Aerospace 

comprises the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding space. Typically the term is

used to refer to the industry that researches, designs, manufactures, operates, and maintains
vehicles moving through air and space..

Aerospace is not the same as airspace, which is a term used to describe the physical air space
directly above a location on the ground.

Outer space
Outer space is the closest natural approximation of a perfect vacuum. It has effectively no friction,
allowing stars, planets and moons to move freely along their ideal orbits

Effect on human bodies

The key concerns for a human without protective clothing beyond Earth’s atmosphere

Sudden exposure to very low pressure, could cause one's lung to rupture, due to the large
pressure differential between inside and outside of the chest

 Shuttle astronauts wear a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit
(CAPS).which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa

Boundary
There is no clear boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space, as the density of the
atmosphere gradually decreases as the altitude increases. There are several designated
scientific boundaries, namely:

 The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale has established the Kármán line at an

altitude of 100 kilometres (62 mi) as a working definition for the boundary between
aeronautics and astronautics.
 The United States designates people who travel above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km)
as astronauts.

Orbit
an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of an object around a point in space, for example the
orbit of a planet around the center of a star system, such as the solar system.[1][2] Orbits of planets
are typically elliptical.
Space Programs
several countries have a civilian space program funded by the government through tax collection,
such as 

NASA – United states, 

ESA -  Europe,

 Canadian Space Agency -- Canada, 

Indian Space Research Organisation and Hindustan Aeronautics limited Limited in India, 

JAXA in Japan,

 RKA in Russia,

 China National Space Administration in China,

SUPARCO in Pakistan,

 Iranian Space Agency in Iran, and 

Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) in South Korea.

Companies involved in space programs

These are the companies that produce technical tools and components such
as spaceships and satellites. aircraft, guided missiles, space vehicles, aircraft engines,
propulsion units, and related parts

Boeing, 

EADS, 

Lockheed Martin,

 MacDonald Dettwiler 

Northrop Grumman.

History

Modern aerospace began with the first powered flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December
17, 1903, by the Wright brothers. From there, aerospace has grown to be one of the most
exciting, diverse, fields of today. From the hot-air balloons of 18th century to the first wood-and-
cloth plane Wright brothers to the first manned mission to the moon on Apollo 11 to the modern
aircraft being developed by companies like Boeing,, Airbus, 

Manufacturing
Aerospace manufacturing is a high technology industry that produces "aircraft, guided
missiles, space vehicles,
In the United States, Department of Defense and  (NASA) are the two largest consumers of
aerospace technology and products. . The leading aerospace manufacturers in the U.S.
are Boeing, United Technologies Corporation, and Lockheed Martin.

In the EU, European Space Agency is the largest consumers of aerospace technology and
products. The leading aerospace manufacturer is EADS (European Aeronautic Defence and
Space Company).this group includes Airbus as the leading manufacturer of commercial aircraft,
Eurocopter , the world's largest helicopter supplier, BAE Systems, Thales, Dassault, Saab 

In India, Bangalore is a major center of the aerospace industry, where HAL, the National

Aerospace Laboratories and the ISRO are headquartered. The (ISRO) launched India's first
Moon orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, in October 2008.

In Russia, large aerospace companies like Oboronprom and the United Aircraft Building

Corporation 

In China, China is still developing its civil aerospace industry.

NASA-

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is an executive branch agency

of the US government, responsible for the nation's civilian space
program and aeronautics and aerospace research.

NASA was established on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics (NACA).
NASA shares data with various national and international organizations.

History
Space race
After the Soviet space program's launch of the world's first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) on
October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts
NACA

Launched on Jan 31, 1958, Explorer 1, officially Satellite 1958 Alpha, became the U.S.'s first
earth satellite.[12] 

NASA programs
From its founding in 1958 through 1997[16], NASA has launched 1091 unmanned satellites into
Earth orbit or beyond.[17] In this same time period, NASA has launched 109 manned missions.

Start
Program Notes
Date
     

Mercury program 1959 First U.S. crewed program

Gemini program 1963 Program used to practice space rendezvous and EVAs
Apollo program 1969 Brought first human to the Moon
The crewed missions only took place in 1973 and 1974; first American space
Skylab 1973 station
Apollo-Soyuz 1975 Joint with Soviet Union, only one mission
Shuttle-Mir Program 1995 Russian partnership
International Space
Station 1998 Joint with Russia, Canada.

ISRO

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the primary body for space research under
the control of the Government of India, and one of the major space research organizations in the
world. It was established in its modern form in 1969

Over the years, ISRO has conducted a variety of operations for both Indian and foreign clients.
ISRO's satellite launch capability is mostly provided by indigenous launch vehicles.In 2008, ISRO
successfully launched its first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1, while future plans include indigenous
development of GSLV, manned space missions, further lunar exploration, and interplanetary
probes.

Launch vehicle
In spaceflight, a launch vehicle is a carrier rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's
surface into outer space.  the payload is an artificial satellite placed into orbit
Types of launch vehicles
1-Expendable launch vehicles are designed for one-time use. They usually separate from their
payload, and may break up during atmospheric reentry.
2-Reusable launch vehicles, on the other hand, are designed to be recovered intact and used
again for subsequent launches.

Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV)

The Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation SLV or SLV-3 was a 4-stage
solid-fuel light launcher. It was intended to reach a height of 500 km and carry a payload of 40 kg.
[13]
 Its first launch took place in 1979 with 2 more in each subsequent year, and the final launch in
1983. Only two of its four test flights were successful.[14
Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV)

The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation ASLV was a 5-stage
solid propellant rocket with the capability of placing a 150 kg satellite intoLEO. This project was
started by the ISRO during the early 1980s to develop technologies needed for a payload to be
placed into a geostationary orbit. Its design was based on Satellite Launch Vehicle’ The first
launch test was held in 1987, and after that 3 others followed in 1988, 1992 and 1994, out of
which only 2 were successful, before it was decommissioned.
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation PSLV, is an expendable
launch system developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites
into sun synchronous orbits, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV, commercially viable
only from Russia. PSLV can also launch small satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).
The reliability and versatility of the PSLV is proven by the fact that it has launched 30 spacecraft
(14 Indian and 16 from other countries) into a variety of orbits so far.[16] In April 2008, it
successfully launched 10 satellites at once, breaking a world record held by Russia.[17]

On 20 April 2011 PSLV flight for 18 times with the first maiden voyage was failure in September
1993. So, with 17th successive mission to put satellites, PSLV trusted as rocket with 94 percent
success.[18]

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)

The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation GSLV, is an
expendable launch system developed to enable India to launch its INSAT-type satellites into
geostationary orbit and to make India less dependent on foreign rockets. At present, it is ISRO's
heaviest satellite launch vehicle and is capable of putting a total payload of up to 5 tons to Low
Earth Orbit. The vehicle is built by India with the cryogenic engine purchased from Russia while
the ISRO develops its own engine program.

In a setback for ISRO, the latest attempt to launch the GSLV, GSLV-F06 carrying GSAT-5P,
failed on 25 December 2010. The initial evaluation implies that loss of control for the strap-on
boosters caused the rocket to veer from its intended flight path, forcing a programmed detonation.
Sixty-four seconds into the first stage of flight, the rocket began to break up due to the acute
angle of attack. The body housing the 3rd stage, the cryogenic stage, incurred structural damage,
forcing the range safety team to initiate a programmed detonation of the rocket.[19]

Earth observation and communication satellites

Aryabhata (satellite)
India's first satellite, the Aryabhata, was launched by the Soviets in 1975.
This was followed by the Rohini series of experimental satellites which
were built and launched indigenously. At present, ISRO operates a large
number of earth observation satellites.

Aryabhatta was India's first satellite, named after the great Indian astronomer of the same name.
It was launched by theSoviet Union on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar using a Cosmos-
3M launch vehicle. It was built by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to gain
experience in building and operating a satellite in space.[1] The 96.3 minute orbit had an apogee
of 619  km and a perigee of 563  km, at an inclination of 50.7 degrees. It was built to conduct
experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics. The spacecraft was a 26-sided
polygon 1.4 m in diameter. All faces (except the top and bottom) were covered with solar cells. A
power failure halted experiments after 4 days in orbit. All signals from the spacecraft were lost
after 5 days of operation. The satellite reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 11 February 1992.
The satellite's image appeared on the reverse of Indian 2 rupee banknotes between 1976 and
1997 (Pick catalog number: P-79a-m).[2]

The INSAT series

Main article:  Indian National Satellite System

INSAT (Indian National Satellite System) is a series of multipurpose geostationary satellites

launched by ISRO to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search-and-
rescue needs of India. Commissioned in 1983, INSAT is the largest domestic communication
system in the Asia-Pacific Region. It is a joint venture of the Department of Space, Department of
Telecommunications, India Meteorological Department, All India Radio and Doordarshan. The
overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT
Coordination Committee.

The IRS series

Main article:  Indian Remote Sensing satellite

Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) are a series of earth observation satellites, built, launched
and maintained by ISRO. The IRS series provides remote sensing services to the country. The
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite system is the largest constellation of remote sensing satellites
for civilian use in operation today in the world. All the satellites are placed in polar sun-
synchronous orbit and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to
enable several programs to be undertaken relevant to national development. The initial versions
are composed of the 1 (A,B,C,D) nomenclature. The later versions are named based on their
area of application including OceanSat, CartoSat, ResourceSat.

Other satellites
ISRO has also launched a set of experimental geostationary satellites known as
the GSAT series. Kalpana-1, ISRO's first dedicated meteorological satellite,[21] was launched by
the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on 12 September 2002.[22] The satellite was originally known as
MetSat-1.[23] In February 2003 it was renamed to Kalpana-1 by the then Indian Prime Minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee in memory of Kalpana Chawla – a NASA astronaut of Indian origin who perished
in Space Shuttle Columbia.

Extraterrestrial exploration
India's first mission beyond Earth's orbit was Chandrayaan-1, a lunar spacecraft which
successfully entered the lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. ISRO plans to follow up Chandrayaan-
1 with Chandrayaan-2 and unmanned missions to Mars and Near-Earth objects such as asteroids
and comets.
Lunar exploration
Main article:  Chandrayaan-1

Chandrayaan-1 (Sanskrit: चंद्रयान-१) is India's first mission to the moon. The unmanned lunar

exploration mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor called the Moon Impact Probe. India
launched the spacecraft using a modified version of the PSLV is C11 on 22 October 2008
from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar
orbit on 8 November 2008. It carries high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near
infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over its two-year operational period, it is intended
to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-
dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest, as they might contain ice. The
lunar mission carries five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space
agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of
cost. The Chandrayaan-1 along with NASA's LRO played a major role in discovering the
existence of water on the moon.[24]

Planetary exploration
The Indian Space Research Organisation had begun preparations for a mission to Mars and had
received seed money of   10 crore from the government.The space agency was looking at launch
opportunities between 2013 and 2015.[25] The space agency would use its Geosynchronous
Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) to put the satellite in orbit and was considering using ion-
thrusters, liquid engines or nuclear power to propel it further towards Mars.[26] The Mars mission
studies had already been completed and that space scientists were trying to collect scientific
proposals and scientific objectives.[27]

Human spaceflight program

Indian Navy Frogmen recovering theSRE-1

Main article:  Indian human spaceflight program

The Indian Space Research Organization has been sanctioned a budget of 
12,400 crore (US$2.75 billion) for its human spaceflight program.[28] According to the Space
Commission which passed the budget, an unmanned flight will be launched in 2013[29] and
manned mission will launch in 2016.[30] If
realized in the stated time-frame, India
will become only the fourth nation, after the USSR, USA and China,
to successfully carry out manned missions indigenously.

Astronaut training and other facilities

ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bangalore by 2012 to prepare personnel for flights
on board the crewed vehicle. The centre will use water simulation to train the selected astronauts
in rescue and recovery operations and survival in zero gravity, and will undertake studies of the
radiation environment of space.
ISRO will build centrifuges to prepare astronauts for the acceleration phase of the mission. It also
plans to build a new Launch pad to meet the target of launching a manned space mission by
2015. This would be the third launchpad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.

Rakesh Sharma
Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma, AC, (born January 13, 1949) is a former Indian Air
Force test pilot, and Cosmonaut who flew in space aboard Soyuz T-11 as part of
an Intercosmos Research Team. Sharma was the first Indian to travel in space.[1][2]

Sharma joined the Indian Air Force and progressed rapidly through the ranks. Sharma, then
a Squadron Leader and pilot with the Indian Air Force embarked on a historic mission in 1984 as
part of a joint space program between the Indian Space Research Organisation and
the Soviet Intercosmos space program, and spent eight days in space aboard the Salyut 7 space
station. Launched along with two Soviet cosmonauts aboard Soyuz T-11 on the 3 April 1984, was
35-year-old Sharma. During the flight, Sharma conducted multi-spectral photography of northern
India in anticipation of the construction ofhydroelectric power stations in the Himalayas. In a
famous conversation, he was asked by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi how India looked
from space, to which he replied, '''''Main be jijhak kah sakta hoon..,'Saare Jahan Se Achcha''''', (a
reference to an iconic Urdu poem used in India's freedom struggle, usually referred to as 'Saare
jahaan se atchha Hindustan hamara, ' our land of Hindustan, is the Best in the world').

He was conferred with the honour of Hero of Soviet Union upon his return from space. The
Government of India conferred its highest gallantry award (during peace time), the Ashoka
Chakra on him and the other two Russian members of his mission.

Sharma and his backup, Wing Commander Ravish Malhotra, also prepared an elaborate series
of zero-gravity Yogaexercises which the former had practised aboard the Salyut 7. Retiring with
the rank of Wing Commander, Rakesh Sharma joined Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) as
a test pilot at its Nashik Division. He was later based at the National Flight Test Center (NFTC)
in Bangalore and worked on the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft program, among others.
 Nationality Indian

Status Retired

Born January 13, 1949 (age 62)

Patiala, Punjab, India

Other occupation Test Pilot

Rank Wing Commander, Indian Air Force

Time in space 7d 21h 40m

Missions Soyuz T-11 / Soyuz T-10

Mission insignia

Awards  Ashok Chakra

 Hero of the Soviet Union

Facts and Question

Diferecnce btwn Astronauts and cosmonauts

About rakesh sharma
Yuri gagrin
Neil Armstrong
Dolly the sheep
36% nasa are Indians