Table of Contents

Basic Mathematics

 Theory ......................................................................................................................................... 2

 Exercise - 1 : Unit & Dimension, Error and Significant figures, Vectros ................................ 26

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ................................................................... 38

 Exercise - 3 : Calculus ................................................................................................................. 41

 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions .............................................................. 44

 Answer Key .................................................................................................................................. 47

 BASIC MATHEMATICS 2

Basic Mathematics
VECTORS
In physics we study about physical phenomenon occuring Representation of vector
in nature. All physical phenomenon are governed by certain Arrow on head of a letter or bold letter is used to represent
laws. These laws are known as laws of physics and in a vector.
physics our motive will be to understand the different laws 
laws. Laws of physics are expressed in terms of physical A or A
quantities. 
A or | A | = Magnitude of vector
On the basis of mathematical operations a physical quantity 
can be divided into 2 categories : A  Read as a vector A
Graphical representation of vector is done with the help of
(1) Scalar (2) Vector
directed line segment.
1. Scalar : Those physical quantities which are fully
represented by magnitude and unit are called scalar (Tail)
Show direction (head)
quantities. The mathematical operations (addition,
substraction, multiplication etc) of these quantities are length
governed by ordinary algebra rules.
length magnitude of vector
For example :
Mass, distance, speed, time, work, energy, power, Current etc.
2. Vector : Those physical quantities which are fully
represented by magntitude, unit and direction are called
vector quantities. Two vectors are said to be equal if they have same direction,
Mathematical operations of these quantities are governed magnitude and having same physical meaning.
by vector algebra rules.
(We have different set of operation for vector) A vector said to be a constant vector if it direction and
magnitude both remain same all the time.
In general 2 kg + 2kg will be always 4kg but addition of 2N
and 2N can be anything between 0N to 4N so we need to
deal vectors in different way. A vector does not change if it is shifted parallel to itself.

Area, displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum

etc. If a positive number is multiplied to a vector their its
magnitude changes but direction remains constant/same.

A A
Area is a vector quantity and direction of area is always 2A
perpendicular to plane or normal to surface. 2

If it is multiplied with negative scalar both direction and

A
A magnitude changes. Direction of vector is changed by 180°.

A A
–2A
2
 3 BASIC MATHEMATICS

1. UNIT VECTOR
A vector with unit magnitude is known as unit vector
 A vector with zero magnitude is called null vector.
A
Represented by  (  = read as A cap)   
|A| 2. ANGLE BETWEEN VECTOR

ˆ  |A| A
A ˆ  Direction Join two vectors tail to tail then smaller angle between them

 is known as angle between vectors.
Magnitude

Unit vector actually represent the direction of mother vector.

A
A angle between
Unit vector tells us a particular direction and it can be used vector A & B
to write any other vector in the direction of unit vector.

For example B B

 
If we want to write a B (B) in the direction of A (A) then we 3. ADDITION OF VECTORS

have to use magnitude of B and direction of A .
There are two methods of vector addition :

 A (1) Graphical method
Direction of A is  
A (2) Analytical method

Magnitude of B = B
3.1 Graphical method

so B   B  Aˆ   We have 2 technique of graphical method (a) Triangle law
Standard Unit Vector of vector addition (b) Parallelogram law of vector addition.
We have three standard unit vector (a) Triangle Law of Vector addition
(1) along x axis = + ˆi,  ˆi    
A  B  R ?? (What is R )
(2) along y axis = + ˆj,  ˆj Arrange vector in such a way, in which tail of second
vector should be on head of first vector then third side of
ˆ  kˆ
(3) along z axis = + k, possible  will be the resultant vector or resultant effect
of addition.
Example - 1
Write a force vector of magnitude 10 N along negative x A
axis.
R
B

 
Ans. F  10 N  ˆi  10 ˆi  N  B R

Exampler - 2 A
2
Write acceleration vector of magnitude 20 m/s along z  
axis.  = angle between A and B



Ans. a  20 m / s
2
  kˆ   20 kˆ  m / s 
2
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 4
2 2 2
(oc) = (od) + (cd)
2 2 2
R = (A + B cos ) + (B sin )
2 2 2 2 2 2
If 3 or more vectors, then also we can apply same concept R = A + B cos  + 2 AB cos  + B sin 
then it will be known as polygon law of vector addition.
    R  A 2  B2  2ABcos 
A  B  C  R ??
    
| R |  | A |2  | B |2 2 | A || B |cos 
C
B cd Bsin 
R tan   
C od A  B cos 
B
A
A  Bsin   
  tan 1   from A
 A  B cos  
Remark
 
Subtraction of vector can also be done by knowing addition. Maximum value of sum of two vectors will be | A |  | B |
    
AB R when  = 0° and its minimum value will be | A |  | B | when
    = 180° so we can say that
A  (B)  R
  
| R |min  | R |  | R |max
B
A     
| A || B | | R || A |  | B |

(–B) Remark
R
When angle between them is  = /2 then
A
  
| R | | A |2  | B |2
(b) Parallelogram Law of addition :
 
Take two vectors A and B with angle .
R
B
b c

(B) B R
A

O 
A (A) a d |B|
tan   
|A|
obca is a parallelogram that’s why it is known as

parallelogram law of addition. |A|
tan   
From given figure |B|
ad = ac cos  cd = ac sin 
3.2 Analytical Method
ad = B cos  cd = B sin 
od = oa + ad = A + B cos  In this method we convert a vector addition problem to an
ordinary addition problem by resolving the vector along 2
cd = B sin 
or 3 mutually  direction.
5 BASIC MATHEMATICS

Resolution of a vector : This can also be used to write a 

vector interm of standard unit vectors. | A | A 2x  A 2y  A 2z

y  From oab
2 2 2
oa is  to ab so (ob) = (oa) + (ab)

A ob = A 2x  A 2y
Ay
from obc
2 2 2
Ax ob is  to cb so (oc) = (ob) + (cb)
x 2

According to Triangle Law

A2   A 2x  A 2y  A 2
z

  
A  Ax  Ay A  A 2x  A 2y  A 2z
 
A x  A x ˆi A y  A y ˆj Example - 1

 ˆj
Write given vectors in terms of standard unit vectors.
A Ax ˆi  Ay
 
  y
x component
 y component

of A of A 2
E (20 m/s ) D (10N)
 
A x | A |cos  A y | A |sin 

= A cos  = A sin 
30° A (10N)
 x
A   A cos   ˆi   A sin   ˆj 53° 37°

This shows that we can always write a vector interm of its

C (15N) B (20 m/s)
components along x and y axis.
Just by symmetry we can say if a vector is in 3D then it can Point to remember
be written as sum of its component along x, y, and z axis.
37° 53°
z sin 3/5 4/5
cos 4/5 3/5
c tan 3/4 4/3

A
Az Example - 2

Ax O y A force of 20 N is applied on a block write its horizontal and

vertical components
a
Ay b 20 N
x

   
A  Ax  A y  Az 37°


A  A x ˆi  A y ˆj  A z kˆ
BASIC MATHEMATICS 6

Example - 3 Example - 8
Find the resultant of given two vectors also find angle made
 Write a velocity vector of magnitude 20 m/s in the direction
by resultant vector with B . 
of given force vector F  3iˆ  4ˆj  N  .

Example - 9
B (4N)
 
Find angle between A and B if
60°    
| A  B | | A  B |
A (2N)
Example - 10

Example - 4      |R|
If P  Q  R  0 and | P |  | Q | and they are coplaner
Write vector interms of standard unit vector with co- 2
ordinates of head and tail to be vectors then find angle between vectors.
(x2, y2, z2) and (x1, y1, z1).
4. PRODUCT OF VECTORS
Example - 5
There are two types of vector products
A car moves along north with speed of 50 m/s then it takes (1) Scalar Product (Dot Product)
a right turn and moves with 50 m/s along south. Find change
(b) Vector Product (Cross Product)
in speed and change in velocity.
4.1 DOT product
Example - 6
 
Find the magnitude of unknown forces (F1 & F3) if object is (a) If A and B are two vectors having anlge between them is 
in equilibrium in the presence of given forces. then dot product of vectors is defined as

F4 (15N)
Read as A dot B

object Dot product of two vectors results into scalar quantity. If a

53° physical quantity depends on dot product of two vector
physical quantity then that physical quantity should be
37° F1 (F1) scalar.

For example

 
W  F  d  Fd cos 
F3 (F3)
F2 (10N)

 
1. A.A  A A cos  0   A 2
Example - 7
2. A ˆ  12  1
ˆ .A
Write unit vector for given vector

A  2iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ 3. ˆi . ˆi  1  ˆj . ˆj  kˆ . kˆ
 7 BASIC MATHEMATICS
   
4. A . B  0 then A  B 4.2 Cross Product

ˆi . ˆj  ˆj .kˆ  kˆ . ˆj  0  
If A and B are two vectors and angle between them is 
    then cross product of two vectors will be
5. A.BB.A   
 AB  C
6. A  A x ˆi  A y ˆj  A z kˆ   
Magnitude of vector | C | | A | | B | sin 

B  Bx ˆi  By ˆj  Bz kˆ   
Direction of C will be perpendicular to both A and B .
 
A . B  A x B x  A y B y  A z Bz

7. Angle between two vectors

  Vector, result of A × B
A .B
cos    
|A||B|

B
A x B x  A y B y  A z Bz

A 2x  A 2y  A z2 B2x  B2y  Bz2

A
Example - 1
 
Find the value of A.B if Vector, result of B × A

A  ˆi  ˆj  3kˆ
    
B  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ | A  B |  | B A |

Example - 2    

A  B   B A 
 
Find the value of a so that A is  to B

A  2 ˆi  a ˆj  3kˆ

B  2 ˆi  ˆj  3a kˆ  
If A and B is represented in terms of unit vectors as
Example - 3 
A  A ˆi  A ˆj  A kˆ
x y z
 
Find angle between A and B given in previous problem.
B  Bx ˆi  By ˆj  Bz kˆ
Example - 4
then
 
A  6 ˆi  3jˆ  2kˆ , find angle made by A with x, y and z axis.
ˆi ˆj kˆ
 
Example - 5 A  B  Ax Ay Az
  Bx By Bz
Find component of A along B if

A  6 ˆi  3jˆ  2kˆ  ˆi  A y Bz  B y A z   ˆj  A x Bz  A z Bx   k̂  A x B y  A y Bx 

B  2 ˆi  ˆj  kˆ
BASIC MATHEMATICS 8

Example - 5
   
 
ˆ A
ˆ 0
  
What will be the value of A  B  A  B . 
AA  0 , A

ˆi  ˆi  0  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ Example - 6
   
If angle between two vectors A & B is  and if | A |  | B |
Example - 1    
 
then angle between A  B and A  B .  
 
There are two vectors A  2iˆ  4ˆj  k,
ˆ B  ˆi  5jˆ  3kˆ . Find Solve problem by
    (1) Non Graphical Method
(1) A  B (2) Unit vector  to A & B
(2) Graphical Method

Example - 2 Example - 7
  If two vectors of equal magnitude (F) are inclined at angle 
Find angle between A & B if
then find resultant vector if
   
| AB | 3 A . B .  (a)  = 60°
(b)  = 90°
Example - 3 (c)  = 120°

  
Find value of A. A  B   Example - 8

Find resultant and of two vectors given in figures.

Example - 4
F2 (20N)
 
If angle between A & B is  then what will be angle
   

between A and  A  B  A  vector..  37°

F1 (20N)
Solve the problem with two methods.
 9 BASIC MATHEMATICS

CALCULUS
1. DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION
dy
If we say y as a function of x then we write = slope of tangent on curve between y and x at one
dx
y = f (x)
point.
x = Independent variable
Mathematically that is called differentiation of y with respect
y = Dependent variable.
dy
In physics we study variation of a quantity y with respect to x = .
to quantity x and we also study rate at which y changes dx
when x changes.

y 1. Rate of change of y with respect to x

dy
y2 2. Slope of tangent on curve between y & x at one point
dx

3. Differentiation of y with respect to x

y1
In physics, first we will study the linear motion of an object
here position of object is represented by x which changes
x with time t, then
x1 x2

One simple way to see variation of y with x Rate of change of x with respect to t

y dx
Rate of change of y with change in x  Slope of tangent on curve between x & t at one point
x dt
y
Graphically one can see that  tan  Differentiation of x with respect to t
x
Now lets say x1 approaches to x2 then x  0 or it will be
very-very small and we write it dx. In that way y approaches and that is equal to velocity (Magnitude of velocity)
to y2 and y  0 and written as dy.
dx dx
So, v | v |  speed
dt dt
dy
Rate of change of y with respect to x = (at one point) Similarly when velocity changes with time then we say
dx
Graphically it is tangent of curve on given point. dv
 a  acceleration
dt
y
so we can define
Velocity  That is rate of change of position with respect
to t.
Acceleration  that is rate of change of velocity with
respect to t.
x
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 10

Tips
dy  dz 
if x = f (t)  f ' x   
dx  dx 

dx   differentiate in normal way 
v  x  f ' t 
dt
Example - 1

dv d  dx  d 2 x  1. Obtain first derivative of given functions

a     x  f ''  t 
dt dt  dt  dt 1
2
(1) y = x (2) y 
We are studying application of differentiation in physics. x7 / 2
2 x
[Explain v, a, acceleration and retardation]. (3) y = x sin x (4) y = e n (x)

Standard Rules and Formulas of differentiation : x2

(5) y 
x 3
(6) y = e tan x + x
tan x
n  n–1
1. y=x y =nx
x2
2. y = c  y = cx
0
y=0 2 x
(7) y = x a +  e x n  x 
sin x

3. y= sin x y = cos x Example - 2
A particle of mass 2 kg moves along x axis and if position co-

4. y = cos x y = – sin x ordinate varies with t,

 t 3 5t 2
5. y = tan x y = sec2 x xt    6t  4
3 2

6. y = cot x y = – cosec2 x Find
(a) Initial position
 1 (b) v (t) and Initial velocity
7. y = n (x) y
x
(c) a (t)
x
8. y = e (exponantial function)
(d) Time at which particle changes its direction

y = ex (e) Find time Interval during which particle accelerates and
retardation.
x 
y = ax n (x) * (explain  general meaning of acceleration and retardation)
9. y=a
(Take time to explain that) (Detail explanation latter)
Rules


Differentiation by Substitution
1. y = f1(x) + f2 (x) y = f1’(x) + f2’(x)
Example - 1

2. y = c f (x) y = cf’(x)
5 dy
y = (2x + 5) Find

dx
3. y = f1(x) f2(x) y = f1(x) f2’(x) + f1’(x) f2(x)
Sol. 2x + 5 = t t = 2x + 5
f1  x  f 2  x  f1 '  x   f1  x  f 2 '  x  dt
4. y  y=t
5
2
f2  x  [f 2 (x)]2 dx

Chain rule dy  dt 
 5t 4   (according to chain rule)
dx  dx 
1. y = f (x) Now if we want to differentiate with respect to 4 4
third variable say z. = 5 (2x + 5) (2) = 10 (2x + 5)
11 BASIC MATHEMATICS

Example -2
y

y  sin  x  Find y
Example - 3

Calculate first derivative of given functions

2
 1 
(1) y   x  
 x
2
x
(2) y = sin (x)
2 3
(3) y = x n (x )
(4) y = n ( (2x + 3)
1/2 2  1

Example -4 tan 2  tan 1

d2 y dy dy
4
For y = (2x – 3) find 
dx 2 dx 2 dx 1

(Here explain the meaning of second derivative) Slope decreasing that means first derivative is decreasing
that means second derivative will be negative.
1.1 Increasing and Decreasing function
d2 y
0
Increasing function dx 2

Suppose y = f (x) and if on  in x, y also  the function is

Example -1
increasing function. There are two types of possible
2
graphical variations. y = x (x > 1)

y 
Sol. y = 2x


x y


y=2>0

Increasing graph with increasing slope concave upward.

x
Example - 2

2  1 y x x>1

tan 2  tan 1
 1
Sol. y =
dy dy 2 x

dx 2 dx 1

x y
Slope increasing that mean first derivative is also increasing

d2 y d2 y   1
so second derivative should be +ve 0 2
 y   3/ 2  0
dx 2 dx 4x
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 12

Application in physics :

(i) Increasing graph with decreasing slope will be concave

downward. 1.
(ii) Increasing graph, with increasing slope will be concave
upward.

1.2 Decreasing Graphs

On increasing value of x, y decreases. There also two types

of graphs.

y
1.

2.
x


1   2 
2
tan 2 > tan 1

d2 y
Slope is negative but increasing so 0
dx 2

dy d2 y
 0, 2  0
dx dx

If the graph is parabola then second derivative will be

2. constant
2
x = at + bt + c if a > 0

 
x = 2at + b x  0 and constant


x  2a if a < 0


x  0 and constant.
1 > 2 So if acceleration is constant then x and t graph will be
tan 1 > tan 2 parabolla.
Slope decreasing and negative so second derivative is
negative.
 13 BASIC MATHEMATICS

1.3 Maxima Minima of Function Example - 1

A particle moves along x axis and its position varies with

y time according to given graph

A Maxima
y2 y

B G
B H
y1
Minima t
x O A C F
x1 x2
D E
Maxima
(Condition to locate and check point of maxima) (a) Region in which particle acceleration and retardation.
(b) Point at which v = 0, a  0
dy d2 y (c) Point at which v  0, a = 0
0 0
dx dx 2 x1
Example -2
Minima Find the maximum and minimum value function
3 2
(Condition to locate and check point to minima) y = x – 3x + 6

2. INTEGRATION
dy d2 y
 0, 0
dx dx 2 x Integration of a function. Let y = f (x)
2

Area of shaded region of curve is

Point of Inflexion dA = ydx
Concavity changes at A is known as the point of inflextion. Total area bounded by curve y = f (x)

y y

A y2
yA
y

y1
x
A x
x1 x2
dx
dy
0
dx x x2 x2

A 
x  x1
dA   dA
2 x1
d y
0
dx 2 That is called area of graph with integration from x1 to x2.
x1 = lower limit of integration
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 14

x2 = upper limit of integration

x2

 y dx = Definite Integral
x1
Like differentiation, rules of substitution is also applicable
to integration as well in a similar way.

 y dx = Indefinite Integral (without limit) Example-2

 Integration is reverse process of differentiation in which we
Integrate the functions
find a function for which the given function is the derivative
of function.
1 x
dx  dx
(i)  x
(ii)
x 2
4 
3

dx
(iii)  sin  2x  dx (iv)  4x  3

x dx
 dx
(v)
4x 2 (vi) x 2
 a2
Formulas

n x n 1  1 
2
1. x dx 
n 1
c (vii)  sin
2
 x  cos x dx (viii)   x   dx
 x

1
2.  x dx  n  x   c (ix)  cos  2x  3 dx (x)
2
 x  4 dx
3.  sin x dx   cos x  c  2x2 3 dx
(xi) xe
4.  cos x dx  sin x  c Example-3

5.  tan x dx  n  sec x   c 1

Calculate the value of  | x |dx

1
x x
6.  e dx  e c
Example-4

4
Example-1
2
Calculate the value of  | x  4 |dx
4
Find area under the curve of y = x from x = 1 to x = 2

2 Applications in Physics
A   x 2 dx x2 t2
1 dx
v  dx   v d t
dt x1 t1
Rule of Integration
t2
1.  dx  x  c x 2  x1   v dt = Change in position or displacement.
t1

2.  c f  x  dx  c f  x  dx (Area under the curve of v and t graph is displacement)

3.  f  x   g  x  dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx a
dv
v 2

  dv   a dt
t

dt u t1
 15 BASIC MATHEMATICS

t2
dx
v  u   a dt = Change in velocity..  c  0 and v = c > 0
dt
t1

Constant and Positive

(Area under the curve of a and t graph is change in velocity)
Velocity
Mixed application of differentiation and integration
v = tan 
Example-1
dx
A particle is moving along x axis such that its position varies 2.  c  0, Negative constant.
dt
as
2 3
x = 8t – 3t x
(1) Find velocity at t = 2 sec.
(2) Position when v = 0
(3) Displacement of particle between t = 0 to t = 4 seconds

Example-2

A particle is moving x axis in such a way that its velocity

varies as t
2
v = t – 2t
At t = 0 the particle is at x = +1 m. Find the position of
x
particle at time t = 2 seconds also find acceleration of particle
3.
at x = 1 m.

Example-3 Parabolic
Velocity of particle varies as v = 2x + 1. Find
(a) Acceleration at x = 2m t
(b) Position of particle as a function of t if at t = 0, x = + 1m

Example-4

Derive equations of linear motion for a particle having initial dx

speed v and constant acceleration a. 0 v>0
dt
3. GRAPHS AND THEIR APPLICATION
d2 x
 0 (constant)
1. St. line graph dt 2
y = mx + c
x
x
4. Parabolic

y=c t
t0
t
dx
angle measured anticlockwise from +x axis taken positive. 0 v>0
dt
Positive constant slope.
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 16

d2 x a
 c <0 a=c<0
dt 2 8.

dx Area
tan  = slope = = velocity at a moment t0.
dt

v t
5. t1 t2

Area   adt   dv  v

= v (t2) – v (t1)
 Change in velocity..
t

dv 9.
Slope =  a  tan 
dt 1 Area
Slope is variable so acceleration is also variable. velo.

v
6. x1 x2
displacement

1
Area   dx   dt  t
v
t = Time taken to cover displacement from x1 to x2.

v
dv
Slope =  a  tan 
dt
10. v0
Constant slope so acceleration is constant.

v x
7. t0

Area dv
tan  
dx

t Acceleration at t0 will be
t1 t2
 dv 
 v0    v0  Slope 
 dx 
Area =  v dt   dx  x

displacement from t1 to t2.

17 BASIC MATHEMATICS

Example - 1 Example - 2
A particle is moving along x axis in such a way so that its Particle is moving along straight line such that its
veolcity vs time graph is acceleration varies with time as given graph.

v (m/s)
a (m/s2)

+4 2

t (sec.)
10 20 30 40 80
t (s)
10 sec. 30 sec.
–4
(a) Velocity at = t = 30 seconds if initial speed at t = 0, u = 0.
(b) Displacement in t = 0 to t = 30 sec.
Find :
(a) Acceleration of particle at t = 5 sec, 15 sec, 30 sec, t = 60
sec.
(b) Displacement of particle between t = 0 to t = 80 sec.
(c) Distance travelled by particle from t = 0 – 80 sec.
(d) Plote acceleration vs t graph for motion of particle..
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 18

UNIT AND DIMENSIONS

1. UNIT 1. Fundamental/Base quantity :
Standard value of a physical quantity is called unit of the 1. Mass  M  kg
quanity.
2. Length  L  meter (m)
unit
3. Time  T  sec.
Physical Quantity = n u 4. Current  A/I  Ampere

numerical value 5. Thermodynamic Temperature  /k  Kelvin

Remarks : When we convert a physical quantity from one 6. Luminous Intensity  cd  Candela
unit to another unit, then physical value of quantity does 7. Amount of Substance  mol  mole
not change but if n  u  2. Plane angle
Q = nu = n0v0 = n1u1

Example r

kg g
dw = 1000 1
m3 cm3
Characteristics of unit : r
1. The unit should be internationally acceptable.
2. The unit must not change with time and space. 
 (radian)
3. It should be easily accessible. r
4. It should be reproducable. 3. Solid angle
Different system of Units :
r
1. MKS system : Mass  kg, L m, T  sec.
2. CGS system : M  gm, L  cm, T  sec.
A
3. FPS system : M  pound, L  foot, T  sec.
4. SI system : System International
r
How SI is different from others :
1. Base quantity is 7 not 3.
A
2. Names given to the units derived from these 7 base units  steradian
r2
(Name of scientists used).
3. Two complementary quantities introduced. 2. DIMENSIONS
(1) Plane angle  radian
Power of base quantities are called dimensions.
(2) Solid angle  steratian
For example
4. Prefixes used, e.g., micro, milli, mega, pico etc.
Force = mass × acceleration
Types of physical Quantities
 length 
= (mass) ×  
  time 2 
 
Fundamental Derived Complementay 1 1
= (mass) (length) (time)
–2

(Base) Quantity Quantity

 19 BASIC MATHEMATICS

Dimension of mass in force = 1 3. With the help of dimensional analysis we can check the
Dimension of length in force = 1 physical relation between physical quantities.
Dimension of time in force = –2 Example - 3
When a physical quantity is expresed interms of power of
Check the formula for centrepetal force
base quantities then the exponent of base quantity that
enters into expression is called dimension of quantity in the mv 2
base. So dimensional formula for force will be F
1 1 –2
r2
Force = (mass) (length) (time)
1 1 –2 –2 [Dimension of LHS = Dimension of RHS]
= M L T = [MLT ]
2 2
–2  1
  L  1    ML2  2 T 2 
Example - 1 [MLT ] =  M LT   

Find dimensional formulas of given quantities.
 MLT 2   MLT 2 so given formula is incorrect.
 1 2
1. Energy  K  mv 
 2  Example–4

GM1M 2  Formula for displacement of particle in a linear motion is


2. Universal constant of Gravitation.  F   S = ut + at
2
 r2 
u = velocity (Initial) a = acceleration
 F
3. Gas constant  PV  nRT, P   t = time
 A 2
Dimension of S = Dimension of ut = Dimension of at
–1 1 –2 2
F v  [L] [LT × T ] [LT × T ]
4. Coefficient of Viscosity    
A   [L] = [L] = [L]

 2 W
5. Electric Resistance  P  I R P  
 t 
Uses of dimensional analysis : This formula looks correct according to dimensional
analysis but it is not a actual correct formula. If formula
1. With the help of dimensional analysis, we can write the unit contains a dimensionless number then it will not appear in
of quantity dimensional analysis.
 m3  We should take care that a, “Here dimensionally incorrect
–1 3 –2
G = [M L T ]  2  formula must be an incorrect formula but dimensionally
 kg sec 
correct need not to be correct always.”
2. With the help of dimensional analysis we can convert a
physical quantity from one unit system to another unit 4. With the help of dimensional analysis we can establish the
system. relation among physical quantities.

Example–1 Example
5
Prove that 1 N = 10 dyne  CGS unit of force. Time period of simple pendulum depends on (a)  (length)
–2
(b) g (acceleration) (c) m (mass).
F=MLT
Establish Relation for time period T  m x  y g z
 1  kg m sec 2 

= 1 [1000 g. 100 cm sec ]

–2
Sol. T  K m x  y g z (K  Dimensionless constant)
5 –2 5
= 10 [g cm sec ] = 10 dyne. Dimension of LHS = Dimension of RHS
0 0 1 x y –2 z x y+z –2z
Example–2 M L T = M L (LT ) = M L T
7
Prove 1 J = 10 egs CGS unit of energy. x=0 y+z=0 –2 z = 1
BASIC MATHEMATICS 20

1 1 Example - 3
x=0  z y
2 2 Young’s modulus of elasticity for a given material can be
worked out by

T  Km0 1/ 2 g 1/ 2  K
g
 cos   t x 
Y
y
 = angle t = time  = Torque
Here with dimensional analysis we can’t find K untill unless
any additional information is not given.  F/ A 
 = length Y young’s modulus  
 L / L 
MIXED EXAMPLES
Example - 4
Example - 1 Velocity sound gas depends on bulk modulus and density
Rate of heat transfer in radiation is of air. Establish the formula for velocity of sound.

Example - 5
dQ
  AT 4
dt Frequency of standing wave depends on length of wire ()
tension wire (T) and mass per unit length (). Establish
dQ  J  Relation for frequency.
  Rate of heat transfer
dt  sec  
Example - 6
A = Area 3
Flow rate of non ideal fluid (Q in m /sec) through a narrow
T = Temperature tube depends on radius of tube (r), coefficient of viscosity
 = Stefan’s constant.
 P 
Write dimensional formula of . () and pressure gradient   . Establish Relation for Q.
  
dQ / dt J/s Example - 7
  2 4
AT 4 mK
Displacement of particle from mean position in a wave motion
J ML T 2 2 is denoted by
  2 4
m 2 sK 4 L T y (x, t) = A sin  x  t   

   MT 34  Write the dimensional formula for  and A.

Example - 8
Example -2
If we consider universal constant of gravitation G, velocity
Write dimensional formula of D from given equation
of light C and plank’s constant h as a fundamental quantities
then write dimensional formula of mass, length and time.
 N  N1 
n  D  2 
 x 2  x1 

n = no. of particle per unit area.

N = Particles per unit volume.
x = Position of particles.
 21 BASIC MATHEMATICS

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
When we measure a physical quantity from a measuring 1. All cyphers between 2 non-zero nos. will be significant.
instrument then we have to write the measurement in terms
of meaningful figure in the measured quantity. These Example - 1
meaning figures are called significant figures in the quantity.
10023 sig. figure  5
For example : Measuring length
00123 sig. figure  3
Instrument used = metre scale
2. All cyphers occuring on the left side of non zero are non-
Least count = 0.1 cm significant while those on its right side are significant.
 We can measure the length (cm) only uptil 1 place after
Example - 2
decimal.
Suppose length comes out to be 0.0
 . 300
 0.0
 230

   
non. sig significant non. sig significant
25 . 2 cm

 
  1.0230  all significant
surely partially
certain cetain
1.02300  all significant
Significant figure = Total certain figure + one partially certain 3. If we write a physical quant. without using decimal, then all
figure. the trailing cypers after a non-zero digit will be insignificant.
If written as 25.2  completely uncertain/meaningless. Example - 3
Suppose instrument used in verrier callipers of least count
= 0.01 12 000 100.0

25.2 only 2 sig. figures all significant

then length =  0  partially certain

completely 4. When a physical quantity is converted from 1 unit system
certain
to another then the significant figure in the quantity will
(Last digit it partially certain) remain unchanged.

Example - 4

Density of water  1 000 kg/m3

Diff. between accuracy and precision
significant figure
Rod
1 g/cm3
L0 = 25.5 cm
1 significant figure
Standard length

Suppose it is measured 2 times. Similarly  1 m 0.01 cm

1. With meter scale  25.4 cm  more accurate. 1 significant figure 1 significant figure

2. With vernier calliper  25.38 cm  more precise. Rules of doing mathematical operation with accounting
(1) is  accurate as it is closer to standard value. significant figures :
1. In multiplication or division the final result should be given
(2) is  precise because least count as (2)  0.01 and in no. of significant figure which were present in the original
(1)  0.1 least significant figure quantity.
Rule of counting significant figures 
BASIC MATHEMATICS 22

Example - 5 2. In addition or substraction the final result should be

expressed in terms of decimal place which were present in
a = 10.2 cm  S. F.  3 the least decimal place in original no.

a = 10.2 cm Example - 6

1 0.2 3 0
b = 2.0 cm 2.02
+ 14.5  result should last only uptil this decimal place.

S. F.  2  Result should have these much S.F.. 1 0. 2

2. 0
Area = a × b = 10.2 × 2.0 + 1 4. 5
2 6. 7
20.40
with accounting significant figure
4 S.F.

2 23.258 23.3
To make them 2 we will write it as  2.0 × 10 cm – 1.2 – 1.2
22.1
 23 BASIC MATHEMATICS

ERROR IN MEASUREMENT
Every measured quantity will have some uncertainity. This So Ammeter will always show current less than the original
uncertainity is called error in the measurement. current.
Example - 1 Random error : If error can be +ve or –ve both i.e. in any
direction then the error is called random error.
Measured value of a quantity = x
Example - 3
uncertainity = x  error in measurement
 absolute error in measurement Error due to least count of instrument, error due to
atmospheric fluctuations, human unbiased errors.

Remarks

(i) Relative/fractional error in measurement Error in the measurement occuring because of least count
of instument will either be equal to the least count or it may
x
 1
x be of least count.
2
(ii) Percentage error in the measurement
= Relative error × 100 Example - 4
x
  100 x = 25.4 cm
x
least count = 0.1 cm
Types of error in the measurement
error = ± 0.1 cm
Types of error in the measurement is broadly divided into 2 or = 0.05 cm
categories.
Propagation of error
(1) Systematic error
(2) Random error Every measured quantity from an instant will have error. If
we calculate another physical quantity by using measured
System error : If error in the measurement is unidirectional
quantity then this calculated quantity will also have error.
(either +ve or –ve) then that error is called systematic error.
Let a and b are measured quantities a and b are error in
Example - 2 the measured quantity.
0 error in the instrument, error due to the principle on which Let x is a calculated quantity (depends on a and b)
the instrument is based, human biased error. 1. If x = a + b
R
vvvvvv error x  a  b  valud if error is systematic

If Randome x   | a |  | b |  max possible error..

v v
I=— Similarly if x = a – b
R
R x = a – b  Systematic error.
vvvvvv
If random then, x   | a |  | b |
m n
A 2. If x = a × b m & n are number.
v I
n x = m na + n nb
RA Resistance in Ammeter
dx da db
V m n
Reading of Ammeter = –––––– x a b
R + RA
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 24

x a b Remember :
m m
x a b Rule 2 and Rule 3 will hold only when the magnitude is very
very less than the measured quantity.
 a b  a << a
x  x m  n   when error is systematic

absolute
 a b  b << b
error

Example - 5
If random then 
The sides of rectangle are (10.5 ± 0.2) cm and (5.2 ± 0.1) cm
 a b  Find
x   x  m n 
 a b  (i) perimeter of rectangle with error limit.
(ii) % error in the calculation of perimeter.
am (iii) Area of rectangle with error limit.
Similarly if  x n
b
(iv) % error in the calculation of area.
n x = m n a – n n b
Sol. a = 10.5 cm a = ± 0.2 cm
dx da db b = 5.2 cm b = ± 0.1 cm
 m n
x a b
(i) Perimeter (P)  31.4 ± 0.6 cm
x a b 0.6
m n 600
x a b (ii) % error in P   100   1.9%
31.4 314

 a b  (iii) Area = 54.60

x  x m  n  systematic
 a b 
 0.2 0.1 
x = ± 54.60°   
10.5 5.2 
 a b 
If random x   x  m a  n b  ± [1.04 + 1.05]
 
± 2.09
1 2
1 1 1 A = 54.60 ± 2.09 = (5.5 × 10 ± 2) cm
3. If   differentiating both sides
x a b
21.09 2090
(iv) % error in A   100   3.6%
dx da ab 54.60 546
 2  2  2
x a b
= 4%
dx da ab Example - 6
 
x 2 a 2 b2
In an experimental determining the density  of a
rectangular block of metal the dimension of the block are
x a b
  measured by vernier callipers having least count 0.01 cm
x 2 a 2 b2
and mass is measured with a beam balance of least count
0.1 gm. The error in the measurement is equivalent to least
 a b  count of measuring instrument. The measured values are :
x  x 2   
 a b  Systematic
mass  39.3 gm length = 5.12 cm width = 2.56 cm
thickness = 0.37 cm
 a
2 b 
x   x    Find the maximum possible error in determing the density
 a b  Random of block.
 25 BASIC MATHEMATICS

M M Example - 6
Sol.     M  x 1  y 1  z 1
V xyz
The error in the measurement of radius of sphere is ± 0.5%
then what is the % error in the measurement of volume of
 M x y z  the sphere.
       
 M x y z 
Sol. Let radius = r

39.3 3 4 3
 8.1 g/cm v r
5.12  2.56  0.37 3

 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01  4

=  8.1       nV  n   nr 3
 39.3 5.12 2.56 0.37  3

= ± 0.286 V r
  03
= ± 0.3 V r
3
 = (8.1 ± 0.3) g/cm = V ± 3 (0.5 %)
= ± 1.5%
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 26

EXERCISE - 1 : UNIT & DIMENSION, ERROR AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Unit and Dimension

1. The unit of momentum is hc Gc
(a) (b)
(a) N s (b) Ns –1 G h
(c) N m (d) N m –1
In the relation y = r sin (  t – kx), the dimensions of
hG
2.  /k (c) (d) hGc
are c
(a) [M0L0T0] (b) [M0L1T–1]
a
(c) [M0L0T1] (d) [M0L1T0] 8. In the equation Snth = u + (2n – 1), the letters have their
2
3. If the acceleration due to gravity is 10 ms–2 and the units of
usual meanings. The dimensional formula of Snth is
length and time are changed in kilometre and hour
respectively, the numerical value of acceleration is (a) [ML0T] (b) [ML–1T–1]

(a) 360000 (b) 72000 (c) [M0LT–1] (d) [M0LT0]

(c) 36000 (d) 129600 9. If L denotes the inductance of an inductor through which
4. The value of universal gas constant is R = 8.3 J/K – mol. a currect I is flowing, then the dimensional formula of LI2 is
The value of R in atmosphere litre per kelvin mol (a) [MLT–2]
(a) 8.12 (b) 0.00812 (b) [ML2T–2]
(c) 81.2 (d) 0.0812 (c) [M2L2T–2]
5. The expression for centripetal force depends upon mass
(d) not expressible in terms of M. L. T.
of body, speed of the body and the radius of circular path.
Find the expression for centripetal force A
10. If v   Bt 2  Ct 3 where v is velocity, t is time and A,
t
mv 2 mv 2 B and C are constants, then the dimensional formula of B
(a) F= (b) F 
2r 3 r is
(a) [M0LT0] (b) [ML0T0]
2 2 2
mv mv (c) [M0L0T] (d) [M0LT–3]
(c) F (d) F
r2 2r
11. The equation of alternating current is I = I0e–t/CR, where t is
6. The damping force of an oscillating particle us observed time, C is capacitance and R is resistance of coil, then the
to be proportional to velocity. The constant of dimensions of C R is
proportionality can be measured in (a) [MLT–1] (b) [M0LT]
(a) kg s –1 (b) kg s
(c) [M0L0T] (d) None of these
–1 –1 –1
(c) kg m s (d) kg m s
12. Taking frequency f, velocity v and density p to be the
7. Consider a new system of units in which c (speed of light fundamental quantities, then the dimensional formula for
in vacuum), h (Planck’s constant) and G (gravitational momentum will be
constant) are taken as fundamental units. Which of the
(a) [ pv4 f –3] (b) [ pv3 f –1]
following would correctly represent mass in this new
system ? (c) [ pv f 2] (d) [ p2v2 f 2]
 27 BASIC MATHEMATICS

13. If p represents radiation pressure, C represents speed of 20. If I is the moment of inertia and the angular velocity,
light and q represents radiation energy striking a unit area what is the dimensional formula of rotational kinetic energy
pre second, then non–zero integers a, b and c are such that 1 
paqbCc is dimensionless, then I 
2
(a) a = 1, b = 1, c = – 1 (b) a = 1, b = –1, c = 1
(a) [ML2T–1] (b) [M2L–1T–2]
(c) a = –1, b = 1, c = 1 (d) a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
(c) [ML2T–2] (d) [M2L–1T–2]
14. In the equation y = a sin(t + kx), the dimensional formula
21. A gas bubble from an explosion under water oscillates with
of  is
a time period T, depends upon static pressure p, density of
(a) [M0L0T–1] (b) [M0LT–1] water p and the total energy of explosion E. Find the
(c) [ML0T0] (d) [M0L–1T0] epression for the time period T. (where, k is a dimensionless
constant)
15. The expression [ML–1T–1] represents
(a) T = kp–5/6p1/2E1/3 (b) T = kp–4/7p1/2E1/3
(a) momentum (b) force
(c) pressure (d) coefficient of viscosity (c) T = kp–5/6p1/2E1/2 (d)T = kp–4/7p1/3E1/2

16. The maximum static friction on a body is F =  Here, 22. The magnetic force on a point moving charge is
N = normal reaction force on the body = coefiicient of   
F  q(v  B).
static friction.
Here, q = electric charge
The dimensions of  are

(a) [MLT–2] (b) [M0L0T0] v = velocity of the point charge
(c) Dimensionless (d) None of these

B = magnetic field
17. If F = 6arbvc Dimension of B is
where F = viscous force (a) [MLT–1A] (b) [MLT–2A–1]
 = coeffficient of viscosity (c) [MT–2A–1] (d) None of these
r = radius of spherical body 23. The velocity v of water waves may depend on their
v = terminal velocity of the body wavelenght (), the density of water (p) and the acceleration
due to gravity(g). The method of dimensions gives the
Find the values of a, b and c.
relation between these quantities as
(a) a = 1, b = 2,c = 1 (b) a = 1, b = 1,c = 1
(a) v2 –1 p–1 (b) v2  g 
(c) a = 2, b = 1,c = 1 (d) a = 2, b = 2,c = 2
(c) v2 g p (d) g–1  
F 24. If E, m, J and G represent energy, mass, angular momentum
18. The surface tension is T = , then the dimensions of and gravitational constant respectively, then the

dimensional formula of EJ2/m5G2 is
surface tension are
(a) [MLT–2] (b) [M0L0T]
(a) [MLT–2] (b) [MT–2]
(c) [M0L2T0] (d) dimensionless
(c) [M0L0T0] (d) None of these
25. The wavelength associated with a moving particle depends
1 3 upon power p of its mass m, qth power of its velocity v and
19. If S = ft ,f has the dimensions of rth power of Planck’s constant h. Then the correct set of
3
values of p, q and r is
(a) [M0L–1T3] (b) [MLT–3]
(a) p = 1, q = –1, r = 1 (b) p = 1, q = 1, r = 1
(c) [M0L1T–3] (d) [M0L–1T–3] (c) p = –1, q = –1, r = –1 (d) p = –1, q = –1, r = 1
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 28

26. The time dependence of a physical quantity P is given by

2
P = P0e–t where  is a constant and t is time. Then constnat ky
32. What is the unit of k in the relation U = where
 is y  a2
2

–2
(a) Dimensionless (b) Dimension of T
U represents the potential energy, y represents the
2
(c) Dimensions of P (d) Dimension of T displacement and a represents the maximum displacement
27. In the equation X = 3YZ2 , X and Z have dimensions of ie, amplitude?
capacitance and magnetic induction respectively. In MKSQ
(a) m s–1 (b) m s
system, the dimensional formula of Y is
(c) J m (d) J s–1
(a) [M–3L–2T–2Q–4] (b) [ML–2]
33. The velocity v (in cms–1) of a particle is given in terms of
(c) [M–3L–2Q4T8] (d) [M–3L–2Q4T4]
time t (in sec) by the equation.
n2  n1
28. The number of particles given by n = – D are b . The dimensions of a, b and c are
x2  x1 v  at 
t c
crossing a unit area perpendicular to x–axis in unit time,
a b c
where n1 and n2 are the number of particles per unit volume
2
for the values x1 and x2 of x respectively. Then the (a) [L ] [T] [LT2]
dimensional formula of diffusion constant D is (b) [LT2] [LT] [L]
(a) [M0LT0] (b) [M0L2T–4] (c) [LT–2] [L] [T]
(c) [M0LT–3] (d) [M0L2T–1] (d) [L] [LT] [T2]
29. Given X = (Gh / c3)1/2, where G, h and c are gravitational Error
constant, Planck’s cosntant and the velocity of light 34. If x = a – b, the the maximum percentage error in the
respectively. Dimensions of X are the same as those of measurement of x will be
(a) mass (b) time
 a  b 
(c) lenght (d) acceleration (a)    100%
 a b 
30. The dimensional formula of coefficient of permittivity for

1 q1q2  a b 
free space (0) in the equation F = , where (b)     100%
4 0 r2  a b 
symbols have their usual meanings, is
 a b 
(a) [ML3A–2T–4] (b) [M–1L–3T4A2] (c)     100%
 a a a b 
(c) [M–1L–3A–2T–4] (d) [ML3A2T–4]
31. The thrust developed by a rocket–motor is given by
 a b 
F = mv + A(p1 – p2), where m is the mass of the gas ejected (d)     100%
per unit time, v is velocity of the gas, A is area of cross–  a a a b 
section of the nozzle, p1, p2 are the pressures of the exhaust 35. If X = A×B and X, A and B are maximum absolute
gas and surrounding atmosphere. The formula is errors in X, A and B respectively, then the maximum relative
dimensionally eirror in X is given by
(a) Correct
(a) X = A + B (b) X = A – B
(b) Wrong
(c) Sometimes wrong, sometimes correct X A B X A B
(c)   (d)  
(d) Data is not adequate
X A B X A B
 29 BASIC MATHEMATICS

36. The percentage errors in the measurement of mass and 44. The internal and external diameters of a hollow cylinder are
speed are 2% and 3% respectively. How much will be the measured with the help of a vernier callipers. Their values
mzximum error in the estimate of kinetic energy obtained are 4.23± 0.01 cm and 3.87±0.01 cm respectively. The
by measuring mass and speed? thickness of the wall of the cylinder is
(a) 11% (b) 8% (a) 0.36± 0.02cm (b) 0.18± 0.02cm
(c) 5% (d) 1% (c) 0.36± 0.01cm (d) 0.18± 0.01cm
37. Error in the measurement of radius of sphere is 2%. The 45. In an experiment, we measure quantities a, b and c. Then x
error in the measurement of volume is
(a) 1% (b) 5% ab 2
is calculated from the formula, x = . The percentage
(c) 3% (d) 6% c3
38. If there is a positve error of 50% in the measurement of errors in a, b, c are ± 1%, ± 3%, and ± 2% respectively. The
speed of a body, then the error in the measurement of kinetic percentage error in x can be
energy is (a) ±1% (b) ±4%
(a) 25% (b) 50% (c) 7% (d) ±13%
(c) 100% (d) 125% 46. The pressure on a square plate is measured by measuring
39. The radius of the sphere is (4.3 ± 0.1)cm. The percentage the force on the plate and the lenght of the sides of the
error in its volume is
F
plate by using the formula p = . If the maximum errors
0.1 0.1100 2
(a) × 100 (b) 3 ×
4.3 4.3 in the measurement of force and length are 4% and 2%
respectively, then the maximum error in the measurement
1 0.1100 1 0.1100
(c)  (d)  of pressure is
3 4.3 3 4.3
(a) 1% (b) 2%
40. A public park, in the form of a square, has an area of
(100±0.2) m2. The side of park is (c) 8% (d) 10%

(a) (10 ± 0.01) m (b) (10 ± 0.1) m 47. Given, potential difference V = (8±0.5) volt and currect I =
(2±0.2)A. the value of resistance R is
(c) (10.0 ± 0.1) m (d)(10.0 ± 0.2) m
(a) 4 ± 16.25% (b) 4 ± 6.25%
41. The specific resistance  of a circular wire of radius r,
(c) 4 ± 10% (d) 4 ± 8%
 r2R
resistance R and lenght  is given by p = .
 1 1 1
  where
48. The focal length of a mirror is given by
Given, r = (0.24 ± 0.02) cm, R = (30 ± 1)  and  = (4.80 ± f u v
0.01) cm. The percentage error in p is nearly
u and v represent object and image distances respectively.
(a) 7% (b) 9% The maximum relative error in f is
(c) 13% (d) 20%
42. If f = x2 , then the relative error in f is
f u v
(a)  
f u v
2 x (x) 2
(a) (b)
x x f 1 1
(b)  
x f u / u v / v
(c) (d) ( x ) 2
x
f u v  (u  v)
43. A physical quantity is represented by X = MaLbT–c . If (c)   
percentage errors in the measurements of M, L and T are f u v uv
and respectively, then total percentage error is
f u v u v
(a) (a + b – c)% (b) (a + b + c)%    
(d)
(c) (a – b – c)% (d) 0%
f u v uv uv
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 30

49. The lenght , breadth b and thickness t of a block are Representation of Vectors
measured with the help of a metre scale. Given l = 15.12 ± 57. A vector is not changed if
0.01 cm, b = 10.15 ± 0.01 cm, t = 5.28 ± 0.01cm.
(a) it is rotated through an arbitrary angle
The percentage error in volume is
(b) it is multipled by an arbitrary scalar
(a) 0.68% (b) 0.28%
(c) it is cross multiplied by a unit vector
(c) 0.37% (d) 0.48%
(d) it is slid parallel to itself.
50. A wire has a mass (0.3 ± 0.003)g, radius (0.5 + 0.005)mm
and length (6 ±0.06) cm. The maximum precentage error in Representation of Vectors in ˆi, ˆj, kˆ
the measurement of its density is
58. What is the numerical value of vector 3iˆ  4jˆ  5kˆ ?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4 (a) 3 2 (b) 5 2

51. A student measures the time period of 100 oscillations of

(c) 7 2 (d) 9 2
a simple pendulum four times. The data set is 90 s, 91s, 95
s and 92 s. If the minimum division in the measuring clock 59. The x and y components of a force are 2 N and –3N. The
is 1 s, then the reported mean time should be : force is

(a) 92 ± 5.0 s (b) 92 ± 1.8 s (a) 2iˆ  3jˆ (b) 2iˆ  3jˆ
(c) 92 ± 3 s (d) 92 ± 2 s
Significant Figures (c) 2iˆ  3jˆ (d) 3iˆ  2ˆj

52. The value of 0.99 – 0.989 is Component of Vectors in standard and general directions
–1
(a) 0.001 (b) 0.010 × 10 60. One of the rectangular components of a velocity of 60 kmh
–1

–1
(c) 0.01 × 10–1 (d) 0.1 ×10–3 is 30 km h . The other rectangular component is
53. If 3.8 × 10–6 is added to 4.32 × 10–5 giving due regard to –1
(a) 30 km h (b) 30 3 Km h 1
significant figures, then the result will be
(a) 4.58 × 10–5 (b) 4.7 × 10–5
(c) 30 2 km h 1 (d) zero
–5
(c) 4.5 × 10 (d) None of these
61. A force is inclined at 60° to the horizontal. If its rectangular
54. A cube has a side of length 1.2 × 10–2 m. Calculate its volume
component in the horizontal direction is 50 N, then
(a) 1.7 × 10–6 m3 (b) 1.73 × 10–6 m3
magnitude of the force in the vertical direction is
(c) 1.70 × 10–6 m3 (d) 1.732 × 10–6 m3
(a) 25 N (b) 75 N

VECTOR (c) 87 N (d) 100 N

Definition of Vector Unit Vectors

55. Which one of the following is a scalar quantity ? 62. If 0.5 ˆi  0.8 ˆj  ckˆ is a unit vector, then the value of c is
(a) Displacement (b) Electric field
(a) 0.11 (b) 0.22
(c) Acceleration (d) Work
56. Which one of the following is not the vector quantity ? (c) 0.33 (d) 0.89
(a) Torque (b) Displacement
(c) Velocity (d) Speed
 31 BASIC MATHEMATICS

69. Two forces, each equal to F, act as shown in figure. Their

63. What is the unit vector along ˆi  ˆj ?
resultant is

ˆi  ˆj
(a)
2
(b)  
2 ˆi  ˆj

(c) ˆi  ˆj (d) k̂

Addition of Vectors
 F
64. Two forces, each equal to P , act at right angles. Their (a) (b) F
2
effect may be neutralised by a third force acting along their
bisector in the opposite direction with a magnitude of (c) 3F (d) 5F
  
P 70. If A  B  C and A  3, B  3 and C = 3, then the angle
(a) P (b)
2  
between A and B is
P
(c) (d) 2P (a) 0° (b) 30°
2
(c) 60° (d) 90°
 
65. Two forces F1 and F2 are acting at right angles to each other.. 71. If the magnitude of the sum of the two vectors is equal to
Then their resultant is the difference of their magnitudes, then the angle between
vectors is
2 2
(a) F1  F2 (b) F F
1 2
(a) 0° (b) 45°

F1  F2 (c) 90° (d) 180°

(c) F12  F22 (d)
2 72. The simple sum of two co-initial vectors is 16 units. Their
    vectors sum is 8 units. The resultant of the vectors is
66. Given R  A  B and R = A = B. The angle between A and
perpendicular to the smaller vector. The magnitudes of the

B is two vectors are :
(a) 60° (b) 90° (a) 2 units and 14 units (b) 4 units and 12 units
(c) 120° (d) 180° (c) 6 units and 10 units (d) 8 units and 8 units
67. The resultant of two forces, each P, acting at an angle  is  
73. If the resultant of two forces A  B   
and A  B is 
 
(a) 2 P sin (b) 2 P cos
2 2 A 2  B2 , then the angle between these forces is

(c) 2 P cos  (d) P 2

cos 1
 

 A 2  B2   cos 1


 A 2  B2  
(a) (b)
68. The resultant of two vectors of magnitudes 2A and 2A  A  B2


  
 A   B2  
acting at an angle  is 10 A. The correct value of  is :

cos 1


A 2  B2 
 cos 1


 2 A   B2  
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c)

 2 A   B2   (d)  A 2  B2 
   
(c) 60° (d) 90°
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 32

        
74. If the resultant of A and B makes angle  with A and  81. If A and B are two vectors such that A  B  A  B

with B then  
the angle between vectors A and B is :
(a)  always (b)  , if A < B
(a) 0° (b) 60°
(c) , if A > B (d) , if A = B
75. The resultant of two forces at right angle is 5 N. When the (c) 90° (d) 120°

angle between them is 120°, the resultant is 13 . Then the     

82. Two vectors A and B are such that A  B  C and
force are 2 2 2
A +B =C .
(a) 12 N, 13 N (b) 20 N, 5 N  
If  is the angle between positive direction of A and B
(c) 3 N, 4 N (d) 40 N, 15 N then the correct statement is

76. If the sum of the two unit vectors is also a unit vector, then 2
magnitude of their difference is (a)  =  (b)  
3
(a) 2 (b) 3

(c) (d) (c)  = 0 (d)  
4 7 2
     
77. Given that A  B  C  0 . Out of three vectors, two are equal 83. Given that P = 12, Q = 5 and R = 13 also P  Q  R, then the
in magnitude and the magnitude of third vector 2 times  
angle between P and Q will be
that of either of the two having equal magnitude. Then the
angles between vectors are given by : (a)  (b) /2
(a) 45°, 45°, 90° (b) 90°, 135°, 135° (c) zero (d) /4
(c) 30°, 60°, 90° (d) 45°, 60°, 90°    
84. The angle between P  Q and P  Q will be
78. The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at a point is
16 N. The resultant of these forces is perpendicular to the (a) 90°
smaller force has a magnitude of 8 N. If the smaller force is (b) between 0° and 180°
magnitude x, then the value of x is
(c) 180° only
(a) 2 N (b) 4 N
(d) None of these
(c) 6 N (d) 7 N
 85. Two vectors of equal magnitude have a resultant equal to

79. Two vectors a and b are at an angle of 60° with each other.. either of them, then the angle between them will be
 
Their resultant makes an angle of 45° with a . If | b | = 2 unit, (a) 30° (b) 120°
 (c) 60° (d) 45°
then | a | is
  
(a) (b) 86. Given that P  Q  R  0. Two out of the three vectors are
3 3 1
equal in magnitude. The magnitude of the third vector is
(c) 3 1 (d) 3/2
2 times that of the other two. Which of the following
80. Two equal forces (F each) act a point inclined to each other
can be the angles between these vectors ?
at an angle of 120°. The magnitude of their resultant is
(a) F/2 (b) F/4 (a) 90°, 135°, 135° (b) 45°, 45°, 90°

(c) F (s) 2F (c) 30°, 60°, 90° (d) 45°, 90°, 135°
 33 BASIC MATHEMATICS

93. A small sphere is hung by a string fixed to a wall. The

Addition in terms of ˆi, ˆj, kˆ
sphere is pushed away from the wall by a stick. The force
   acting on the sphere are shown in figure. Which of the
87. Given A  ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ . When a vector B is added to A , we
following statements is wrong ?

get a unit vector along X–axis. Then, B is

(a)  2ˆj  3kˆ (b) ˆi  2ˆj

(c) ˆi  3kˆ (d) 2ˆj  3kˆ


88. The magnitude of the X and Y components of A are 7 and
    
6. Also the magnitudes of X and Y components of A  B (a) P = W tan  (b) T  P  W  0

are 11 and 9 resepectively. What is the magnitude of B ?
(c) T 2  P 2  W 2 (d) T = P + W
(a) 5 (b) 6

(c) 8 (d) 9 94. The X and Y components of vector A have numerical
 
  
89. If the resultant of the vectors ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ , ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ and
values 6 and 6 respectively and that of A  B have  

  numerical values 10 and 9. What is the numerical value of B ?
C is a unit vector along the y-direction, then C is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(a) 2iˆ  kˆ (b) 2iˆ  kˆ (c) 4 (d) 5

(c) 2iˆ  kˆ (d) 2iˆ  kˆ 95. There are two forces each of magnitude 10 units. One
inclined at an anlge of 30° and the other at an angle of 135°
90. What vector must be added to the sum of two vectors
to the positive direction of x-axis. The x and y components
2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ and 3iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ so that the resultant is a unit of the resultant are respectively.
vector along Z-axis
(a) 1.59 ˆi and 12.07 ˆj (b) 10 ˆi and 10 ˆj
(a) 5iˆ  kˆ (b)  5 ˆi  3 ˆj
(c) 1.59 ˆi (d) 15.9 ˆi and 12.07 ˆj
(c) 3ˆj  5kˆ (d)  3ˆj  2kˆ
96. A man 80 kg is supported by two cables as shown in the
91. Following forces start acting on a particle at rest at the origin figure. Then the ratio of tensions T1 and T2 is

of the co-ordinate system simultaneously F1  5iˆ  5jˆ  5kˆ ,
  
F2  2iˆ  8jˆ  6kˆ , F3  6iˆ  4ˆj  7kˆ , F4  ˆi  3jˆ  2kˆ .
The particle will move
(a) in x–y plane (b) in y–z plane
(c) in x–z plane (d) along x–axis
92. A boy is hanging from a horizontal branch of a tree. The
tension in the arms will be maximum when the angle (from
the following) between the arms is (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1: 3
(a) 0° (b) 60°
(c) 3 :1 (d) 1 : 3
(c) 90° (d) 120°
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 34

97. Three forces of magnitudes 6 N, 6 N and 102. A particle undergoes three successive displacements given by
72 N act at a
  
corner of a cube along three sides as shown in figure. S1  2 m north–east, S2  2 m due south and S3  4 m,
Resultant of these forces is
30° north of west, then magnitude of net displacement is :

(a) 14  4 3 (b) 14  4 3

(c) 14 (d) none of these

Subtraction of Vectors
103. In a two dimensional motion of a particle, the particle moves

from point A, position vector r1 to point B, position vector

r2 . If the magnitudes of these vectors are respectively, r1 =
(a) 12 N along OB (b) 18 N along OA 3 and r2 = 4 and the angles they make with the x-axis are 1 =
75° and 15°, respectively, then find the magnitude of the
(c) 18 N along OC (d) 12 N along OE displacement vector
 
98. A vector A when added to the vector B  3iˆ  4ˆj yields a
resultant vector that is in the positive y direction and has a
 
magnitude equal to that of B . Find the magnitude of A .

(a) 10 (b) 10

(c) 5 (d) 15 (a) 15 (b) 13

 
99. The resultant of two vectors A and B is perpendicular to (c) 17 (d) 15
 104. A car travelling north at 20 m/s turns and then travels
the vector A and its magnitude is equal to half of the
   south at 20 m/s. The change in its velocity is
magnitude of vector B . Then the angle between A and B (a) zero (b) 40 m/s north
is
(c) 40 m/s south (d) 20 m/s north
(a) 30° (b) 45°  
105. If vectors A and B have an angle  between them, then
(c) 150° (d) 120°
ˆ B
value of | A ˆ | will be :
100. The magnitude of resultant of three vectors of magnitude 1,
2 and 3 whose directions are those of the sides of an  
equilateral triangle taken in order is : (a) 2 cos (b) 2 tan
2 2
(a) zero (b) 2 2 unit 
(c) 2sin (d) none of these
2
(c) 4 3 units (d) 3 unit
101. Unit vector parallel to the resultant of vectors
106. A particle’s velocity changes from 2 ˆi  3 ˆj m/s to  
 
A  4 ˆi  3 ˆj and B  8 ˆi  8 ˆj will be  3iˆ  2 ˆj m/s in 2 s. The acceleration in m/s is : 2

(a)
24 ˆi  5 ˆj
(b)
12iˆ  5 ˆj

(a)  ˆi  5 ˆj  (b)
 ˆi  5 ˆj
13 13 2

(c)
6iˆ  5 ˆj
(d) None of these (c) zero (d)
 ˆi  5 ˆj
13 2
 35 BASIC MATHEMATICS

Dot Product  
114. If A1 and A 2 are two non-collinear unit vectors and if
 
107. If P  4iˆ  2ˆj  6kˆ and Q  ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ , then the angle      
 
 
| A1  A 2 | 3 , then the value of A1  A 2 . 2A1  A 2 
which P  Q makes with x-axis is is
(a) 1 (b) 1/2
 3 
1  4 
1
(a) cos   (b) cos   (c) 3/2 (d) 2
 50   50 

115. Consider a vector F  4iˆ  3jˆ . Another vector that is
1  5  1  12  
(c) cos   (d) cos   perpendicular to F is
 50   50 

  (a) 4iˆ  3jˆ (b) 6ˆj

108. Given P  3jˆ  4kˆ and Q  2jˆ  5kˆ . The magnitude of the
scalar product of these vector is (c) 7ˆj (d) 3iˆ  4ˆj
(a) 20 (b) 23
Dot Product (Angle between Vectros)
(c) 26 (d) 5 33
116. The angle between the z–axis and the vector ˆi  ˆj  2 kˆ is
   
109. If P  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ and Q  3iˆ  2ˆj , then P  Q is (a) 30° (b) 45°
(a) zero (b) 6 (c) 60° (d) 90°
(c) 12 (d) 15  
117. If A  2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ and B  4iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ , then angle
   
110. If A  B = AB, then the angle between A and B is  
between A and B is
(a) 0° (b) 45° –1 –1
(a) sin (25/29) (b) sin (29/25)
(c) 90° (d) 180° –1 –1
(c) cos (25/29) (d) cos (29/25)

 
111. A force of 10iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ N acts on a body of mass 100 g
118. What is the angle between  ˆi  2ˆj  2kˆ  and î
   
and displaces it from 6iˆ  5jˆ  3kˆ m to 10iˆ  2ˆj  7kˆ m. (a) 0° (b) /6
The work done is (c) /3 (d) None of these
(a) 21 J (b) 121 J 
119. For what value of a, A  2iˆ  ajˆ  kˆ will be perpendicular to
(c) 361 J (d) 1000 J

 B  4iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ
112. A force F  2iˆ  2ˆj N displace a particle through
  (a) 4 (b) zero
S  2iˆ  2kˆ m in 16 s. The power developed by F is
(c) 3.5 (d) 1
–1 –1
(a) 0.25 J s (b) 25 J s
120. The vector sum of two forces is perpendicular to their
–1 –1
(c) 225 J s (d) 450 J s vector differences. In that case, the forces
 
113. If A  B , then which of the following is not correct (a) are not equal to each other in magnitude
(b) cannot be predicted
ˆ B
(a) A ˆ ˆ B
(b) A ˆ  AB
(c) are equal to each other
 
(c) | A |  | B | (d) AB ˆ
ˆ || BA (d) are equal to each other in magnitude
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 36

Dot Product (Component of one on other)      

129. If A  B = 0 and A  B  1 , then A and B are
 
121. Projection of P on Q is (a) perpendicular unit vectors
 
ˆ
(a) P  Q (b) P̂  Q (b) parallel unit vectors
   (c) parallel
ˆ
(c) P  Q (d) P  Q
(d) perpendicular

122. The component of vector A  a x ˆi  a y ˆj  a z kˆ along the 130. The magnitude of the vectors product of two vectors 3
times their scalar product. The angle between the two vectors
 
direction of ˆi  ˆj is
is
(a) (ax – ay + az) (b) (ax + ay) (a) 90° (b) 60°
(c) (ax – ay)/ 2 (d) (ax – ay + az) (c) 45° (d) 30°
 
Cross Product 131. A vector A points vertically upwards and B point towards
   
ˆ B
123. Given  is the angle between A and B . Then | A ˆ | is North. The vector product A  B is
equal to (a) zero
(a) sin  (b) cos  (b) along East
(c) tan  (d) cot  (c) along West
    (d) vectically downwards
124. If P  Q = 0, then | P  Q | is
    
  132. Three vectors A, B and C satisfy the relation A  B  0
(a) | P | |Q | (b) zero    
and A  C  0 . If B and C are not lying in the same line,
(c) 1 (d) PQ 
then A is parallel to
  
125. Given c  a  b . The angle which a makes with c is 
(a) B

(b) C
(a) 0° (b) 45°    
(c) B  C (d) B  C
(c) 90° (d) 180°
  133. If the magnitudes of scalar and vector products of two
126. The magnitudes of the two vectors a and b are a and b
vectors are 6 and 6 3 respectively, then the angle between
 
respectively. The vector product a and b cannot be two vectors is
(a) 15° (b) 30°
(a) equal to zero (b) less than ab
(c) 60° (d) 75°
(c) equal to ab (d) greater than ab
134. Given that A and B are greater than 1. The magnitude of
 
127. Given r  4ˆj and p  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ . The angular momentum is  
 
A  B can not be
(a) 4iˆ  8kˆ (b) 8iˆ  4kˆ (a) equal to AB (b) less than AB

(c) 8jˆ (d) 9kˆ (c) more than AB (d) equal to A/B
 
  135. If A  2iˆ  3jˆ  6kˆ and B  3iˆ  6ˆj  2kˆ then vector
128. Given A  4iˆ  6ˆj and B  2iˆ  3jˆ . Which of the following
 
is correct ? perpendicular to both A and B has magnitude k times that
    
(a) A  B  0 (b) A  B  24  
of 6 ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ . That k is equal to
 (a) 1 (b) 4
|A| 1  
(c)   (d) A and B are anti-parallel (c) 7 (d) 9
|B| 2
 37 BASIC MATHEMATICS

 
136. A proton of velocity 3iˆ  2ˆj  10 ms enters a magnetic
5 1 142. The vectors 2iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ , 5iˆ  ajˆ  kˆ and ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ are
coplanar when a is
 
field 2iˆ  3kˆ T. If the specific charge is 9.6 × 10 C kg , the
7 –1
(a) –9 (b) 9
–2
acceleration of the proton in ms is (c) –18 (d) 18
143. The area of the parallelogram represented by the vectors,
 
(a) 6iˆ  9ˆj  4kˆ × 9.6 × 10
12
 
A  4iˆ  3jˆ and B  2iˆ  4ˆj as adjacent side is
 
(b) 6iˆ  9ˆj  4kˆ × 9.6 × 10
12
(a) 14 units (b) 7.5 units
(c) 10 units (d) 5 units
 
(c) 6iˆ  9ˆj  4kˆ × 9.6 × 10
12
 
144. If A and B denote the sides of a parallelogram and its area
 
(d) 6iˆ  9ˆj  4kˆ × 9.6 × 10
12
1  
is AB (A and B are the magnitude of A and B
  2
137. Angle between A and B is . What is the value of  
respectively), the angle between A and B is
  

A B A ?  (a) 30° (b) 60°
2 2
(a) A B cos  (b) A B sin  cos  (c) 45° (d) 120°
2
(c) A B sin  (d) zero      
145. Given, C  A  B and D  B  A . What is the angle
     
138. If A  B  B  A, then the angle between A and B is : between C and D ?
(a)  (b) /3 (a) 30° (b) 60°
(c) /2 (d) /4
(c) 90° (d) 180°
Cross Product (Properties)    
146. If A  B  B  A , then the angle between A and B is
139. The area of a parallelogram farmed from the vector
  (a)  (b) /3
A  ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ and B  3iˆ  2jˆ  kˆ as adjacent side is
(c) /2 (d) /4
(a) 8 3 units (b) 64 units Miscellaneous
 
(c) 32 units (d) 4 6 units 147. The angle between A and B is . The value of the triple
  
 product A   B  A  is
140. A vector F1 is along the positive Y–axis. If its vector product
2
  (a) A B (b) zero
with another vector F2 is zero, then F2 could be 2 2
(c) A B sin  (d) A B cos 
(a) 4ˆj (b) ˆj  kˆ   
148. If vectors A and B are given by A  5iˆ  6ˆj  3kˆ and

(c) ˆj  kˆ (d) 4 ˆi B  6iˆ  2jˆ  6kˆ . Which is/are of the following correct ?
   
141. If the vectors A  2iˆ  4ˆj and B  5iˆ  pjˆ are parallel to (a) A and B are mutually perpendicular
    
each other, the magnitude of B is (b) Product of A  B is the same B  A
 
(a) 5 5 (b) 10 (c) The magnitude of A and B are equal

(c) 15 (d) 2 5  
(d) The magnitude of A  B is zero
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 38

149. Which of the following statements is/are correct  

150. Two vectors A and B are inclined to each other at an angle
(a) The magnitude of the vector 3iˆ  4ˆj is 5 . Which of the following is the unit vector perpendicular to
 
both A and B ?
(b) A force 3iˆ  4ˆj N acting on a particle cause a  
AB ˆ B
A ˆ
displacement 6ˆj . The work done by the force is 30N (a)   (b)
AB sin 
 
(c) If A and B represent two adacent sides of a  
AB ˆ B
A ˆ
  (c) (d)
parallelogram, then | A  B | give the area of that ABsin  ABcos 

parallelogram
(d) A force has magnitude 20 N. Its component in a direction
making an angle 60° with the force is 10 3 N.

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following sets have different dimensions? 5. Two full turns of the circular scale of a screw gauge cover
(2005) a distance of 1 mm on its main scale. The total number of
(a) Pressure, young’s modulus, stress divisions on the circular scale is 50. Further, it is found
(b) Emf, potential difference, electric potential that the screw gauge has a zero error of –0.03 mm. While
measuring the diameter of a thin wire, a student notes the
(c) Heat, work done, energy
main scale reading of 3 mm and the number of circular
(d) Dipole moment, electric flux, electric field
scale divisions in the line with the main scale as 35. The
2. Out of the following pairs, which one does not have diameter of the wire is : (2008)
identical dimensions? (2005)
(a) 3.32 mm (b) 3.73 mm
(a) Angular momentum and Planck’s constant
(c) 3.67 mm (d) 3.38 mm
(b) Impulse and momentum
6. The dimensions of magnetic field in M, L, T and C
(c) Moment of inertia and moment of a force
(coulomb) is given as : (2008)
(d) Work and torque
(a) [MLT–1 C–1] (b) [ML2C–2]
3. Which of the following units denotes the dimensions
[ML2/Q2], where Q denotes the electric charges? (2006) (c) [ML–1C–1] (d) [ML–2C–1]
(a) Wbm–2 (b) henry (H) 7. In an experiment the angles are required to be measured
(c) Hm–2 (d) Weber (Wb) using an instrument. 29 division of the main scale exactly
coincide with the 30 division of the verneir scale. If the
4. A body of mass m = 3.513 kg is moving along the x-axis
with a speed of 5.00 ms–1. The magnitude of its momentum smallest division of the main scale is half-a-degree (=0.5°),
is recorded as : (2008) then the least count of the instrument is : (2009)

(a) 17.6 kg ms–1 (b) 17.565 mg ms–1 (a) one minute (b) half minute
(c) 17.56 kg ms–1 (d) 17.57 kg ms–1 (c) one degree (d) half degree
 39 BASIC MATHEMATICS

8. The respective number of significant figures for numbers 14. The current voltage relation of diode is given by I = (e100 V/
23.023, 0.0003 and 2.1×10–3 are : (2010) T
–1) mA, where the applied V is in volts and the temperature
(a) 5, 1, 2 (b) 5, 1, 5 T is in degree kelvin. If a student makes an error measuring
(c) 5, 5, 2 (d) 4, 2, 2 0.01V while measuring the current of 5 mA at 300 K,
9. A screw gauge gives the folliwng reading when used to what will be the error in the value of current in mA ?
measure the diameter of a wire. (2014)
Main scale reading : 0 mm (a) 0.2 mA (b) 0.02 mA
Circular scale reading : 52 divisions (c) 0.5 mA (d) 0.05 mA
Given that, 1 mm on main scale corresponds to 100 15. A student measures the time period of 100 oscillations of
divisions of the circular scale. a simple pendulum four times. The data set is 90s, 91s, 95s
The diamter of wire from the above data is : (2011) and 92s. If the minimum division in the measuring clock is
(a) 0.052 cm (b) 0.026 cm 1s, then the reported mean time should be : (2016)

(c) 0.005 cm (d) 0.52 cm (a) 92  5.0s (b) 92  1.8s

10. Resistance of a given wire is obtained by measuring the
(c) 92  3s (d) 92  2s
current flowing in it and the voltage difference applied
across it. If the percentage errors in the measurement of 16. A screw gauge with a pitch of 0.5 mm and a circular scale
the current and the voltage difference are 30% each, then with 50 divisions is used to measure the thickness of a
error in the vlaue of resistance of the wire is : (2012) thin sheet of Aluminium. Before starting the measurement,
(a) 6% (b) zero it is found that when the two jaws of the screw gauge are
brought in contact, the 45th division coincides with the
(c) 1% (d) 3%
main scale line and that the zero of the main scale is barely
11. A spectrometer gives the following reading when used to visible. What is the thickness of the sheet if the main
measure the angular of a prism. scale reading is 0.5mm and the 25th division coincides with
Main scale reading 58.5 degree. the main scale line? (2016)
Vernier scale reading 9 divsions (a) 0.80 mm (b) 0.70 mm
Given that, I division on main scale corresponds to 0.5 (c) 0.50 mm (d) 0.75 mm
degree. Total division on the vernier scale is 30 and match
17. The following observations were taken for determining
with 29 divisions of the main scale. The angular of the
surface tension T of water by capillary method :
prism from the above data is : (2012)
(a) 58.59° (b) 59.77° diameter of capillary, D  1.25  102 m .
(c) 58.65° (d) 59° rise of water, h  1.45  102 m .
12. Let [0] denotes the dimensional formula of the permittivity
of vacuum. If M = mass, L = length, T = time and A = Using g  9.80m/ s 2 and the simplified relation
electric current, then (2013)
(a) [0] = [M–1L–3T2A] (c) [0] = [M–1L–3T4A2] rhg
T 103 N/ m , the possible error in surface tension
(c) [0] = [M–2L2T–1A–2] (d) [0] = [M–1L2T–1A2] 2
is closest to : (2017)
13. A student measured the length of a rod and wrote it as
3.50 cm. Which instrument did he use to measure it : (2014) (a) 0.15% (b) 1.5%
(a) A meter scale (c) 2.4% (d) 10%
(b) A vernier calliper where the 10 division in vernier scale 18. The density of a material in the shape of a cube is
matches with 9 division in main scale and main scale has determined by measuring three sides of the cube and its
10 division in 1 cm mass. If the relative errors in measuring the mass and length
(c) A screw gauge having 100 divisions in the circular are respectively 1.5% amd 1% the maximum error in
scale and pitch as 1 mm determining the density is : (2018)
(d) A screw gauge havin 50 divisions in the circular scale (a) 4.5% (b) 6%
and pitch 1 mm (c) 2.5% (d) 3.5%
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 40

19. An experiment is performed to obtain the value of (c) 0.94  0.02 cm (d) 0.94  0.005 cm
acceleration due to gravity g by using a simple pendulum 25. Time (T), velocity (C) and angular momentum (h) are
of length L. In this experiment time for 100 oscillations is chosen as fundamental quantities instead of mass, length
measured by using a watch of 1 second least count and and time. In terms of these, the dimensions of mass would
the value is 90.0 seconds. The length L is measured by be : (2017 Online Set-1)
using a meter scale of least count 1 mm and the value is (a) [M] = [T–1 C–2 h] (b) [M] = [T–1 C2 h]
20.0 cm. The error in the determination of g would be: (c) [M] = [T–1 C–2 h–1] (d) [M] = [T C–2 h]
(2014 Online Set-1)
26. A physical quantity P is described by the relation
(a) 1.7 % (b) 2.7 %
(c) 4.4 % (d) 2.27 % P  a1/2 b2 c3 d 4
20. From the following combinations of physical constants If the relative errors in the measurement of a, b, c and d
(expressed through their usual symbols) the only respectively, are 2%, 1%, 3% and 5%, t the relative error in
combination, that would have the same value in different P will be : (2017 Online Set-2)
systems of units, is: (2014 Online Set-2)
(a) 8% (b) 12%
 O O G 2  O O h (c) 32% (d) 25%
(a) (b)
c2 he2 ce 2 G 27. In an experiment to determine the period of a simple
2 pendulum of length 1 m, it is attached to different spherical
e
(c) (me = mass of electron) bobs of radii r1 and r2. The two spherical bobs have uniform
2 O Gme 2
mass distribution. If the relative difference in the periods,
ch is found to be 5  104 s, the difference in radii, r1  r2 is
(d)
2 02
 best given by :    (r1 , r2 )  (2017 Online Set-2)
21. A vector A is rotated by a small angle  radians (<<1)
   (a) 1 cm (b) 0.05 cm
to get a new vector B. In that case B – A is :
(c) 0.1 cm (d) 0.01 cm
(2015 Online)
28. The relative error in the determination of the surface area
  
(a) A  (b) B   A of a sphere is  . Then the relative error in the determination
of its volume is : (2018 Online Set-1)
  2 
(c) A 1   (d) 0 3 
2  (a)  (b) 
 2 3
22. In the following ‘I’ refers to current and other symbols 5
have their usual meaning. Choose the option that (c)  (d) 
2
corresponds to the dimensions of electrical conductivity
29. The percentage errors in quantities P, Q, R and S are 0.5
: (2016 Online Set-1)
percent, 1 percent, 3 percent and 1.5 percent respectively
(a) ML”3 T”3 I2 (b) M”1 L3 T3 I
(c) M”1 L”3T3 I2 (d) M–1 L–3 T3 I P3Q 2
23. A, B, C and D are four different physical quantities having in the measurement of a physical quantity A = . The
RS
different dimensions. None of them is dimensionless. But we
know that the equation AD = C ln (BD) holds true. Then maximum percentage error in the value of A will be :
which of the combination is not a meaningful quantity ? (2018 Online Set-3)
(2016 Online Set-2) (a) 6.0 percent (b) 7.5 percent
(c) 8.5 percent (d) 6.5 percent
(A  C)  
(a) A 2  B2 C2 (b)
D 30.    
Let A = ˆi + ˆj and B = 2iˆ - ˆj . The magnitude of a
      
A C AD 2 coplanar vector C such that A.C = B.C = A.B, is given
(c) C (d) 
B BD C by: (2018 Online Set-3)
24. If the length of rod A is 3.25  0.01 cm and that of B is 4.19 10 5
 0.01 cm then the rod B is longer than rod A by : (a) (b)
9 9
(2016 Online Set-2)
(a) 0.94  0.00 cm (b) 0.94  0.01 cm 20 9
(c) (d)
9 12
 41 BASIC MATHEMATICS

EXERCISE - 3

CLACULUS QUESTIONS 1. y= x x
Differentiation
2. y = sin x + cos x
dy
Find of the given functions 3. y = sin x – 4 cos x
dx
n+2
1. y=x , where n is constant x n x n 1 cos x
3
4. y   where n is constant
2. y=x n n  2 n 1
–n
3. y = x , where n is constant
4. y=x
–4 x  n 2 1
5. y  2  x where n is constant and n  2
n xn
1
5. y = x n , where n is constant and n  0
e x x 3 sin x
1 6. y   where n is constant
6. y=x 2
n3 2 4

2 3 4

7. y=x 3 7. y  xn 1
 xn 1 where n is constant
3
8. y = ax , where a is a constant x 2  ax  b
8. y where a and b are constant
1 14 ab
9. y= x
2 2
9. y = x + e ax + e x where a is constant
10. y = ax a , where a is constant
10. y = sin 5x + cos 4x
x
11. y = ae , where a is constant n
11. y = e x + 4 + x 2  5e x where n is constant
12. y = b sin x , where b is constant
x
12. y = enx +sin  cos x 2 where n is constant
1 5
13. y = – cos x , where k is constant
k
2

14. y=x
n+2
+x
n–2
, where n is constant 13. y = ex  x 1

3 2 2
15. y = x – 6x + 1 14. y = sin (x + x + 1)
sin x
15. y=e
1
16. y = x 4 – 4  2x3
 x x  
2 n
x 16. y=e x n

 x where n, , ,  are constant

1 1
17. y=  17. y  sin  x 2  x 2  1 where  is constant
x x2
n n 1
18.
4
y = x + 7x + x – 5
3 2
18. y  ex  ex  e x where n is constant
4 x 3 2
19. y = x – e + sin x 19. y = 3x + 2x + 2
x 2
20. y = x + ae , where a is constant 20. y = 4x + ln x (ln x = loge x)
Chain Rule Maxima & Minima
Find the ‘x’ values at which following functions attain maxima &
dy minima
Find of the given functions 3 2
dx 1. f (x) = x – 6x + 9x – 8
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 42

d
3 45 1
2. f (x)   x 4  8x3  x 2  105
4 2 13. 
y   cos xdx, where k is constant
k
c
3
3. f (x) = 2x – 24 x + 107 in interval [1, 3]
3 2 5
4. f (x) = 2x – 3x – 12x + 5
x 
n2
14. y  x n 2 dx, where n is constant
1 1
5. f (x)  x 
x 1

x 
3
6. f (x) = x – 3x
3
15. y  6x 2  1 dx
Intergration 0

Find the given definite integral 1

x 
4
2 16. y  2x 3 dx
1. y  x n  2 dx where n is constant
 0

1 1
1 1 
2 17. 
y    2  dx
x x 
2. y  x 3 dx
 2

1 1

x 
4
2 18. y  7x 3  x 2  5 dx
3. y  x  n dx where n is constant
 0

1 b

x 
4
2 19. y  e x  sin x dx
4
4. y x 
1
dx a

  x  ae  dx , where a is constant
x
b 20. y
1
5. y x  n dx where n is constant and n  0 1

a Graphs :
4
1
Draw the graphs between ‘y’ and ‘x’ and compare :
6. y x 
3
2 dx 1. y = 2x and y = 3x
2. y = 3x – 1 and y = 3x + 1
2 3. y = –2x and y = – 3x
2
3
7. y x 
1
dx 4. x + y = 1 and x –2y = 2
5. x = 2y + 1 and x = –2y + 1
4 2 2
3
6. y = x and y = x – 2x + 1
8. 
y  ax dx where a is a constant
1
7. y = 2x + 2 and y = –2x + 2
8. y = 2x and y = 2x – 1
6
1 1 9. y = 2x + 3 and y = 4x + 6
9. y 2x
1
4 dx
10. y = x + 1 and 2y = 2x + 2

0 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :

a
10. y 
1
ax dx where a is constant 1. sin (3x + 5) 2. tan x
2

d 3. sin (log x) 4. esin x

x
11. 
y  ae dx , where a is constant
c
5. e
tan x 2
6. sin (2x + 1)

 3 x
6 7. 2 x 8. 3e
12. y 

b sin xdx, where b is constant
3
 43 BASIC MATHEMATICS

2  2x x log x
9. 3x 10. 3 2 3x 2 sin x
21. log (3x + 2) – x log (2x –1) 22.
2 tan 3x 7  x2
11. (log sin x) 12. e
2 x
23. sin {log (2x + 3)} 24. e log sin 2x
cot x  sin x 
13. e 14. log  
 1  cos x  e x sin x –3x
25. 26. 3e log (1 + x)
(x 2  2)3
sin x
15. tan (e ) 16. log (x  x 2  1)

x2  2 x 2 (1  x 2 )3
x
e log x 27. 28.
17. 18. log (cosec x – cot x) cos x cos 2x
x2
2 2
29. log (3x + 2) – x log (2x –1) 30. cos (log x)
e 2x  e 2x x k 2 3
19. 20. x sin 2x + 5 + k + (tan x)
e 2x  e2x
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 44

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions (Only one correct option) Codes :
1. A person measures the depth of a well by measuring the P Q R S
time interval between dripping a stone and receiving the (a) 3 1 2 4
sound of impact with the bottom of the well. The error in (b) 3 2 1 4
his measurement of time is T = 0.01s and he measures the (c) 4 2 1 3
depth of the well to be L = 20 m. Take the acceleration due (d) 4 1 2 3
to gravity g = 10 ms–2 and the velocity of sound is 300 ms–
 4 MLg 
L 5. In the determination of Young’s modulus  Y  
1
. Then the fractional error in the measurement, , is  d 2 
L
closet to: 2017 by using Searl’s method, a wire of length L = 2m and
diameter d = 0.5 mm is used. For a load M = 2.5 kg, an
(a) 1% (b) 5% extension l = 0.25 mm in the length of the wire is observed.
(c) 3% (d) 0.2% Quantities d and l are measured using a screw gauge and
2. During Searle’s experiment, zero of the vernier scale lies a micrometer, respectively. They have the same pitch of
between 3.20 × 10–2 m and 3.25 × 10–2 m of the main scale. 0.5 mm. The number of divisions on their circular scale is
The 20th division of the vernier scale exactly coincides 100. The contributions to the maximum probable error of
with one of the main scale divisions. When and additional the Y measurement is : (2012)
load of 2 kg is applied to the wire, the zero of the vernier (a) due to the errors in the measurement of d and l are the
scale still lies between 3.20×10–2 m and 3.25×10–2 m of the same.
main scale but not the 45th division of vernier scale (b) due to the error in the measurement of d is twice that
coincides with one of the main scale divisions. due to the error in the measurement of l
The length of the thin metallic wire is 2 m and its cross- (c) due to the error in the measurement of l is twice that
sectional area is 8×10–7 m2. The least count of the vernier due to the error in the measurement of d
scale is 1.0×10–5m. The maximum percentage error in the
Young’s modulus of the wire is: (2014) (d) due to the error in the measurement of d is four times
that due to the error in the measurement of d is four times
(a) 1 (b) 2 that due to the error in the measurement of l
(c) 4 (d) 8 6. To find the distance d over which a signal can be seen
3. The diameter of a cylinder is measured using a vernier clearly in foggy conditions, a railway engineer uses
callipers, with no zero error. It is found that the zero of the dimensional analysis and assumes that the distance
vernier scale lies between 5.10 cm and 5.15cm of the main depends on the mass density  of the fog, intensity
scale. The vernier scale has 50 division equivalent to 2.45 (power/area) S of the light from the signal and its frequency
cm. The 24th division of the vernier scale exactly coincides f. The engineer finds that d is proportional to S1/n. The
with one of the main scale divisions. The diameter of the value of n : (2011)
cylinder is: (2013) (a) 2 (c) 3
(a) 5.112 cm (b) 5.124 cm (c) 1 (d) 1
(c) 5.136 cm (d) 5.148 cm 7. The density of a solid ball is to be determined in an
4. Match the List I with List II and select the correct answer experiment. The diameter of the ball is measured with a
using the codes given below the lists: (2013) screw gauge, whose pitch is 0.5 mm and there are 50
List-I List-II divisions on the circular scale. The reading on the main
scale is 2.5 mm and that on the circular scale is 20 divisions.
(P) Boltzmann constant 1. [ML2T–1]
If the measured mass of the ball has a relative error of 2%,
(Q) Coefficient of viscosity 2. [ML–1T–1] the relative percentage error in the density is: (2011)
(R) Planck’s constant 3. [MLT–3K–1] (a) 0.9% (b) 2.4%
(S) Thermal conductivity 4. [ML2T–2K–1] (c) 3.1% (d) 4.2%
 45 BASIC MATHEMATICS

8. A vernier Callipers has 1mm marks on the main scale. It 11. A student performs an experiment for determination of
has 20 equal divisions on the vernier scale which match
 42  
with 16 mains scale divisions. For this vernier callipers, g   2  , where   1m, and he commits an error of
 T 
the least count is : (2010)  
(a) 0.02 mm (b) 0.05 mm  . For T he takes the time on n oscillations with the stop
(c) 0.1 mm (d) 0.2 mm watch of least count T and he commits a human error of
9. Student I, II and III perform an experiment for measuring 0.1 s. For which of the following data, the measurement of
the acceleration due to gravity (g) using a simple g will be most accurate? (2006)
pendulum. They use different lengths of the pendulum (a) L = 0.5, T = 0.1, n = 20
and/or record time for different number of oscillations. (b) L = 0.5, T = 0.1, n = 50
The observations are shown in the table.
(c) L = 0.5, T = 0.01, n = 20
Least count for length = 0.1 cm.
(d) L = 0.1, T = 0.05, n = 50
Least count for time = 0.1 s.
12. The circular scale of a screw gauge has 50 divisions and
Particular Length of Number of Total time Time
pitch of 0.5 mm. Find the diameter of sphere. Main scale
student the oscillations (n) for period
reading is 2. (2006)
pendulum (n) oscillations (s)
(cm) (s)
I 64.0 8 128.0 16.0
II 64.0 4 64.0 16.0
III 20.0 4 36.0 9.0
If EI, EII and EIII are the percentage errors in g, i.e.

 g 
  100  , for students I, II and III, respectively. (2008)
 g 

(a) EI = 0 (b) EI is minimum (a) 1.2 mm (b) 1.25 mm

(c) EI = EII (d) EII is maximum (c) 2.20 mm (d) 2.25 mm
10. A student performs an experiment to determine the Objective Questions (One or more correct option)
Young’s modulus of a wire, exactly 2 m long, by Searle’s
13. A length-scale () depends on the permittivity () of a
method. In a particular reading, the student measures the
extension in the length of the wire to be 0.8 mm with an dielectric material, Boltzmann constant (kB), the absolute
temperature (T), the number per unit volume (n) of certain
uncertainly of 0.005mm at a load of exactly 1.0 kg. The
charged particles, and the charge (q) carried by each of
student also measures the diamter of the wire to be 0.4 mm
the particles. Which of the following expression(s) for 
with an uncertainty of  0.01mm . Take, g = 9.8 ms–2
is(are) dimensionally correct? (2016)
(exact). The Young’s modulus obtained from the reading
is : (2007)  nq 2   k T 
(b)    nq 2 
B
(a)    k T 
(a) (2  0.3) × 1011 Nm–2  B   

(b) (2  0.2) × 1011 Nm–2

   
(c) (2  0.1) × 1011 Nm–2  q2   q2 
  2    1 
(c)  3 
(d)  3 
(d) (2  0.5) × 1011 Nm–2
 n k B T   n k B T 
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 46

14. In an experiment to determine the acceleration due to (a) Error T is measuring T, the time period is 0.05 s
gravity g, the formula used for the time period of a periodic (b) Error T in measuring T, the time period is 1 s
7 R  r (c) percentage error in the determination of g is 5%
motion is T  2 . The values of R and r are
5g (d) percentage error in the determination of g is 2.5%
16. A student performed the experiment of determination of
measured to be  60  1 mm and 10  1 mm, respectively..
focal length of a concave mirror by u–v method using an
In five successive measurements, the time period is found optical bench of length 1.5 m. The focal length of the mirror
to be 0.52 s, 0.56 s, 0.57 s,0.54 s and 0.59 s. The least count used is 24 cm. The maximum error in the location of the
of the watch used for the measurement of time period is image can be 0.2 cm. The 5 sets of (u, v) values recorded
0.01 s. Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true? by the student (in cm) are (42, 56), (48, 48), (60, 40), (66, 33),
(2016) (78, 39). The data set(s) that cannot come from experiment
and is(are) incorrectly recorded, is (are) : (2009)
(a) The error in the measurement of r is 10%
(a) (42, 56) (b) (48, 48)
(b) The error in the measurement of T is 3.57%
(c) (66, 33) (d) 78, 39)
(c) The error in the measurement of T is 2%
Integer Queston
(d) The error in the determined value of g is 11%  
17. Two vectors A and B are defined as
15. A student uses a simple pendulum of exactly 1m length to
determine g, the acceleration due to gravity. He uses a  
A  ai and B  a cos ti  sin t j , where a is a constant
 
stop watch with the least count of 1s for this and records
40s for 20 oscillations. For this observation, which of the     
following statement(s) is/are correct? (2010) and   rads 1 . If A  B  3 A  B at time t =  for
6
the first time, the value of  , in seconds, is _______.
(2018)


 47 BASIC MATHEMATICS

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : UNIT & DIMENSION, ERROR AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b)

10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b)
19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (d)
28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (b) 31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (b)
37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (a) 41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (d)
46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (d) 51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (a)
55. (d) 56. (d) 57. (d) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (b) 61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (a)
64. (d) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (c) 71. (d) 72. (c)
73. (c) 74. (c) 75. (c) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (c) 81. (c)
82. (d) 83. (b) 84. (b) 85. (b) 86. (a) 87. (a) 88. (a) 89. (a) 90. (b)
91. (b) 92. (d) 93. (d) 94. (d) 95. (a) 96. (c) 97. (d) 98. (a) 99. (c)
100. (d) 101. (b) 102. (b) 103. (b) 104. (c) 105. (c) 106. (d) 107. (c) 108. (c)
109. (c) 110. (a) 111. (b) 112. (a) 113. (b) 114. (b) 115. (d) 116. (b) 117. (c)
118. (d) 119. (c) 120. (d) 121. (a) 122. (c) 123. (a) 124. (a) 125. (c) 126. (d)
127. (a) 128. (a) 129. (d) 130. (b) 131. (c) 132. (c) 133. (c) 134. (c) 135. (c)
136. (c) 137. (d) 138. (a) 139. (d) 140. (a) 141. (a) 142. (d) 143. (c) 144. (a)
145. (d) 146. (a) 147. (b) 148. (a, d) 149. (a, c) 150. (b, c)

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a)

10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a)
19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c)
28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (b)

EXERCISE - 3 : DIFFERENTIATE

2 1 cos x esin x
tan x 2
1. 3cos (3x + 5) 2. 2 tan x sec x 3. cos (log x) 4. 5. e . sec x
x 2 x

3 x x 2  2x
6. 2 sin (4x + 2) 7. 3x 2 .2 x log 2 8. 3e log 3.e x 9. (3 log 3).(2x  2)

x log x tan 3x 2 1 e cot x

10. 3 . log 3 . (1 + log x) 11. 2 (log sin x) cot x 12. 3e . sec 3x 13.  .cos ec 2 x
2 cot x

sin x 2 sin x sin x 1  1 2 

14. cot x  15. sec (e ).e . cos x 16. 17. e x .x 2  log x   log x 
1  cos x 2
x 1  x x 
 BASIC MATHEMATICS 48

8 x 5 2
18. cosec x 19. 2x 20. sin 2x + 2x cos 2x + 5 log 5 + 6 tan x sec x
(e  e 2x ) 2

3 2x 2 6x sin x  3x 2 cos x 3x 3 sin x

21.   2x log (2x  1) 22. 
3x  2 2x  1 7  x2 (7  x 2 )3 / 2

 2  x x
23. sin {2 log (2x  3)} .   24. 2e cot 2x + e log sin 2x
 2x  3 

e x sin x  e x cos x 6x e x sin x 1

25.  26. 3e3x  
 3log (x  1) 
(x 2  2)3 (x 2  2) 4  x  1 

1   x2  2   2 2 2 2
27.  2x    tan x  28. 2x (1–x ) sec2x {1–4x + x (1–x ) tan 2x}
cos x   2  

3 2x 2 2 log x sin (log x) 2

29.   2x log (2x  1) 30.
3x  2 2x  1 x

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d)

9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (b, d) 14. (a, b, d) 15. (a, c) 16. (c, d)
17. (2)

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