Vectors: Vector Quantities Must Obey The Rules of Vector Algebra
Vectors: Vector Quantities Must Obey The Rules of Vector Algebra
SCALAR QUANTITIES
A physical quantity which can be described completely by its magnitude only and does not require a direction
is known as a scalar quantity.
It obey the ordinary rules of algebra.
Ex : Distance, mass, time, speed, density, volume, temperature, current etc.
VECTOR QUANTITIES
A physical quantity which requires magnitude and a particular direction, when it is expressed.
Ex. : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force etc.
Vector quantities must obey the rules of vector algebra.
A vector is represented by a line headed with an arrow. Its length is proportional to its magnitude.
is a vector..
A
A PQ
Magnitude of A | A| or A
Polar Vector
Vectors which have initial point or a point of application are called
polar vectors.
Ex. : Displacement, force etc.
Axial Vector
These vectors are used in rotational motion to define
rotational effects. Direction of these vectors is always along the axis of
rotation in accordance with right hand screw rule or right hand thumb
rule.
Ex. : Small angular displacement ( d ), Angular velocity ( ) , Angular momentum (J) ,
Angular acceleration ( ) and Torque ( )
Equal Vector s
Vectors which have equal magnitude and same direction are called equal vectors.
A B
Opposite (or Negat ive) Vector s
Vectors which have equal magnitude but opposite direction are called opposite vectors.
AB and BA are opposite vectors
AB BA
Copla nar Vector s
Vectors located in the same plane are called coplanar vectors.
Note :- Two vectors are always coplanar.
Null or Zero Vector
A vector having zero magnitude is called null vector.
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Ex :- Sum of two vectors is always a vector so, (A ) ( A ) 0 [Note : (A ) ( A ) 0 ]
0 is a zero vector or null vector..
Unit Vector
A vector having unit magnitude is called unit vector. It is used to specify direction. A unit vector is represented
by a (a cap or a hat or a caret).
A Vector
Unit vector in the direction of A is â (unit vector = )
Magnitude of the vector
| A|
A Aa or A | A|a
A unit vector is used to specify the direction of a vector.
Co-initial vector c
Co-initial vectors are those vectors which have the same initial point. b
a
a, b and c are co-initial vectors.
Y
BASE VECTORS
In an XYZ co-ordinate frame there are three unit vectors i , j and k , these
j
are used to indicate X, Y and Z directions respectively. i X
These three unit vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other.
k
ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS Z
Vector addition can be performed by using following methods
(i) Graphical methods (ii) Analytical methods
Addition of two vectors is quite different from simple algebraic sum of two numbers.
Triangle Law of Addit ion of Two Vector s
If two vectors are represented by two sides of a triangle in same order then their sum or 'resultant vector' is
given by the third side of the triangle taken in opposite order of the first two vectors.
(i) Shift one vector ( B ), without changing its direction, such that its tail coincide with head of the other
vector ( A ).
(ii) Now complete the triangle by drawing third side, directed from tail of A to head of B
(it is in opposite order of A and B vectors).
(iii) Sum of two vectors is also called resultant vector of these two vectors. Resultant (R ) A B
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Length of R is the magnitude of vector sum i.e. | A B|
|R| | A B| A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
Bsin
R
B
Let direction of R makes angle with A
A Bcos
B sin
tan
A B cos
D C
PAR ALLELOGR A M LAW OF ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS
If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram B
B A+
R=
which are directed away from their common point then their sum (i.e.
resultant vector) is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing
away through that common point. A B
A
AB AD AC R or A B R R = A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
B sin A sin
tan and tan
A B cos B A cos
Ex. Two forces of magnitudes 3N and 4N respectively are acting on a body. Calculate the resultant force if the
angle between them is : (i) 0° (ii) 180° (iii) 90°
S o l . (i) = 0°, both the forces are parallel, R = A + B
Net force or resultant force R = 3 + 4 = 7N
Direction of resultant is along both the forces
(ii) = 180°, both the forces are antiparallel,R = A ~ B
Net force or resultant force R = 4 – 3 = 1N
Direction of net force is along bigger force means along 4N.
(iii) = 90°, both the forces are perpendicular
then R A 2 B 2 2 AB cos 90
A 2 B 2 3 2 4 2 5N
3 3
tan or tan 1 37
4 4
magnitude of resultant is 5N which is acting at an angle of 37° from 4N force.
Ex. Two vectors having equal magnitude of 5 units, have an angle of 60° between them. Find the magnitude of
their resultant vector and its angle from one of the vectors.
S o l . a = 5 unit and = 60°
3
a sin 60 1
tan 2 tan 30
a a cos 60
3 3 30
2
Ex. A vector A and B make angles of 20° and 110° respectively with the X-axis. The magnitudes of these
vectors are 5m and 12m respectively. Find their resultant vector.
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S o l . angle between the A and B = 110°– 20° = 90°
R
R A B 2AB cos 90 5 12 = 13m
2 2 2 2
B
Let angle of R from A is
° A
110 20°
B sin 12 sin 90 12 1 12 X-axis
tan = =
A B cos 5 12 cos 90 5 12 0 5
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or tan 1 ( ) with vector A or ( + 20°) with X-axis
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Ex. Figure shows a parallelogram ABCD. Prove that AC BD 2 BC
Sol. AC AB BC BD BC CD [applying triangle law of vectors]
D C
Now AC BD = AB BC BC CD = AB 2 BC CD
But CD AB AC BD AB 2 BC AB 2 BC A B
Ex. Two forces each numerically equal to 10 dynes are acting as shown in the figure, then find resultant of these
two vectors.
ne
dy
S o l . The angle between the two vectors is 120° and not 60°.
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R (10 )2 (10 ) 2 2(10 )(10 )(cos 120 ) 60° 10 dyne
4. Resultant of two vectors will be minimum when they are antiparallel angle between them is 180°.
R min | A B | A 2 B 2 2AB cos180 (A B)2 = A ~ B (Bigger — smaller)
or R min | A | ~| B | or | A B |min | A | ~| B |
5. Resultant of two vectors of unequal magnitude can never be zero.
6. If vectors are of unequal magnitude then minimum three coplanar vectors are required for zero resultant.
7. Resultant of two vectors of equal magnitude will be at their bisector.
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If | A| | B| But if | A| | B| then angle >
B
B
A+
A+
B R=
R=
A
A
R will incline more towards the vector
of bigger magnitude.
8. If two vectors have equal magnitude i.e. | A| | B| = a and angle between them is then resultant will be at the
bisector of A and B and its magnitude is equal to 2acos
2
|B
/2
|=
a
cos
| R| | A B| = 2acos
2
2a
R=
120 /2
Special Case : If = 120° then R = 2a cos = a /2 |A|=a
2
i.e. If 120° then | R| | A B| | A| | B| = a
9. If resultant of two unit vectors is another unit vector then the angle between them = 120°.
or
If the angle between two unit vectors = 120°, then their resultant is another unit vector.
Addit ion of More T han Two Vector s (L aw of Polygon)
If some vectors are represented by sides of a
C D
polygon in same order, then their resultant
vector is represented by the closing side of C
polygon in the opposite order. B
A R
R A B C D
D A
B
2. If n vectors of equal magnitude are arranged at equal angles of separation then their E B
resultant is always zero. A
A-
B
–B
the angle between A and B .
B sin
Let angle of difference vector from vector A is then tan =
A B cos
Special poi nt (L ami's t heorem)
If three vectors A , B and C are represented both in magnitude and direction by the sides of a triangle taken
in the same order, then
A B C S B
Q
sin sin sin
A
C
= angle between B and C .
P
= angle between C and A .
= angle between A and B
6. If two vectors are such that their sum and their difference vectors have equal magnitude then angle between
the given vectors = 90°. | A B| | A B|
or A2 + B2 + 2AB cos = A2 + B2 – 2AB cos or cos = 0 or = 90°
7. If A B A B then B 0 ( null vector)
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RESOLUTION OF VECTORS INTO RECTANGUL AR COMPONENTS
When a vector is splitted into components which are at right angle to each other then the compenents are
called rectangular or or thogonal component s of that vector.
(i) Let vector a OA in X - Y plane, makes angle
from X-axis. Draw perpendiculars AB and AC from A on the X-axis
and Y-axis respectively.
(ii) The length OB is called projection of OA on X-axis or component of
OA along X-axis and is represented by ax. Similarly OC is the projection
of OA on Y-axis and is represented by ay.
According to law of vector addition.
a OA OB OC
Thus a has been resolved into two parts, one along OX and the other along OY, which are mutually perpendicular..
OB
In OAB, = cos or OB = OA cos or ax = a cos
OA
AB
and = sin or AB = OA sin = OC or ay = a sin
OA
If i and j denote unit vectors along OX and OY respectively then
OB = a cos i and OC = a sin j
So that according to rule of vector addition
OA OB OC or a a x i a y j or a a cos i a sin j
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ˆ
Now OA a , OB a x ˆi, OC a y ˆj and OD a z K a a x i a y j a z k
2 2 2
a ax ay az
Ax Y
cos Ax = A cos
A A
Ay
cos Ay = A cos ax
A
X
Z
Az
cos Az = A cos
A
cos , cos and cos are directional cosines of the vector.
Putting the value of Ax, Ay and Az in eq. (1) we get
i i i
............20 times
2 2 2
2. Maximum number of rectangular components of a vector in a plane is two. But maximum number of rectangular
components in space (3-dimensions) is three which are along X, Y and Z axes.
3. A vector is independent of the orientation of axes but the components of that vector depends upon the orientation
of axes.
4. The component of a vector along its perpendicular direction is always zero.
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