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PAPER BATTERY

Technical Report · January 2019

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 PAPER BATTERY
Seminar report submitted for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering
Of
Biju Patnaik University of Technology
By
Name-Kajal Panda
Regd No- 1501104111

Supervised by
Asst. Prof. Ramesh Chandra Khamari

Department of Electrical Engineering

Government College of Engineering
Keonjhar-758002
(Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha)
February-2019

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Government College of Engineering,
Jamunalia, Keonjhar-758002
(Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled, “PAPER BATTERY”

submitted by “KAJAL PANDA” in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering
at GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KEONJHAR under
BIJU PATTNAIK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, ROURKELA, ODISHA is
an authentic work carried out by the student under my supervision and
guidance. To the best of my knowledge the matter embodied in the
report has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for the
award of any degree or diploma.

SUPERVISOR HOD (EE)

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Government College of Engineering,
Jamunalia, Keonjhar-758002
(Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha)

DECLARATION

I certify that
a. The work contained in this report is original and has been done by
me under the guidance of our supervisor.
b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any
degree or diploma.
c. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing
the report.
d. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical
Code of Conduct of the Institute.
e. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures,
and text) from other sources, I have given due credit to them by
citing them in the text of the report and giving their details in the
references.

Name and Signature of Student

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Presentation, inspiration and motivation have always played a key

role in the success of any venture.

We express our sincere thanks to Mr Ramesh Chandra Khamari,

Assistant Professor, our supervisor, Govt. college of Engineering,
Keonjhar. We our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Trilochan
Sahu, Principal ,Govt. college of Engineering, Keonjhar to encourage
us to the highest peak and to provide us the opportunity to prepare
this report.

We feel to acknowledge our indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude

to our Prof. (Dr.) Subhranshu Sekhar Dash (HOD), Electrical
Engineering department as well as the faculties of Electrical
Engineering Department.

We are immensely obliged to our friends for their elevating

inspiration, encouraging guidance and kind supervision in the
completion of this report.

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 ABSTRACT
Today the biggest problem faced by the electronics industry is the size of
the battery as gadgets gets thinner and smaller day by day. But at certain
point the battery size and its weight creates an obstacle. To overcome this
‘Paper Battery’ present the ultimate solution. The paper battery is literally
a conducting paper with a lot of power packed inside it. The various
problems faced by the commonly used batteries and how the paper battery
offers the solution to all these problems. A detailed construction of paper
battery is explained in this paper. A comparison of SWCNT and MWCNT is
also shown in this paper. This paper also contains the possible applications
which could change our lives. The safety issues of Li-ion batteries, the
limitations of NiCad & NiMH and the drawbacks of lead acid battery are
discussed in this paper. The advantage of paper battery over these batteries
is also described.

ABBREVIATIONS USED:
1. Carbon Nano tubes (CNT),
2. Single walled carbon Nano tubes (SWCNT),
3. Multi walled carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT),
4. Lithium ion (Li-ion)

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 LIST OF FIGURES

TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Paper Battery 8
1.1 Sample of a battery 12
2. Structure of CNT 13
3. Construction of paper battery 15
3.1 Structural view of paper battery 16
4. Paper Battery Working 17
5. Applications 20
6. Paper Battery 22

LIST OF TABLES

Table No Page No.

1. Table-1 14
2. Table- 2 21

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 CONTENTS
SL.NO INDEX PAGE NO
1. Introduction 8-9
2. Motivation 10
3. Literature Survey 11
4. Objective 12
5. Specification of Paper battery 13-14
6. Construction of Paper battery 15-16
7. Working 17
8. Advantages 18
9. Disadvantages 18
10. Applications 19-20
11. Comparison 21
12. Conclusion 22
13. Future Work 23
14. References 24

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 1. INTRODUCTION
There has been a growing demand for thinner and smaller electronic devices.
To achieve those demands “Paper Battery‟ offers the best solution. Paper
battery is actually a cellulose based „paper‟ with CNT deposited on either side
of paper. A stack of such papers makes a paper battery. Some batteries use
Silver Nano Wires instead of CNT. It is extremely thin, flexible, light weight and
stores much power in less space. Recently developed paper battery combines
the Li-ion based chemicals to make a combination of Li-ion and paper battery.

Figure-1 Paper Battery

1.1 NECESSITY
There are many reasons to research a battery that is safe, thin, & flexible. Let
us study some of the problems of the most commonly used batteries.
 Li-ion (Lithium ion batteries)
Li-ion battery is the most commonly used battery for smart phones, laptops,
digital cameras and all sorts of home appliances. It is basically a rechargeable
battery with lithium as a negative electrode. It is known for its low self-
discharge, high efficiency. But it is expensive, it has safety issues. The
electrolyte needs to be kept pressurized. It also requires an electronic
monitoring system to avoid over charging, overheating, over voltage etc. So,
it needs temperature sensor, voltage regulator etc. which increases cost. The
electrolyte is highly inflammable, reactive and hazardous.

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In September 2016, Samsung recalled 2.5 million galaxies Note 7 because the
battery design caused both the electrodes to touch which caused short circuit
and they busted into flames.
In January, 2013 Boeing 787 Dreamliner of japan airlines caught fire at Boston
airport. The batteries were responsible. Luckily, no one got hurt, but had it
caught fire while flying the results would have been worst. Today most of the
smartphone users have no idea of how dangerous the Li-ion batteries are.
Recent studies have recommended using Li-ion along with CNT to get a better,
much safer battery.
 NiCad & NiMH (Nickel cadmium Nickel Metal Hydrate)
These are the most commonly used batteries for Hybrid cars, Satellites,
novelties and for Backup power. The problem of these batteries include that
they contain highly toxic metals like Cd (cadmium) they exhibit negative
temperature coefficient, this causes charging problems. NiMH produces
hydrogen gas which can rupture the cell. The temperature affects the capacity
and performance. They have high self-discharge rate. They have been
replaced by Li-ion in recent years. But still due to low cost than Li-ion they are
used in toys, remote controls &other portable electronics.
 Lead acid batteries
These are oldest rechargeable batteries and widely used for large scale
applications like power backup, automobiles, submarines, and also in some
hybrid vehicles. The problem associated are Sulfation and Stratification of
electrolyte, Corrosion of plates, toxic nature of lead etc.

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 2. MOTIVATION
After studying the problems associated with the most commonly used
batteries, we can conclude that paper batteries along some modifications
like Li-ion + CNT paper or some other possible combinations can replace the
commonly used batteries. And making them much safer, flexible and light
weight. If that happens, we will be able to power a hybrid vehicle with a
newspaper sized paper battery or we can have foldable laptops that can fit
in our pocket. The possibilities are endless.

2.1 THEME
Paper Battery either CNT based or Li-ion based provides a better solution for
energy storage. The electronic gadgets can get even thinner, smaller and
flexible. The Li-ion based paper battery can recharged efficiently and is much
safer than conventional Li-ion batteries. The CNT based paper battery is bio
degradable, eco-friendly and can be cycled many times. They have a wide
range of operating temperature. The overall efficiency of the paper battery is
high.

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 3.LITERATURE SURVEY
There has been a constant search for super battery. The ones Which can
combine the properties of a capacitor and a battery. A super capacitor can be
cycled millions of time, it charges in seconds but at the same time it has high
self-discharge and much expensive. A battery might have low Self-discharge
but need more time charge and doesn’t have indefinite recyclability. So, a
compromise between battery and capacitor produces the paper battery which
have combined properties of both. The recent developments of the paper
batteries utilize CNT as electrode and an integrated design of layer of
electrolyte to create thin and flexible battery.
Significant works have been carried out independently, notable among which
are by Pushparaj et al. [2007] and YiCui et al. [2010] in the field of preparing
the first prototypes.
Previous designs of flexible energy-storage devices have been based on
separated thin-electrode and spacer layers, proving less-than-optimum in
performance and handling because of the existence of multiple interfaces
between the layers. Pushparaj et al. demonstrated the fabrication of
“electrode-spacer electrolyte” integrated nanocomposite units to build a
variety of thin flexible energy-storage devices. The robust integrated thin-film
structure allows not only good electrochemical performance but also the
ability to function over large ranges of mechanical deformation, record
temperatures and with a wide variety of electrolytes. The attempt to integrate
the components on to a single unit was revived by Yi Cui et al. with a much
simpler and more promising approach. In this paper, they integrated all of the
components of a Li-ion battery into a single sheet of paper with a simple
lamination process. Although a paper-like membrane has been used as the
separator for other energy storage systems including super capacitors, it was
the first demonstration of the use of commercial paper in Li-ion batteries,
where paper is used as both separator and mechanical support. Another
significant attempt to exploit the properties of Paper batteries was made by
Dr. Mangilal Agrawal, Louisiana Tech University. Having done much work with
biosensors and bio-capacitors, he successfully demonstrated how the relative
proportion of CNT and Paper could be used to customize the voltage output
of the Paper Battery.

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 4.OBJECTIVE
To study the following;
 The use of self-rechargeable thin film batteries, their performance and
application.
 The glucose activated paper battery based on glucose oxidised
enzyme.
 Ultra-fast all polymer paper-based batteries.

Figure 1.1 Sample of Paper Battery

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 5.Specification of Paper Battery’s
5.1 Construction
Paper battery combines cellulose based paper with CNT the paper can act
both high energy paper battery and super capacitor depending on the design.
Cellulose is complex organic substance found in paper and pulp. CNT‟s are
main ingredients of paper battery.
CNT’s where discovered by Japanese scientist name Iijima in 1991. They are
now considered as top-class subject in academic researches and industrial
areas CNT‟s are allotropes is carbon made of graphite and have be
constructed in cylindrical tubes with Nano meter scale in diameter and several
millimetres in length.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) consist exclusively of carbon atoms arranged in a
series of condensed benzene rings rolled up into a tubular structure. This
novel artificial nanomaterial belongs to the family of fullerenes, the third
allotropic form of carbon along with graphite and diamond which are both
natural sp2 (planar) and sp3 (cubic) forms, respectively.
Based on the number of layers, structures of, CNTs are classified into two
types: single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi walled carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs)

1. Single Walled (SWCNT) 2. Multi Walled (MWCNT)

Figure.2 Structure of CNT

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 Table:1
Single Walled Multi Walled
Single layer of graphene Multiple layers of graphene
Catalyst is required for Can be produce without
synthesis catalyst
Bulk synthesis is difficult Bulk synthesis is easy
More Defection during Less defection but difficult to
functionalization improve
Purity is poor Purity is high
Easy characterization and Difficult characterization and
evaluation evaluation
less accumulation in body More accumulation body
Easy to twist Difficult to Twist

Three main techniques generally used for SWCNTs and

MWCNTs productions are:

Arc-Discharge method (using arc vaporization of two carbon rods), Laser
Ablation method (using graphite), and Chemical Vapour Deposition (using
hydrocarbon sources: CO, methane, ethylene, acetylene). After preparation,
CNTs are submitted to purification by acid refluxing, surfactant aided
sonication, or air oxidation procedure in order to eliminate impurities such
as amorphous carbon, fullerenes, and transition metals introduced as
catalysts during the synthesis. Pristine CNTs are now synthesized and
marketed by many chemical firms worldwide.

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 6. Construction of a Paper Battery

Figure 3. Construction of paper battery

A paper battery construction involves the following components:

• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
• Anode: Lithium Metal (Li+)
• Electrolyte: All electrolytes (including bio Electrolytes like sweat, blood etc.)
• Separator: Paper (Cellulose)
Construction of a paper battery mainly includes these steps:
Step 1: Black carbon ink is applied on a cellulose-based paper.
Step 2: Black Carbon ink is being spread on a paper spread on the paper.
Step 3: A thin lithium film is laminated over the exposed cellulose surface.
Step 4: The cellulose paper is heated at 80oC for 5 minutes.
Step 5: Next, the film is peeled off from the substrate.
Step 6: The film acts as electrodes of the paper battery. One film is connected
to the electrolyte LTO (Li4Ti5012) and another film is pasted to the electrolyte
LCO (LiCo02).
Step 7: Next, connect a LED on both the ends of the battery and check its
functionality.

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Figure 3.1 Structural view of a Paper Battery

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 7. WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY
A conventional battery or Rechargeable battery contains a number of
separate components that produce electrons through a chemical reaction
between the metal and the electrolyte of the battery. The Paper battery works
when the paper is dipped in the ion-based liquid solution; next a chemical
reaction occurs between the electrodes and liquid. The electrons move from
the cathode to anode to generate electricity. The paper electrode stores
energy while recharging within 10 seconds because the ions flow through the
thin electrode quickly. Figure 4 shows the working of a paper battery. The best
method to increase the output of the battery is to stack different paper
batteries one over the other.

Figure 4. Working of Paper Battery

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 8. Advantages of paper battery’s
• Non-toxic, biodegradable
• Eco friendly, biocompatible
• Easy to recycle
• Durable: shelf life of three years
• Works during extreme conditions -75°C to 150 °C
• Rechargeable
• No leakage of electrolyte
• No over heating
• Light weight and flexible
• Easily mouldable in desired shape
• Can work as super capacitor
• More power in less space
• Customizable output voltage by staking, slicing

9.Disadvantages of paper Battery’s

• Low shear strength can be torn easily
• CNT production technique is expensive
• Nano-toxic for CNT manufacturing workers
• Can cause fibrosis in lungs
• Aquatic like damaged by CNT

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 10. Possible Application
• RFID tags and other tracking
• Smart Newspapers
• Credit/Debit cards
• Greeting card with audio, light
• Hybrid cards
• Laptops, smartphones etc.
• Aircraft and spacecraft
• Blood and sugar monitoring portable devices
• Toys and novelties
• Calculator and wrist watches
• Wireless mouse, keyboards other computer accessories
• Bluetooth headphones, microphones etc.
• Digital camera
• Printed circuit board (PCB)

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Figure 5. Applications

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 11. COMPARISION BETWEEN PAPER
BATTERY AND LITHIUM-ION BATTERY
Table:2
Performance Between Super Capacitor &
Comparison Li-Ion
Function Super Capacitor Li-Ion
Charge Time 1-10 Sec 10-60 Mins
1 Million or
Cycle Life 500 & Higher
30,000Hr
Cell Voltage 2.3 – 2.75 v 3.6 – 3.7 v
Specific Energy
5 (Typical) 100-200
(Wh/Kg)
Specific Power (W/Kg) Up to 10000 1000 to 3000
$0.5 to $1.00 (Large
Cost per whr $20 (Typical)
System)
Service life in Vehicle 10 to 15 years 5 to 10 years

Change Temp -40℃ to 60℃ 0 to 45℃

Discharge Temp -40℃ to 60℃ -20 to 60℃

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 12.CONCLUSION
After analysis of paper battery, we can conclude that the major component of
paper battery is CNT. The CNT manufacturing techniques are inefficient which
obviously increases the cost, making the paper battery expensive. If the cost
is kept economical the batteries will revolutionize the electronics industry.
The shear strength of paper battery can be increased by adding glass fibre,
resins, plastics etc.

Further research is needed in Nano toxicology to make CNT‟s non-hazardous

for our health. The use of lithium as an electrode in paper battery can solve
most of the safety issues of Li-ion batteries. With paper batteries we can
predict a whole a new world of possibilities and endless applications which
will one day change our daily lives.

Figure 6. Paper Battery

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 13.FUTURE WORK
There are many technologies which are coming in future which may use it.
One important technology is about Transformers. Transformer is a Turkish
company named Let vision make it possible they have converted a BMW Z4
model into a working prototype of transformers. They might be interested in
using the paper battery because they need a convenient, light-weight source
of energy which provide sufficient energy and even consume less space they
might use the paper battery. There is recently in news about the case of giant
mobile company SAMSUNG they have created there most powerful
smartphone NOTE 7 using li-ion battery but it starts exploding it may be due
to the battery issue. But it won’t happen if they used the paper.

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 14. REFERENCES
[1] B. G. P. Singh, C. Baburao, V. Pispati et al., “Carbon nanotubes. A novel drug
delivery system,” International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and
Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 523–532, 2012.

[2] V. L. Pushparaj, M. M. Shaijumon, A. Kumar, S. Murugesan, L. Ci, R. Vajtai,

R. J. Linhardt, O. Nalamasu, and P. M. Ajayan, “Flexible energy storage devices
based on Nano composite paper,” PNAS, Aug. 2007, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 13574–
13577.

[3] Nojan Aliahmad, Mangilal Agarwal, Sudhir Shrestha, and Kody

Varahramyan, “IEEE Paper-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Carbon
Nanotube-Coated Wood Microfibers”, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology,
May 2013, Vol.12, No. 3.

[4] Hu, L. C., J.; Yang, Y.; La Mantia, F.; Jeong, S.; Cui, Y. Highly Conductive
Paper for Energy Storage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.U.S.A. 2009, 106, 21490–21494.

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