NARS Computer Science

National Academic
Reference Standards (NARS)

For
Computing and
Information
October 2010
1st Edition
National Authority for Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Education

Table of Contents
Subject Page
Preface 3
Acknowledgements 4
Methodology 5
Computing and Information 6
1. Introduction to Computing and Information 6
2. The study of Computing and Information 7
3. Computing and Information Programs 9
4. Career paths 13
5. Computing and Information discipline characteristics 14
6. National Academic Reference Standards (NARS) for Computing 17
and Information Disciplines
7. Curricula contents for computing and Information disciplines
National Academic Reference Standards (NARS) for Computing and 21
Information
1. Information Systems. 22
2. Computer Science. 27
3. Scientific Computing. 31
4. Operations Research and Decision Support. 35
5. Computer Systems. 38
6. Information Technology. 42
7. Networks technology 47
Glossary 51
References 53

Preface
Based on the Presidential Decree number (82) for the year 2006, the National
Authority for Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Education (NAQAAE) was
founded to enhance the quality of education in Egypt.
In the light of NAQAAE's mandates, developing National Academic Reference

Standards (NARS) for higher education comes on the top of its priorities. NARS
are intended to set out clearly the graduate attributes and academic characteristics
expected to be achieved in the academic programs of different disciplines.
The natural resources are no longer the backbone for development and prosperity;
instead knowledge economy has become the main base for inducing tremendous
and progressive breakthroughs in the resources of nations. In this regard,
knowledge economy requires high quality education based on well defined
reference standards.
The international changes and the concomitant alterations in the socio-economic

conceptions obliged quality education as the main gate for human resources
development. The latter, in turn, is counted as one of the most important
determinants of national sustainable development.
Good practice in education should encourage students to improve their innovative

and creative capabilities, employ appropriate technologies and pursue independent
and life-long learning. This would necessitate setting out plans to develop the
institutional capabilities and educational efficiency. Accordingly, educational
institutions have to reform their programs and courses to meet the demands of the
labor market. In addition, graduates should acquire the flexibility that enables them
to adapt to the future needs of the labor market.
In alignment with its functions, NAQAAE, in collaboration with the stakeholders,

has developed an integrated system to assure education quality. One of the
system's outcomes is a series of guides for NARS in different academic disciplines
to help higher education institutions in designing their programs to meet the
accreditation requirements.
National Authority for Quality Assurance and

Accreditation of Education (NAQAAE)
3
NARS for Computing and Information

Acknowledgements
The National Authority for Quality Assurance in Education, (NAQAAE) would like to
thank all the stakeholders involved in this work. The stakeholders included are
representatives from the Ministry of Higher Education, National Syndicates, the
Academic university staff members and the Private Sector. All of them were
committed to make this work possible through their knowledge and experience.
The President of the National Authority for Quality Assurance in Education,

Professor Magdy Kassem and Board members would like to acknowledge the
efforts done by the task force group assigned to prepare this guideline for their
hard work to ensure high quality graduates and to be comparable to the
international standards.
Professor Magdy Kassem

NAQAAE, President
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Methodology
NAQAAE has invited a group of education experts, in different academic
disciplines, from state, private and Al-Azhar Universities to develop a general
framework of the guide for the national academic reference standards (NARS) in
the different sectors of higher education. The steps proceeded as follows:
1. Brain Storming
The authority held several workshops for expert groups to discuss the general
framework and elements/contents of the NARS guide and Standardization of
concepts and terms used in the NARS within a definite time table.
2. Reviewing of the International Academic Standard
Experts groups have reviewed the academic standards of some World
accreditation institutions and standard applied in the corresponding faculties at
universities from different countries in the world to have access to the global
level, taking into account the need to preserve the Egyptian identity.
3. Reviewing the Available Academic Standards in Egypt
The working groups have reviewed the academic standards which have been
developed by the sectors of the Supreme Council of Universities - Ministry of
Higher Education and Scientific Research. In accordance with the required
amendments to NAQAAE, groups developed the guidelines to meet the needs
of higher education institutions.
4. Reviewing by Technical Committee
Standard first drafts were reviewed by technical committees formed by

NAQAAE board, to insure that standards meet the agreed essential elements
as well as the technical editing of the draft.
5. Stakeholders Approval
After the completion of the draft of national academic reference standards, it
was presented to representatives from stakeholders, faculty members from
different universities and Al-Azhar institutions and representatives from the
Ministry of Higher Education and the State for Scientific Research, to take
appropriate action.
6. Dissemination
The Authority posted academic standards on its website (naqaae.org.eg), to
receive feedback from students, faculty members and stakeholders.
7. Endorsement of Standards
The draft was revised according to the feedback received and introduced to
NAQAAE’s Board for approval.
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Computing and Information
1- Introduction to Computing and Information
Computing and Information is concerned with the understanding, design,

programming, and exploitation of computation, and computer technology - one of
the most significant advances of the twentieth century. It is a discipline that blends
theories (including those derived from a range of other disciplines such as
mathematics, engineering, psychology, graphical design or well-founded
experimental insight) with the solution of immediate practical problems; it combines
the ethos of the scholar with that of the professional; it supports the development of
both small scale and large scale systems that support organizational goals; it helps
individuals in their everyday lives; it is everywhere and diversely applied to a range
of applications, and yet important components are invisible to the eye.
Computing and Information Specialists are more in demand today than ever
before. In fact, more and more fields, from the arts and humanities to music,
medicine, linguistics and communication, architecture, and the natural sciences
rely on computing to advance their inventions and powers of discovery. And where
we are today is just the beginning!.
The information is that what computer systems can provide to aid a company, non-
profit or governmental organization in defining and achieving its goals. Information
system is concerned with the processes that an enterprise can implement and
improve using information technology. IS professionals must understand both
technical and organizational factors, and must be able to help an organization
determine how information and technology-enabled business processes can
provide a foundation for superior organizational performance. They serve as a
bridge between the technical and management communities within an
organization.
The computing and information discipline is important for the community because:
1. In the 21st century, computing and information is part of everything we do.
2. Skills in computing and information enables the graduates to solve complex,
challenging problems.
3. Computing and Information drives innovation in the sciences and also in
engineering, business, entertainment and education.
4. Computing and Information offers many types of profitable careers.
5. Computing and Information jobs are among the highest paid and have the
highest job satisfaction.
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6. Computing and Information jobs are here to stay, regardless of where
graduates are located. Statistics say: future opportunities in computing and
Information are without boundaries
7. Computing and Information is one of those fields where it is almost impossible
to predict what will happen next. This is why we cannot even begin to imagine
all the ways that student can make a contribution to it and it can make his life's
work exciting and real.
8. Expertise in computing and Information helps student even if students primary
career choice is something else.
9. Having a computing and Information major will provide student with a
foundation of knowledge, problem solving and logical thinking that will serve as
a competitive advantage to him in his career, in whatever field he chooses.
10. Computing and Information offers great opportunities for true creativity and
innovativeness.
11. Creating high-quality computing solutions is a highly creative activity, and
computing supports creative work in many other fields. The best solutions in
computing exhibit high levels of elegance and beauty.
12. Computing and Information has a space for both collaborative work and
individual effort.
13. Computing and Information is an essential part of well-rounded academic
preparation.
14. An increasing number of universities and employers see successful completion
of a computing and Information course as a sign of academic well-
roundedness.
2- The Study of Computing and Information
The reasons for studying computing and information are as diverse as its domains
of application. Some students are attracted by the depth and intellectual richness
of the theory, others by the possibility of engineering large and complex systems;
many study computing and Information because it gives them the opportunity to
use a creative and dynamic technology. Besides being everywhere and diversely
applied, computing and Information promotes innovation and creativity assisted by
rapid technological change; it requires a disciplined approach to problem solving
that brings with it an expectation of high quality; it approaches design and
development through selection from a wide range of alternative possibilities
justified by carefully crafted arguments based on insight; it controls complexity first
through abstraction and simplification, and then by the integration of components.
Above all, it is a product of human ingenuity, and provides major intellectual
challenges; yet this limits neither the scope of computing and Information nor the
complexity of the application domains addressed.
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A traditional description of computing and Information presents a spectrum of
activity ranging from theory at one end to practice at the other. It also describes
aspects ranging from hardware through to software and from the study of
computers and computation through to applications-oriented studies. The following
headings give a high-level characterization of the whole area of computing and
Information:
Hardware
 Computer architecture and construction
 Processor architecture
 Device-level issues and fabrication technology
 Peripherals and attachments.
 Computer networks, distributed systems, technologies
Software
 Programming languages
 Software tools and packages
 Computer applications
 Structuring of data and information
 Operating systems: the control of computers, resources and interactions
Theory
 Mathematics and Algorithms design and analysis
 Formal methods and description techniques
 Modeling and frameworks
 Analysis, prediction and generalization
 Human behavior and performance
Practice
 Problem identification and analysis
 Design, development, testing and evaluation
 Management and organization
 Professionalism and ethics
 Commercial and industrial exploitation
Communication and Interaction

 Human-computer interaction, involving communication between computers
and people
It is difficult to define computing and information with any degree of precision given
the dynamic change that is happening within it. Certain areas within the field such
as Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science, Information Systems, Software
Engineering, Multi-media, and Networks form familiar domains of activity which are
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represented strongly within computing and information. The overall field is wide
ranging and it is important that those working in unusual and innovative areas
recognize that they also reside within the field of computing and information.
Faculties and Institutions will produce aims and objectives that characterize their
programs and indicate that their curricula are at degree level. Degree programs in
computing and information can take various forms, each of which could prepare
their students for different but valid careers.
At one extreme a degree program might provide opportunities for its students to
attend modules on a wide range of topics spanning the entire area of computing
and information. Graduates from such courses would have great flexibility, and
might be of especial value either in emerging areas where specialist courses may
not be established or in contexts where their ability to span the field would be
useful.
At another extreme there can be programs that take one very specific aspect of
computing and information and cover it in great depth. The graduates from such
programs will typically tend to seek opportunities in the specialist area which they
studied, whether it be the development of multimedia systems, network design, the
formal verification for safety-critical systems, electronic commerce or whatever
other specialties emerge and become important. Program designers, students and
stakeholders will need to be aware of this spectrum of program identity, and the
balance of practice and theory are appropriate to the aims of the particular degree
program, such that practical activity can be supported by an understanding of
underlying principles.
3- Computing and Information Programs

The scope of what we call computing and information has broadened to the point
that it is difficult to define it as a single program. Recent curriculum approaches
divide such program into: computer science, computer engineering,
information systems, information technology, and software engineering.
These address major sub-programs, but additional possibilities still exist. Some
Mixed Disciplinary Majors are introduced in this NARS for computing and
information programs. This introduction has been produced in an attempt to
characterize these sub-programs and also to characterize graduates from such
degree programs. There is no question that computing and information in the 21st
century will encompass many vital programs with their own integrity and
educational practices.
It is hardly surprising that the diversity of computing and information is reflected in

the varied titles and curricula that institutions have given to their computing and
information -related degree courses. While this benchmarking standards, NARS,
aims to capture the nature of computing and information as a discipline, individual
institutions may need to draw on a wider range of materials and resources
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including other benchmarking standards to capture fully the specific character of
their particular degree programs.
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Computing and
Information Degree
programs
Computer Computer Software Information Information Mixed

Engineering Science Engineering Technology Systems Disciplinary
program program program program program Majors
programs
Scientific Operational Bio- Computer Gaming & Medical Computer Network

Computing Research & informatics Science & Animation Informatics Systems Technology
Program Decision Program Mathematics Program Program Program Program
Program
Support
The common computing and information subprograms are listed in the following:
1. Computer Engineering
Typically involves software and hardware and the development of systems that
involve software, hardware, and communications.
2. Computer Science
Tends to be relatively broad and with an emphasis on the underlying science
aspects.
3. Information Systems
Essentially, this is computing and information in an organizational context,
typically in businesses.
4. Information Technology
Focuses on computing infrastructure and needs of individual users; tends to
involve a study of systems (perhaps just software systems, but perhaps also
systems in support of learning, of information dissemination, etc.).
5. Software Engineering
Focuses on large-scale software systems; employs certain ideas from the world of
engineering in building reliable software systems.
6. Mixed Disciplinary Majors
Because computing and information is such an important and dynamic field, many
interdisciplinary majors, some are very recent developments, exist at some
faculties. Here are just a few examples of these opportunities.
a. Scientific Computing. Scientific Computing (SC) is the focal point of
computational science activities at the sector of computing. Computational
science involves the invention, implementation, testing, and application of
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algorithms and software used to solve large-scale scientific and engineering
problems.
Scientific computing is now widely accepted, along with theory and
experiment, as a crucial third mode of scientific investigation and engineering
design. Aerospace, automotive, biological, chemical, semiconductor, and other
industrial sectors now rely on simulation for technical decision support. For
government agencies also, scientific computing has become an essential
support for decisions on resources, transportation, and defense. Finally, in
many new areas such as medicine, the life sciences, management and
marketing, and finance, techniques and algorithms from computational science
are of growing importance.
The field of scientific computing combines simulation, visualization,
mathematical modeling, programming, data structures, networking, database
design, symbolic computation, and high performance computing with various
scientific programs. Hence, scientific computing may be defined as a broad
multidisciplinary area that encompasses applications in science/engineering,
numerical analysis, and computer science. Computer models and computer
simulations have become an important part of the research repertoire,
supplementing (and in some cases replacing) experimentation. Going from
application area to computational results requires domain expertise,
mathematical modeling, numerical analysis, algorithm development, software
implementation, program execution, analysis, validation and visualization of
results. Scientific computing involves all of this. Although it includes elements
from computer science, engineering and science, scientific computing focuses
on the integration of knowledge and methodologies from all of these programs,
and as such is a subject which is (in some sense) distinct from any of them.
b. Operation Research and Decision Support. Operations Research (OR) and
Decision Support (DS) emphasize optimizing organizational and system
performance using advanced analytical methods to help make better
decisions. Operations Research is used in many different industry segments—
from health care to logistics to financial services. It is also applied in different
business functions from finance to manufacturing and marketing. It helps solve
diverse business problems such as identifying best product placements in
retail establishments to ensuring appropriate inventory levels in spare parts
manufacturing. Technology, computing, and information science all leverage
OR’s historical and current intellectual thought to enhance practical
application. Operations Research employs high-performance computing
capabilities to achieve its objectives.
This program aims to produce a graduate capable of analyzing and developing
models and supporting complex decisions in different systems and operations
at all managerial levels. The program graduates should be able to play an
effective role when it comes to decision formulation in the corporate as well as
the wider societal setting, identify the salient parameters that are necessary for
decision making, and utilizing information and techniques from diverse fields.
The program aims to produce a problem solver with a sufficient grasp of the
fundamental techniques and approaches to decision support and a broad
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intellectual outlook that would enable him/her to effectively contribute in a wide
variety of settings.
c. Bioinformatics combines elements from at least biology, biochemistry, and
computer science, and prepares students for careers in the biotechnology and
pharmaceutical industries, or for graduate school in informatics. Some
programs may also include elements from information systems, chemistry,
mathematics, and statistics. In the newer interdisciplinary areas, different
faculties use different names for the same subject. For example, one faculty'
“bioinformatics” may be another faculty “computational biology.”
d. Computational Science (or Scientific Computing) means science done
computationally, and serves as a bridge between computing technology and
basic sciences. It blends several fields including computer science, applied
mathematics, and one or more application sciences (such as physics,
chemistry, biology, engineering, earth sciences, business and others). Some
programs also include information systems.
e. Computer Science and Mathematics combines computer science with
mathematics of course. Some of these programs are found at faculties that do
not have a full major in computer science; some are found at universities with
very large computer science departments.
f. Gaming and Animation. Majors for students interested in creating computer
games and computer animations are being developed at a number of faculties.
These majors have various flavors and may combine either or both of
computer science and information technology work with either or both of art
and (digital) media studies.
g. Medical (or health) Informatics programs are for students interested in
students who want to work in a medical environment. Some students will work
as technology experts for hospitals; some in public health; some students may
be premed or pre-dental. Coursework may be drawn from any or all of
computer science, information systems, or information technology in
combination with biology, chemistry, and courses unique to this
interdisciplinary field.
h. Computer Systems. Computer systems program is concerned with the
design and construction of computers and computer-based systems. It
involves the study of hardware, software, communications, and the interaction
among them. Its curriculum focuses on the theories, principles, and practices
of traditional electrical engineering and mathematics and applies them to the
problems of designing computers and computer-based devices.
Computer systems students study the design of digital hardware systems
including communications systems, computers, and devices that contain
computers, software development, focusing on software for digital devices and
their interfaces with users and other devices. Computer System study may
emphasize hardware more than software or there may be a balanced
emphasis.
Computer System has a strong engineering flavor, and currently, a dominant
area within computing engineering systems is embedded systems, the
development of devices that have software and hardware embedded in them.
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This program is very similar in every aspect with the computer engineering
program presented before.
i. Network Technology: Networks technology is the knowledge of the
technologies involved in network management and operating, network &
information security, embedded networks systems, and internet and web
technology, gained by study, experience and practice, applied with judgment to
develop ways to utilize, ethically and economically, the advances in modern
technology and communication for the benefit of mankind. It is the ability to
initiate and conduct activity associated with networking processes, systems,
problems, opportunities, future, impacts, ethics and consequences. It involves
knowledge, ways of thinking and acting, and theoretical and practical
networking skills. It helps preparing individuals to make well-informed choices
in their means of communication as consumers, workers, citizens and
members of the global community.
4- Career Paths
Let us consider what is involved in a career path in each area.
 Career Path 1: Designing and Implementing Software. This refers to the

work of software development which has grown to include aspects of web
development, interface design, security issues, mobile computing, and so on.
This is the career path that the majority of computer science graduates follow.
Career opportunities occur in a wide variety of settings including large or small
software companies, large or small computer services companies, and large
organizations of all kinds (industry, government, banking, healthcare, etc.).
While a bachelor’s degree is generally sufficient for entry into this kind of career,
many software professionals return to school to obtain a terminal master’s
degree (Rarely is a doctorate involved). Degree programs in software
engineering also educate students for this career path.
 Career Path 2: Devising New Ways to Use Computers. This refers to

innovation in the application of computer technology. A career path in this area
can involve advanced graduate work, followed by a position in a research
university or industrial research and development laboratory; it can involve
industrial activity or it can involve a combination of the two.
 Career Path 3: Developing Effective Ways to Solve Computing Problems.

This refers to the application or development of computer science theory and
knowledge of algorithms to ensure the best possible solutions for
computationally intensive problems. As a practical matter, a career path in the
development of new computer science theory typically requires graduate work to
the Ph.D. level, followed by a position in a research university or an industrial
research and development laboratory.
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 Career Path 4: Planning and Managing Organizational Technology
Infrastructure. This is the type of work for which the new information
technology (IT) programs explicitly aim to educate students.
 Career Path 5: Applications. This is the type of work in organizations for which
the new programs such as: operations research, scientific computing,
bioinformatics, medical applications, networking and gaming and animation,
explicitly aim to educate students.
Career path 1 is suitable for graduates from CE and computer systems programs.
Career paths 2 and 3 are undeniably in the domain of computer science and
software engineering graduates. Career paths 1 and 4 have spawned the new
majors in software engineering and information technology, respectively, and
information systems graduates often follow Career path 1, too. Computer scientists
continue to fill these positions, but programs in software engineering, information
technology, and information systems offer alternative paths to these careers.
Career path 5 is suitable for graduates from computer application programs.

Graduates from other major programs can offer another alternative.
In general, a CS degree from a respected program is the most flexible of degrees

and can open doors into the professional worlds of CS, SE, IT, and sometimes CE.
A degree from a respected IS program allows entry to both IS and IT careers.
5- Computing and Information Disciplines Characteristics
Computing and Information is a highly diverse subject with aspects that overlap
with areas of interest to a number of adjacent subjects. Examples of such areas
are: engineering, especially parts of electrical and electronic engineering;
communications engineering, physics, with concern for multimedia and device-
level development of computing components; mathematics (logic and theoretical
models of computation); business (information services, systems management,
project management); philosophy and psychology (human computer interaction
and aspects of artificial intelligence); physiology (neural networks); linguistics; and
signal processing. Faculties and Institutions will produce aims and objectives that
characterize their programs and indicate that their curricula are at degree level. As
the field of Computing and Information develops it can be expected that other
areas of overlap will emerge.
A degree program, or a program component in the case of a mixed degree, will
count as lying within the area of computing and information if the existence of
computers and associated technology is seen as a central driving force in its
motivation. The mere fact that computers are deployed to solve problems in a
certain area does not of itself make that area fall within the field of computing and
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information. It is expected that degree programs in computing and information have
some concern with the nature of computation, with effective ways to exploit
computation, and with the practical limitations of computation in application terms.
There will often be a pervading concern with analysis and design, with problem
solving, with the nature of information and its processing, and with the wide range
of levels of abstraction from which computation can be viewed.
Degree programs in computing and information can take various forms, each of
which could prepare their students for different but valid careers. At one extreme a
degree program might provide opportunities for its students to attend modules on a
wide range of topics spanning the entire area of computing and information.
Graduates from such courses would have great flexibility, and might be of especial
value either in emerging areas where specialist courses may not be established or
in contexts where their ability to span the field would be useful. At another extreme
there can be programs that take one very specific aspect of computing and
information and cover it in great depth. The graduates from such programs will
typically tend to seek opportunities in the specialist area which they studied,
whether it be the development of multimedia systems, network design, the formal
verification for safety-critical systems, electronic commerce or whatever other
specialties emerge and become important.
5.1 Common Requirements of Computing and Information Degrees

As we have seen, each of the computing and information disciplines has its own
character. Each one is somewhat different from its siblings in the emphasis, goals,
and capabilities of its graduates. Yet they have much in common. Any reputable
computing and information degree program should include each of the following
elements.
1) Essentials supporting of its discipline. The foundations must highlight those
essential aspects of the discipline that remain unaltered in the face of
technological change. These may be for example: formal theory rooted in
mathematics, or they may address professional values and principles. Students
must have a thorough grounding in that foundation.
2) A foundation in the concepts and skills of computer programming. The
foundation has five layers:
a) An intellectual understanding of, and an appreciation for, the central role of
mathematics, algorithms and data structures;
b) An understanding of computer hardware from a software perspective, for
example, use of the processor, memory, disk drives, display, etc.
c) Fundamental programming skills to permit the implementation of algorithms
and data structures in software;
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d) Skills that are required to design and implement larger structural units that
utilize algorithms and data structures and the interfaces through which these
units communicate;
e) Software engineering principles and technologies to ensure that software
implementations are robust, reliable, and appropriate for their intended
audience.
3) Understanding of the possibilities and limitations of what computer technology
(software, hardware, and networking) can and cannot do. There are three
levels:
a) An understanding of what current technologies can and cannot accomplish;
b) An understanding of computing and information limitations, including the
difference between what computing and information and Information is
inherently incapable of doing vs. what may be accomplished via future
science and technology;
c) The impact on individuals, organizations, and society of deploying
technological solutions and interventions.
4) Understanding of the concept of the lifecycle, including the significance of its
phases (planning, development, deployment, and evolution), the implications
for the development of all aspects of computer-related systems (including
software, hardware, and human computer interface), and the relationship
between quality and lifecycle management.
5) Understanding of the essential concept of process, in at least two meanings of
the term:
a) Process as it relates to computing and information especially program
execution and system operation;
b) Process as it relates to professional activity especially the relationship
between product quality and the deployment of appropriate human
processes during product development.
6) Study of advanced computing and information topics that permit students to visit
and understand the frontiers of the discipline. This is typically accomplished
through inclusion of learning experiences that lead students from elementary
topics to advanced topics or themes that pervade cutting-edge developments.
7) The identification and acquisition of skill sets that go beyond technical skills.
Such skill sets include interpersonal communication skills, team skills, and
management skills as appropriate to the discipline. To have value, learning
experiences must build such skills (not just convey that they are important) and
teach skills that are transferable to new situations.
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8) Exposure to an appropriate range of applications and case studies that connect
theory and skills learned in academia to real-world occurrences to explicate
their relevance and utility.
9) Attention to professional, legal, and ethical issues so that students acquire,
develop, and demonstrate attitudes and priorities that honor, protect, and
enhance the profession’s ethical stature and standing.
10) Demonstration that each student has integrated the various elements of the
undergraduate experience by undertaking, completing, and presenting a
capstone project.
6- National Academic reference Standards (NARS) for

Computing and Information Disciplines
6.1 Attributes of Computing and Information Programs Graduates
The graduates of the computing and Information programs should be able to:
1. Apply the fundamental theories and principles of computing and

information applications.
2. Integrate and evaluate the computing tools and facilities.
3. Apply knowledge of mathematics and science.
4. Design a computing system, component and process to meet the
required needs within realistic constraints
5. Exploit the techniques, skills and up-to-date computing tools, necessary
for computing and information practice.
6. Display professional responsibilities and ethical, societal and cultural
concerns
7. Use, compare and evaluate a range of formal and informal techniques,
theories and methods to develop computing and information applications.
8. Consider and deal with the individual, social, environmental,
organizational and economic implications of the application of computing
and information.
9. Carry out a work plan with minimal supervision.
10. Communicate effectively.
11. Hold knowledge and skills required by the computing and information
industry.
12. Engage in self and life-long learning and research in computing and
information.
13. Fulfill requirements of potential employers.
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6.2 National Academic Reference Standards (NARS) for Computing and
Information Programs.
Graduates are expected to develop a wide range of abilities and skills. These may
be divided into four broad categories:
 Knowledge and Understanding

 Computing and Information -related cognitive abilities and skills, i.e. abilities
and skills relating to intellectual tasks;
 Computing and Information -related practical skills;
 Additional transferable skills that may be developed in the context of
computing and information but which are of a general nature and applicable
in many other contexts
Knowledge and Understanding, cognitive, practical and generic skills need to be
placed in the context of the program of study as designed by the institution and/or
the possible pathways selected by the individual student.
1- Knowledge and Understanding
The graduates of the computing and information programs should acquire the
knowledge and understanding of:
1. Essential facts, concepts, principles and theories relating to computing

and information and computer applications as appropriate to the
program of study.
2. Modeling and design of computer-based systems bearing in mind the
trade-offs.
3. Tools, practices and methodologies used in the specification, design,
implementation and evaluation of computer software systems.
4. Criteria and specifications appropriate to specific problems, and plan
strategies for their solution.
5. The extent to which a computer-based system meets the criteria defined
for its current use and future development.
6. The current and underlying technologies that support computer
processing and inter-computer communication.
7. Principals of generating tests which investigate the functionality of
computer programs and computer systems and evaluating their results.
8. Management and economics principles relevant to computing and
information disciplines.
9. Professional, moral and ethical issues involved in the exploitation of
computer technology and be guided by the appropriate professional,
ethical and legal practices relevant to the computing and information
industry.
10. Current developments in computing and information research.
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11. Requirements, practical constraints and computer-based systems
2- Intellectual Skills
The graduates of the computing and Information programs should be able to:
1. Analyze computing problems and provide solutions related to the

design and construction of computing systems.
2. Realize the concepts, principles, theories and practices behind
computing and information as an academic discipline.
3. Identify criteria to measure and interpret the appropriateness of a
computer system for its current deployment and future evolution.
4. Analyze, propose and evaluate alternative computer systems and
processes taking into account limitations, and quality constraints.
5. Make ideas, proposals and designs using rational and reasoned
arguments for presentation of computing systems.
6. Evaluate the results of tests to investigate the functionality of computer
systems.
7. Achieve judgments considering balanced costs, benefits, safety,
quality, reliability, and environmental impact
8. Familiar with the professional, legal, moral and ethical issues relevant
to the computing industry.
9. Evaluate research papers in a range of knowledge areas
3- Professional / Practical
The graduates of the computing and information programs should be able to:
1. Operate computing equipment, recognizing its logical and physical

properties, capabilities and limitations.
2. Implement comprehensive computing knowledge and skills in projects
and in deployment of computers to solve position practical problems.
3. Deploy the equipment and tools used for the construction,
maintenance and documentation of computer applications.
4. Apply computing information retrieval skills in computing community
environment and industry.
5. Develop a range of fundamental research skills, through the use of
online resources, technical repositories and library-based material
6. Design, implement, maintain, and manage software systems.
7. Assess the implications, risks or safety aspects involved in the
operation of computing equipment within a specific context.
8. Handle a mass of diverse data, assess risk and draw conclusions.
20

4- Transferable skills
Graduates of the computing and information programs should be able:
1. Demonstrate the ability to make use of a range of learning resources and

to manage one's own learning.
2. Demonstrate skills in group working, team management, time
management and organizational skills.
3. Show the use of information-retrieval.
4. Use an appropriate mix of tools and aids in preparing and presenting
reports for a range of audiences, including management, technical,
users, industry or the academic community.
5. Exhibit appropriate numeracy skills in understanding and presenting
cases involving a quantitative dimension.
6. Reveal communication skills, public speaking and presentation skills,
and delegation, writing skills, oral delivery, and effectively using various
media for a variety of audiences.
7. Show the use of general computing facilities.
8. Demonstrate an appreciation of the need to continue professional
development in recognition of the requirement for life-long learning.
7- Curricula Contents for Computing and Information

Disciplines
Table 1: Indicative curricula content by subject area
Subject Area Tolerance %

A Humanities, ethical and Social Sciences (Univ. Req.) 8‐10
B Mathematics and Basic Sciences 16‐18
C Basic Computing Sciences (institution req.) 26‐28
D Applied Computing Sciences (specialisation) 28‐30
E Training 3‐5
F Projects 3‐5
Subtotal 84‐96
G Optional (Institution character-identifying subjects) 16‐4
Total 100
21

National Academic Reference

Standards
22

1- NARS CHARACTERIZATION OF
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
1.1 Introduction
Information systems focus on integrating information technology solutions and
business processes to meet the information needs of businesses and other
enterprises, enabling them to achieve their objectives in an effective, efficient way.
This discipline’s perspective on information technology emphasizes information,
and views technology as an instrument for generating, processing, and distributing
information.
In conceptualizing the role of information systems in the future and the

requirements for IS curricula, several elements remain important and characteristic
of the discipline. These characteristics evolve around four major areas of the IS
profession:
1. IS professionals must have a broad business and real world perspective.

Students must therefore understand that:
 IS are enablers of successful performance in organizations
 IS span and integrate all organizational levels and business functions
 IS are increasingly of strategic significance because of the scope of the
organizational systems involved and the role systems play in enabling
organizational strategy
2. IS professionals must have strong analytical and critical thinking skills. Students
must therefore:
 Be problem solvers and critical thinkers
 Use systems concepts for understanding and framing problems
 Be capable of applying both traditional and new concepts and skills
 Understand that a system consists of people, procedures, hardware,
software, and data
3. IS professionals must exhibit strong ethical principles and have good
interpersonal communication and team skills. Students must understand that:
 IS require the application of professional codes of conduct
 IS require collaboration as well as successful individual effort
 IS design and management demand excellent communication skills (oral,
written, and listening)
 IS require persistence, curiosity, creativity, risk taking, and a tolerance of
these abilities in others
4. IS professionals must design and implement information technology solutions
that enhance organizational performance. Students must therefore:
23

 Possess skills in understanding and modeling organizational processes and
data,
 defining and implementing technical and process solutions, managing
projects, and integrating systems
 Be fluent in techniques for acquiring, converting, transmitting, and storing
data and information
 Focus on the application of information technology in helping individuals,
groups, and organizations achieve their goals
The information systems specialist plays a key role in determining the

requirements for an organization’s information systems and is active in their
specification, design, and implementation.
A majority of Information Systems (IS) programs are located in business faculties.

All IS degrees combine business and computing coursework. A variety of IS
programs exist under various labels which often reflect the nature of the program.
For example, programs in Computer Information Systems usually have the
strongest technology focus, while programs in Management Information Systems
emphasize the organizational and behavioral aspects of IS. Degree program
names are not always consistent.

Computer
Science Information
Computer Technology
Systems

Information
Systems
Software
Engineering

Hardware
Software Applications Organizationa
1.2 The Attributes of Information Systems Graduate
The Information Systems program is designed to provide the student with the
foundations of the discipline as well as the opportunity for specialization. After
successfully completing the Information systems program, the graduate should be
able to:
24

1. Recognize problems that are amenable to computer information systems, and
knowledge of the tools necessary for solving such problems.
2. Understand fundamentals of systems development life cycle (SDLC),
information networks, information security, data mining, e-commerce,
geographical information systems, and crisis management.
3. Managing and exploiting organizational data and information; designing data
and information models, Managing information systems development resources
and projects
4. Implement solutions, including use of appropriate programming languages,
web-based systems and tools, design methodologies, and database systems.
5. Apply the principles of effective information management, information
organization, information mining, and information-retrieval skills to information of
various kinds, including text, images, sound, and video.
6. Know the fundamentals of intelligent information systems technologies.
7. Specify, design, and implement computer-based information systems, and
evaluate them in terms of general quality attributes and possible tradeoffs
presented within the given problem.
8. Apply IS solutions to functional, inter-organizational, operational, managerial,
and executive problems and opportunities.
9. Describe characteristics of various components of information systems, use the
appropriate tools and techniques to analyze, design, and construct information
systems.
10. Communicate effectively by oral, written and visual means.
11. Work effectively as an individual and as a member of a team.
12. Perform independent and efficient time management.
13. Aware of key ethical issues affecting information systems and their
responsibilities as information science professionals.
1.4 National Academic Reference Standards for Information

Systems
1.4.1 Knowledge and Understanding
In addition to knowledge and understanding of computing and information

graduate, the information system graduate should acquire the knowledge and
understanding of:
1. A core of analysis, algebra, applied mathematics and statistics.

2. Information systems, data and Information Management, enterprise
architecture, IS project management, IT infrastructure, systems analysis and
design, and IS strategies.
3. Principles and techniques of database management systems, management,
data mining, geographical information systems, multimedia, application
25

development, business process management, enterprise systems, human-
computer interaction, object-oriented analysis and design, e-technologies,
multimedia, image processing, information and infrastructures security and
computer graphics techniques..
4. Issues such as quality, reliability, enterprise, employment law, accounting
and health.
5. Awareness of organizational, human and economic sides of modern
organizations..
6. Principles of Information communication and information security.
7. Specification, analysis, design, implementation and operation and
maintenance of IS solutions.
8. Modeling organizational processes and data, defining and implementing
technical and process solutions, managing projects, and integrating systems
9. Types and alternatives of global information systems architectures, and their
differences in terms of service and cost consequences, and their
implications for the organizational support needed.
1.4.2 Intellectual Skills
In addition to intellectual of computing and information graduate, the information

system graduate should be able to:
1. Define traditional and nontraditional information systems problems, set

goals towards solving them, and. observe results.
2. Perform comparisons between (methods, techniques...etc).
3. Identify attributes, components, relationships, patterns, main ideas, and
errors.
4. Restrict solution methodologies upon their results.
5. Select the suitable tools, methods and techniques for modeling, analyzing
IS, establishing criteria, and verify solutions.
6. Identify a range of solutions and critically evaluate and justify proposed
design solutions.
7. Solve IS problems with pressing commercial, time, and industrial
constraints.
8. Suggest an innovative design to solve a problem containing a range of
commercial and industrial constraints.
9. Perform problem analysis from written descriptions; derive requirements
specifications from an understanding of problems (analysis, synthesis).
1.4.3 Professional and Practical Skills
In addition to Professional and Practical Skills of computing and information

graduate, the information system graduate should be able to:
26

1. Use appropriate programming languages, web-based systems and tools,
design methodologies, and database systems.
2. Use quantitative analysis techniques appropriately.
3. Justify technological, methodological and management choices for an
information system project for a given organization.
4. Plan and manage an information systems project from inception to final
implementation and cut-over.
5. Produce acceptable reports and technical and user system documentation.
6. Perform information acquisition and management, using the scientific
literature and Web sources.
7. Apply the principles of effective information acquisition, information
management, organization, and information-retrieval to text, images, sound,
and video.
8. Apply the principles of human-computer interaction to the evaluation and
construction of a wide range of materials including user interfaces, web
pages, and multimedia systems.
9. Using tools to automate IS development phases.
10. Analyze and documenting the feasibility of various options and comparing
solution options.
11. Maintaining existing information systems
27

COMPUTER SCIENCE
2.1 Introduction
Computer science spans a wide range, from its theoretical and algorithmic
foundations to World Wide Web and its applications, computer vision, intelligent
systems, bioinformatics, high performance computing, distributed systems, Object-
oriented programming, grid and cloud computing and other exciting areas.
The work of computer scientists could be fallen into three categories.

 Design and implement software. Computer scientists take on challenging
programming jobs.
 Supervise other programs by keeping them aware of new approaches.
 Devise new ways to use computers. Progress in the CS areas of
networking, database, and human-computer-interface enabled the
development of the World Wide Web.
Now CS researchers are working with scientists from other fields to make robots
become practical and intelligent aides, to use databases to create new knowledge,
and to use computers to help decipher the secrets of our DNA. They develop
effective ways to solve computing problems. For example, computer scientists
develop the best possible ways to store information in databases, send data over
networks, and display complex images. Their theoretical background allows them
to determine the best performance possible, and their study of algorithms helps
them to develop new approaches that provide better performance.

Computer
Science Information
Computer Technology
Systems or

Information
Systems
Software
Engineering

Applications Organization
Hardware

Software
28

2.2 The Attributes of Computer Science Graduate
The Computer Science program is designed to provide the student with the
foundations of the discipline as well as the opportunity for specialization. After
successfully completing the Computer Science program, the graduate should be
able to:
1. Demonstrate knowledge and competence in fundamental areas of

computer science such as: algorithms, design and analysis, computational
theory, computer architecture and software based systems.
2. Apply mathematical foundations, algorithmic principles, and computer
science theory in the modeling and design, implementation, evaluation and
evolution of computer-based systems.
3. Apply knowledge of mathematics and science to real world problems; as
well as to analyze and interpret data.
4. Demonstrate the analytic skills necessary to effectively evaluate the
relative merits of software and computer systems, and algorithmic
approaches.
5. Understand and apply a wide range of principles and tools of software
engineering, such as design methodologies, choice of algorithm, language,
software libraries and user interface technique.
6. Understand and apply a wide range of principles and tools of natural
language processing and data mining
7. Have a solid understanding of the used concepts in computer science to
be able to pursue further learning, whether as graduate students or on their
own.
8. Demonstrate an understanding of algorithms and data structures,
computer organization and architecture, programming language concepts,
compilers, networks, artificial intelligence, graphics, human computer
interfaces, and databases, and identify and define the computing
requirements for its solution.
9. Design, implement, and evaluate a computer-based systems, process,
component or program.
10. Use knowledge and understanding in the modeling and design of
computer-based systems in a way that demonstrates comprehension of
the tradeoff involved in design choices.
2.4. National Academic Reference Standards for Computer Science
In addition to Knowledge and Understanding of computing and information

graduate, the Computer Science graduate should be able to:
29

1. Understand the essential mathematics relevant to computer science.
2. Use high-level programming languages.
3. Demonstrate basic knowledge and understanding of a core of analysis,
algebra, applied mathematics and statistics.
4. Interpret and analyzing data qualitatively and/or quantitatively.
5. Know and understand the principles and techniques of a number of
application areas informed by the research directions of the subject, such
as artificial intelligence, natural language processing, data mining,
databases and computer graphics.
6. Show a critical understanding of the principles of artificial intelligence,
image, and pattern recognition.
7. Understand the fundamental topics in Computer Science, including
hardware and software architectures, software engineering principles and
methodologies, operating systems, compilers, parallel and distributed
computing, systems and software tools.
8. Select advanced topics to provide a deeper understanding of some
aspects of the subject, such as hardware systems design, object-oriented
analysis and design, and artificial intelligence, and parallel and concurrent
computing.
In addition to Intellectual of computing and information graduate, the Computer

Science graduate should be able to:
1. Define traditional and nontraditional problems, set goals towards solving

them, and. observe results.
2. Perform comparisons between (algorithms, methods, techniques...etc).
3. Perform classifications of (data, results, methods, techniques, algorithms..
etc.).
errors.
5. Summarize the proposed solutions and their results.
7. Establish criteria, and verify solutions.
design solutions.
9. Solve computer science problems with pressing commercial or industrial
constraints.
10. Generate an innovative design to solve a problem containing a range of
30


graduate, the Computer Science graduate should be able to:

design methodologies, and knowledge and database systems.
3. Perform independent information acquisition and management, using the
scientific literature and Web sources.
4. Prepare and present seminars to a professional standard.
6. Prepare technical reports, and a dissertation, to a professional standard;
use IT skills and display mature computer literacy.
7. Specify, design, and implement computer-based systems.
8. Evaluate systems in terms of general quality attributes and possible
tradeoffs presented within the given problem.
9. Apply the principles of effective information management, information
organization, and information-retrieval skills to information of various kinds,
including text, images, sound, and video.
11. Identify any risks or safety aspects that may be involved in the operation of
computing equipment within a given context.
12. Deploy effectively the tools used for the construction and documentation of
software, with particular emphasis on understanding the whole process
involved in using computers to solve practical problems.
13. Prepare technical reports, and a dissertation, to a professional standard.
31

SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING
3.1 Introduction
Scientific Computing (SC) is the focal point of computational science activities at

the sector of computing and information. Computational science involves the
invention, implementation, testing, and application of algorithms and software used
to solve large-scale scientific and engineering problems.
Scientific computing is now widely accepted, along with theory and experiment, as
a crucial third mode of scientific investigation and engineering design. Aerospace,
automotive, biological, chemical, semiconductor, and other industrial sectors now
rely on simulation for technical decision support. For government agencies also,
scientific computing has become an essential support for decisions on resources,
transportation, and defense. Finally, in many new areas such as medicine, the life
sciences, management and marketing, and finance, techniques and algorithms
from computational science are of growing importance.
The field of scientific computing combines simulation, visualization, mathematical

modeling, programming, data structures, networking, database design, symbolic
computation, and high performance computing with various scientific disciplines.
Hence, scientific computing may be defined as a broad multidisciplinary area that
encompasses applications in science/engineering, numerical analysis, and
computer science. Computer models and computer simulations have become an
important part of the research repertoire, supplementing (and in some cases
replacing) experimentation. Going from application area to computational results
requires domain expertise, mathematical modeling, numerical analysis, algorithm
development, software implementation, program execution, analysis, validation
and visualization of results.
Scientific computing involves all of this. Although it includes elements from

computer science, engineering and science, scientific computing focuses on the
integration of knowledge and methodologies from all of these disciplines, and as
such is a subject which is (in some sense) distinct from any of them. The graphical
representation of scientific computing, shown in the following figure, is one of
several variations on this theme.
32

Science & Computer
Engineering Science
Scientific
Computing
Mathematics
Scientific computing includes, but is greater than, the intersection of mathematics,

computer science and science and engineering.
3.2 The Attributes of The Computer Science Graduates
After successfully completing the scientific computing and information program, the
graduate should be able to :
1. Formulate simple mathematical models of physical systems in terms of

algebraic and differential equations, starting from a rough description of the
problem.
2. Select or develop a suitable numerical method to obtain quantitative
estimates of important parameters in the mathematical models.
3. Implement the numerical method in a programming language and obtain
estimates of the parameters of interest.
4. Use high performance computing resources whenever needed to solve
large-scale problems.
5. Use symbolic computing tools to develop approximate and closed form
solutions.
6. Interpret results and assess the different mathematical models.
7. Deal with scientific databases.
8. Select and use the appropriate visualization technique for visualizing
numerical data.
9. Report the results of analysis and the interpretation of those results in a
suitable (written text or graphical) form.
10. Continue to learn and be able to read mathematical modeling, computing
and numerical methods literature with a view to using new ideas in future
scientific computing problems.
33

3.4. National Academic Reference Standards for Scientific

Computing Graduates

graduate, the Scientific Computing graduate should be able to:
1. Use high-level programming languages.

2. Demonstrate basic knowledge and understanding of a core knowledge.
3. Demonstrate strong skills in computational methods, simulation and
modeling.
4. Apply effectively computational modeling techniques to an application area
fields.
5. Interpret and analyzing data qualitatively and/or quantitatively.
6. Visualize different types of scientific data with different techniques.
7. Deal with high performance computing resources.
8. Communicate the solution process effectively.
In addition to Intellectual of computing and information graduate, the Scientific

Computing graduate should be able to:
1. Define problems in precise scientific manner.

2. Set goals towards solving traditional and nontraditional problems.
3. Observe results and attitudes.
4. Formulate clear questions and models for any real-life problems.
5. Perform comparisons between algorithms, methods, and techniques.
6. Perform classifications of (data, results, methods, techniques, algorithms,
etc.).
7. Identify attributes and components.
8. Identify relationships and patterns.
9. Identify main ideas.
10. Identify errors.
11. Infer up on the problem conditions.
12. Predict best solution, source of errors, etc...
13. Elaborate.
14. Summarize problems, proposed solutions and their results.
15. Restructure solution methodologies up on their results.
16. Establish criteria.
17. Verify solutions.
34

In addition to Professional and Practical of computing and information graduate,

the Scientific Computing graduate should be able to:
1. Explore, and where feasible solve, mathematical problems, by selecting

appropriate techniques.
2. Use of standard numerical recipes and mathematical libraries in problem
solving.
3. Use symbolic software to develop approximate and closed form solutions.
4. Use scientific visualization packages to visualize complex scientific data
sets.
5. Determine the merits of parallelizing a particular scientific code for
operation on a shared-memory or a distributed-memory platform.
6. Parallel programming using MPI and OpenMP.
7. Give technical presentations.
35

OPERATIONS RESEARCH AND
DECISION SUPPORT
4.1 Introduction
Operations Research (OR) and Decision Support (DS) emphasize optimizing

organizational and system performance using advanced analytical methods to help
make better decisions.
Operations Research is used in many different industry segments—from health

care to logistics to financial services. It is also applied in different business
functions from finance to manufacturing and marketing. It helps solve diverse
business problems such as identifying best product placements in retail
establishments to ensuring appropriate inventory levels in spare parts
manufacturing. Technology, computing, and information science all leverage OR’s
historical and current intellectual thought to enhance practical application.
Operations Research employs high-performance computing capabilities to achieve
its objectives.
This program aims to produce a graduate capable of analyzing and developing

models and supporting complex decisions in different systems and operations at all
managerial levels. Our graduate should be able to play an effective role when in
comes to decision formulation in the corporate as well as the wider societal setting,
identify the salient parameters that are necessary for decision making, and utilizing
information and techniques from diverse fields. We aim to produce a problem
solver with a sufficient grasp of the fundamental techniques and approaches to
decision support and a broad intellectual outlook that would enable him/her to
effectively contribute in a wide variety of settings.
4.2 The Attributes of The Operations Research and Decision Support

Graduates:
After successfully completing the operations research and Decision Support

program, the graduate should be able to :
36

1. Exhibit the fundamental models of operational research and their
computational methods.
2. Develop the algorithmic techniques for the combinatorial optimization
problems.
3. Practice the most important algorithmic techniques and its mathematical
theory to implement both linear and non-linear optimization algorithms.
4. Demonstrate strong skills in the mathematical foundation of the decision-
making methods.
5. Demonstrate knowledge of theoretical foundation of intelligent systems.
6. Understanding the Mathematical foundation of the analytical and methods
used in artificial intelligence tools.
7. Demonstrate sufficient knowledge about the methods of production control
of computer or industrial systems.
8. Deal with the different stochastic programming models and their solution
methods.
9. Exhibit the fundamentals of system approach and system thinking.
10. Exhibit the fundamentals of decision support based on computer
technology.
11. Deeping the analysis skills to reach concrete alternatives.
12. Report the results of analysis.
13. Continue on viewing and using new ideas in future problems.
4.3. National Academic Reference Standards for Operations Research and

Decision Support Graduates

graduate, the Operations Research and Decision Support graduate should be able
to:
1. Understand different types of models with complex operations including

quantitative and qualitative factors.
2. Cognate how are those models used to support and facilitate decision-
making.
3. Implement appropriate technologies in the design and operation of
organizations and enterprises.
4. Handle the different types and application domains of Decision Support
Systems (DSS).
5. Deal with decision-making and support through traditional and
technological rationalization.
6. Apply various approaches to solve Managerial problems such as
Production Management, Operations Management, Inventory
Management, Project Management and Supply Chain Management…etc.
37

7. Understand the key concepts of Game Theory, Decision Theory and
Queuing Theory and the role of Operations Research (OR).
8. Merging both models and optimization approaches with Neural
Computation, Evolutionary Computation,…etc to enhance the solution
processes.
In addition to Intellectual of computing and information graduate, the Operations

Research and Decision Support graduate should be able to
1. View any real-life problem as a system and a part of a large system.

2. Summarize and visualize the problem using OR/MS methodology.
3. Formulate models for any real-life problems using appropriate modeling
techniques.
4. Solve the model with the appropriate techniques to get the solution
(decision).
5. Define, analyze and solve complex problems within and between
enterprises.

graduate, the Operations Research and Decision Support graduate should be able
to
1. Develop models using different modeling techniques

2. Develop and use DS/MS/OR software packages.
3. Study, analyze, evaluate and improve dynamic systems at any stage of the
decision making process.
4. Utilize and adopt advanced technology (computer and information
systems) to serve and support decision-making.
5. Design a system, component or process to meet desired needs.
38

COMPUTER SYSTEMS
5.1 Introduction
Computer systems program is concerned with the design and construction of

computers and computer-based systems. It involves the study of hardware,
software, communications, and the interaction among them. Its curriculum focuses
on the theories, principles, and practices of traditional electrical engineering and
mathematics and applies them to the problems of designing computers and
computer-based devices.
Computer systems students study the design of digital hardware systems including
communications systems, computers, and devices that contain computers,
software development, focusing on software for digital devices and their interfaces
with users and other devices. Computer System study may emphasize hardware
more than software or there may be a balanced emphasis.
Computer System has a strong engineering flavor, and currently, a dominant area
within computing engineering systems is embedded systems, the development of
devices that have software and hardware embedded in them.

Computer
Science Information
Computer Technology
Systems

Information
Systems
Software
Engineering

Hardware
Software Applications Organization
39

5.2 4.2 The Attributes of The Computer Systems Graduates
After successfully completing the Computer Systems program, the graduate should
be able to :
1. Recognize problems that are amenable to computer systems, and

knowledge of the tools necessary for solving such problems.
2. Have a detailed understanding of the fundamentals of computer
programming, networking, computer organization, computer architecture,
networks, artificial intelligence, graphics, computer interfacing, databases,
embedded applications and computer and network security and operating
systems.
3. Analyze real-world problems, and identify and define the computing
requirements appropriate to its solution, and. to design systems to meet
the desired needs within problem constraints.
4. Apply knowledge of computing to design, implement and evaluate a
computer-based solution to a problem to meet desired needs.
5. Demonstrate an understanding of emerging technologies and a working
knowledge of currently available software tools, techniques and skills
necessary for computing.
6. Identify, formulate, and solve information technology problems.
7. Use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice. Graduates will demonstrate the ability to apply
knowledge of computing and mathematics.
8. Use and apply current technical concepts and practices in information
technology to design effective and usable IT-based solutions and integrate
them into the user environment.
9. Work effectively in teams in designing and implementing software systems.
10. Demonstrate the ability to orally communicate ideas and concepts clearly
and in an organized manner.
5.3. National Academic Reference Standards for Computer Systems

graduate, the Computer Systems graduate should be able to
1. Demonstrate basic knowledge and understanding of a core of analysis,

algebra, applied mathematics and statistics.
2. Understand and apply a wide range of principles and tools of software
engineering, such as design methodologies, choice of algorithm, language,
software libraries and user interface technique.
3. Demonstrate the principles of computer systems, including architecture,
networks and communications.
40

4. Know and understand the principles and techniques of a number of
application areas informed by the research directions of the subject, such
as computer interfacing and computer graphics.
5. Show a critical understanding of the physical, electronic, architecture
principles underlying hardware design.
6. Understand hardware and/or software designs to provide working solutions,
including use of appropriate programming languages, web-based systems
and tools, design methodologies, and database systems.
7. Understand the principles computer programming, networking, computer
organization, computer architecture, networks, artificial intelligence,
graphics, computer interfacing, databases, embedded applications and
computer and network security and operating systems.
In addition to Intellectual of computing and information graduate, the Computer

Systems graduate should be able to
1. Define traditional and nontraditional information technology problems, set

goals towards solving them, and. observe results.
2. Perform comparisons between (algorithms, methods, techniques...etc).
3. Perform classifications of (data, results, methods, techniques, algorithms..
etc.).
errors.
5. Summarize the proposed solutions ad their results.
7. Establish criteria, and verify solutions.
design solutions.
9. Solve IT problems with pressing commercial or industrial constraints.
commercial and industrial constraints. Design and implement a software or
hardware system of significant size.

graduate, the Computer Systems graduate should be able to

design methodologies, and database systems. Work effectively as an
individual and as a member of a team.
41

3. Prepare and present seminars to a professional standard.
6. Use IT skills and display mature computer literacy.
7. Specify, design, and implement IT and computer-based systems.
8. Evaluate systems in terms of general quality attributes and possible
tradeoffs presented within the given problem.
10. Identify any risks or safety aspects that may be involved in the operation of
computing equipment within a given context.
11. Deploy effectively the tools used for the construction and documentation of
software, with particular emphasis on understanding the whole process
involved in using computers to solve practical problems.
13. Use appropriate computer-based design support tools.
42

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
6.1 Introduction
Today, organizations of every kind are dependent on information technology. They

need to have appropriate systems in place. These systems must work properly, be
secure, and upgraded, maintained, and replaced as appropriate. Disciplines are
established to reflect these needs. While the Information Technology and
Information Systems disciplines both include a focus on software and hardware,
they use technology as critical instruments for addressing organizational needs.
Information Technology can be seen as the complement of Information Systems:
its emphasis is on the technology itself more than on the information it conveys. IT
is a new and rapidly growing field that started as a grassroots response to the
practical, everyday needs of business and other organizations.
Information Technology focuses on ensuring that the organization’s infrastructure

is appropriate and reliable and using computing to meet the needs of technology-
dependent organizations. Information technology refers to undergraduate degree
programs that prepare students to meet the computer technology needs of
business, government, healthcare, faculties, and other kinds of organizations. In
some nations, other names are used for such degree programs.
IT programs exist to produce graduates, who possess the right combination of

knowledge and practical expertise to take care of both an organization’s
information technology infrastructure and the people who use it, planning and
management of the technology lifecycle by which an organization’s technology is
maintained, upgraded, and replaced. Graduates of information technology
programs address these needs. Information Technology (IT) in its broadest sense
encompasses all aspects of computing technology. IT, as an academic discipline,
focuses on meeting the needs of users within an organizational and societal
context through the selection, creation, application, integration and administration
of computing technologies.
43

IT programs aim to provide IT graduates with the skills and knowledge to take on
appropriate professional positions in Information Technology upon graduation and
grow into leadership positions or pursue research or graduate studies in the field.

Computer
Science Information
Computer Technology
Systems

Information
Systems
Software
Engineering

Hardware
Software Applications Organization
6.2 The Attributes of The Information Technology Graduates
According to the ACM, and the IEEE Computer Society – for four-year programs in
Information Technology, Computing Curricula, Information Technology Volume,
Version: Aug 22, 2008, an IT graduate must therefore acquire a skill set that
enables him or her to successfully perform integrative tasks, including the ability
to:
1. Knowledge of computing and mathematics appropriate to the discipline

2. Analyze a problem, and identify and define the computing requirements
appropriate to its solution
3. Design, implement, and evaluate a computer-based system, process,
component, or program to meet desired needs
4. Demonstrate independent critical thinking and problem solving skills and
function effectively on a team to accomplish a common goal.
5. An understanding of professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues
and responsibilities
6. Communicate effectively with a range of audiences
7. Analyze the local and global impact of computing on individuals,
organizations, and society
8. Recognition of the need for and an ability to engage in continuing
professional development
9. Use current techniques, skills, and tools necessary for Information
technology practice and in the creation of an effective project plan
44

10. Use and apply current technical concepts and practices in the core
information technologies subjects.
11. Identify and analyze user needs and take them into account in the
selection, creation, evaluation and administration of computer-based
systems.
12. Address information technologies problems of organizations or individuals.
13. Effectively integrate IT-based solutions into the user environment
14. Understand the best practices and standards and their application
6.3. National Academic Reference Standards for Information Technology

Graduates

graduate, the Information Technology graduate should be able to
1. Demonstrate basic knowledge and understanding of fundamental principles

of core computing.
2. Demonstrate strong knowledge of fundamentals of programming and the
construction of computer-based systems, data structures and algorithms,
software engineering techniques and information retrieval.
3. Provide a deeper understanding of some aspects of the subject, such as
multimedia, computer and communication network, data mining and
knowledge discovery, information storage and retrieval systems, mobile
Communication Systems, pattern recognition, artificial Intelligence,
cryptography and network security.
4. Show the understanding of technologies for the design, development and
management of database systems, systems analysis and design and of
information retrieval systems.
5. Know the role of human factors in the design of Information Technology
systems.
6. Apply tools and techniques for the design and development of applications.
7. Know methods for the construction of web-based materials and systems,
design of internet-based systems.
8. Provide an understanding of legal, professional and moral aspects of the
exploitation of IT.
9. Understand the broad context within computer information technology such
as quality, reliability, enterprise, employment law, accounting and health.
10. Understand the challenges inherent in the maintenance and evolution of IT-
based systems, and the techniques and best practices currently available
for dealing with them.
45

In addition to intellectual of computing and information graduate, the Information

Technology graduate should be able to
1. Information technology systems problems, set goals towards solving them,

observe results, reason and apply judgment.
errors.
3. Summarize the proposed solutions ad their results.
5. Establish criteria, and verify solutions
design solutions.
7. Solve information technology problems with pressing commercial or
industrial constraints.
9. Perform problem analysis from written descriptions; derive requirements
specifications from an understanding of problems (analysis, synthesis).
10. Create and/or justify designs to satisfy given requirements (synthesis,
evaluation, application).
11. Recognize the professional, moral and ethical issues of involved in the
exploitation of Information Technology and be guided by their adoption,
reflect on issues of professional practice within the discipline.

graduate, the Information Technology graduate should be able to
1. Specify, investigate, analyze, design and develop computer-based systems

using appropriate tools and techniques.
2. Evaluate systems in terms of their quality and possible trade-offs , evaluate
appropriate hardware and software solutions for given scenarios.
3. Recognize risks or safety aspects involved in the operation of computer-
based systems.
4. Deploy tools for the implementation and documentation of computer-based
systems.
5. Work as part of a development team and to recognize the different roles of
its members.
6. Operate computing equipment efficiently, taking into account its logical and
physical properties.
46

7. Recognize and address professional, moral and ethical issues within the
discipline.
8. Effectively employ information-retrieval skills, (including the use of
browsers, search engines, and on-line library catalogues), communicate
effectively using a variety of communication methods, communicate
effectively with team members, managers and customers.
9. Make effective use of general IT facilities, plan and manage a project to
complete within budget and schedule
10. Manage one's own learning and development, including time management
and organizational skills.
11. Present their work in the form of reports, oral presentations or an internet
web site.
47

NETWORK TECHNOLOGY
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Networks technology is the knowledge of the technologies involved in network

management and operating, network and information security, embedded networks
systems, and internet and web technology, gained by study, experience and
practice, applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, ethically and
economically, the advances in modern technology and communication for the
benefit of mankind. It is the ability to initiate and conduct activity associated with
networking processes, systems, problems, opportunities, future, impacts, ethics
and consequences. It involves knowledge, ways of thinking and acting, and
theoretical and practical networking skills. It helps preparing individuals to make
well-informed choices in their means of communication as consumers, workers,
citizens and members of the global community.
The Networks Technology education should achieve excellence in undergraduate

and postgraduate education, research, public service and to advance the state-of-
the-art in networks technology. It means to produce talented, broadly educated,
highly qualified specialists, useful creative high quality research and technology
through academic excellence, and to challenge the students, faculty and staff to
learn, to grow, to achieve, and to serve the needs of society, the nation and the
world.
It means also to prepare students for a productive and rewarding career in

networking or a related profession based on a strong moral and ethical foundation,
and to create, integrate, and transfer knowledge of networks technology through
the development of citizens and leaders for the society.
7.2 The Attributes of The Network Technology Graduates
Upon completion of the Network Technology program, the graduate student should
be able to:
1. Apply knowledge of mathematics, probablities, electornics and logic design.
48

2. Analyze a problem; write a program using the fundamental concepts of
programming; with the ability to document a program and the ability to select
a particular computer language for a programming application.
3. Gain comprehensive knowledge of computer architectures, operating
systems, information retrieval and database systems, decision support and
simulation systems, software development and documentation.
4. Analyze and apply the concepts and techniques of signals processing and
pattern recognition with applications in speech and image processing.
5. Know the technology required to build networking systems of all types.
6. Have acquired knowledge of the hardware components that make up
computer networks, along with the features and specifications of these
components.
7. Have acquired the skills of using modern methodologies and web and
networks programming tools in planning, analyzing, designing, building and
managing computer networks.
8. Have an integrated understanding of the scientific and practical principles
underlying the major fields of networks technology, which include, networks
management and operating, network and information security, embedded
networks systems, and internet and web technology.
9. Gain a solid understanding of computer graphics and multimedia systems;
then evaluate techniques of data compression and transmission concerning
the representations of sound, image and video.
10. Get familiar with the terminology and basic principles of the Internet.
11. Effectively present ideas in a logical framework in a variety of forms with
proper language structure and mechanics.
12. Work effectively in teams in designing and implementing software systems.
7.4 NATIONAL ACADEMIC REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR NETWORK

TECHNOLOGY GRADUATES

graduate, the Network Technology graduate should be able to
1. Know the analytical concepts and algorithmic procedures relevant to

computer network technology.
2. Consider the human and economic sides of modern organizations.
3. Understand the principles of computer architecture, operating systems.
4. Know the fundamentals of programming, data structures, algorithms and
object orientation.
49

5. Understand the capabilities of design, implementation and evaluation of
networking technology and its configuration and management for
business.
6. Select between methods of securing data and networks.
7. Methods for programming computer interfaces, graphical rendering, and
speech production.
8. A detailed knowledge of the tools and techniques involved in networking
applications.
9. Knowledge of decision making, project management, software
engineering and artificial intelligence.
10. Describe the principles of mobile and wireless networking technologies.
11. The significance of the Internet to the global economy.
12. Contribute to business management processes based on knowledge and
understanding of the commercial constraints.
In addition to Intellectual of computing and information graduate, the Network

Technology graduate should be able to
1. Analyzing physical problems in mathematical and systematical way.

2. Design a system, component or process to meet a need.
3. Be creative in the solution of problems, assessing the different
alternatives and in the development of designs.
4. Integrate and evaluate information, techniques, and systems from a
variety of sources.
5. Identify parameters leading to problem definition and demonstrate
problem solving skills.
6. Analyze, assess and modify the performance of computer systems.
7. Categorize and analyze various communication systems and networks
protocols.
8. Evaluate and analyze requirements for a computer networking installation
and design a suitable system.
9. Apply solutions to problems associated with the transport of information
via a computer network.
10. Analyze and critically appraise the performance and operation of wireless
communication technologies.
11. Analyze traffic flow in a computer network in order to optimize
performance.
12. Identify and explore options with regard to methods used to identify and
secure the required data.
50


graduate, the Network Technology graduate should be able to
1. Prepare a plan to solve problems, perform experiments, then analyze,

evaluate and extract conclusions from the experimental results.
2. Represent information using statistics, diagrams and graphics.
3. Operate on computer network commercial software systems and
measure its feasibility.
4. Develop computer programs to solve specific problem using various
programming language.
5. Troubleshoot a network problem.
6. Implement classical security measures to computer network and data
encryption techniques.
7. Implementation of an effective strategic plan to meet the networking and
internetworking requirements of an organization.
8. Design and implement a company web site suitable for connection to a
local or international network.
9. Communicate effectively with system administrators in terms of
identification of network types, operating systems and data storage areas
10. Evaluate the technical performance of various networks.
11. Plan and manage a project, taking into account commercial and industrial
constraints.
51

Glossary
1. Institution
A University, faculty or higher institute providing education
programs leading to a first university degree or a higher degree
(Master's or Doctorate).
2. Graduate Attributes
Competencies expected from the graduate based on the
acquired knowledge and skills gained upon completion of a
particular program.
3. National Academic Reference Standards (NARS)
Reference points designed by NAQAAE to outline / describe the

expected minimum knowledge and skills necessary to fulfill the
requirements of a program of study.
4. Academic Standards
Reference points prescribed (defined) by an institution

comprising the collective knowledge and skills to be gained by
the graduates of a particular program. The academic standards
should surpass the NARS, and be approved by NAQAAE.
5. Subject Benchmark Statements
Guideline statements that detail (enumerate) what can be

expected of a graduate in terms of the learning outcomes to
satisfy the standards set for the program. They enable the
outcomes to be compared, reviewed and evaluated against
agreed upon standards.
6. The Program
A set of educational courses and activities designed by the

institution to determine the systematic learning progress. The
52

program also imparts the intended competencies required for the
award of an academic degree.
7. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
Subject-specific knowledge, understanding and skills intended by

the institution to be gained by the learners completing a particular
educational activity. The ILOs emphasize what is expected that
learners will be able to do as a result of a learning activity.
8. Knowledge and Understanding
Knowledge is the intended information to be gained from an

educational activity including facts, terms, theories and basic
concepts. Understanding involves comprehending and grasping
the meaning or the underlying explanation of scientific objects.
9. Intellectual Skills
Learning and cognitive capabilities that involve critical thinking

and creativity. These include application, analysis, synthesis
and evaluation of information.
10. Professional and Practical Skills
Application of specialized knowledge, training and proficiency

in a subject or field to attain successful career development
and personal advancement.
11. General and Transferable Skills
Skills that are not subject-specific and commonly needed in

education, employment, life-long learning and self
development. These skills include communication, team work,
numeracy, independent learning, interpersonal relationship,
and problem solving... etc.
53

References
1. Sector committee National Academic standards (NARS) for computing

2008
2. Computing Curricula 2004, Overview Report, including
A Guide to Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computing for
undergraduate degree programs in
 Computer Engineering
 Computer Science
 Information Systems
 Information Technology
 Software Engineering
Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2004
A cooperative project of The Association for Computing (ACM), The Association
for Information Systems (AIS), The Computer Society (IEEE-CS) , 22
November 2004
3. Computing 2007, The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education 2007
ISBN 978 1 84482 678 0
All QAA's publications are available on our website www.qaa.ac.uk, Printed
copies of current publications are available from:
4. Computer Engineering 2004 , Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate
Degree Programs in Computer Engineering
A Report in the Computing Curricula Series , Joint Task Force on Computer
Engineering Curricula , IEEE Computer Society , Association for Computing
Machinery ,2004 December 12
5. Software Engineering 2004, Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate
Degree Programs in Software Engineering, A Volume of the Computing
Curricula Series, August 23, 2004. The Joint Task Force on Computing
Curricula, IEEE Computer Society, Association for Computing Machinery
6. Computer Science Curriculum 2008:
An Interim Revision of CS 2001, Report from the Interim Review Task
Force includes update of the CS2001 body of knowledge plus commentary
December 2008, Association for Computing, Machinery, IEEE Computer
Society
7. IS 2002 Model Curriculum and Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree
Programs in Information Systems
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Association for Information
Systems (AIS), Association of Information Technology, Professionals (AITP)
John T. Gorgone, Gordon B. Davis, Joseph S. Valacich, Heikki Topi, David L.
Feinstein, Herbert E. Longenecker, Jr
8. Information Technology 2008, Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate
Degree Programs in Information Technology
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), IEEE Computer Society,
54

Barry M. Lunt (Chair), Joseph J. Ekstrom, Sandra Gorka. Gregory Hislop, Reza
Kamali, Eydie Lawson, Richard LeBlanc, Jacob Miller, Han Reichgelt,
Version: Posting Nov 2008
9. Computing Curricula Information Technology Volume Version: Aug 22,
2008, draft
10. Core Body of Knowledge for Information Technology Professionals
Alan Underwood, FACS, PCP
Approved by Council on 20 September 1997 , The Australian Computer Society
Incorporated, PO Box 534 QVB, Sydney NSW 1230, AUSTRALIA
Journal of Information Technology Education Volume 1 No. 4, 2002, Editor:
Karen Nantz
11. Designing an Information Technology Curriculum:
The Georgia Southern University Experience, Han Reichgelt, Aimao
Zhang & Barbara Price, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA
30460, U.S.A.
han@gasou.edu aimao@gasou.edu baprice@gasou.edu
12. The University of Tennessee, Memphis, Writing Learning Objectives
A Teaching Resource Document from the Office of the Vice Chancellor for
Planning and Academic Support, Prepared by Raoul A. Arreola, Ph.D.
13. Additional reference are in the attached CD.
55

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National Academic

Reference Standards (NARS)

In the light of NAQAAE's mandates, developing National Academic Reference

The international changes and the concomitant alterations in the socio-economic

Good practice in education should encourage students to improve their innovative

In alignment with its functions, NAQAAE, in collaboration with the stakeholders,

National Authority for Quality Assurance and

The President of the National Authority for Quality Assurance in Education,

Professor Magdy Kassem

Standard first drafts were reviewed by technical committees formed by

Computing and Information

1- Introduction to Computing and Information

Computing and Information is concerned with the understanding, design,

2- The Study of Computing and Information

Communication and Interaction

3- Computing and Information Programs

It is hardly surprising that the diversity of computing and information is reflected in

Computer Computer Software Information Information Mixed

Scientific Operational Bio- Computer Gaming & Medical Computer Network

 Career Path 1: Designing and Implementing Software. This refers to the

 Career Path 2: Devising New Ways to Use Computers. This refers to

 Career Path 3: Developing Effective Ways to Solve Computing Problems.

Career path 5 is suitable for graduates from computer application programs.

In general, a CS degree from a respected program is the most flexible of degrees

5- Computing and Information Disciplines Characteristics

5.1 Common Requirements of Computing and Information Degrees

6- National Academic reference Standards (NARS) for

1. Apply the fundamental theories and principles of computing and

 Knowledge and Understanding

1- Knowledge and Understanding

1. Essential facts, concepts, principles and theories relating to computing

1. Analyze computing problems and provide solutions related to the

1. Operate computing equipment, recognizing its logical and physical

Graduates of the computing and information programs should be able:

1. Demonstrate the ability to make use of a range of learning resources and

7- Curricula Contents for Computing and Information

Subject Area Tolerance %

National Academic Reference

In conceptualizing the role of information systems in the future and the

1. IS professionals must have a broad business and real world perspective.

The information systems specialist plays a key role in determining the

A majority of Information Systems (IS) programs are located in business faculties.

1.2 The Attributes of Information Systems Graduate

1.4 National Academic Reference Standards for Information

1.4.1 Knowledge and Understanding

In addition to knowledge and understanding of computing and information

1. A core of analysis, algebra, applied mathematics and statistics.

1.4.2 Intellectual Skills

In addition to intellectual of computing and information graduate, the information

1. Define traditional and nontraditional information systems problems, set

1.4.3 Professional and Practical Skills

In addition to Professional and Practical Skills of computing and information

The work of computer scientists could be fallen into three categories.

1. Demonstrate knowledge and competence in fundamental areas of

2.4. National Academic Reference Standards for Computer Science

2.4.1 Knowledge and Understanding

In addition to Knowledge and Understanding of computing and information

2.4.2 Intellectual Skills

In addition to Intellectual of computing and information graduate, the Computer

1. Define traditional and nontraditional problems, set goals towards solving