Math Refresher

Linear Algebra
 Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

Explain the concepts of linear algebra

Apply linear algebraic concepts to solve linear equations

Understand vectors and matrices

Implement matrix operations such as addition, subtraction,

and multiplication
Introduction to Linear Algebra
 Linear Algebra

Linear algebra studies the manipulation and combination of linear equations.

• Understanding vector spaces, lines, planes, and

mappings are necessary for performing linear
transformations.
• This field addresses linear functions, vectors, and
matrices.
• It investigates the characteristics and behaviors of sets
transformed using linear operations.
Introduction to Vectors
 Vector

Objects with both magnitude and direction are called vectors.

Direction of vector v

They have wide applications in various fields,

v including mathematics, physics, computer science,
and engineering.
Length of vector v

The magnitude of a vector dictates its size.

 Vector

Objects with both magnitude and direction are called vectors.

Direction of vector v

Length of vector v

Vectors can also be represented algebraically as ordered sets of numbers or coordinates.

 Vector

The vector's length, denoted by ||v||, originates at the origin (0,0).

->
v

O (0,0)

It is also known by various names such as Euclidean vector, geometric vector,

spatial vector, or simply a vector.
 Vector Representation

Depending on the context and mathematical notation, vectors can be represented in numerous
ways. Common representations of vectors include:

P (4,4)
-> 4
v ->
V =
4

O (0,0)

Geometric representation Algebraic representation

 Vector Representation

Geometric representation:

P (4,4)
->
v • The length of the arrow corresponds to the
magnitude of the vector
• The direction of the arrow represents the
direction of the vector.

O (0,0)

For example, in a two-dimensional space, a vector v can be represented as an arrow from the
origin (0,0) to the point (x, y).
 Vector Representation

Algebraic representation:

A vector v can be represented as a column

4 matrix or a tuple:
->
V = v = [x, y] or v = (x, y)
4
Here, x represents the horizontal component
(x-coordinate) of the vector.
y represents the vertical component (y-
coordinate) of the vector.
Types and Properties of Vectors
 Types of Vectors

Vectors are of the following types:

Vector Name Description

It is represented horizontally; typically denoted as [a, b, c, ...]. It consists
Row vector
of a single row of elements.

It is represented vertically; typically denoted as [a; b; c; ...]. It consists of a

Column vector
single column of elements.
All its components are zero. Adding the zero vector to any vector does
Zero vector
not change the vector.
It has a magnitude (or length) of 1. It represents a direction or
Unit vector
orientation without scaling or stretching.
 Types of Vectors

Vectors are of the following types:

Vector Name Description

In geometry, a position vector specifies the location of a point relative to
Position vector a reference point or origin. It represents the displacement from the
origin to the point in a vector form.
It represents the change or difference between two position vectors,
Displacement vector
describing the movement from one point to another.
In geometry and linear algebra, a normal vector is a perpendicular
Normal vector vector to a surface or object, commonly used to determine orientation,
angles, or distances.
It specifies the direction of a line or geometric object without specifying
Direction vector its starting point or length, describing the orientation, slope of a line, or
direction of motion.
 Types of Vectors

Vectors are of the following types:

Vector Name Description

In linear algebra, an eigenvector of a square matrix is a non-zero vector
that, when multiplied by the matrix, results in a scalar multiple of itself.
Eigenvector
Eigenvectors play a crucial role in the study of eigenvectors and
eigenvalues.

If xTy = 0, vectors x and y are orthogonal, meaning they are at a 90-

Orthogonal vector
degree angle from each other.

orthonormal vector It is an orthogonal vector with a unit norm.

Basis vector It forms a set of linearly independent vectors that span a vector space.
 Properties of Vectors

Vectors have the following properties:

Commutativity of vector addition Associativity of vector addition

For vectors u and v, For vectors u, v, and w,
u+v=v+u (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)

Zero vector Additive inverse

For any vector u, u+0=u For any vector u, u+(-u)=0
 Properties of Vectors

Vectors have the following properties:

Scalar multiplication distributivity

Scalar multiplication associativity For vectors u and v and scalars c and d,
For vectors u, (c * d) * u = c * (d * u) (c + d) * u = c * u + d * u, and
c * (u + v) = c * u + c * v

Scalar multiplication identity Magnitude of scalar multiples

For any vector u, 1 * u = u |c * u| = |c| * |u|
 Properties of Vectors

Vectors have the following properties:

Orthogonality Triangle inequality

For vectors u and v, u · v = 0. For vectors u and v, |u + v| ≤ |u| + |v|.
 Properties of Vectors

In the mentioned example, vectors i and k are orthogonal.

• If considered to have a unit norm, they can be

k classified as orthonormal.
j • Vectors k and j are not orthogonal.
• Similarly, vectors j and i are not orthogonal.

i
Vector Operations
 Vector Operations: Addition

Vector addition refers to the operation of combining two or more vectors to yield a
vector sum.

The vector sum for the two vectors u and v is u + v = z

z=u+v
u
u

v
 Vector Operations: Subtraction

Vector subtraction involves the process of deducting two or more vectors to derive
a vector difference.

The vector difference for the two vectors u and v is u - v = z

z=u-v
-v
u

z v
 Vector Operations: Multiplication

Scalar multiplication is the process of multiplying a vector by a scalar value.

For a vector A = [A₁, A₂, A₃] and scalar k,

kA = [kA₁, kA₂, kA₃] kA

Scalar multiplication affects the magnitude and direction of the vector.

 Vector Operations: Multiplication

The multiplication of vectors can be described by cross-products and dot

products, as:

u*v=z u.v=z

u*v = (x2y3 + x3y2) î + (x1y3 + x3y1) ĵ + (x1y2 u.v = x1y1 + x2y2 + x3y3

+ x2y1 ) k i j k u.v = |x||y| cosθ

u*v = |x||y| sinθ x1 x2 x3

z = u*v y1 y2 y3

u v θ

θ v
 Vector Operations: Dot Product vs. Cross Product

The representations for dot and cross products in vector form are as follows:

Dot product Cross product

a1 b1
a1 b1
→ → → →
a = b = a = b = b2
a2
a2 b2
a3 b3

a₂b₃ - a₃b₂
→ → → →
a b = a1b1 + a2b2 a X b = a₃b₁ - a₁b₃

a₁b₂ - a₂b₁
 Vector Operations: Norm

In machine learning, the size of a vector is often referred to as its norm, which indicates the
distance from the origin to a specific point, represented by the vector's norm.

Consider a vector with an Lp norm where p ≥ 1

Here:

1 • 𝑋p symbolizes a vector with 𝑥𝑖 denoting the vector's

||𝑋||p= (σ𝑛 𝑝
𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 | ) 𝑝 individual components.
• |𝑥𝑖|𝑝 indicates each component of the vector raised to the
power of p.
• The entire expression, raised to the power of (1/𝑝), signifies
the p-norm or Lp-norm of the vector.
 Vector Operations: Norm Features

Here are the norm features for the vector operation:

The L2 norm, also referred to

as the Euclidean norm, is the
most used norm where p
equals 2.

It measures the Euclidean

distance between the origin
and point x.

Often, the 2 in the L2 norm is

dropped, and ||x||2 is
written as ||x||.
 Vector Operations: Norm Features

The squared L2 norm, denoted as xTx, is often used to measure vector size and is
preferred because its derivative depends on x.

Here,
2 • 𝑋 symbolizes a vector with 𝑥𝑖 representing
||𝑋||22 = σ𝑛𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 |
the vector's components.
• |𝑥𝑖| signifies the absolute value of 𝑥.
 Vector Operations: Norm Features

The L1 norm increases whenever an element of x deviates from 0 by 𝜖.

The infinite maximum norm can be computed as follows:

𝑃: 𝑥 ∞ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖

Where:
• In this context, 𝑥 represents a vector with 𝑥𝑖 signifying the vector's individual
components.
• |𝑥𝑖| indicates the absolute value of 𝑥𝑖
 Vector: Magnitude and Norm

In vector terminology, magnitude and norm both denote the size or length of a vector,
representing the same concept, and are often used interchangeably.

v • The magnitude or norm quantifies a vector's length or

size, independent of its direction.
• It is always a non-negative scalar value and it is denoted
by ||v|| or |v|.
 Vector: Magnitude and Norm

Consider a vector v = [v₁, v₂, ..., vₙ]:

The magnitude can be calculated using

The magnitude (norm) of v is
the formula:
calculated using the Euclidean norm,
𝑣 = 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + ⋯ . +𝑣𝑛2 also known as the 2-norm.

Here, v₁, v₂, ..., vₙ represent the

components of the vector in n-
dimensional space.
 Applications of Vectors in data science

Vectors have various applications in Data Science,

including:

Similarity and distance Machine learning

Feature representation
metrics algorithms

Vector operations, such as the Vectors play a critical role in

Vectors effectively represent
dot product and Euclidean numerous machine learning
features in data sets, with each
distance, serve to gauge the algorithms, including linear
feature corresponding to a
similarity or dissimilarity regression, support vector
dimension of the vector.
between data points. machines, and neural networks.
Introduction to Matrices
 Matrix

A matrix is a rectangular array or table composed of rows and columns filled with numbers,
symbols, or expressions, representing a mathematical object or property.

2 1 3 2 1
A = B =
-1 2 4 3 4
 Matrix Size

The size of the matrix is expressed as m X n.

Where:
m is the number of rows
n is the number of columns

A matrix featuring two rows and three columns is known as a two-by-three matrix,
a 2 X 3 matrix, or a matrix of dimension 2 X 3.
 Notation of Matrix

Below is an illustration of a matrix with m rows and n columns:

Columns

1 2 n

a11 a12 a1n

1
a21 a22 a2n
2

3
a31 a32 a3n
Rows = Am x n

am1 am2 amn

m
 Forms of Matrix

Different types of matrices:

Square matrix Diagonal matrix Identity matrix

1 2 3 4 0 0 1 0 0
𝐴= 4 5 6 𝐷= 0 5 0 𝐼= 0 1 0
7 8 9 0 0 6 0 0 1
 Forms of Matrix

Different types of matrices:

Upper triangular matrix Lower triangular matrix Symmetric matrix

1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3
𝐴= 0 5 6 𝐴= 4 5 0 𝐼= 2 4 5
0 0 9 7 8 9 3 5 6
Matrix Operations
 Matrix Operations: Addition

Consider the following two matrices:

22 32 13 8
A= B=
11 16 13 16

22 + 13 32 + 8
A + B =
11 + 13 16 + 16

35 40
A + B =
24 32
 Matrix Operations: Addition Rules

Matrix addition operation follows the following rules:

Matrices can only be added if they contain the same number of rows and
columns.

Matrix addition follows the commutative property, which can be expressed

as A + B equals B + A.
 Matrix Operations: Subtraction

Consider the following matrices:

22 32 13 8
A= B=
11 16 13 16

22 - 13 32 - 8
A - B =
11 - 13 16 - 16

9 24
A - B =
-2 0
 Matrix Operations: Subtraction Rules

Matrix subtraction operation follows the following rules:

Matrices can only be subtracted if they possess the same number of rows
and columns.

Matrix subtraction does not allow the commutative property, which can be
illustrated as A - B not being equal to B - A.
 Matrix Operations: Subtraction Rules

The subtraction of matrices follows the following properties:

Commutative property: A - B ≠ B - A

Associative property: (A - B) - C = A - (B + C)
 Matrix Operations: Multiplication

Consider the following matrices:

22 32 13 8
A= B=
11 16 13 16

(22 x 13) + (32 x 13) (22 x 8) + (32 x 16) 702 688

=
A.B=
(11 x 13) + (16 x 13) (11 x 8) + (16 x 16) 351 344

In this scenario, the first and second rows of A are multiplied by

the first and second columns of B and then added together.
 Matrix Operations: Multiplication Rules

Matrix multiplication operation follows the following rules:

Associativity Distributivity

For matrices A, B, and C of appropriate For matrices A, B, and C of

dimensions, the following equality appropriate dimensions, the
holds: following equality holds:
(AB)C = A(BC) A(B + C) = AB + AC

Non-commutativity Identity matrix

Multiplying a matrix by the

AB = BA is true only if it is a identity matrix does not change
diagonal matrix or scalar the matrix.
multiples of the identity matrix. AI = A
IA = A
 Matrix Operations: Multiplication Rules

Matrix multiplication operation follows the following rules:

Zero matrix Scalar multiplication

Multiplying a matrix by the zero matrix If A is an m x n matrix and k is a scalar,

results in the zero matrix. then the following equality holds:
A0 = 0 kA = Ak = [k * Aij]
0A = 0 (for each element Aij)

Transposition Inverse matrices

If A is an m x n matrix, B is an n x p If A is an n x n invertible matrix

matrix, and C = AB, then the with inverse A^(-1), then the
following equality holds: following equality holds:
Ct = (AB)t = BtAt AA(-1) = A(-1)A = I
 Matrix Operations: Transpose

A transpose is a matrix formed by turning all the rows of a given matrix into columns and vice
versa. The transpose of matrix A is denoted as AT.

22 32 22 11
AT =
A=
11 16 32 16
 Matrix Operations: Determinant

The determinant is a scalar value that can be computed from the elements of a square matrix and
encodes certain properties of the linear transformation described by the matrix

The determinant of a matrix A is denoted as det(A) or |A|.

The determinants for matrices of various sizes are shown below:

a. 1X1 matrix b. 2X2 matrix c. 3X3 matrix

A= a A=
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 𝑑 A= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
det(A) = a 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
det(A) = ad - bc
det(A) = aei + bfg + cdh − ceg − afh − bdi
 Matrix Operations: Determinant

Let’s find the determinant of a 2X2 matrix:

Example
9 8
A=
10 11

det(A) = 11*9 – 10*8

det(A) = 99 – 80

det(A) = 19
 Matrix Operations: Inverse

If A is a non-singular square matrix, there exists an n x n matrix, identified as A's inverse matrix,
which satisfies the following property:

where I is the Identity matrix

1 0
I =
0 1

AB = BA = In
Where:
In denotes the nXn identity matrix.
 Special Matrix Types: Tensors

Tensors are arrays with more than two axes.

• A tensor can have N dimensions.

• Ai,j,k is the value at the coordinates i, j, k.

Source: wikipedia
 Matrix: Applications in Data Science

Matrices find wide applications in various fields of Data Science:

Data representation and manipulation 10 Matrix decompositions

Linear transformations Graph theory and network analysis

Linear regression and optimization Machine learning algorithms

Linear Equations
 Linear Equations

A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which the highest power of the variable(s) is 1.
When plotted on a Cartesian plane, it represents a straight line.

A linear equation with n variables has the following form:

a1x1+a2x2+…..+anxn =b

Here,
• x1+x2+…..+xn represent the unknown quantities to be found
• a1+a2+…..+an are the coefficients
• b is the constant term
 Linear Equations

A linear equation featuring two

Here, x serves as the
variables x, and y, establishes a
independent variable.
linear relationship between them.

The value of one variable, Y is considered the

often y, depends on the dependent variable, given
value of the other, usually x. its dependency on x.
 Linear Equations: Example

Here are a few examples of different types of linear equations:

Linear equation with one Linear equation with two Linear equation with three
variable variables variables

3x+5=0 y+7x=3 x+y+z=0

(3/2)x +7 = 0 3a+2b = 5 a – 3b = c

98x = 49 6x+9y-12=0 3x + 12 y = ½ z
Identifying Linear and Non-linear Equations

The table below classifies linear and non-linear equations:

Equations Linear or non-linear

y = 8x - 9 Linear

Non-linear, the power of the variable x

y= x2 -7
is 2

Non-linear, the power of the variable y

√y + x = 6
is 1/2

y + 3x - 1 = 0 Linear

Non-linear, the power of the variable y

y2 - x = 9
is 2
Forms of Linear Equation
 Forms of Linear Equation

Following are the three forms of linear equations:​

Standard form Slope intercept Point-slope form

form
 Linear Equation in Standard Form

The formula for one-variable single-line The formula for two-variable single-line
calculations is as follows: calculations is as follows:

Equation Equation

Ax + B = 0 Ax + B y = C
Where: Where:
• A and B are real integers • A, B, and C are real integers
• x is the variable • x and y are the variables
 Linear Equation in Standard Form

Linear equations have the following components:

Coefficient of x Coefficient of y

Ax + By = C

Constant
Variables
 Linear Equation in Slope Intercept Form

The slope of a linear equation can be calculated to understand how a unit

change in one variable affects the variation in another variable.

Slope equation

y = mx + b
Where:
• m is the slope.
• b is the intercept.
• x and y represent the distances of a point
on the line from the x-axis and y-axis,
respectively.
 Linear Equation in Slope Intercept Form

Consider the following graph:

(x,y) A point (x, y) on the line represents its distance

from the x-axis and y-axis, respectively.

(0,b) The line intercepts the x-axis at the point

(0, b).
 Linear Equation: Slope

The slope indicates the line's steepness relative to

the y-axis.
(x,y)

Viewed from left to right, the slope indicates whether the

(0,b) line ascends or descends.

The slope describes how the independent variable changes in

response to variations in the dependent variable.
 Types of Slope

There are four types of slopes, each representing a different relationship between
the variables x and y. These include:

Positive Negative Zero Undefined

Slope >= 0 Slope <= 0 Slope = 0 Slope = ∞

 Linear Equation in Point-Slope Form

In point-slope form, a straight line is represented by its slope and a specific point on
the line.

Equation:

y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Where
(x1, y1) are the coordinates of the
point.
 Linear Equations Forms: Example

Consider solving the following linear equation:

(2x – 10)/2 = 3(x – 1)

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

Clear the fraction Simplify both sides Solve for x
of the equation

x-3x = 2
x-5 = 3x-3
x-5 = 3(x-1) -2x = 2
x = 3x+2
x = -1
 System of Linear Equations

A system of linear equations refers to a finite set of linear equations.

Equation:

a11x1 + a12x2 + ... + a1nxn = b1

a21x1 + a22x2 + ... + a2nxn = b2
............................
am1x1 + am2x2 + ... + amnxn = bm
 System of Linear Equations

A system of linear equations has the following features:

A single linear equation within this

system may have an infinite number of
solutions, one solution, or no solutions
at all.

A linear system that offers a solution is

labeled as consistent.

Conversely, an inconsistent linear

system does not yield any solution.
Solving a Linear Equation
 Solving a Linear Equation: Need

Solving linear equations holds critical importance as it enables the determination of variable
values that satisfy the provided equations.

• Find solutions
Here are several • Understand relationships
reasons underscoring
• Make predictions
the importance of
solving linear • Optimize solutions
equations: • Validate equations
• Analyze data
 Solving a Linear Equation

Several methods can be employed to solve systems of linear equations,

including:

1 Graphic method

2 Substitution method

3 Linear combination or
elimination method

4 Matrix method
Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Graphing

Solve the following system of linear equations through graphing:

y=0.5x+2; y=−2x−3

Both equations are in the slope-intercept form.

The first line has a slope of 0.5 and a y-intercept of 2.

The second line possesses a slope of -2 and a y-

intercept of -3.
 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Graphing

The graph below illustrates the intersection of two given lines:

Graph for the given lines

6
5
4
3
2
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

The two lines intersect at the point (-2,-1). Therefore, the solution to this
system of equations is (-2,-1), where x equals -2 and y equals 1.
Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Substitution: Steps

Follow these steps to solve systems of linear equations using the

substitution method:

01 Rewrite one of the equations in the form "variable =……"

02 Substitute this variable into the other equation

03 Solve the resulting equation

04 If necessary, repeat steps 1 through 3

Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Substitution

Consider solving the following linear equation: 3x + 2y = 19; x + y = 8

1 Begin with any equation and variable

2 Look at the second equation with the variable y

3x+2y = 19 1

x+y = 8 2
 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Substitution

Follow these steps to solve the linear equations 3x + 2y = 19 and x + y = 8

using the substitution method:

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

Subtract x from both sides of Replace "y" with "8 − x" in the Solve using the algebraic
x+y=8 other equation methods

3x + 2y = 19 3x + 2(8 − x) = 19 3x + 16 − 2x = 19
y = 8- x y=8−x y=8−x
 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Substitution

Step 4: Step 5: Step 6:

Solve 3x – 2x Solve 19 - 16 Put x = 3 in the
equation y = 8 - x

x + 16 = 19 x=3
x=3
y = 8- x y=8–3
y=8-x
y=5

Answer:
x = 3, y = 5
Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Elimination: Steps

Steps to solve systems of linear equations using the elimination method:

01 Multiply an equation by a constant (except zero)

02 Add (or subtract) an equation onto another equation

Example:
3x + 2y = 19
x+y=8
 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Elimination

Follow these steps to solve the linear equations 3x + 2y = 19 and x + y = 8

using the elimination method:

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:

Multiply the second Subtract the second Multiply the second Subtract the first
equation by 2 equation from the equation by ½ equation from the
first equation second equation

3x+2y=19 x=3 X =3
y=5
2x + 2y = 16 2x + 2y =16 X+Y=8

Answer: X=3, Y=5

 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Using Elimination

The graph below illustrates the intersection of the two equations: 3x +

2y=19 and x + y=8.

Y
The blue line denotes the set of points
10 where 3x + 2y = 19 holds true.

The red line represents the set of

points where x + y = 8 is accurate.
5
The solution to the system is (3, 5),
the point where both lines intersect.

-5 0 5 X
 Solving Systems of Linear Equations: Applications

The system of linear equations has wide applications, including:

In data science, linear equations are often used to model

Parameter estimation
relationships between variables.

Data analysis and

Solving linear equations helps analyze and visualize data. ​
visualization

Many data science problems involve optimization, where the goal is

Optimization problems
to maximize or minimize an objective function.

Solving linear equations helps in feature engineering, which involves

Feature engineering
transforming or creating new features from existing ones.
 Solving Systems of Linear Equations: Applications

The system of linear equations has wide applications, including:

Solving linear equations is fundamental to techniques like principal

Dimensionality reduction
component analysis (PCA).

Solving linear equations allows for the interpretation of model

Model interpretation
parameters in linear models.

Signal processing and Linear equations and systems of equations are extensively used in
image analysis signal processing and image analysis.
 Key Takeaways

Linear algebra introduces systematic methods for solving systems

of linear equations.

There are three common forms of linear equations:

standard form, slope-intercept form, and point-slope form.

The graphing method, substitution method, elimination

method, or matrix method ​can be used to solve linear
equations.

A matrix is an m × n array of scalars drawn from a specified

field, with individual values in the matrix referred to as entries.

Vectors, featuring both magnitude and direction, are essential

objects in linear algebra.
Knowledge Check
Knowledge
Check
What is the necessary condition for a solution to exist for the system Ax = b?
1

A. a must be invertible

B. b must be linearly dependent on the columns of A

C. b must be linearly independent of the columns of A

D. None of these
 Knowledge
Check
What is the necessary condition for a solution to exist for the system Ax = b?
1

A. a must be invertible

B. b must be linearly dependent on the columns of A

C. b must be linearly independent of the columns of A

D. None of these

The correct answer is A

For the system of linear equations Ax = b to have a solution, it is necessary that the inverse of matrix
A exists (i.e., |A| ≠ 0).
Knowledge
Check Suppose the cost of 2 balls and 1 bat is 100 units. How can this problem be expressed in
2 linear algebra with the variables x and y?

A. 2x + y = 100

B. 2x + 2y = 100

C. 2x + 4y = 200

D. x + y = 100
 Knowledge
Check Suppose the cost of 2 balls and 1 bat is 100 units. How can this problem be expressed in
2 linear algebra with the variables x and y?

A. 2x + y = 100

B. 2x + 2y = 100

C. 2x + 4y = 200

D. x + y = 100

The correct answer is A

Assume the price of a bat equates to x units and the price of a ball equates to y units. The values of x
and y can vary based on the given scenario, as they are variables. Consequently, the problem
translates into the linear algebraic equation: 2x + y = 100.
Knowledge
Check
What does a linear equation involving three variables represent?
3

A. A flat object

B. A line

C. A plane

D. Both A and C
 Knowledge
Check
What does a linear equation involving three variables represent?
3

A. A flat object

B. A line

C. A plane

D. Both A and C

The correct answer is C

A linear equation involving three variables denotes a set of points. The coordinates of these points
satisfy the given equation. Essentially, a linear equation with three variables represents a plane.
Knowledge
Check
Which of the following is NOT a type of matrix?
4

A. Square matrix

B. Scalar matrix

C. Diagonal matrix

D. Term matrix
 Knowledge
Check
Which of the following is NOT a type of matrix?
4

A. Square matrix

B. Scalar matrix

C. Diagonal matrix

D. Term matrix

The correct answer is D

The term matrix is not a type of matrix in linear algebra.