Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” denote figures and tables, respectively.

A responses, 180e181
Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), 257
Bcl-2, 181
Beijerinick, Martinus, 5e6
Abortive infection, 196, 202
Acute infection, 198 Arbovirus, transmission, 246f Bioinformatics, 22f, 42
Acyclovir, 209t, 211 Arenavirus, genome features, 82f, 83 Bioterrorismn, 251
ADCC, see Antibody-dependent Assembly, replication cycle, 125 Bipartite genome, 87f
cellular cytotoxicity ASSVd, see Apple scar skin viroid Bovine papillomavirus (BPV),
Adenovirus Attachment, replication cycle, 110, transformation, 235t, 238
gene therapy vectors, 207t 111f, 113f, 114f, 115 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
genome Attenuated virus, 6, 203e204 (BSE), 261f, 263
coding strategy, 143 Avian leukosis virus (ALV), BPV, see Bovine papillomavirus
features, 76f transformation, 234 BSE, see Bovine spongiform
transcription of genome, 159f, Azidothymidine (AZT), 209t, 210, encephalopathy
160f, 161f, 161e162 212 Budding, 39, 40f, 127e129, 128f,
transformation, 235t, 237, AZT, see Azidothymidine 129
237t Bunyavirus, genome features, 82f, 83
AIDS, see Human B
immunodeficiency virus Bacteriophage C
Alimentary canal, virus interactions, gene expression control Cadang-cadang coconut viroid
189e190, 190t l, 135, 136f, 137f, 139f (CCCVd), 257
Alper, Tikvah, 259e260 principles, 134, 140 CaMV, see Cauliflower mosaic virus
ALV, see Avian leukosis virus genomes, 3, 30e31 Cancer, virus pathogenesis, 238,
Alzheimer's disease, 260 history of study, 6 242f
Amantadine, 209t human disease, 227 Capsid, see also Nucleocapsid
Ambisense, 55, 81e82, 83, 152, l genome features and integration, processing in picornavirus, 38f
153f 70e71, 71e73, 72f structure, 16e17
Antibody, see also Monoclonal M13 symmetry and virus architecture
antibody genome features, 70e71, 71e73 helical capsids, 28, 29f, 32f
immunoglobulin classes, 174e175 helical symmetry, 30f icosahedral capsids, 33, 34f, 35f,
virus neutralization, 175 proteinenucleic acid 36f, 37f, 38f
Antibody-dependent cellular interactions, 51 overview, 27
cytotoxicity (ADCC), 176, mu genome, 89f CAR, see Cocksackieeadenovirus
178, 188 plaque assay, 9f receptor
Antigenic drift, 195, 196f replication, 105, 105f, 107e108 Caspases, 181
Antigenic shift, 195, 196f T4 Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV),
Apoptosis assembly pathway, 45f genome features, 96e97,
definition, 179 genome, 28, 71e73 97f
overview, 180f introns, 28 CCCVd, see Cadang-cadang coconut
pathogenesis, 218 Baculovirus, particle structure, viroid
repression, 181 44e46, 46f CD4, 116, 222, 222e223 297
298 Index

Cell culture, 9, 9f DNA repair, 230 Flavivirus, genome features, 80

Cell cycle, phases, 233f DNase, 140 Frosch, Paul, 5e6
Cell-mediated immunity, 176, 176f, Doppel (Dpl), 270e271 FSE, see Feline spongiform
177, 178 DPL, see Doppel encephalopathy
Cellular origins theory, 98 Fusion
Centrifugation, virus particles, 15f envelope, 117, 120f
CFS, see Chronic fatigue syndrome E pathogenesis, 217, 218e219,
Chemotherapeutic index, 208 Ebola virus, 251 219f
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), EBV, see EpsteineBarr virus Fusion protein, oncoproteins,
247e248 ECHO viruses, attachment, 113 232e234
CHIKV, see Chikungunya virus Eclipse period, 107
Chromatin, 48e49, 56, 229 EGF, see Epidermal growth factor
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), Electron microscopy, 18, 17f, 19 G
ELISA, see Enzyme-linked Gancyclovir, 209t
pathogenesis, 226
immunosorbent assay Gel electrophoresis, 59e60, 94f
Chronic infection, 198
EMCV, see Encephalomyocarditis Geminivirus
Chronic wasting disease (CWD), 262
virus emergent viruses, 248
Cis-acting sequences, 163e164
Emergent viruses, 243, 244t, 246f genome coding strategy, 145
CJD, see CreutzfeldteJakob disease
Encephalomyocarditis virus genome features, 55, 87f
Cocksackieeadenovirus receptor
(EMCV), attachment, 113 structure, 36f
(CAR), 115e116
Endemic, 4e5, 243 Gene expression
Cocoa swollen shoot virus, 244t
Enders, John, 9e10 bacteriophage control
Cold-sensitive mutant, 66
Endocytosis, 117, 119f l, 135, 136f, 137f, 139f
Complement, evasion by viruses,
Enhancer, 58, 142, 154e155, 234 principles, 134, 140
188
Envelope eukaryotes, 140, 141t
Complementation, 67e68, 67f,
baculovirus particle structure, genome coding strategies by virus
68e69
44e46, 46f class
Contact inhibition, loss in
budding, 39, 40f Class I, 143, 144
transformation, 228e229
fusion, 117, 120f Class II, 145
Coronavirus
modification, 41e42 Class III, 146
genome coding strategy, 149f
proteinenucleic acid interactions, Class IV, 148
genome features, 80
52 Class V, 151
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV),
proteins, 41f Class VI, 153
movement proteins,
structure, 39 Class VII, 153
171e172
uncoating, 118e120 shared strategies, 142
c.p.e., see Cytopathic effect
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent overview, 133
CPMV, see Cowpea mosaic virus
assay (ELISA), 11 posttranscriptional control, 158,
CreutzfeldteJakob disease (CJD),
Epidemic, 97e98, 226, 243, 245 160f, 161f, 165f, 166f
264, 265t
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 229 transcriptional control, 154, 155f,
Crohn's disease, 226e227
Epithelial cell, virus infection, 194f 156f, 157f, 160f
CTL, see Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
EpsteineBarr virus (EBV) Gene therapy
CWD, see Chronic wasting disease
cancer pathogenesis, 239, 240 overview, 206
Cytokines, inhibition by viruses, 187
immunodeficiency, 220 virus vectors, 207t
Cytopathic effect (c.p.e.), 216
Evolution, virus orders, 99, 100t Genetic analysis
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL), 177,
Exon, 56 biochemical analysis, 61
180
epidemiology, 97
evolution of virus orders, 99,
D F 100t
Delbruck, Max, 6 Familial fatal insomnia (FFI), 265t interactions between viruses
Deletion mutant, 65 Fas, 181 genetic, 66
Dengue virus Fc receptor, 116e117 nongenetic, 69
pathogenesis, 224e225 Feline spongiform encephalopathy large DNA genomes, 75, 76f, 77f
transmission, 245e246 (FSE), 262 maps, 62, 62e63
d'Herelle, Felix, 6 FFI, see Familial fatal insomnia mutants, see Mutants
 Index 299

negative-strand RNA viruses, 81, cancer pathogenesis, 240e241, release, 129e130

82f, 83, 84 241, 242f, 242e243 transcriptional control of gene
positive-strand RNA viruses, 78, genome features, 95f, 95e96, 96 expression, 156, 157f, 158f,
79f, 79, 80, 81 vaccine, 202 162, 164
reverse transcription and Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), 258t, Human papillomavirus (HPV),
transposition, 88, 92f, 97t 258e259, 258f, 259 transformation, 235t,
segmented genomes, 84, 85t, 86f Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 237e238, 237t
small DNA genomes, 70, 71f, 72f, pathogenesis, 240e241, Human rhinovirus (HRV),
73f, 74f 241, 242f, 242e243 attachment, 112, 113f
Genetically modified crops, 8 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Human T-cell leukemia virus
Genome, see also specific viruses immunodeficiency, 220 (HTLV)
bacteriophage, 3, 30e31, 55, latent infection, 200 leukemia induction, 239
78e79 pharmacotherapy, 209t, 211 transcriptional control of gene
bipartite, 87f syncytia, 218e219 expression, 156, 157f, 158f,
coding strategies by virus class Herpesviruses 162, 162e163, 164
Class I, 143, 144 gene therapy vectors, 207t transformation, 235
Class II, 145 genome Hybridization, nucleic acids, 20f,
Class III, 146 coding strategy, 143, 144f 59e60
Class IV, 148 features, 76e78, 77f
Class V, 151 types, 76, 77t I
Class VI, 153 HersheyeChase experiment, ICAM-1, see Intercellular adhesion
Class VII, 153 107e108, 110f molecule-1
shared strategies, 142 HFRS, see Hemorrhagic fever with Icosahedral symmetry, 33, 34f, 35f,
comparison between organisms, renal syndrome 36f, 37f, 38f
19t, 27 HHV-6, see Human herpesvirus-6 Immortalized cell line, 9e10
packaging, 48, 51f HHV-7, see Human herpesvirus-7 Immune evasion
replication, see Replication HHV-8, see Human herpesvirus-8 apoptosis inhibition, 187
RNA, 32e33, 53 Hirst, George, 10e11 complement cascade evasion, 188
segmented, 49, 84, 85t, 86f HIV, see Human immunodeficiency cytokine inhibition, 187
GerstmanneStrausslereScheinker virus humoral immunity evasion, 188
disease (GSS), 265t HLVd, see Hop latent viroid MHC-I-restricted antigen
Glycoproteins, envelope, 41f, hnRNA, 159e160 presentation inhibition, 186
42, 52 Hop latent viroid (HLVd), 257 MHC-II-restricted antigen
Granzymes, 179e180 Horizontal transmission, 191, 192t presentation inhibition, 187
GSS, see GerstmanneStrausslere Host systems, 6 Immunodeficiency, 220, 221f
Scheinker disease HPV, see Human papillomavirus Immunoglobulin, classes, 174e175
GuillaineBarré syndrome, HRV, see Human rhinovirus Inclusion body, 126e127, 218
pathogenesis, 226 HSV, see Herpes simplex virus Infection
HTLV, see Human T-cell leukemia apoptosis, 179, 180f
H virus chemotherapy, 208, 209t
Hantavirus, 247 Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), 248 course
HBV, see Hepatitis B virus Human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7), 249 abortive infection, 196, 203
HCC, see Hepatocellular carcinoma Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), 249 acute infection, 198
HDV, see Hepatitis delta virus Human immunodeficiency virus chronic infection, 198
Helical symmetry, 28, 29f, 32f (HIV), 250 latent infection, 200
Helper virus, 68f AIDS pathogenesis, 221, 222, 223 persistent infection, 198, 199f
Hemagglutination, 10e11, 114 attachment, 116 host interactions with virus, 188,
Hemorrhagic fever with renal cell fusion, 219e220, 219f 189f, 190t, 191t, 196f
syndrome (HFRS), 247 course of infection, 221f immune response
Hemorrhagic fever, shock causes, immune response, 175 evasion mechanisms, 186, 187,
225f mutations, 63 188
Hendra virus, 244t pharmacotherapy, 209t, 212 overview, 174, 174f, 176f, 178f
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) provirus, 69 interferon response, 181
300 Index

Infection (Continued ) Long terminal repeat (LTR), 93f, Mutants

localized versus systemic, 193t 93e94, 156f classification, 64
plants, 169 Low-density lipoprotein receptor, induced mutations, 64
prevention, see Vaccines 113 overview, 64
Influenza virus LTR, see Long terminal repeat spontaneous mutations, 63
antigenic drift and shift, 196f Luria, Salvador, 6
attachment, 114, 114f, 115 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
complementation groups, (LCMV), persistent
N
Natural killer (NK) cell, 177, 187
67e68, 67f infection, 198, 199f
Necrosis, 179
genome segments, 85t Lysogeny, 135, 139f
Negative-strand RNA viruses,
pandemics, 197f Lytic replication, 135, 138,
genome, 81, 82f, 83, 84
terminal sequences in RNAs, 86f 156e157, 195e196
Nervous system, virus spread, 193
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
Neuraminidase, 114, 114e115
(ICAM-1), 112, 113
Interferons
M Nipah virus, 244t
M13, see Bacteriophage NK cell, see NK cell
discovery, 182f
Major histocompatibility complex NMR, see Nuclear magnetic
induction, 183e184
(MHC), 176, 186, 187 resonance
receptors, 184
Matrix proteins, envelope, 41f, 42, Nonpropagative transmission,
therapeutic uses, 186t
52 86e87
types, 182e183
Maturation, replication cycle, 127 Nonpropagative vector, 257e258
Intergenic complementation, 68
Maxiphage, 30e31 Nonsense mutant, 65
Internal ribosome entry site (IRES),
McClintock, Barbara, 88 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
80
Measles virus 16
Intragenic complementation, 68
pathogenesis, 224, 226e227 Nucleocapsid, 31e32, 32e33, 41,
Intron, 56, 159
transmission, 245 44e46, 48e49, 52, 53, 86,
IRES, see Internal ribosome entry site
Mechanical transmission, plant 117, 151, 152
Issacs, Alick, 182
viruses, 171 2',5'-Oligo A synthetase, 184e185,
MHC, see Major histocompatibility 185f
J complex
Jacob, Francois, 135 Milstein, Cesar, 11
Jenner, Edward, 4e5, 203e204 Mimivirus
O
Oncogene
genome, 55, 78
functions, 230e231
structure, 47f, 48
K Miniphage, 30e31
insertional mutagenesis and
Kawasaki disease, pathogenesis, activation, 234f
miRNA, 200
226 signal transduction, 232f
Mixed infection, 66e67, 70, 71f
Koch, Robert, 5 subcellular localization of proteins,
MLV, see Murine leukemia virus
Koch's postulates, 5 231f
MMTV, see Mouse mammary tumor
Kohler, George, 11 transformation, 229e230
virus
Kuru, 265t, 265 types, 230t
Monocistronic mRNA, 81, 141, 146,
l, see Bacteriophage Orthomyxovirus, genome features,
152, 159, 163e164
82f
Monoclonal antibody, 14f
Oseltamivir, 130, 209t
L Monod, Jacques, 135
Latency-associated transcript (LAT), Mouse mammary tumor virus
200 (MMTV), transformation, P
Latent infection, 200 234 p53, 181, 235e236
Latent period, 107 Movement proteins, plants, 172f Packaging signal, 49e50
LCMV, see Lymphocytic Mu, see Bacteriophage PAGE, see Polyacrylamide gel
choriomeningitis virus Mucosa, virus interactions, 189, electrophoresis
Lederberg, Esther, 135 190t Pandemic, 195, 197f
Lindenmann, Jean, 182 Multiplicity of infection, 108f Papillomavirus, genome coding
Lipid raft, 126 Murine leukemia virus (MLV), strategy, 143
Loeffler, Friedrich, 5e6 translational control, 167 Paramyxovirus
 Index 301

genome coding strategy, 152f Phage, see Bacteriophage animals

genome features, 82f, 83 Phenotypic mixing, 70, 71f bovine spongiform
Particles, see also specific particles Phocine distemper virus, 244t encephalopathy, 261f, 263
architecture Physical map, 62 chronic wasting disease, 262
complex structures, 42, 43f, 45f, Picornavirus feline spongiform
46f, 47f attachment, 112, 113f, 113
encephalopathy, 262
enveloped viruses, 39, 40f, 41f capsid processing, 38f
scrapie, 260
helical capsids, 28, 29f, 32f genome coding strategy,
icosahedral capsids, 33, 34f, 35f, 149f, 163 transmissible mink
36f, 37f, 38f genome features, 79 encephalopathy, 262
overview, 27 penetration, 120e121 humans
cell receptor recognition and structure, 36e37, 37f, 38f causes, 264e265
binding, 52 PKR, 181, 184e185, 185f, 257 CreutzfeldteJakob disease,
centrifugation, 15f Plaque assay, 9f, 49, 61 264, 265t
genome packaging, 48, 51f Plaque-forming unit (p.f.u.), familial fatal insomnia, 265t
rationale for study, 25 105e106, 106f GerstmanneStrausslere
shapes and sizes, 26f Platelet-derived growth factor Scheinker disease, 265t
translocation, 117, 118f (PDGF), 229
Kuru, 265t, 265
Parvovirus Poliovirus
gene therapy vectors, 207t epidemic and vaccination, PrP gene mutations, 266f
genome 243, 244 variant CreutzfeldteJakob
coding strategy, 145, 146f penetration and uncoating, disease, 265e266
features, 73e74, 74f 120f species barrier, 266, 268f
Pasteur, Louis, 5, 5e6, 6 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Procapsid, 34
Pathogenesis (PAGE), 59e60, 94f Productive infection, 85, 86e87,
bacteriophages and human disease, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 114
227 detection of viruses, 97e98 Productive infection, 229
cancer, 238, 242f mutagenesis, 64 Promoter, 47e48, 58, 134e135,
cell injury mechanisms, 216 principles, 21f, 58e59 153e154, 154e155, 156,
chronic fatigue syndrome, 226 Polyomavirus 234
degree of harm to host, 216 genome coding strategy, 143 Prophage, 135
dengue virus, 224e225 genome features, 74, 75f Proto-oncogene, 229
emergent viruses, 243, 244t, Polyphage, 30e31 Provirus, 69, 153, 156e157, 201
246f Polyprotein, 80, 80, 148 PrP, see Prion
GuillaineBarré syndrome, 226 Positive-strand RNA viruses, Prusiner, Stanley, 259e260, 272
immunodeficiency, 220, 221f genome, 78, 79f, 79, 80, 81 Pseudoknot, formation in RNA,
Kawasaki disease, 226 Poxvirus 166f
measles virus, 224, 226e227 gene therapy vectors, 207t Pseudorevertant, 66
transformation, 228, 230t, 231t, genome Pseudotyping, 70
231f, 232, 233f, 234f, 235, coding strategy, 144 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
235t, 237t features, 78f, 78 (PFGE), 59e60, 94f
zoonoses, 250 structure, 43f, 44
Pathogenesis-related proteins, 173 Primary cell culture, 9e10 R
PCR, see Polymerase chain reaction Prion Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,
PDGF, see Platelet-derived growth conformational changes, 270 244t
factor definition, 3 Rabies virus, human versus animal
Penetration, replication cycle, 117, history of study, 259e260 infection consequences,
118f, 218e219 molecular biology, 267 216
Perforin, 179e180 pathology, 260 Rb, see Retinoblastoma protein
Persistent infection, 198, 199f prion hypothesis, 267, 272 Reassortment, 69, 85
PFGE, see Pulsed-field gel structure, 268f Reassortment map, 62
electrophoresis transmissible spongiform Receptor, virus attachment, 110,
p.f.u., see Plaque-forming unit encephalopathies 111f, 113f, 114f, 115
302 Index

Recombination Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, infection outcomes, 236

bacteriophage l, 137e138 209t molecular biology, 58
frequency, 66e67 Reverse transcription, 88, 92f, 97t transcriptional control of gene
intramolecular recombination, Rex, 162 expression, 154e155,
68e69, 69 Reye's syndrome, 225e226 155f
reassortment, 69 Rhabdovirus transformation, 235t
Recombination map, 62 genome features, 82f, 84 Syncytia, 218e219
Reed, Walter, 6 particle structure, 32f Systemic infection, 193t, 220
Regressive evolution, 98 proteinenucleic acid interactions,
Release, replication cycle, 128f, 129 52 T
Reovirus, genome expression, 147f, Ribavirin, 209t T4, see Bacteriophage
148t Rift valley fever virus (RVFV), T-antigen
Replicase, 149, 151, 173 246e247 DNA-binding domain, 23f
Replication RNA interference, 23, 205, 205f proteineprotein interactions, 236,
biochemistry, 109f RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 237f
compartmentalization in 61 Tat, 156e157, 162
eukaryotes, 130 RNA polymerase, types in Tax, 239
cycle eukaryotes, 141t Taxonomy, viruses, 285e289
assembly, 125 RVFV, see Rift valley fever virus Temperate bacteriophage, 89
attachment, 110, 111f, 113f, Temperature-sensitive mutant,
114f, 115 S 65e66
genome replication and gene SARS, see Severe acute respiratory Terminal redundancy, 71e73,
expression by virus class, syndrome 73f
121, 122f, 123f, 125f, 126f Satellite, 3, 255, 256t Terminator, 58
maturation, 127 SCID, see Severe combined Thymidine kinase (TK), 211
overview, 109, 111f immunodeficiency disease Titre, 107
penetration, 117, 118f Scrapie, 260 TK, see Thymidine kinase
release, 128f, 129 Seeds, virus transmission, 170 TME, see Transmissible mink
uncoating, 118, 120f Segmented genomes, 84, 85t, 86f encephalopathy
HersheyeChase experiment, Serology TMV, see Tobacco mosaic virus
107e108, 110f historical perspective, 10 Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
overview, 103 virology techniques, 12fe13f assembly, 50, 51f
phases, 105, 105f Severe acute respiratory syndrome denaturation, 16f, 18
plaque-forming unit analysis, (SARS), 250e251 genome features, 81, 81f
105e106, 106f Severe combined immunodeficiency helical symmetry, 28, 29f
Replicon, 58 disease (SCID), gene movement proteins, 171e172
Respiratory tract, virus interactions, therapy, 206 particles, 1
190, 191t Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia ultrastructure, 13e16
Restriction map, 62 coli (STEC), 227 Tobacco yellow dwarf virus,
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb), Skin, virus interactions, 188 genome, 64e66
236 Smallpox, 4e5, 245 Togavirus, genome features, 80
Retrotransposon, 3, 88, 90f Splicing, 145, 151e152, 159, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV),
Retrovirus 159e160, 163e164, 257 248
genome organization, 90f Stanley, Wendell, 13e16 Trans-acting factor, 134e135, 143,
immunodeficiency, 220e221 STATs, 184 156, 159e160, 237
integration, 94f STEC, see Shiga toxin-producing Transcriptase, 146, 151, 157e158
maturation, 127e129 Escherichia coli Transcription, see Gene expression
ribosome frameshifting and Strain, 63 Transcription map, 62
termination, 165f Superinfection, 66e67, 70, 71f, Transfection, 60
transformation, 231t, 232, 233f, 86e87 Transformation, 159e160, 184,
234f Suppression, 66, 167 220e221, 228, 230t, 231t,
Rev, 162 SV40, see also T-antigen 231f, 232, 233f, 234f, 235,
Reverse mutation, 66 genome, 236e237 235t, 237t
 Index 303

Transgenic animals, 4, 8 Twort, Frederick, 6 DNA packaging, 86e87

Translation map, 62e63 TYMV, see Turnip yellow mosaic virus Viroid, 3, 255, 256f, 256t, 257f
Translocation, penetration, 117, Type, 63 Virology
118f historical perspective, 4, 245,
Transmissible mink encephalopathy 291e296
(TME), 262
U molecular biology techniques, 19,
Ulcerative colitis, 226e227
Transmissible spongiform 20f, 21f, 22f, 57, 59f
Uncoating, replication cycle,
encephalopathy (TSE) serological techniques, 12fe13f
118, 120f
animals Virus
URE3, 271e272
bovine spongiform definition, 2
encephalopathy, 261f, live status 4, 3
263 V origins, 250
chronic wasting disease, 262 Vaccination taxonomy, 285e289
feline spongiform historical perspective, 6 Virus-attachment protein (VAP),
encephalopathy, 262 immune response, 174f 110e112, 114e115, 193,
scrapie, 260 measles, 224 209e210
transmissible mink Vaccines Virusoid, definition, 3
encephalopathy, 262 DNA vaccines, 202 VSV, see Vesicular stomatitis virus
humans efficacy, 201 VZV, see Varicellaezoster virus
causes, 264e265 recombinant vaccines, 202
CreutzfeldteJakob disease, 264, subunit vaccines, 202
265t synthetic vaccines, 201e202 W
familial fatal insomnia, virus vectors, 202e203, 204 West Nile virus (WNV), 247
265t Vaccinia virus, vaccine vectors, Wickner, Reed, 272
GerstmanneStrausslere 202e203 WNV, see West Nile virus
Scheinker disease, 265t van Leeuwenhoek, Antony, 5
Variant, 63
Kuru, 265t, 265
PrP gene mutations, 266f Variant CreutzfeldteJakob disease
X
Xenotropic murine leukemia
variant CreutzfeldteJakob (vCJD), 265e266
virus-related virus
disease, 265e266 Varicellaezoster virus (VZV),
(XMRV), 226
species barrier, 266, 268f 225e226
XMRV, see Xenotropic murine
Transmission, viruses, 191e193, Variolation, 4e5, 6
leukemia virus-related
192f, 192t vCJD, see Variant CreutzfeldteJakob
virus
Transposon, 88 disease
Triangulation number, 35f Vertical transmission, 191, 192t
Tropism, 115e116, 193, 220 Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Y
TSE, see Transmissible spongiform particle structure, 32f Yellow fever virus, 245e246
encephalopathy Vidarabine, 209t
TSWV, see Tomato spotted wilt virus Viral, 2
Tumor suppressor gene, 229 Virion Z
Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), Virophage, 256 Zanamivir, 130, 209t
ultrastructure, 13e16 activity, 53 Zoonoses, 250