✓

Iy − Ix 34 − 103
𝐱= = = −24.5
2 2
R = √x 2 + y 2

R = √(−24.5)2 + (18)2
R = 30.40
Imin = Ix + x − R
Imin = 103 + (−24.5) − 30.40
𝐈𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟏𝟎 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒
✓
 𝜋(96)4
x 2 = 8338440.354 mm4
64

𝑎2 1722
Ix = = = 72934421.33
12 12
A = a2 = 1722 = 29584

Ix 72934421.33
R= √ = √
A 29584

R = 49.65 mm
−∆𝑑/𝑑 0.0127/44
μ= = = +0.3311
+∆𝐿/𝐿 0.238/273

𝐸 29000
𝐺= =
2(1 + µ) 2(1 + 0.298)
∑[Ix + Ad2 ]

G = 11171.03236

2
bh3 b3 h d 𝑡𝑓2
Ix = ( ) Iy = ( ); d= ( − )
12 12 2 2

2
(208)(24.2)3 276 (24.2)2
Ix = 2 ( 12
)+ (208)(24.2) ( 2
− 2
)

Ix = 24194369.3
19.5x106
227.6(17.5) 3 𝑆𝑦 = = 234939.759 mm3
166
Iy = ( ) = 101649.4792 ( 2 )
12

Ix + Iy = 24194369.3 + 101649.4792

Ix + Iy = 241896018.8 mm4

=
𝜋(72)4
1 x 2 = 2638334.643 mm4
64
9
.

𝜋(𝑑)4 5
64
x 2
x
1
0
 29000
𝐺= 2(1+0.297)
=

Iy − Ix 66 − 110
𝐱= = = −22
2 2
R = √x 2 + y 2

R = √(−24.5)2 + (18)2
R = 26.08
Imin = Ix + x − R
(176)(19.3)3 285
Ix = 2 [( )+ (176)(19.3) ( −
12 2 Imax = 110 + (−22) + 26.08
2
(19.3)2 (19.7)(246.4)3 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟖 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒
2
) ]+ [ 12
+ (19.7)(246.4)(0)2 ]

Ix = 144670754.7

U = 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5W

U = 1.2(23) + 1.6(14.4) + 0.5(13.34)
U = 57.31

0.0186/34
μ= = +0.4128
0.277/209
 Iy 2.55x104
Ry = √ = √ = 90.55
A 3.11

L
(r) 4.6
Sr = = ( ) ∗ 12 = 1086.6
12 90.55

An = [(2079) − 2(20 + 4)(18.5)

502
+( (18.5))]
4(63.5)
 ⏀

Rn 741.888
= = 370.944 = 371 KN
Ω 2

⏀
Pn 801.45
= = 479.9011 = 480 KN
Ω 1.67

Pn 651.992
⏀ Ω
= 1.67
= 390.414 = 390 KN
 KL (0.5)(18.5x12)
SRy = = = 68.52
Iy 1.62

29000
Cc = 4.71 √ = 133.68
36

(𝜋)2 (29000) (𝜋)2 (29000)

Fe = = = 60.97
SRy 2 68.522
36
Fcr = (0.658Fe ) (36) = 28.12

⏀Pn = (0.9)(Fcr)(6.44)

⏀Pn = 162.96

KL (0.5)(16.5x12)
SRy = = = 63.87
Iy 1.55
 29000
Cc = 4.71 √ = 133.68
36

(𝜋)2 (29000) (𝜋)2 (29000)

e= = = 70.16
SRy 2 63.872
36
Fcr = (0.658Fe ) (36) = 29.04

Fy
135x103 = = 11947500
177/2

Iy
ry = √ = 41.01840448
7101

KL 1.0(4100)
SRy = =
ry 41.02

SRy = 114.58

200000
Cc = 4.71 √ = 116.7
326
 Φ

𝑊𝐿2 𝑊(4200)2
Φ 8
→ 8
→

Δ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = Δ𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐿
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐷 + 𝐿)
240
𝑃𝐿3
= (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 3)
3𝐸𝐼
30 68
5900 (1.2 + 1.6)(1000)(5900)3
= →𝐼
240 (3)(200000)(𝐼)
= ____𝒎𝒎𝟒
 ×
×
 𝐸
λ𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑏 = 3.76√𝐹
𝑦

𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 2
1
1 (116)(215)
2
→
2 2

𝑥 215
𝑦 116
→
 𝐼𝑦
𝑟𝑦 = √𝐴
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
QUESTION 1
What is the net section area in cm^2 of steel plate 39cm wide and 14mm thick with one bolt if
diameter of bolt hole is 18mm?

QUESTION 2
An A992 (grade 50) W18x35 steel section is used for the tension member shown in the figure.
The bolts are 1 inch in diameter. The WF section is to be connected to a 0.55inch-thick-gusset
plate. Fu=65MPa. WF properties are A=10.3in^2, d=17.7in, tw=0.3in, bf=5.98in, tf=0.43mm.
Calculate the shear lag factor.
QUESTION 3
A Wide Flange section used as a bottom chord of a Warren truss is used as a tension member.
Calculate the actual maximum slenderness ratio of the member given the following properties:
L=3.1feet, A=2.9in^2, Ix=14,085in^4, Iy=2.127in^4. 2 decimal places.

QUESTION 4
A steel plate 300mm x 10mm thick is riveted by two rivets placed at a staggered position. The
net area of the steel plate computed is 2625 mm^2, when two rivets are spaced horizontally at a
distance of 58 mm and having a diameter of rivet hole of 25 mm, determine the vertical distance
between the two rivets in mm.
QUESTION 5
Calculate the design tensile strength in KN due to gross section yielding of an angle section
104x82x19mm of A36 grade of steel connected with a gusset plate.

QUESTION 6
An angle bar with equal legs with 15.8 mm thickness used as tension member is connected with
20-mm-diameter bolts. Both legs of the angles are connected. The pitch distance between two
staggered bolts center to center is 50mm and the distance of the bolts on both legs from the
corner of the angle is 63.5mm. Use A=2,079 mm^2, Fy=248 MPa and Fu=400 MPa. Determine
the critical effective net area of the angle in mm^2.
 The maximum SR of main members in tension is 200
 For tension member, the product of nominal strength and resistance factor is maximum
design strength due to gross yielding, net section rupture, block shear
 Which of the following is not a tension limit state? Shear lag
 Which of the following defines slenderness ratio for tension members? Ratio of its
unsupported length to its least radius of gyration
 Which of the following factors does not affect strength of tension members? Length of
plate
 The value of shear lag factor for wide flange section sin tensions with bf/d>2/3? 0.9
 Which of the following describe net section fracture? Rupture of member when the
cross section reaches ultimate stress

 In gusset plate, which statement is false? Lines of action of truss members

meeting at a joint should not coincide
 Which of the following describe gross section yielding? Considerate deformation of
the member in longitudinal direction may take place before it fractures, making
the structure unserviceable
 What is the effect of staggered holes? Increases the tensile strength of member

  Which of the following steel elements is NOT a compression member? Girt
 An ASTM A36 wide flange column has a length of 18 feet and fixed ends. If rx=4.9
in, ry=0.85 in, A=6.48 in^2, E=29000 ksi. Determine the classification of the column.
Intermediate
 Which of the following end support conditions of a square compression member will
give the highest design capacity? Both ends fixed
 Steel columns with higher slenderness ratio is less prone to lateral buckling. False
 Unstiffened elements are elements of a section which are unsupported along one
edge parallel to the direction of the load
 A wide flange A992 steel column has a length of 4.6 meters and pinned ends. If
Sx=895x10^3 mm^3, Sy=129x10^3 mm^3, d=358mm, bf=172mm, A=7226 mm^2,
Fy=345MPa. Determine the classification of the column. Long
 Which of the following is not a compression member limit state? Rupture
 The theoretical value of k-factor for fixed free end supports expressed in % is 50
 The resistance factor for limit states involving yielding or compression buckling is
___%. 90
 Based on Euler's Buckling Theory, the ends of the unsupported length of a
compression member is assumed to be _? Both fixed
 From AISC specs, the slenderness ratio of compression members shall not
exceed____. 200
 Buckling is the sidewise bending or displacement accompanied by twisting about
minor or weaker axis usually at the compression section
 A grade 40 WF steel column with SR=130 will experience yielding rather than
buckling. False
QUESTION 10
An A50 WF steel column has a nominal compressive strength of 512.5 KN. If its live load is
twice its dead load, calculate the max. service deadload in KN it can resist. 2 decimal places
QUESTION 11
For a 175mm square compression member 2.1m in length, calculate the Euler’s buckling
stress in MPa. Express your answer in 2 decimal places.

QUESTION 12
Calculate the required gross area in mm^2 of the given column with critical buckling stress
of 173MPa to resists service deadload of 432KN and service liveload of 1240KN. Whole
number.
16140
QUESTION 13
A wide flange A60 steel column has a length of 6.1 meters and pinned ends. If
Sx=801x10^3 mm^3, d=358mm, bf=166mm, A=7190mm^2, Fy=414MPa. Calculate the
design compressive strength in KN of the column. One decimal place.

QUESTION 14
A wide flange A60 steel column has a length of 5.8meters and pinned ends. If Sx=857x10^3
mm^3, Sy=135x10^3 mm^3, d=358mm, bf=171mm, A=7243mm^2, Fy=414MPa. Calculate
the maximum slenderness ratio of the column. One decimal place
QUESTION 15
In determining the effective length factor k of column CE which is part of a sway frame as
shown below. Jackson-Mooreland Alignment Charts are then used by solving first the ratio
of column stiffnesses to girder stiffnesses at each end of the column, designated as G.
Calculate the ratio, G at joint C of column CE. All members are oriented so that bending is
about the strong axis. Girder BC: Ix=363x10^3 mm^4, Iy=12x10^3 mm^4; Girder CD:
Ix=529x10^3 mm^4, Iy=86x10^3 mm^4; Column AC: Ix=620x10^3 mm^4, Iy=43x10^3
mm^4; Column CE: Ix=479x10^3, Iy=54x10^3 mm^4. 3 decimal places

QUESTION 16
A WF section of A572 Grade 60 steel is used as a compression member. It is 8.3 meters
long, fixed at both ends, and has additional support in the weak direction at a point 3.4
meters from the top. The member resists a service dead load of 800 KN and a service
liveload of 1200 KN. WF properties: A=25,541mm^2, rx=135mm, ry=66mm. Calculate the
largest slenderness ratio of the column. 2 decimal places

QUESTION 17
An A36 WF steel column has a design compressive strength of 131.9kilo pounds. If
LL=1.9DL, calculate the maximum service liveload in kips it can resist. Express your answer
in 2 decimal places.

QUESTION 18
An ASTM A36 (Fy=36ksi) wide flange column has a length of 18.5feet and fixed ends. If
rx=4.7in, ry=1.73in, ry=1.73in, A=6.02in^2, E=29000 ksi, calculate the design compressive
strength in Kips of the column. Express your answer in one decimal place.
QUESTION 19
An ASTM A36 (Fy=36ksi) wide flange column has a length of 17.5feet and fixed ends. If
rx=4.9in, ry=1.36in, A=6.07in^2, E=29000 ksi, calculate the maximum slenderness ratio of
the column.

QUESTION 20
A wide flange A60 steel column has a length of 6.4meters and pinned ends. If Sx=899x10^3
mm^3, Sy=121x10^3 mm^3, d=358mm, bf=170mm, A=7282mm^2, Fy=414MPa, calculate
the allowable compressive strength in KN of the column.
QUESTION 1
An 8.5m WF simple floor beam is laterally supported at the ends and at third points. The beam
carries a concentrated service live load “P” at the midspan. The properties of WF section are A=
8751 mm2, ho=382 mm, Sx=1,183x10^3 mm3, Iy=14x10^6 mm4, c=1.0, J=440.572 mm4,
Fy=341 MPa. Neglecting beam self-weight, calculate the maximum limiting length of the beam
in METERS at which the beam is considered laterally supported. Express your answer in 3
decimal places.
QUESTION 2
A 9m WF simple floor beam is laterally supported at the ends at quarter points. The beam
carries a concentrated service live load “O” at the midspan. The properties of WF section are
A=8544mm^2, ho=380mm, Sx=1163x10^3mm^3, Iy=13.6x10^6mm^4, c=1.0, J=440959mm^4,
Fy=391MPa. Neglecting beam self-weight, calculate the limiting length of the beam in
MILLIMETERS over which there is elastic lateral-torsional buckling occurring. (3dp).
QUESTION 3
A flexural member with an isosceles triangular cross section has a base of 116mm and height of
215mm. Calculate the distance of the plastic neutral axis from the base of the section in
millimeters? Express your answer in 3 decimal places.
QUESTION 4
A 7.8m WF simple floor beam is laterally supported at the ends. The beam carries a uniform
service live load “w” at its span. The properties of WF section are A=8,509mm2, ho=394mm,
Sx=1,149x10^3 mm3, Iy=12.4x10^6 mm4, c=1.0, J=440,677 mm4, Fy=406 MPa. Neglecting
beam self-weight, calculate the upper limit on width to thickness ratio for compact web category.
Express your answer in 3 decimal places.
QUESTION 5
A 4.2m simple beam carries a uniform ultimate load Wu. The beam is compact with lateral
supports only at end points. The properties of the section are: rx=105.16mm, ry=22.2mm,
Sx=308000mm^3, Sy=35000mm^3, Zx=354000mm^3, Zy=55000mm^3, Lp=1110mm,
Lr=8500mm, Cb=1.14 and Fy=248MPa. Calculate the ultimate load capacity Wu of the beam in
KN/m. Express your answer in 3 decimal places.

𝑊𝐿2 𝑊(4200)2
ΦMn = 8
 0.9(83,721,999.33) = 8
 Wu = 34.172 KN/m

QUESTION 6
A flexural member is fabricated from two flange plates 200 mm x 16 mm thick and a web plate
337 mm x 16 mm thick and is bent about its strong axis Fy=248MPa. Calculate the design
strength of the section, in kN.m, if the beam is laterally supported on its full span. Express your
answer in 2 decimal places.
QUESTION 7
A 10m simple beam carries a uniform ultimate load Wu. The beam is compact with lateral
supports only at end points. The properties of the section are rts=26mm, ho=265mm, c=1.0,
J=90,913 mm4, Zx=355x10^3 mm3, Shape Factor SF=1.15, Lp=1,961 mm, Lr=8,585 mm,
Cb=1.17, and Fy=248 MPa. Calculate the design strength of the beam in kN-m. Express your
answer in 3 decimal places.

QUESTION 8
An A36 WF cantilever floor beam with span of 2.6m carries a factored deadload of 30KN and a
factored liveload of 52KN at free end. Calculate the required moment of inertia in mm^4 of the
beam against deflection requirement. Round off your answer in whole number.
QUESTION 9
A floor system is supported by WF A36 steel beams 8.2m long and spaced 3.7m on centers.
The beams are simply supported at their ends and are laterally supported over their entire span.
Assume compact section and neglect beam self-weight. The properties of the beam section are:
d=501mm, tw=41mm, bf=302mm, tf=59mm, k=75mm, shape factor SF=1.20, Sx=8,442x10^3
mm3. Use allowable deflection (1/360) of the beam span. Calculate the ULTIMATE floor load in
KPa that the beam can carry against SHEAR. Express your answer in 2 decimal places.

QUESTION 10
A floor system is supported by WF A36 steel beams 7.3m long and spaced 3.6m on centers.
The beams are simply supported at their ends and are laterally supported over their entire span.
Assume compact section and neglect beam self-weight. The properties of the beam section are:
d=571mm, tw=42mm, bf=314mm, tf=56mm, k=77mm, shape factor SF=1.20, Sx=8,476x10^3
mm3. Use allowable deflection (1/360) of the beam span. Calculate the floor load in KPa that
the beam can carry against DEFLECTION. Express your answer in 2 decimal places.
QUESTION 11
A floor system is supported by WF A36 steel beams 8.4m long and spaced 3.4m on centers.
The beams are simply supported at their ends and are laterally supported over their entire span.
Assume compact section and neglect beam self-weight. The properties of the beam section are:
d=597 mm, tw=33mm, bf=349mm, tf=56mm, k=70mm, shape factor SF=1.20, Sx=8,460x10^3
mm3. Use allowable deflection (1/360) of the beam span. Calculate the ULTIMATE floor load in
KPa that the beam can carry against FLEXURE. Express your answer in 2 decimal places.

QUESTION 12
A floor system is supported by WF A36 steel beams 7.1m long and spaced 3.9m on centers.
The beams are simply supported at their ends and are laterally supported over their entire span.
Assume compact section and neglect beam self-weight. The properties of the beam section are:
d=588m, tw=35mm, bf=300mm, tf=54mm, k=73mm, shape factor SF=1.20, Sx=8,492x103mm3.
Use allowable deflection (1/360) of beam span. Calculate the SERVICE floor load in KPa that
the beam can carry against FLEXURE. Express your answer in 2 decimal places.
QUESTION 13
A 5.1m propped cantilever beam carries a total service load of “w”KN/m. The WF beam has the
following properties: d=438.2mm, tw=8.6mm, bf=178mm, tf=14.4mm, k=31.8, Fy=250MPa.
Calculate the maximum “w” in KN/m that the beam can carry against shear requirement? 2
decimal places.

 From the given graph below on nominal shear strength of steel beams, the limit state
that is described in the encircled red region is web _____. inelastic buckling

 Which of the following does not affect the shape factor of steel sections? Grade of steel

 Which of the following gives the shape factor of a channel beam section about its minor
axis? 1.8

 Which of the following gives the shape factor of a circular beam section? 1.7

 A wide flange section has shear stress diagram that varies parabolically with depth

 Compact section will ensure that compression flange of steel beam is restrained from
moving laterally. True
 Generally, the mode/s of failure of Wide-Flange beam is/are by yielding of tension
flange and buckling of compression flange

 Which of the following statements is not true about intermediate web stiffeners? they
reduce shear capacity of web

 In beam design, sections are proportioned as such that _____ to achieve economy.
moment of inertia about principal axis normal to the web is considerable larger
than moment of inertia about principal axis parallel to the web

 Which of the following gives the shape factor of a rectangular beam section? 1.5

 The value of the moment gradient multiplier, Cb for a simple beam of 4m span with
concentrated loads of 10KN each at quarter points is ___. Express your answer in 3
decimal places. 1.136

Solution:
 Which of the following gives the shape factor of a wide flange beam section about its
major axis? 1.14

 Local web buckling can occur on plate girders due to diagonal compression
 Which of the following statements is not true about section compactness? slender
sections are preferred in hot rolled structural steelwork

 Which of the following statements is true about beam sections? in case of hot rolled
section, high thickness of plate is adopted to prevent local buckling

 Shear requirement on beam design will usually not prevail on which condition? beam is
simply supported

 St. Venant’s constant commonly known as torsional constant is given by ∑biti3/3

 In preventing web buckling on WF beam, which of the following is true? reducing depth-
to-thickness ratio

 A flexural member is fabricated from two flange plates 200 mm x 12 mm thick and a web
plate 400 mm x 10 mm thick and is bent about its strong axis. F y=414 MPa. Which of the
following is true regarding its compactness? flange is compact and web is compact

 Which of the following greatly affects the nominal shear strength of I-shaped beam? area
of web

 Unsupported steel beams will have a nominal flexural strength governed by lateral
torsional buckling

 Fully supported steel beams will have a nominal flexural strength governed by yield
stress

 It is a flexural member that usually carries loads coming from walls over an opening of a
window or door. Lintels

 What is lateral torsional buckling? buckling of beam loaded in plane of its strong axis
and buckling about its weaker axis accompanied by twisting
 Plastic moment of steel beams is defined as Mp=ZpFy

 If the moment within the unbraced length of the beam is uniform or constant, the lateral-
torsional buckling modification factor is always equal to 1. True

 Deflection is a strength limit state, so deflections should always be computed with

service loads. False

 Shape factor is SF = Zp/Ze

 A built-up tee-shape beam secction consists of 2 steel plates, 7⁄8-in. × 10-in. flange and a
1-in. × 12-in. web. The yield stress Fy is 50 ksi. Calculate the yield moment in Kip-ft.
Express your answer in 2 decimal places.

Solution:
My = FySx = (50 ksi)(____ in^3) = _____ kip-in x 0.083333 = ____ kip-ft
169.3811854
 Unsupported steel beams will have a nominal flexural strength governed by yield stress