Topic 4: Vectors in 2-Space and - Space: in This Topic, We Will Learn The Following

Topic 4: Vectors in 2-Space and 𝒏-Space
In this topic, we will learn the following:

1 Definition, symbols, and representation of vector in geometry
2 Determine vector in 2-dimension and 𝑛-dimension
3 Basic operations on vector in 𝑅𝑛
4 Find the length of a vector, unit vector and the distance between two vectors
5 Dot product
6 Orthogonal vectors, orthogonal projections, and angle between two vectors
7 Standard unit vector
8 Cross product
Definition, Symbols and Representation of
Vector in Geometry
• A vector is a quantity with two properties: magnitude and direction.
• In 2-dimensional space and 3-dimensional space, a vector is

represented by an arrow, where the direction of the arrowhead
specifies the direction, and the length of the arrow is the magnitude.
Terminal point
Initial point
Definition, Symbols and Representation of
Vector in Geometry
• In this course, we will denote
- vectors in boldface type such as 𝐚, 𝐛, 𝐯, 𝐰 and 𝐱.
- scalars with lowercase letters in italic such as 𝑎, 𝑘, 𝑣, 𝑤 and 𝑥.
• If a vector has initial point A and terminal point B, we write 𝐯 = 𝐴𝐵.

B
𝐯 = 𝐴𝐵
A
Determine Vector in 2-dimensional and
𝑛-dimensional Space
• A vector 𝐯 in 2-space with initial point 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and terminal point

𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 can be written as
𝐯 = 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ,
where 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 are called the components of vector 𝐯.
• This formula can be extended to 3-dimensional space and beyond.
Example 1. Find the components of the following vector 𝐴𝐵:
(a) 𝐴 3,5 , 𝐵 2,8 (b) 𝐴 5, −2,1 , 𝐵 2,4,2
Basic Operations on Vector: Summation
𝐯 + 𝐰 = 𝑣1 + 𝑤1 , 𝑣2 + 𝑤2 , … , 𝑣𝑛 + 𝑤𝑛
Basic Operations on Vector: Subtraction
𝐰 − 𝐯 = 𝐰 + −𝐯 = 𝑤1 − 𝑣1 , 𝑤2 − 𝑣, … , 𝑤𝑛 − 𝑣𝑛
Basic Operations on Vector: Scalar Multiplication
𝑘𝐯 = 𝑘𝑣1 , 𝑘𝑣2 , … , 𝑘𝑣𝑛
Properties of Vector Operation
If 𝐮, 𝐯, and 𝐰 are vectors in 𝑅𝑛 , and 𝑘 and 𝑚 are scalars, then
1. 𝐮 + 𝐯 = 𝐯 + 𝐮
2. 𝐮 + 𝐯 + 𝐰 = 𝐮 + 𝐯 + 𝐰
3. 𝐮 + 𝟎 = 𝟎 + 𝐮 = 𝐮
4. 𝐮 + −𝐮 = 𝟎
5. 𝑘 𝐮 + 𝐯 = 𝑘𝐮 + 𝑘𝐯
6. 𝑘 + 𝑚 𝐮 = 𝑘𝐮 + 𝑚𝐮
7. 𝑘 𝑚𝐮 = 𝑘𝑚 𝐮
8. 1𝐮 = 𝐮
9. 0𝐮 = 𝟎
10. 𝑘𝟎 = 𝟎
11. −𝟏 𝐮 = −𝐮
Alternative Notations for Vectors
• So far we have been writing vectors in 𝑅𝑛 using the notation
𝐯 = 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , … , 𝑣𝑛 .
• This notation is called comma-delimited form.
• Alternative notations:
- row-vector form: 𝐯 = 𝑣1 𝑣2 ⋯ 𝑣𝑛
𝑣1
𝑣2
- column-vector form: 𝐯 =
⋮
𝑣𝑛
2
Length of Vectors in 𝑅
• The length of vector 𝐯 is denoted by the symbol 𝐯 . This notation is
read as norm of 𝐯 , length of 𝐯, or magnitude of 𝐯.
• In 𝑅2 , by the Theorem of Pythagoras:
• So, the length of vector 𝐯 in 𝑅2 is

𝐯 = 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 .
3 𝑛
Length of Vectors in 𝑅 and 𝑅
• We can extend the same idea to vector 𝐯 in 𝑅3 so that the length of
vector 𝐯 in 𝑅3 is
𝐯 = 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + 𝑣32 .
Definition 1
If 𝐯 = 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , … , 𝑣𝑛 is a vector in 𝑅𝑛 , then the norm of 𝐯 (also called the
length of 𝐯 or the magnitude of 𝐯) is denoted by 𝐯 , and is defined by
the formula
𝐯 = 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + … + 𝑣𝑛2 .
𝑛
Length of Vectors in 𝑅
Example 2. Find the length or norm of the following vectors:
(a) 𝐯 = 2,2,2
(b) 𝐴𝐵 where 𝐴 3,5 , 𝐵 2,8
Unit Vectors
• A vector of norm 1 is called a unit vector.
• Useful for specifying direction when length is not relevant to the
problem.
• We can take a vector of any length and while keeping it in the same
direction, change the length to 1.
• This process is called normalizing a vector and is done by using the
formula
1
𝐮= 𝐯,
𝐯
where 𝐮 is unit vector in the same direction of 𝐯.

Unit Vectors
Example 3. Find the unit vector
(a) that is in the same direction as vector 𝐯 = 2,2,2 .
(b) that is in the in the opposite direction of vector 𝐯 = 2,2,2 .
Distance between Two Vectors
y
u = (u1, u2)
v = (v1, v2)
Definition 2.
If 𝐮 = 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , … , 𝑢𝑛 and 𝐯 = 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , … , 𝑣𝑛 and are two vectors in 𝑅𝑛 ,
then the distance between the two vectors, denoted by d 𝐮, 𝐯 , is defined
by the formula
d 𝐮, 𝐯 = 𝑢1 − 𝑣1 2 + 𝑢2 − 𝑣2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑢𝑛 − 𝑣𝑛 2 .
Distance between Two Vectors
Example 5. Find the distance between 𝐮 = 3,3,3 and 𝐯 = 1,0,4 .

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Topic 4: Vectors in 2-Space and 𝒏-Space

In this topic, we will learn the following:

• In 2-dimensional space and 3-dimensional space, a vector is

• If a vector has initial point A and terminal point B, we write 𝐯 = 𝐴𝐵.

• A vector 𝐯 in 2-space with initial point 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and terminal point

• So, the length of vector 𝐯 in 𝑅2 is

where 𝐮 is unit vector in the same direction of 𝐯.

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