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3pT T F ~ YI WI@@h (Monophysiteslf$%?CW f%Y
the Roman Dominion, p. 29-30.
f@i (4, (W)-3 I 43 i l v % Th% 2. rnB, >W-bb;
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1. Sale's translation,.P. 62.(1896)
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4m d
World-43 GFN : Wt? TTT8 "From the fifth to the tenth century
"That it (Byzantine Empire) had nevertheless suffered very Europe lay s u n k in a night of barbarism which grew darker
severely in the general decline caused by over-taxation, and and darker. It was a barbarism far more awful and horrible
by reduced commerce, neglected agriculture and diminished : than that of the primitive savage, for it was the decomposing
population, is attested by t h e magnificent ruins of cities ,
I
body of what had once been a great civilization. The features
which had already fallen to decay, and which never regained 1 and impress of that civilization were all but completely effaced.
their ancient prosperity." Where its development had been fullest, e.g., in Italy and Gaul.
all was ruin, squalor, dissolution."

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1. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. WQ, 7. ~ 9 .
2. Sale's translation. p, 72. % (vf)-w 4~ fMi?q 4 . r ~wtvm 3% M xv 63%
3. Gibbon , The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. V. p. 31. 1. A shorf History of the World vol. vii-p. 170.
4. 3.Ibid, Vol. V. p. 31.
5. Historion's History of the World. vol. vii-p. 175. / 2. Robert Brifault, The Making of Humanitv. v. p. 164.
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(f%&t, Cmhq, & Q firmm f%3tcf m5i I q* am rn ?. Histonon's History of the World. vol. viii-p.84.
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>. Discovery of India, P. 201,203.
(M@ 9.) 2. a%%;
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 I-Iindus listened to them, and sometimes even accepted their
teachings in principle, b u t in practice the three gods went on
multiplying till they began to see a god in every article and
phenomenon of nature. "
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"The Hindu, of all people. stands most unavoidably in the mRms

need of visible objects for religious worship. and although a t ~ ? & ? & ' ~ d h ~ ~ 4 f l ' t 5
different times religious reformers have tried to prove qrptl~Q~\3431cm~~(rm*q4lmWl4
monotheism in the Hindu faith, it h a s been a n unavailing m y ~ q ~ ~ * m ~ m m u m m - s a
effort. From the Vedic Age to the present day, the Hindu has ~ ~ ~ ~ & ~ ? w
been worshipping all sorts of things. Whatever he cannot
I
understand or control is worthy of being adored a s divine in
m-srt;sitmP1**~.rr.n*rn~*m
his eyes. All attempts of Brahmans a n d other Hindu rn I?
reformers in the direction of monotheism or in limiting the
number of gods to three have been utterly unsuccessful. The
 1
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I G. Gustave le Bon -qq ERR X
We have seen that, towards the close of the Vedic Age,
occupation had started become more or less hereditary, and
1
I the germ of the caste system had been sown. The Vedic
Aryans were alive to the need of maintaining the purity of their
race by not mixing with the conquered peoples and when they
advanced towards the east and subjugated vast populations,
this need became still more manifest and the law-givers had to
pay due regard to it. The Aryans understood the problems of
race well; they had come to realize that if a ruling minority did
- not take proper care of itself, it was rapidly assimilated with
the servile population and deprived of its identity.
' b ~ g t ~ r n ~ m m ~ m
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43 ZfWtGr?4~1'S(m8 4?0\ RTt?FKW (13 &
 "The Arabs did not command any respect in the sixth
century world. As a matter of fact, no one counted very much.
It was a moribund period when the great empires of Eastern
Europe and Western Asia had already been destroyed or were
at the end of their imperial careers.
"It was a world still dazed by the eloquence of Greece, by
the grandeur of Persia, by the majesty of Rome, with nothing
yet to take their places, not even a religion.
"The Jews were wandering all over the world, with no
central guidance. They were tolerated or persecuted according
to circumstances. They had no country to call their own, and
their future was a s uncertain a s it is today.
"Outside the sphere of influence of Pope Gregory the Great,
the Christians were propounding all kinds of complicated
interpretations of their once simple creed and were busy
cutting one another's throat in the process.
"In Persia, a last flicker of empire-building remained.
Khusrau I1 was extending the frontiers of his domain. By
inflicting defeat on Rome he had already occupied Cappadocia,
Egypt and Syria. In 620 A.C. (after Christ), when Muhammad
was about to emerge a s a guide for humanity, he had sacked
Jerusalem and stolen the Holy Cross and restored the might
and grandeur of Darius I. It looked almost like a new lease of
life for the splendour of the Middle East. Yet the Byzantine
Romans still had a little of their old vitality. When Khusrau
brought his army to the walls of Constantinople, they made ;n
final effort to survive.
"Further away in the east, the march of events was leavi.lg
few landmarks. India still consisted of many unimportant F. :tty
states which struggled mutually for political and military
supremacy.
''The Chinese, a s usual, were fighting among tPemselves.
R.V.C. Bodley-T fiymrh Z%T?-6f%WFR The The Sui dynasty came into power to be replaced Ly the Tang
Messenger TiW em Wf%kW TIT qfm which ruled for three centuries.
rrtmcl *
m Tmj fm or WmR %3zFmtstl m e "In Japan, a n Empress occupied the throne for the first
time. Buddhism was beginning to take root and to influence
Japanese ideas and ideals.
"Europe ,'ss gradually merging into the Frankish Empire,
which would evelltually comprise France, Northern Italy, most
of the countries east of the Rhine a s far as the present
Russo-Polish border. Clovis was dead and Dagobert, the last
great Merovingian ruler, was soon to be crowned.
"Spain and England were unimportant petty States.
"Spain was under the control of Visigoths, who had lately
been driven out of France which they had occupied a s far in
the north a s Loire. They were persecuting the Jews, who
would, consequently, do much to facilitate the Muslim
invasion which was to follow a century later.
"The British Isles were divided into independent
principalities. One hundred and fifty years had passed since
the departure of the Romans, who had been replaced by an
influx of Nordic people. England herself was made up of seven
separate kingdoms."
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F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ W r n c m
S T @ X @ U ~ % & C K % - ~ ~ ~ ~ W ~ Q %
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Tt%3 TEJ 4?"\ vrg
E% VCT I @ (Robert Brifault)
G f t W g t g ~ i ~ ~ ' ~ 8
"The intrinsic cause that doomed and condemned the
Roman Empire was not any growing corruption, but the
corruption, the evil, the inadaptation to fact in its very origin
and being. No system of human organization that is false in its
very principle, in its very foundation, can save itself by any
amount of cleverness and efficiency in the means by which
that falsehood is carried out and maintained, by any amount
of superficial adjustment and tinkering. I t is doomed root and
branch a s long a s the root remains what it was. The Roman
Empire was, a s we have seen, a device for the enrichment of a
small class of people by the exploitation of mankind. That
business enterprise was carried out with all honesty, all the
fairness and justice compatible with its very nature, and with
admirable judgment and ability. But all those virtues could not
save the fundamental falsehood, the fundamental wrong from
its consequence."
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~ ~ ~ e q V g m e m % 'm
l m m m , rngtgFiJ
m q - & ; R ~ c M h ~ - m e ~ - ~ ~
m q 3 c I CW*V%~* s??m*qmmwm
Wi s t wqrn *a I R s m 6m-h
mmn-arfrl, +Mw, WFmR e R3Pm-R mpri m ~ T 4%
P
 ~ . - ~ ~ ~ r n ~ i i ~ ' m :
''The whole m a c h i n e j of rule in Egypt was directed to the
sole purpose of wringing profit out of the ruled for the benefit
of the rulers. There was no idea of governing for the
advantage of the governed, of raising people in the social
scale, of developing the moral or even the material resources
of the country. It was a n alien domination founded on force
and making little pretence of sympathy with the subject race."
'mm-sta;r-q*m%w(mm
m ~ 4 m ~ r n m ~ f ~ m c r ~ m ~ % ~ ~
"rn'rnns,-**m, 4 mmm

"*Mmq3l.rr-&qqg'33-~6i~.m*
mmmC?t~m,l"*

-. . i -- '

). Robert Brifault, The Making of Humanity. - 159.

- p-
?.Arabs. conquest of Egypt and the last Thirty years of the Roman Dominion,
p-42.
 b W % a q ~ q r'3 ~'QR- c- cmm-%i%s

"-
~ l m 5 t t * r ~ ~ ~ m e ~ l ~ s m
mmmme~mlB~+mm.msmrne "When a social structure visibly threatens to- topple down,
ruler's try to prevent it from falling by preventing it from
~ w q - t % ; i e m e f m ~ m m r & Zlfqlift
-mw~
mdving. The whole Roman society was fixed in a system of
mWrn~c61**mm'i?m: castes; no one was to change his avocation, the son must
(;l'3rn'3%)-43 vJM%T
Tqkm 91qI q q q *- continue in the calling of his father."
aistcriw T N ~ Rmi3 97q-m c- I mm(mclC94
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f l ~ - ~ m ~ ~ ; n ~ o l m * ~ ; n l ~ ~ c ~ i ~
c * - w w i 6 % w m ? m m ~ m ~ q w M % m , m ~ m M ,\10-097. I*. The
s r ~ m a n . r ~ ~ ~ r ~ i a ; n ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ / ~ ~ m >.( ~ . M a m r m ~ ,
EGlFI $?TIT,~urf%@i-43 ~aki11gof Humanity.

7.)I
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 "45-t 3mi-m =llzFlcnpmj * Q +m-ivm m* m 4T"\
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>.Islam At the Cross Roads, by Mohammad Asad, fomerly Leopold Weiss, p.
26-29.
 "For Although, there is not a single aspect of European
growth in which the decisive influence of Islamic civilization is
not traceable nowhere is it so clear and momentous a s in the
geaesis of that power which constitutes the permanent
distinctive force of the modern world and the supreme source
of its victory-natural science and scientific spirit."

"Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab

Civilization to the modern world ...I t was not science only
which brought Europe back to life. Other and manifold
influences from the civilization of Islam communicated its first
glow to European life."

?pl-c.rammaf*f*m**~%-
~ m m m r - * m + m m a m ~ a
ph wm m m m 1 mP f l q qzrm By-43 R w
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@?% (Robert Brifault) $3 The Making of Humanity W
m:
>. The Making of Hum'Snity. P. 190.
q. The Making of Humanity, P. 202.
 3
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m
*zpm-fzr e m m m m T t m 4 T " \ m * m
FjfEt I -E$W ~v?l
T
*%3@ikT3 FFRl3: That the decline
of Islam began when people stared to lose faith in the sincerity of its
representatives. ~ Q f t 34
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m T t m m ~ & m q * l .. -1< _

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m ? W g t . r * * m e ~ q ~ * m c l W m
(Metaphysics) W4W
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splinters."

~
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"The crusaders penetrated like a wedge between the old wood and the
new and for a while seemed to cleave the trunk of Mohamadan Empire into

1
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w w$m m 1"'
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"So terrible, it is said, was the carnage which followed that the horses
of the Crusaders who rode up to the mosque of Omar were knee-deep in the
stream of blood. Infants were seized by their feet and dashed against the
walls or whirled over the battlements, while the Jews were all burnt alive in
their synagogue."
' ~ ~ f 3 d R P i m m % ~ m
~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ m ,
aw @ ) - 4 A m m cm@Q *mwi~qmf%6@iI
m W ~ ~ , w ~ c i ~ r n m
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Rcvp1mtw1 m 3 k ~
~ ~ ~ m * ' 3 m ' ~ v * * m mI"%w
 ~-*ma:*s11y~*t \3m4qt I "A Single Saracen was seen dragging some thirty Christians he had
f Z f % m 3 ~ a m cilf&g-i'3~f3zm
~ ~ ~ 1 I taken prisoners and tied together with ropes. The dead lay in heaps, like
w Rs5 T,W I f 2TFt-PpT '3 fmt e
m 4W-m stones upon stones, whilst mutilated heads strewed the ground like a

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plentiful crop of melons,"

I
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U I G I ? R G ~ , O T W * ~ , * * ~ & Y ~ * I ~
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F * * 4 % m , m , q \ 3
B*3*-m3w%-tw-mvTFR:
"If the taking of Jerusalem were the only fact known about Saladin, it
were enough to prove him the most chivalrous and great-hearted conqueror
of his own and perhaps of any age."
 "All the strength of Christendom concentrated in the third Crusade had
not shaken Saladin's power. His soldiers may have murmured at their long
months of hard and perilous service year after year, but they never refused
I
I to come to his summons and lay down their lives in his cause............."

The Holy War was over; the five years' contest ended. Before the great
victory at Hittin in July, 1187. not an inch of Palestine west of the Jordan
was in the Muslim's hands. After the peace of Ramla in September, 1192,
the whole land was theirs except an arrow strip of coast from Tyre to Jaffa. Kurds, Turkmans, Arabs and Egyptians, they were all Moslem's and his
Saladin had no cause to be ashamed of the treaty. servants when he called. In spite of their differences of race, their national
jealousies and tribal pride, he had kept them together as one host-not
without difficulty and, twice or thrice, a critical waver.
 9ilWQl dFT* Baron Carra de Vaux % RW Qq Islamic
Thinkers-43 3 4 W ?pJTi TPXT T9736' fm aGim:
"The victory of Mohammad, the Conqueror, was not a gift of fortune or
the result of the Eastern Empire having grown weak, The Sultan had been
preparing for it for a long time. He had taken advantage of all the existing
scientific knowledge. The connon had just been invented and he decided to
equip himself with the biggest cannon in the world and for this he acquired
the services of a Hungarian engineer who constructed a connon that could
fire a ball weighing 300 K.G's to a distance of one mile. It is said that this
cannon was pulled by 700 men and took two hours to be loaded,
Muhammad marched upon Constantiople with 3,00,000 soldiers and a
strong artillery. His fleet, which besieged the city from the sea, consisted of
120 warships, By great ingenuity the Sultan resolved to send a part of his
fleet by land. He launched seventy ships into the sea from the direction of
Qasim Pasha by carrying them over wooden boards upon which fat had been
applied (to make them slippery.)
 (Q) mi&&F qxm G m % =Tam ** &rn
~ e r n m ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ q ~
y c m S i r ~ ~ m W l ~ i r m m M ~ 3 n
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a t
.
r
4m-1TFi 4+
m ~ & m (m
~?,r?f;ra'om?I-W
)
& t ? % ~ r n & ~ % m ~ m
"If a World-Government ever came to be established, Constantinople
alone would be an ideal capital for it."
~ ~ W R ~ ~ ~ I + I ~ ~ T T ~ S
43irmmm*m3J3*wi
 m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s t m a r ~ ~ ~ Q ~ m
m m - ' s l p * < * B ~ ~ r n l @ % i i i ~ ~

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Brooks Adams The ivilization and Decay -;n5m5 @W W ) 9Qq TlFI
~ ~ 9 m m . s t . , . r t n ~ m m e , ~ ~ m ~ a w m c m w
~ ~ ~ w ~ f m ~ ~ ~ ~ C a j r t ~ l C a j r t c ~ ~ ~ - ~ m
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R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e3 mr n ~ ~ q m ~
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smS?f3wrzr*mg
"England's industrial supremacy owes its origin to the vast hoards of Bengal
and the Karnatik being made available for her use ... Before Plassey was faught and
own and before the ebb. "(Prosperous India; A Revolution , p. 30). tream of treasure
began to flow to England, the industries of our country were at a very low ebb."
(Prosperous India: A Revolution, p. 30)
"m~Tmqmvmsl~~~q"gci& m .mn swl p W m ~ f i
~ ~ c ~ ~ M ~ & % ~ ' ~ T A R I ~ ~ ~ ~ , % T c Q ~ % R s T
mm c w s m 4 " ~4~ i ~ ~ ~ $ % 5 3 f 4 9 p f i s l (mwi
m ~ m ~
3tWFIR) I
 This country (Syria) is so backward in the matter of industry that if
your watch goes wrong here, you will have to go to a foreigner to get it
mended.
wmmsts-'rnmm~~w~-mq~
m , m - m e w m m m , m q T m ~ ~ w
m ~ ~ ~ 1 4 ~ % ~ r n
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6- Ten kinds of Predication) *\3%
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qqy W* z@ w %-?
STYb s qi~oli~m 43 @?m
m * ~ " - ~ l w r n m ~ ~ . ~ m - \ s i i . t .
dF[* 3-C What is European Civilization?
~ f i 6 ~ m 9 * w ~ ~
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- I ~ - W T T W ' Y ~ ' ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ , * w * w ~ ~ 1 * 4 m w ' &
6333 G i ? J l v q W% 1 &&$ eel (Physical Education) at
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4?"\wm~3T l P P i - m TT w d I History
of European Morals-43 Lecky W : The Greek spirit was essentially

1. Halide Edib: The cohiict of East and West in Turkey, p. 226-227.

->a
rationalistic and eclectic, the Egyptian spirit was essentially mystical and
devotional. Wfl? @XW F4f4i; f?@ se
a
=@dhCW f$$ m M I Apuleius-43 4%
?$& -qI The Egyptian deities were chiefly honoured by
lamentations and the Greek divinities by dances. sfla @
a e q i t e a . m ~ * m f l ~ ~ ~

The truth of that last part of this very significant remark appears in
every page of Greek history. No nation has a richer collection of games and
festivals growing out of its religious system; in none did a light, sportive
and often licentious fancy play more fearlessly around, the popular creed in
none was religiouss terrorism1 more rare, The Divinity was seldom looked
upon as holier than man, and a due observance of certain rites and
ceremonies was demed an ample tribute to pay to him..

1. W.E.H. Lecw: History of European Morals, London 1869. Vol-1.-P.344-45.

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I W G P & I ~ % ~ M I
h i + F m & w \ t l ~ m * m m ~ ~ w ~
m ~ ~ ~ ~ r n s
m~ ( ~ 4 ~ m m m ~ ~ ~ *
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a m r n ~
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* * % & , v a m f a w . s m a w E a v 3 h m ' q l v w m ~ ~ f & ~ ~ f Q B C Q Q
m c a ; ~ r n ~ a t ~ ~ d c l r n a m - r n c ~ t ~ ' ~~ i ~m ~~ ~ f & l ~ ~ ~ - T t ~
m: - a m m l m - m ' s m ~ ' q a a *
"It is also evident that the Greeks having had for several centuries a ~ , ~ a ~ * i J l f ~ M l r n * - ~ w ,
splendid literature, at a time when the Romans had none, and when the m t - ~ & f % m m ~ ~ ~ ~ f & . r t 1
Latin language was still too crude for literary purposes, the period in which m-cw =llf+fT EIITTCW a v a w 4% iJlfrjqia
the Romans first emerged from a purely military condition would bring * & m V W a ~ * c m m l
with it an ascendancy of Greek ideas. Fabius Pictor and Cincius Alimentus,
the earliestinative historians, both wrote in Greek ........: :ABe'fYhe conquest
C
m T +mt7CW m m, m m w' e
of Greece, the political ascendency of the Romans and the intellectual * - M ~ ~ M ~ ~m Ia T
ascendancy of Greece were alike universal. The conquered people, whose f % q % ; 3 t 1 m m w M ~ ~ , m q 4 d m ~ f &
patriotic feelings had been greatly enfeebled by the influences I have m * f & 4 B m , ~ ~ ~ w G V r n 0 t ~ m
noticed, acquiesced readily in their new condition, and notwithstanding the m m m G V r n c l ~ ~ m h m & h &
vehement exertions of the conservative party, Greek manners, sentiments, ~ ~ ~ ~ r n ~ m
and ideas soon penetrate all classes and moulded all forms of Roman life."
m , m ~ w * m m m ~ ' & l
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mzl-Wm~?*mrnm
1. History of European horals, London 1809, Vol. p. 243 1. Lecky: History of European Morals. London 1869.1. vol. P. 178
2. Lecky: History of European Morals, p. 179.
 country alone. To promote better living for a previleged group, no violence
was for the Romans too bad, no injustice too base. The famous 'Roman
Justice' was justice for the Romans alone. It is clear that such an attitude was
possible only on the basis of an entirely materialistic conception of life and
civilization-a materialism certainly refined by an intellectual taste, but
none the less foreign to all spiritual values. The Romans never in reality
knew religion. Their traditional gods were a pale imitation of the Greek
mythology, colourless ghosts silently accepted for the benefit of social
convention. In no way were the gods allowed to interfere with real life.
They had to give oracle through the medium of their priests if they were
asked; but they were never supposed to confer moral laws upon men."

The Roman religion was purely selfish. It was simply a method of

obtaining prosperity, averting calamity and reading the future. Ancient
Rome prooduced many heroes but no saints. Its self-sacrifice was patriotic,
not religious. Its religion was neither an independent teacher nor a source of
inspiration. ...- .--
.
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c n 4 q~N w ~
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~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ g 4 * v r n m m m w , m r n
W @ R W , * ~ ' ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ & W B I A
r n ~ ~ 9 t r n G n f T r n j ~ ~ c ~ c ~ 1 ~ ~ &
m Tk$lTt
W WTR Islam at the Crossroad (7:- q4
~ ) s ~ r s m j ~ ~ 8
"....... the underlying idea of the Roman Empire was the conquest of
power and the explo'tation of other nations for the benefit of the mother 1. Muhammad AsSd: Islam at the Crossroad, P. 38-39
 sl~*-qmccla~rnm\3m~~:my
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W 1 G. Qm History of the conflict between
Religion and Science ZfQ 4T OJ 4- ak q:
"When the Empire in a military and political sense had reached its
culmination, in a religious and social aspect it had attained its height of
immorality. It had become thoroughly epicurean; its maxim was that life
should be made a feast, that virtue is only the seasoning of pleasure, and
temperance the means of prolonging it. Dining-rooms glittering with gold
and incrusted with gems, slaves and superb apparel, the fascinations of
feminine society where all the women were dissolute, magnificent baths,
theatres, gladiators-such were the objects of Roman desire. The
conquerors of the world had discovered that the only thing worth
worshipping is Force. By it all things might be secured, all that tool and
trade had laboriously obtained. The confiscation of goods and lands,
taxation of provinces, were the reward of successful warfare; and the
emperor was a symbol of Force. There was a social splen+u_>ytit was the
phosphorescent corruption of the Ancient Mediterranean world."

1. Draper, History of the Conflict between Religion a n d Science p.

31-32.
 "Place, power, profit-these were in view of whoever now joined the
conquering sect. Crowds of worldly persons, who cared nothing about its
religious ideas, became its warmest supporters. Pagans at heart, their
influence was soon manifested in the paganization of Christianity that
forhwith ensued. The Emperor, no better than they, did nothing to check
their proceedings. But he did not personally conform to the ceremonial
requirements of the Church until the close of his evil life, A. D. 337."1
"Though the Christian party had proved itself sufficiently strong to give
a master to the Empire, it was never sufficiently strong to destroy its
antagonist, paganism. The issue of struggle between them was an
amalgamation of the principles of both. In this, Christianity differed from
Mohammedanism which absolutely annihilated its antagonist and spread its
own doctrines without adulteration."2
"To the Emperor-a 'mere worldling-a man without any religious
convictions, doubtless it appeared best for himself, best for the Empire, and
best for the contending parties, Christian and pagan, tapromgte their union
or amalgamation as much as possible. Even sincere Christians do not seem
to have been averse to this; perhaps they believed that the new doctrinqs
would diffuse most thoroughly by incorporating in themselves ideas
borrowed from the old, that Truth would assert herself in the end and the
impurity be cast off."3

1. J. W. Draper. History of the Confilict between Religion and

Science, 1927, p-34-35.
Q. SM,B, 7, 8 0 .
a. WF, 80-85 I
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1. Lecky, History of huropean Morals, vol. 2. p. 162-3. 1. Draper, History of the-Canftict between Religion and Science. P.
 embarrassment with each other, from Ireland to Bohemia, from Italy to
Scotland. The possession of a common tongue gave them the administration
of international affairs with intelligent allies everywhere, speaking the same
language." 1
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"Had not the sovereign pontiffs been so completely occupied with m . n Q - I * m * ~ r n l 4 a w ~ , ~ % 4 F
maintaining their emoluments and temporalities in Italy, they might have m c w ~ m * m m e m s t - ~
made the whole continent advance like one man. Their officials could pass 9 ' a " \ ' Y lW* d I S8eo fm-m 9-
without difficulty into every nation, and communicate without
1. Draper, op, cit., p. 234-35.
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@$ T j C F F ' t c?3TFjTjl .Wf% I Islam at the Crossroad-43 di7-
VAT8
"No doubt, there are still many individuals in the West who feel and
think in a religious way and make the most desperate efforts to reconcile
their beliefs with the spirit of their civilization, but they are exceptions only.
The average Occidental-be he a Democrat or a Fascist, a Capitalist or a
Bolshevik, a manual worker or an intellectual-knows only one positive
'religion', and that is the worship of material progress, the belief that there is
no other goal in life than to make life continually easier or, as the current
expression goes, 'independent of nature'. The temples of this ':cligionl are
the gigantic factories, cinemas, chemical laboratories, dancing halls.
hydro-electric works; and its priests are bankers, engineers, film-stars, ' W t l % ~ ~ @ w ~ ~ c r l ~ w
captains of industry, finance magnates. The unavoidable result of this
craving after power and pleasure in the creation of hostile groups armed to
m f B c P t a ~ m v , ~ * o , m x a ~ m m
the teeth and determined to destroy one another whenever and wherever
r n ~ B f r nr ?n M 4 ? ~ $ @ ? r t & i m . F i . r 4a0,m-t
their respective interests come to a clash. And on the cultural side the ~ r ~ f ~ ~ ~ m 1 ~ 9 ~ ~ , ~ 4
result is the question of practical utility alone, and whose highest criterion mm@t*m~wi,mcmt@f22&
of good and evil is the material success." 1 f86Qt~l1mOTtf@dmmmmm;Jt~43
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1, Guide to Modem Wickedness, p- 114-15,
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"Europe once had the same kind of cultural and religious unity as India
in the earlier days of Christianity. But when in the 15th century the new
learning of the Renaissance and the new movement for religious reform
known as the Reformation began, because it had no constitutional unity,
UIQILYQ 3 M Europe fell into pieces and has since then remained divided into those
m* m WE?, sry3"l- mCrt, m m', w\m, national sovereign states whose strifes and wars are not only the ruin of
Europe itself, but the principal threat to the peace of the world ...."
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 ".........The decline in the authority of religion, the indispensable guide
of man, the one source which can give more purpose and nobility and
meaning to life of man, explains, at least in part, why the Western World
has given its allegiance in the recent decades to new political gospels based
on race or class, or has pinned its faith on a form of science which
admittedly is almost wholly concerned with advance in the material plane,
with making life more rather than less expensive and complicated. And it
explains, also in part, why Europe finds it so difficult to attain to that unity
in spirit and life which would enable it to rise above the spirit of exclusive
and militant nationalism which is its principal bane today." 1

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