to view visual elements of a web page that are
written in the editor, like HTML.

Many browsers come with developer tools (DevTools) that contain a set of helpful

features and information to assist developers to collect and capture important insights
about their application. For example: If a web page has errors, it's sometimes helpful to
know when they occurred. DevTools in a browser can be configured to capture this
information.

Popular Browsers and DevTools

 Edge
 Chrome
 Firefox

Command Line Tools

Some developers prefer a less graphical view for their daily tasks and rely on the
command line to achieve this. Developing code requires a significant amount of typing,
and some developers prefer to not disrupt their flow on the keyboard and will use
keyboard shortcuts to swap between desktop windows, work on different files, and use
tools. Most tasks can be completed with a mouse, but one benefit of using the
command line is that a lot can be done with command line tools without the need of
swapping between the mouse and keyboard. Another benefit of the command line is
that they're configurable and you can save your custom configuration, change it later,
and also import it to new development machines. Because development environments
are so unique to each developer, some will avoid using the command line, some will rely
on it entirely, and some prefer a mix of the two.

Popular Command Line Options

Options for the command line will differ based on the operating system you use.

💻  = comes preinstalled on the operating system.

Windows

 Powershell 💻
 Command Line (also known as CMD) 💻
 Windows Terminal
 mintty

MacOS

 Terminal 💻
 iTerm
 Powershell

Linux

 Bash 💻
 KDE Konsole
 Powershell

Popular Command Line Tools

 Git (💻 on most operating sytems)

 NPM
 Yarn

Documentation
When a developer wants to learn something new, they'll most likely turn to
documentation to learn how to use it. Developers rely on documentation often to guide
them through how to use tools and languages properly, and also to gain deeper
knowledge of how it works.

Popular Documentation on Web Development

 Mozilla Developer Network

 Frontend Masters
✅ Do some research: Now that you know the basics of a web developer's environment,
compare and contrast it with a web designer's environment.

🚀 Challenge
Compare some programming languages. What are some of the unique traits of
JavaScript vs. Java? How about COBOL vs. Go?

Post-Lecture Quiz
Post-lecture quiz

Review & Self Study

Study a bit on the different languages available to the programmer. Try to write a line in
one language, and then redo it in two others. What do you learn?

Assignment
Reading the Docs