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TRACING THE PROGRESS OF STEEL DESIGN

MODULE 1 BASIC CONCEPTS
We live in a world of rules, inevitably
design standards must be formulated.
• Where does structural steel come from? There are standards developed in
• Tracing the progress of steel design in different countries but we will focus on
only one.
the last 20 years.
• Steel Design Concepts • “Specification for Structural Steel
 Design Philosophy Buildings” by the AISC American
Institute of Steel Construction.
 Codes and Manuals
 Steel Sections The National Structural Code of the
• Load Combinations Philippines NSCP has adopted this
standard.

AMAZING STEEL STORY

TRACING THE PROGRESS OF STEEL DESIGN

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THE FUTURE
Steel is 100% recyclable with no downgrading in quality, which makes steel the most
recycled material in the world. But steel making is not isolated – it is governed by many
laws, rules, regulations and restrictions. Therefore, as we look to the future, governments
and society must make informed decisions using a …
CIRCULAR ECONOMY LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)

In allowable strength design (ASD), a member is selected that has cross-sectional

properties such as area and moment of inertia that are large enough to prevent the maximum STRUCTURAL STEEL
applied axial force, shear, or bending moment from exceeding an allowable, or permissible,
value. This allowable value is obtained by dividing the nominal, or theoretical, strength by a factor
of safety. The allowable stress will be in the elastic range of the material.

MAKE MEGA PROJECTS

Plastic design is based on a consideration of failure conditions rather than working load POSSIBLE
conditions. A member is selected by using the criterion that the structure will fail at a load
substantially higher than the working load. Failure in this context means either collapse or
extremely large deformations. The term plastic is used because, at failure, parts of the member
2015-2030
will be subjected to very large strains—large enough to put the member into the plastic range.

Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) is similar to plastic design in that strength, or the
failure condition, is considered. Load factors are applied to the service loads, and a member is
And YOU will be
selected that will have enough strength to resist the factored loads. In addition, the theoretical
strength of the member is reduced by the application of a resistance factor. on one of them!!!
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2,717

RISING CONDENSATION LEVEL (Cloud level)

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
A mixture of art and science to produce a
safe and economical structure that serves its
intended purpose.

1. SAFETY
Design is an
optimization 2. ECONOMY
process 3. SERVICEABILITY
4. CONSTRUCTABILITY
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CONSTRUCTABILITY (or buildability) is a

project management technique to
review construction processes from
start to finish during pre-construction
phase. It is to identify obstacles before a
project is actually built to reduce or
prevent errors, delays, and cost overruns.

CONSTRUCTABILITY
PHILOSOPHY
• Design
• Discipline coordination
• Project Delivery
• Collaboration
• Problem Solving
• Trade Coordination
• Teaming

1. STRUCTURAL SAFETY 2. ECONOMY

DESIGN STAGE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

CONCEPTUAL
ARCHITECTURAL
PLANS
PROCESS
STRUCTURAL FINAL DESIGN
SYSTEM OUTPUT

DETAILING STAGE
TRIAL MEMBER DETAILING
ANALYSIS STAGE
MODELING AND

DESIGN AND
SECTIONS YES

NO
REVISE MEMBER ACCEPTABLE?
MODELING
DESIGN SECTIONS

2 dead, 11 hurt after portion of BGC This occurred in 2004, substandard

ANALYSIS MEMBER DESIGN
building collapses construction was found to be the cause.
FEB 4, 2015 10:46 AM PHT The building was only 5 years old.
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DESIGN CONCEPTS 𝐹 PROPORTIONAL LIMIT TENSILE

A building code (also building control or building regulations) is a
STRENGTH
ELASTIC LIMIT RUPTURE
𝑭𝒖 STRENGTH
set of rules that specify the standards for constructed objects such
ASD YIELD STRESS as buildings and nonbuilding structures. Buildings must conform to
∑Qi ≤ Rn / F.S. 𝑭𝑷𝑳
𝑭𝒚 the code to obtain planning permission, usually from a local council.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6541
AN ACT TO ORDAIN AND INSTITUTE
LRFD STRAIN
𝑭
YIELDING HARDENING NECKING
A NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
∑γi Qi ≤ Ø Rn
𝑬=
𝝐
TITLE 1 - ADMINISTRATIVE
𝜖 Chapter 1.01 - GENERAL PROVISIONS
ELASTIC REGION PLASTIC REGION
SECTION 1.01.01: Title
LOAD STRENGTH ASD LRFD
SIDE SIDE ELASTIC BEHAVIOR PLASTIC BEHAVIOR (a) This Act shall be known as the "National Building Code of
SERVICE LOADS FACTORED LOADS the Philippines" and shall hereinafter be referred to as
ALLOWABLE STRESSES LIMITING STRESSES the "Code".

DESIGN CONCEPTS

ASD LRFD

∑Qi ≤ Rn / F.S. ∑γi Qi ≤ Ø Rn

LOAD STRENGTH LOAD STRENGTH
COMBINATION Allowable COMBINATION Nominal
Required Load Allowable Load γi = Load Factor Ø = Resistance factor
P Res. P Factored Loads Nominal Strength
V Res. V 𝑃 𝜙𝑃
M Res. M 𝑉 𝜙𝑉
𝑀 𝜙𝑀
Σ𝑄 ⁄𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝. From NSCP 2001
Actual Stress Allowable Stress
f F
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Codes and Standards for Civil Engineers

ASCE Standards and Codes The ASCE Library has over 100 ebooks
on various standards in Civil Engineering.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and

Other Structures

ASCE/SEI 7-10Book set: ASCE 7 ISBN

(print): 9780784412916ISBN (PDF):
9780784477854

STEEL
SECTIONS
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CHAPTER 2 – Minimum Design Loads

SECTION 201
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
STEEL 201.1 Scope
SECTIONS This chapter provides minimum design load
requirements for the design of buildings, towers
and other vertical structures. Loads and
appropriate load combinations which have been
developed to be used together for strength
design and allowable stress design are set forth.

AISC MANUAL
Cross-section of typical tension members 203.3.1 Basic Load NSCP 2015
Combinations LRFD Load and Resistance Factor Design
These are found predominantly as members of plane or space trusses (2D & 3D), as
members in transmission towers and as wind bracing (single or double) for single SECTION 203.3.1
Where strength design or load and
story or high rise steel structures. Among the common shapes used as tension Basic Load Combinations
resistance factor design is used,
members: structures and all portions thereof 203-1 1.4D
shall resist the most critical effects 203-2 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R)
from the following combinations of 203-3 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
Round bar Flat bar Angle Double angle Starred angle factored loads.
203-4 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public
assembly, for live loads in excess of 203-5 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
4.8 kPa, and for garage live load. 203-6 0.9D + 1.0W
Channel Double Latticed 0.5 for other live loads 203-7 0.9D + 1.0E
W-section S-section Built-up box
channel channels (wide-flange) (American sections ASCE 7-10 Chapter 2 Combinations of Loads
Standard)
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203.4.1 Basic Load Combinations LOAD COMBINATION: PRACTICE PROBLEMS

NSCP 2015
Where allowable strength design is used,
ASD Allowable Stress Design Note: All given loads are service loads.
structures and all portions thereof shall
resist the most critical effects from the Prob. 1 A column in the upper story of a building is subjected to a compressive load
SECTION 203.4.1 from the following sources: dead load = 30.8 kN, occupancy live load = 1.7 kN, roof live
following combinations of loads. Basic Load Combinations load = 18.7 kN, and earthquake load = 19.7 kN.
203-8 D a. If load and resistance factor design is used, determine the factored load (required
strength) to be used in the design of the column. Which AISC load combination
203-9 D+L controls?
b. What is the required design strength of the column?
203-10 D + (Lr or R)
c. What is the required nominal strength of the column for a resistance factor 𝜙 of
203-11 D + 0.75[L+(Lr+R)] 0.90?
d. If allowable strength design is used, determine the required load capacity (required
strength) to be used in the design of the column. Which AISC load combination
203-12 D + (0.6W or E/1.4)]
controls?
e. What is the required nominal strength of the column for a safety factor Ω of 1.67?

GIVEN: 𝐷 = 30.8 𝑘𝑁, 𝐿 = 1.7 𝑘𝑁, 𝐿 = 18.7 𝑘𝑁, 𝐸 = 19.7 𝑘𝑁, 𝜙 = 0.9, Ω = 1.67
NSCP 2015 NSCP 2015
LRFD Load and Resistance Factor Design ASD Allowable Stress Design REQ’D: SOL.: a. Choose applicable load combinations NSCP 2015
SECTION 203.3.1 SECTION 203.4.1 𝑎. Σ𝛾 𝑄 Eq. No. Σ𝛾 𝑄
Basic Load Combinations Basic Load Combinations 𝑏. 𝑃 203-1 1.4D
203-1 1.4D 203-8 D 𝑐. 𝑃 =𝜙 𝑃 203-2 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R)
203-2 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R) 203-9 D+L 𝑑. 𝑃 = Σ𝑄 203-3 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
203-3 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
𝑃
203-10 D + (Lr or R) 𝑒. 𝑃 ≤ 203-4 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
203-4 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
Ω
203-11 D + 0.75[L+(Lr+R)] 203-5 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
203-5 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L 203-12 D + (0.6W or E/1.4)] 203-6 0.9D + 1.0W
203-6 0.9D + 1.0W 203-7 0.9D + 1.0E
203-7 0.9D + 1.0E
ASCE 7-10 Chapter 2 Combinations of Loads
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SOL.: a. Choose applicable load combinations NSCP 2015 PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

Note: All given loads are service loads.

Eq. No. Σ𝛾 𝑄
Prob. 1 A column is subjected to the following loads: dead load = 26 kN, occupancy live load = 15 kN,
203-1 1.4D= 1.4𝑥30.8 = 43.12 𝑘𝑁 roof live load = 5 kN, rain load = 5 kM, and wind load = 8 kN. All loads are compression except for the
wind load, which can be either tension or compression.
203-2 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R)= 1.2𝑥30.8 + 1.6𝑥1.7 + 0.5𝑥18.7 = 49.03 𝑘𝑁
a. If load and resistance factor design is used, determine the factored load (required strength) to
203-3 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W)= 1.2𝑥30.8 + 1.6𝑥18.7 + 0.5𝑥1.7 = 67.73 𝑘𝑁 be used in the design of the column. Which AISC load combination controls?
b. What is the required design strength of the column?
203-4 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
c. What is the required nominal strength of the column for a resistance factor 𝜙 of 0.90?
203-5 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L= 1.2𝑥30.8 + 1𝑥19.7 + 0.5𝑥1.7 = 57.51 𝑘𝑁 d. If allowable strength design is used, determine the required load capacity (required strength)
to be used in the design of the column. Which AISC load combination controls?
203-6 0.9D + 1.0W e. What is the required nominal strength of the column for a safety factor Ω of 1.67?
203-7 0.9D + 1.0E Prob. 2 The loads on a roof beam consist of a dead load of 0.2 kN/m, a roof live load of 0.13 kN/m, and
a wind load of 0.14 kN/m.
Eq. 203-3 Controls: Σ𝛾 𝑄 = 67.73 𝑘𝑁
a. If load and resistance factor design is used, determine the factored load (required strength) to
b. Required Design Strength 𝑃 = Σ𝛾 𝑄 = 67.73 𝑘𝑁 be used in the design of this beam. Which AISC load combination controls?
𝑃 67.73 b. If allowable strength design is used, determine the required load capacity (required strength)
c. Required Nominal Strength 𝑃 = 𝜙 𝑃 = 67.73 𝑘𝑁 𝑃 = = = 75.26 𝑘𝑁 to be used in the design of the column. Which AISC load combination controls?
𝜙 0.9

d. Choose applicable load combinations NSCP 2015

Eq. No. Σ𝑄
203-9 𝐷 + 𝐿 = 30.8 + 1.7 = 32.5 𝑘𝑁
203-10 𝐷 + 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 = 30.8 + 18.7 = 49.5 𝑘𝑁
203-11 𝐷 + 0.75 𝐿 + 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 = 30.8 + 0.75 1.7 + 18.7 = 46.1 𝑘𝑁
203-12 𝐷 + (0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝐸 ⁄1.4) = 30.8 + 19.7⁄1.4 = 44.87 𝑘𝑁

Eq. 203-10 Controls: Σ𝑄 = 𝑃 = 49.5 𝑘𝑁

𝑃 𝑃
𝑒. 𝑃 ≤ 49.5 = 𝑃 = 82.66 𝑘𝑁
Ω 1.67