FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

INTRODUCTION
2. Vectors and Equilibrium

Physical Quantities
( A property of the matter
associated with
measurement)

Scalar quantity Vector quantity

(having magnitude but no (having magnitude as well
direction) as direction)

BASIC CONCEPTS OF VECTORS & SCALARS

Comparison of Scalar and Vector

PARTICULARS SCALARS VECTORS

Non-directional physical
Definition Directional physical quantity
quantity
Examples time, volume, work & flux Displacement, velocity & torque
Numerical value
Representation Numerical value
Proper unit
requirements Proper unit
Direction
Subtraction By simple arithmetic rules By special rules
Addition By simple arithmetic rules By special rules
Multiplication By simple arithmetic rules By special rules
Division By simple arithmetic rules Not possible
Modulus of a Vector
It represents only the magnitude of a vector, i.e., absolute numerical value of the vector. It gives
no information about direction of the vector.
If a   5N  East  , b   5N   West  then a  b but a  b  5N
 A vector does not change: (i) When a vector is displaced parallel to itself anywhere in space. (ii)
When a vector is rotated through an angle  keeping its tail fixed such that   2n where n =
1, 2, 3, ………

 A vector changes when: (i) Its magnitude changes only. (ii) Its direction changes only, i.e., angle
of rotation of a vector is not an integral multiple of 2. (iii) Both magnitude and direction
change.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

 Angle between two vectors: It is measured only when their tails or heads are at the same point.

VECTOR REPRESENTATION
Vectors Representation

Symbolic Graphical
representation representation

Arrowhead representation Bold face representation

Y
e.g. A e.g. A P
O X

Angular representation of vectors

involves measurement of angle with
positive x-axis in anticlockwise sense.

Steps to Represent Vectors Graphically

RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

Two-dimensional
It consists of two mutually perpendicular intersecting lines, called x-axis and y-axis. One angle is
enough to specify the direction of a vector in two-dimensional coordinate system.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

Three-Dimensional
It consists of three mutually perpendicular lines called x-axis, y-axis and z-axis.
The direction of a vector in three dimensional rectangular coordinate system is specified by
three angles making with x, y and z-axis respectively.

y z
P (a,b,c)

x'  
o x
y


x
y'
Origin
It is the point of intersection of mutually perpendicular lines in rectangular coordinate system.
Addition and Subtraction Of Vectors
 We can add and subtract vectors by head to tail rule that states:
“If vectors are arranged in such a way that tail of each next vector join with the head of its
preceding vector, then the resultant is obtained by a line joining the tail of first vector to the
head of last one.”
GRAPHICAL VECTOR ADDITION
Adding two vectors A and B graphically can be visualized
like two successive walks, with the vector sum being the
vector distance from the beginning to the end point.
Representing the vectors by arrows drawn to scale, the
beginning of vector B is placed at the end of vector A.
The vector sum R can be drawn as the vector from the
beginning to the end point.

The process can be done mathematically by finding the

components of A and B, combining to form the
components of R, and then converting to polar
form.  R, 

TYPES OF VECTORS
Resultant Vector
It is a single vector that has the same effect as all the vectors to be added.
Unit Vector
It has magnitude 1 and direction of it is along the given vector. It is obtained by dividing the
A
vector with its magnitude i.e. A .
A

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

 “A unit vector has no dimensions and it is unitless.”

Some commonly used unit vectors are

i - unit vector along x-axis

j - unit vector along y-axis
k - unit vector along z-axis
r - unit vector along position vector
n - unit vector along normal
(perpendicular)
Zero Vector or Null Vector
It has magnitude zero and arbitrary direction. Its symbol is O and used as vector identity for
 
addition. A+  A  0
Negative of a vector
It is a vector of same magnitude but has opposite direction e.g.

A

A
  We cannot add zero to null vector.
Equal Vectors
Vectors having same magnitude and same direction are said to be equal vectors.
Parallel Vectors
The vectors that have only same direction are called parallel vectors
Anti parallel Vectors
The vectors that have opposite direction are called anti parallel vectors.
Position Vector
It represents the position of a point with respect to an origin in a coordinate system. Its symbol
is r . y-axis
P (a, b)
In two dimensions, r = a i + b j
b r
In three dimensions, r = a i + b j + c k x-axis
O a
Multiplication of a Vector with a Scalar (Number)
 Resultant remains a vector
 Magnitude may or may not be changed as number can be 1 or >1.
 Direction may or may not be changed, as number can be positive or negative.
 e.g. if number = n & vector = A , then after multiplication
New vector = n A
Magnitude = n times the magnitude of A i.e. n A
Dimensions of scalar and vector are also multiplied to give the dimension of new vector.
Resolution of a Vector
 Reverse process of addition of vectors.
 Replacing single vector by two or more than two vectors.
 Vectors obtained by resolving a vector are called components.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

 Component of a vector is its effective value in the stated direction.

 Minimum possible components of a vector are two.
 Maximum possible components of a vector are infinite.
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
 Components of vector which are mutually perpendicular.
 To apply simple trigonometric formulae we resolve vector in a plane into two mutually
perpendicular components called rectangular components e.g.
Where y-axis
Ax = Acosθ------------ (i) Q
Ay = Asinθ-------------(ii)
 Direction of components is governed by angle ‘θ’.
A
Ay
Determination of a Vector from Rectangular Components θ
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), their simplification yields. O x-axis
P Ax
| A | Ax 2  Ay 2 (Cos2θ+Sin2θ=1)
For direction dividing (i) and (ii)
A 
  tan1  y 
 Ax 
When vector A makes angle  with y-axis
A x =Asinθ
A y =Acosθ
A 
θ=tan -1  x 
A 
 y
ADDITION OF VECTORS BY RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
 Let resultant of two vectors A and B be R. Its magnitude is given as
 Rx    Ry 
2
R
2

Where
Rx = Ax + Bx
Ry = Ay + By
 Direction of the resultant vector is determined by
R 
 = tan-1  y 
 Rx 
 For any number of vectors, the magnitude of the resultant
 Ax  Bx  Cx    A y  By  Cy 
2 2
R=
 A  By  C y .. 
 = tan-1  y 
 A x  Bx  Cx .. 
Here  is the angle which resultant vector makes with positive
x-axis
 Remember following diagram
Keeping in mind the conventions for measuring angle of resultant vector, you can calculate the
angle using the table below:

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

S A
(sine positive) (positive)

T C
(tan positive) (cos positive)

Angle calculated according

Situation Quadrant Angle calculated
to conventions.
Rx → Positive Ry
1st   tan 1 
Ry → Positive Rx
Rx → Negative Ry
2nd   tan 1   180o  
Ry → Positive Rx
Rx → Negative Ry
3rd   tan 1   180o  
Ry → Negative Rx
Rx → Positive Ry Ry
4th   tan 1    or   360o  
→ Negative Rx

PARALLELOGRAM LAW
 This law is applicable only when tails of two vectors are at same point.
 In case of parallelogram law from two co-initial vectors we should make a parallelogram whose
diagonal represents the resultant of these two vectors.

 Using Pythagoras theorem in right angled triangle DOE: We get:

c2 =  a+bcosθ  +  bsinθ 
2 2

c2 =a 2 +b2 cos 2θ+2abcosθ+b2sin 2θ = a 2 +b2  cos2θ+sin 2θ  +2abcosθ  cos2θ+sin 2θ=1

c2 =a 2 +b2 +2abcosθ OR c= a 2 +b 2 +2abcosθ

 c  a 2  b2  2ab cos 

If a (magnitude of a ) and b (magnitude of b ) are constant and  varies then c will also vary
because cos  varies.
c will be maximum when cos  = +1 i.e.  = 0o.

cmax  a  b cmax  a  b
2
Thus or

c will be minimum when cos  = –1 i.e.,  = 180o. Thus,

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

cmin  a  b cmin  a  b
2
or

Hence, resultant of two vectors a and b can vary between cmax and cmin
For subtraction
c  a 2  b2  2ab cos 

Here  is the angle between a and b .

SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCTS
If product of two vectors is a scalar, then it is called scalar product or dot product.
A.B = AB cos θ.
Example of dot product
Work (scalar quantity) is dot product of force and displacement vector.

Impulse is an example of dot product or cross

product?

Characteristics of Scalar Product

Let us consider two vectors A and B to elaborate
characteristics.
Scalar product holds commutative law i.e.
A.B = B.A
 It holds associative law i.e.
  
A. B.C = A.B .C 
 It holds distributive law i.e.
 
A. B+C = A.B+ A.C
 If θ = 90º, then A.B = 0
 If θ = 0º, then A.B = AB
 If θ = 180º, then A.B = –AB
 For unit vectors i , ĵ , k̂
i. j  j.k  k.i  0 and i.i  j. j  k.k  1
 To find angle between two vector to be multiplied.
 A B  Ay By  Az Bz 
  cos 1  x x 
 AB 
 The result of product of two equal Scalar product of two parallel vectors is equal
vectors is equal to the square of their to the product of their magnitudes only.
magnitude. (Self scalar product).
A. A  A2 .

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT

If product of two vectors is a vector, then it is called vector product
A  B = AB sin n
where n is normal to the plane containing vectors A and B .
Characteristics of vector product
 Cross product does not obeys commutative law
 A  B  B A
 A  A  0 , therefore, i  i  j  j  k  k  0
 A  B = AB n if θ = 90º, therefore, i x ĵ = k̂ , ĵ x k̂ = i , , k̂ x i = ĵ
 m  A x B    mA  x B  A x  mB
 A  B  0 if A and B are parallel or anti-parallel vectors.
 If the direction of any vector is reversed cross product becomes negative.
 If both vectors are reversed no change in cross product occurs.
 A x B  (A y Bz  By Az )i  (Az Bx  Bz A x ) j  (A x By  Bx A y )k
OR
i j k
 A  B = Ax Ay Az
The magnitude of vector product of two vectors
Bx By Bz
gives the area of parallelogram.

 The magnitude of A  B is equal to the area of the parallelogram formed with A and B as two
adjacent sides

 Scalar triple product gives volume of parallelepiped.

A.  B x C  = A (B C – C B ) – A (B C – C B ) + A (B C – C B )
x y z y z y x Z x z z x y x y

OR
Ax Ay Az
 A.  
B x C = Bx By Bz
Cx Cy Cz
TORQUE
A physical quantity, which produces angular acceleration, is called torque.
 Dimensionally torque resembles with work.

An inclined door automatically closes due to

the torque produced by horizontal component
of its weight.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

 Torque is a vector quantity.   r  F = r F sin  n̂

 Magnitude of torque is given as;
τ = r F sin 
τ =rF if  = 90°
 SI unit of torque is N m.
 Torque is rotational analogue of force.
 Following factors affect torque:
(i) Magnitude of force
(ii) Magnitude of position vector or distance between the line of action of force and pivot point
(iii) Value of angle  between F and r .
 If line of action of force F passes through axis of rotation, then no torque is produced.
 τ = r F sin
OR τ = (r sin) F.
τ = r F
Where r is component of position vector perpendicular to force and
r  r sin is called moment arm of torque.
OR
τ = r (F sin)
τ = r F
which shows that only perpendicular component of force contributes to torque and horizontal
component does nothing in case of torque.
 If  = 0° or  then r = 0 m and F = 0N so that τ = 0 Nm.
Direction alterations
(a) If F is reversed, then direction of torque is also reversed.
(b) If r is reversed, then direction of torque is also reversed.
(c) If both r and F are reversed then the direction of torque remains unchanged.
COUPLE
Two equal, opposite and non-collinear forces acting on a body constitute a couple.

 Torque of a couple is never zero and   Fd where d = moment arm of couple.

EQUILIBRIUM
If a body keeps its state of rest or uniform motion invariant under many forces, it is said to be in
perfect equilibrium.
KINDS OF EQUILIBRIUM

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
The conditions of equilibrium can be stated in terms of coplanar forces as follow:
1st Condition of Equilibrium
The sum of forces acting on a body is equal to zero.
i.e. F  0
For coplanar forces
Fx  0 and Fy  0
 st
1 condition of equilibrium controls the translational equilibrium of the body.
2nd Condition of Equilibrium
The sum of torques acting on a body about the same axes of rotation is equal to zero.
Mathematically Σ   0
Or
Sum of anticlockwise torques = Sum of clockwise torques
 2nd condition of equilibrium controls the rotational equilibrium of the body.
Moment of Forces
Sum of Clock wise torque = sum of anti clock wise torque

F1 × OA = F2 × OB
State of equilibrium:
There are three state of equilibrium
 Stable equilibrium
 Unstable equilibrium
 Neutral equilibrium

Both conditions of equilibrium must be fulfilled for a body

to be in complete equilibrium.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

EXERCISE
(1) Two forces of magnitude F have a resultant of the same magnitude F. The angle between the
two forces is
(a) 450 (b) 300
(c) 120∘ (d) 600
(2) Two forces, one with a magnitude of 3 N and the other with a magnitude of 5 N, are
applied to an object. For which orientations of the forces shown in the diagrams is the
magnitude of the acceleration of the object the least?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(3) An object is subjected to a force in the north-east direction. To balance this force, a second
force should be applied in the direction
(a) west (b) south-West
(c) north-east (d) east
(4) The resultant force of 5 N and 10 N cannot be
(a) 5 N (b) 4 N
(c) 12N (d) 8N
(5) The vectors a,b and c are related by c  b  a . Which diagram below illustrates this
relationship?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(6) Which of the following sets of concurrent forces may be in equilibrium?
(a) F1=3N,F2=5N,F3=9N (b) F1=3N,F2=5N,F3=1N
(c) F1=3N,F2=5N,F3=15N (d) F1=3N,F2=5N,F3=6N
(7) Maximum number of rectangular components of a vector in space.
(a) one (b) two
(c) three (d) infinite
(8) A block is kept on a frictionless inclined surface with angle of inclination ''. The incline is
given an acceleration 'a' to keep the block stationary. Then a is equal to

(a) g/tanα (b) g

(c) g cosecα (d) g tanα
(9) What is torque acting on a pendulum of length “l” at an angle “”
(a) zero (b) mgl
(c) mglcos (d) mglsin
(10) Let F be the force acting on particle having position vector r and τ be the torque of this force
about the region. Then
(a) r   0 and F   0 (b) r   0 and F   0
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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

(c) r   0 and F   0 (d) r   0 and F   0

(11) If A×B = B×A, then the angle between A and B is
(a) 450 (b) 90º
(c) 2700 (d) 00
(12) A uniform beam of 1m is supported at the 50cm mark. Given that a weight of 2N hangs at the
30cm mark, how far away from the pivot must another weight of 4N be hung to balance the
beam

(a) 10cm (b) 20cm

(c) 15cm (d) 30cm
(13) When the net torque acting on a system is zero, which of the following will be constant?
(a) angular momentum (b) force
(c) velocity (d) linear momentum
(14) The rate of change in angular momentum is called
(a) angular momentum (b) linear momentum
(c) torque (d) Force
(15) The diagram shows a uniform meter rod balance at its mid-point. What can be the weight of
wooden block?

(a) 50N (b) 100 N

(c) 65N (d) 150N
(16) Vectors A and B each have magnitude L. When drawn with their tails at the same point, the angle
between them is 30°. The value of A . B is:
3L2
(a) 2L2 (b)
2
(c) L2 (d) Zero
(17) Which one is not a correct relation?
(a) A  B  A  B (b) A x B   B x A

(c) A x B  ABSinn (d) B x A  ABSin n 

(18) What happens if a vector is multiplied by a number 2?
(a) the magnitude of the vector is doubled but its direction remains the same
(b) the magnitude of the vector remains the same but its direction is reversed
(c) the magnitude of the vector is doubled and its direction is reversed
(d) neither the magnitude nor the direction of the vector undergo any change
(19) The torque due to couple as shown in figure is

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

(a) 0.866 Nm (b) 1 Nm

(c) 2 Nm (d) 0.5 Nm
(20) A force of 15 N is along Y-axis where as the resultant is acting at 30°. What will be the horizontal
components of force?
(a) 20 N (b) 26 N
(c) 30 N (d) 21 N
(21) Sum of all torques acting on a body is zero, this condition represents equilibrium's
(a) fourth condition (b) third condition
(c) first condition (d) second condition
(22) Six vectors a through f have the magitudes and directions indicated in the figure. Which of the
following statement is true?

(a) b  e  f (b) d  e  f
(c) b  c  f (d) d  c  f
(23) The magnitude of cross product of two vectors is equal to the dot product between them. The
angle between the two vectors is
(a) 30º (b) 45º
(c) 60º (d) 180º
(24) If A  B  3 A  B then the value of A  B is
AB 1/2
(a) ( A2  B 2  ) (b) ( A2  B 2  AB)1/2
3
(c) ( A2  B2  3 AB)1/2 (d) A+B
(25) The vector sum of two forces is perpendicular to their vector differences. In that case, the
forces:
(a) are equal to each other
(b) are equal to each other in magnitude
(c) are not equal to each other in magnitude
(d) cannot be predicted
(26) If A.B =  
3. A  B then angle between A and B
(a) 45° (b) 30°
(c) 90° (d) 60°

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

(27) A person swims in a river aiming to reach exactly opposite point on the bank of a river. His
speed of swimming is 0.5 m/s at an angle 120° with the direction of flow of water. The speed of
water in stream is:
(a) 0.43 m/s (b) 1.0 m/s
(c) 0.25 m/s (d) 0.5 m/s
(28) The distance between spring and pivot is 0.3 as in figure. A man of weight 640 N is standing on the
diving board. What will be the force acting on the spring top to balance him?

(a) 1840 N (b) 18400 N

(c) 3840 N (d) 5840 N
(29) A body will be in complete equilibrium when it is satisfying
(a) 1st condition of equilibrium (b) 2nd condition of equilibrium
st nd
(c) both 1 and 2 condition of equilibrium (d) impossible
(30) A person moves 30 m north, then 20 m east and finally 30 2 south-west. What is his
displacement from the original position?
(a) 10m (b) 6m
(c) 1m (d) 2m
(31) Three coplanar forces acting on a body keep it in equilibrium. They should therefore be
(a) concurrent (b) non concurrent
(c) parallel (d) non parallel
(32) body will be in rotational equilibrium only if the vector sum of all the external Torque’s acting in a body
is equal to:
(a) double (b) zero
(c) maximum (d) unity
(33) The resultant torque produced in the system as shown in the fig.

(a) Mgr + mgr (b) 2gr (M + m)

(c) Mgr  mgr (d) (M  m) 2gr
(34) It is easier to turn a steering wheel with both hands than with a single hand because
(a) accelerating force increases on the wheel (b) two forces act on the wheel
(c) two hands provide firm grip (d) couple acts on the wheel
(35) A force of 10N is acting along y-axis. Its component along x-axis is
(a) zero (b) 10N
(c) 100N (d) 5N
(36) When a steady torque is acting on a body, the body:
(a) gets linear acceleration
(b) continues in its state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line
(c) gets angular acceleration
(d) rotated at a constant speed

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

(37) Give the example of couple is

(a) moving coil of generator (b) both a and c
(c) moving coil galvanometer (d) none of these
(38) A tight nut is to be opened by a wrench of length 30 cm. Find the maximum torque caused by
applying 20N force on the wrench
(a) 6 Nm (b) 4 Nm
(c) 10 Nm (d) 8 Nm
(39) Torque depends only on
(a) direction of force, magnitude of the force and point of application of the force relative to the origin
(b) direction of force
(c) magnitude of the force
(d) point of application of force relative to the origin
(40) The cross product of two vectors is zero when
(a) they are parallel vectors (b) they are anti parallel vectors
(c) they are perpendicular vector (d) both a and b are correct
(41) The speed of a boat is 5 km/h in still water. It crosses a river of width 1.0 km along the shortest
possible path in 15 min. The velocity of the river water is: (in km/h)
(a) 5 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 4
(42) O is the center of an equilateral triangle ABC. F1,F2 and F3 are three forces along AB, BC and
AC as shown in figure. What should be the magnitude of F3 so that total torque about O is
zero?

(a) (F1 + F2)/2 (b) F1 – F2

(c) F1+F2 (d) 2(F1+F2)
(43) The magnitudes of sum and difference of two vectors arc same then the angle between
them is
(a) 900 (b) 450
(c) 1800 (d) 00
(44) A force passing through the centre of gravity of a bod
(a) results only in rotational motion
(b) results only in translational motion
(c) results in both translational & rotational motion
(d) holds the body in equilibrium
(45) The body is said to be in rotational equilibrium only if the sum of all the _______ acting on the
body about any arbitrary axis is zero:
(a) external torques (b) external forces
(c) second condition (d) none of these
(46) When first condition of equilibrium is satisfied, the body has
(a) no linear acceleration (b) no angular acceleration
(c) rotational equilibrium (d) none of these
(47) What is not true of two forces that give rise to a couple?
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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

(a) they act in opposite directions (b) they both act on the same body
(c) they both act at the same point (d) they both have the same magnitude
(48) If force applied makes an angle ‘’ with its position vector r relative to point O, then the torque
will be
(a)  = rF cos  (b)  = rF sin 
(c)  = rF (d)  = 0
(49) If the direction of force acting on a body capable of rotating about a point is reversed then
(a) magnitude of torque changes and direction remains same
(c) magnitude of torque changes and direction is reversed
(b) magnitude and direction both changes
(d) magnitude of torque remains same and direction is reversed
(50) Which of the following sets of displacements have equal resultants when performed in the
order given?
I: 6 m east, 9 m north, 12 m west
II: 6 m north, 9 m west, 12 m east
III: 6 m east, 12 m west, 9 m north
IV: 9 m north, 6 m east, 12 m west
(a) I and IV (b) I and II
(c) I, III and IV (d) I, II and IV
(51) The product of two vectors A and B may be
(a)  AB (b)  AB
(c) zero (d) all of these
(52) The rectangular components of force 5 dyne are
(a) 2.5 dyne and 5 dyne (b) 3 and 4 dyne
(c) 1 and 2 dyne (d) 2 and 3 dyne
(53) If P and Q are two forces then such that resultant R2  P 2  Q2 then angle between P and Q
will be______
(a) 0o (b) 90o
(c) 180o (d) 30o
(54)    
Given F  4iˆ  10 ˆj and r  5iˆ  3 ˆj , compute torque
(a) 62 ˆj units (b) 62kˆ units
(c) 48iˆ units (d) 48iˆ units
(55) Torque is counter part of ______ for rotational motion
(a) force (b) product
(c) power (d) inertia
(56) Work done by torque will be equal to
(a) Fd (c) I 
(b) r (d) 
(57)  
If the angle between the vectors A and B is  , the value of the product B  A . A is equal to
(a) BA sin 
2
(b) BA cos sin 
2

(c) BA cos 
2
(d) zero
(58) Two vectors A and B have magnitude 3 each. A  B  5kˆ  2iˆ . Find the angle between A and
B

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

29  5 
(a) cos 1 (b) tan 1  
9  2 
2  29 
(c) sin 1   (d) sin 1  
3  9 
(59) If A.B  B.C then
(a) A  C always (b) A  C always
(c) A may not be equal to C (d) none of these
(60) ˆ ˆ ˆ
If a vector 2i  3 j  8k is perpendicular to a vector 4 ˆj  4iˆ   kˆ then the value of  is
1 1
(a) (b) 
2 2
(c) 1 (d) -1

ANSWER KEY
1 c 11 d 21 d 31 a 41 c 51 d
2 a 12 a 22 b 32 b 42 c 52 b
3 b 13 a 23 b 33 c 43 a 53 b
4 b 14 c 24 b 34 d 44 b 54 b
5 d 15 b 25 b 35 a 45 a 55 a
6 d 16 b 26 b 36 c 46 a 56 d
7 c 17 b 27 c 37 b 47 c 57 d
8 d 18 a 28 c 38 a 48 b 58 d
9 d 19 c 29 c 39 a 49 d 59 c
10 b 20 b 30 b 40 d 50 c 60 b

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

SOLUTION
F  F   F  2F.Fcos   120
2 2
(1)
(2) When F  ma, a  Fand a min  Fmin As Fmin where forces are opposite.
(3) Direction of second force should be at 180°.
(4) Fmax = 5 + 10 = 15 N and Fmin = 10 – 5 = 5N
Range of resultant 5  F  15
(5) By RHR a  c  b  c  b  a

(6) Range of resultant of F1 and F2 varies between (3+5) = 8 N and (5–3) = 2N.
It means for some value of angle    , resultant 6 can be obtained. So, the resultant of 3N, 5 N
and 6 N may be zero and the forces may be in equilibrium.
(7) Maximum Rectangular components in plane = two
Maximum Rectangular components in space = three
Maximum components of a vector may be infinite
(8) Let the mass of a block is m. It will remain stationary if forces acting on it are in equilibrium. i.e.
ma cos   mgsin   a  gtan  Here ma = Pseudo force on block, mg = weight

(9)   r  F  r Fsin   r  and F  w  mg   mgsin 

(10) The torque,   r  F As,  is perpendicular to both r and F, so r. as well as F.  has to be zero
(11) Given, (A×B) = (B×A)  (A×B) – (B × A) = 0 or (A × B) + (A × B) = 0
[ (B × A) = – (A × B)]  2 (A × B) = 0  2ABsin = 0  sin  = 0
( A = A  0, B = B  0)   = 0 or 
(12) Apply the principle of moments   0
Sum of clockwise torque = sum of anti-clock wise torque
2 x 20 = L x 4
L = 10cm
L
(13)   0  L  0  L  constant
t
L
(14) By definition  
t
(15)   0  Sum of clockwise torque = sum of anti-clock wise torque
75 x 20 = w x 15  w = 100N

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

(16) A.B  ABcos 

A.B   L  L  cos30
 3
A.B  L2  
 2 
(17) A  B  B  A or A  B   B  A
A  B   B  A is not correct
(18) 2 is positive, so magnitude become double but direction remain same
1
(19) Torque due to couple = F  cos 60  2  2   2 Nm
2
F
(20) tan 30  y
Fx
Fy 15
Fx    15 3  26N
tan 30 1/ 3
(21) Definition of 2nd condition of equilibrium
(22) If two non-zero vectors are represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the
resultant is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point of intersection
of the two-vectors ∴ d  e  f
(23) A  B  A.B
ABsin   ABcos 
sin 
1
cos 
  45
(24) Given A  B  3A.B  ABsin   3 ABcos   tan   3    60
The addition of vector A and B can be given by the law of parallelogram.

 A  B  A2  B2  2ABcos60  A 2  B2  2AB    A 2  B2  AB

1 1/2

2
(25) The two vectors must be perpendicular if their dot product must be zero. Let A and B are
two forces. The sum of the two forces.
F1  A  B... i  The difference of the two forces.
F2  A  B... ii  Since, sum of the two forces is perpendicular to their differences as given
  
so, F1.F2  0 or A  B . A  B  0 or A2  A.B  B.A  B2  0 or A2  B2 or

A  B . Thus, the forces are equal to each other in magnitude.

ABcos   3ABsin 
1
(26)  tan 
3
  30

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

(27) Let u be the speed of stream and v the speed of person starts from A and wants to reach at
point B directed opposite to A.
As given, v makes an angle of 120° with direction of flow u, the resultant of v and u is along AB.
From figure,

v 0.5
u  vsin   vsin30 u    v  0.5m / s   0.25m / s
2 2

640 18
(28) F  0.3  640 1.8  F   3840 N
3
(29) Both conditions require for complete equilibrium
(30) B2  P2  H

202  302  30 2  x 
Hence :
42  36  x
6m  x
(31) Concurrent forces produces zero resultant, when they are added to form a triangle.
(32) Statement of second condition of equlibrium
(33) ACW  CW  Net  Mgr  mgr  Net
(34) Couple increase rotational effect
(35) If force is along x-axis then y-component is zero and vice versa
(36) Whenever torque is produced then the quantity which must produce is angular acceleration.
(37) General information
 30 
(38)   rF     20   6Nm
 100 
(39)   rF sin     r,  F &    (anglebetween r and F )
(40)
A  B  ABsin   0
sin   0, when   0or180
(41)

(42)
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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 2: Vectors and Equilibrium

(43)
     
2 2
Given A  B  A  B  A  B  A  B  A  B . A  B  A  B . A  B
 A. A  A.B  B. A  B.B  A. A  A.B  B. A  B.B As A.B  B. A
 A2  2 A.B  B 2  A2  2 A.B  B 2  4 A.B  0
 A.B  0 Hence A and B are mutaully perpendicular.
(44) If force is applied at center of gravity then the there will be no rotation will produce, so there
will be only linear motion.
(45) Statement of second condition of equilibrium
(46) F  ma  F  0  a  0
(47) In couple forces acts on two different points.
(48)   r Fsin 
(49)  
  r  F If F is reverse   r  F   r  F
 is reversed but magnitude remain same.
(50) We know addition of vectors is commutative. Resultant is same even if the order of the vectors
is different.
(51) A.B  AB cos  and | A  B | ABsin  ; product depends upon angle “  ”.
(52) F  9  16  25  5 ; if A = 3 dyne and B = 4 dyne.
(53) R  P2  Q2  2PQ cos    90o ; R2  P2  Q2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
(54)   r  F  5 3 0  kˆ  50  12  62kˆ
4 10 0
(55)   I ; F  ma
(56) W    
(57)  B  A  A   90o
| A B | 25  4 29
(58) sin    
| A || B | 9 9
(59) Dot product obeys commutative law.
(60)   
2iˆ  3 ˆj  8kˆ . 4 ˆj  4iˆ   kˆ  0
8  12  8  0
 1
   
 2

Department of Physics STEM 44