Vector Analysis

By : Ivan Sutresno Hadi Sujoto

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 Vector Vs Scalar
Some physical quantities need more than a number to describe
Scalar quantities
Described by its magnitude
Example : Temperature, Density, Power
Vector quantities
Described by its magnitude and direction
Example : Force, Torque, Speed
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 Vector Notation
Vector quantities are denoted using a symbols with a line above them (a̅ , A̅, …, etc)
The unit which are described by its value and direction can be easily illustrated by
directional arrows in the room (2D or 3D)
Example of two point (A and B) that create a vector a̅

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 Type of Vectors
Vector position
Vector position is a vector which starting poitnt is at 0 (0,0) and its ending
at any point
Zero vector
Zero vector is a vector which length is zero
Unit vector
A unit vector is a vector that is one unit long

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 Vector‘s Property
Identical vector
(x1, y1) = (x2, y2) ↔ x1 = x2 ˄ y1 = y2
Two vector are equal if they coincide in all coordinates. They have the
same absolute value and direction
Opposite vector
Two vectors are in opposite if they have the
same absolute value but different direction

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 Vector in R2
Three possible Vector descriptor
 v1 
v  (v1 , v2 )     v1 i  v2 j
 v2 
Unit vector in R2
1  0 Angle θ v1
i   j   cos  
 0 1  |v|
Absolute value |v| v
sin   2
|v|
| v |  v12  v2 2
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 Vector in R3
Three possible Vector descriptor  ax 
 
a  ( ax , a y , a z )   a y   a x i  a y j  a z k
a 
 z
Unit vector in R2
1  0 0
      Angle θ ... ?
i   0  j  1  k   0 
0 0 1 
     
Absolute value |v|
| a |  ax 2  a y 2  a z 2
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 Vector Opperation
Vector Addition
If one adds a second vector to a vector by a suitable translation so that
the starting point of the second vector coincided with the end point of the
first vector, then one obtains the sum vector by connecting the starting
point of the first vector to the end point of the second vector

More see whiteboard

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Vector Substraction
The difference of two vectors can be determined graphically in a similar
way by adding the opposite vector of the second vector to the first vector

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Multiplication of a vector by a real number
Multiplying a vector by c ∈ R results in a vector that has the same direction
but with magnitude that is changed by factor c

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 Normal / Unit Vector
Let
 v1 
v  
 v2 
with its absolute value described by :

| v |  v12  v2 2
So, defined :
v 1  v1 
vn    
| v | | v |  v2 
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 Scalar Product
The scalar product is a mathematical combination that assigns two
vectors to a number
Defined :
 | a || b |cos  If a̅, b̅ ≠ o̅

a .b  
 0
 If a̅ = 0 ˅ b̅ = 0

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Let :
a̅ = (a1, a2, a3) and b̅ = (b1, b2, b3)
So applies :  a1   b1 
  
a . b   a2  .  b2   a1b1  a2b2  a3b3  | a |.| b |cos 
a  b 
 3  3

Properties : Important :
a̅ . b̅ = b̅ . a̅ a̅ ┴ b̅ ↔ a̅ . b̅ = 0

(r a̅) . b̅ = r (a̅ . b̅) = a̅ . (r b̅) r∈ | a̅ . b̅ | ≤ | a̅ | . | b̅ |

R | a̅ + b̅ | ≤ | a̅ | + | b̅ |

a̅ . (b̅ + c̅) = a̅ . b̅ + a̅ . c̅
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a̅ . a̅ = a̅2 = |a̅|2 ≥ 0
 Vector Product
The vector product of two vectors a̅ and b̅ results in a vector that is
perpendicular to each of the two vectors (Right Hand Rule)
Properties : a̅ x b̅ is perpendicular to a̅ and b̅
a̅, b̅, and a̅ x b̅ stand perpendicular to
each other and are forming a 3D
system
The length of the vector product a̅ x b̅ is the area of the
parallelogram spanned by a̅ and b̅
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Let :
a̅ = (a1, a2, a3) and b̅ = (b1, b2, b3)
So applies :  a1   b1   a2b3  a3b2 
      Proof see
a x b   a2  x  b2    a3b1  a1b3   | a | | b | sin 
 a  b   a b a b  whiteboard
 3  3  1 2 2 1 

Properties : Important :
a̅ x b̅ = - (b̅ x a̅) a̅ ┴ b̅ ↔ a̅ . b̅ = 0

a̅ x b̅ = 0 ↔ a̅ and b̅ linear independent | a̅ . b̅ | ≤ | a̅ | . | b̅ |

(λa̅) x b̅ = a̅ x (λb̅) = λ(a̅ x b̅) | a̅ + b̅ | ≤ | a̅ | + | b̅ |

a̅ x (b̅ + c̅) = a̅ x b̅ + a̅ x c̅
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