Final

Development of Interaction Curve for
Composite Column
By
Ajay Gelot
(16MCLC08)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NIRMA UNIVERSITY
AHMEDABAD-382481
MAY-2018
Development of Interaction Curve for
Composite Column
Major Project
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Computer Aided Structural Analysis And Design)
By
Ajay Gelot
(16MCLC08)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Sharad Purohit
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NIRMA UNIVERSITY
AHMEDABAD-382481
MAY-2018
Declaration
This is to certify that
a) The major project comprises of my original work towards the Degree of Master of
Technology in Civil Engineering (Computer Aided Structural Analysis and Design) at
Nirma University and has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree.
b) Due acknowledgment has been made in text to all other material used.
Ajay Gelot
Certificate
This is to certify that Major Project entitled “Development of Interaction Curve
for Composite Column” submitted by Ajay Gelot (16MCLC08),towards the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Civil Engineering
(Computer Aided Structural Analysis and Design) of Nirma University, Ahmedabad is
the record of work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. In my opinion,
the submitted work has reached a level required for being accepted for examination. The
results embodied in this thesis, to the best of my knowledge, haven’t been submitted to
any other university or institution for award of any degree or diploma.
Dr. Sharad P. Purohit Dr. Paresh V. Patel

Guide and Professor, Head of the Department and Professor,
Civil Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Department,
Institute of Technology, Institute of Technology,
Nirma University, Nirma University,
Ahmedabad Ahmedabad
Dr. Alka Mahajan

Director, Examiner
Institute of Technology,
Nirma University,
Ahmedabad Date of Examination
Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to thank my Guide Dr. Sharad P. Purohit, Professor, De-
partment of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University. He has always
been supportive for my dissertation work. Also, his excellent knowledge has guided me
to fundamentally understand the several aspects of the project work.
Also, I would like to thank Prof. Arth Patel, Department of Civil Engineering, In-
stitute of Technology, Nirma University, for guiding me in making the computer program.
His past experience in computer programming really helped me in simplifying the pro-
gram.
Further, I would like to thank Dr. Paresh Patel, Head, Department of Civil Engineer-
ing, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, and also Dr. Alka Mahajan, Director,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University, for providing all the required resources for the
project work.
Also, I would like to thank Dr. Vikas Lakhera, Head, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, for allowing me to use several
sophisticated instruments in workshop.
I am sincerely thankful to Mr. P. N . Raval and Mr. Sunil Regar, Laboratory

Assistant, Concrete Technology Laboratory, Nirma University, for their assistance during
the testing.
Also, I would like to thank Mr. Jayesh Patel, Assistant, Central workshop, for help-
ing me in making the Grooves on steel plates. Also I am thankful to Jashvant Sir for
teaching me to do a proper welding and cutting. And all the other Laboratory assistant
in workshop for showing their humble support and guidance in the Workshop.
Last but not the least, I am Sincerely thankful to all of my classmate for supporting
and motivating me.
Ajay Gelot
(16MCLC08)
Abstract
Composite Columns like Concrete Filled Tube, Concrete Encased Steel Section and Con-
crete Encased and Filled Steel Tube Section are most widely adopted, worldwide, in Tall
Buildings and Heavy Structures. These Sections are primarily designed for axial load due
to gravity and uniaxial/bi-axial moments. Realizing complexity in analytical solution
for column design, mostly they are designed using force-moment (P-M) interaction curve
given by various codes like Eurocode-4, AISC-2010, ACI-381-05, and AIJ-2001. Amongst
all the design codes, Eurocode-4 and AISC-2010 provides a most simplified method for the
development of P-M interaction curve that can be used for composite column design. In
India, use of composite column is quite limited and when used design of complete column
is carried out by other country’s code, as no dedicated Indian Standard code is available
till date. Thus, design engineers practice in India do not have P-M interaction curve
for steel section available in Indian market. Therefore, there is a need to develop P-M
interaction curve for steel section pertaining to Indian market using simplified method as
described in Eurocode-4.
In the major project work, P-M interaction curves for different types of composite column
sections like Rectangular circular Concrete Filled Tube, Rectangular Circular Full Con-
crete Encased Steel Section and Rectangular Circular Concrete Encased and Filled Steel
Tube are developed through computer programming in Visual Basics-2012. The Com-
puter Program is developed using Eurocode EN 1994-1-1:2004, where in plastic stress
axis moves across the cross-section of the composite column. P-M interaction curve is de-
veloped by determining plastic axial load resistance and plastic moment resistance with
reference to plastic stress axis. Check for safety and stability of the composite column is
an integral part of the program developed. Program is also capable to generate design
report for composite column design and stability against local buckling. The project work
also includes experimental investigation on behavior of medium Circular Square Concrete
Filled Tube subjected to Axial (P) and Eccentric (P-M) loading. Ten numbers of test
specimens, five each of Circular and Square Concrete Filled Tube, are prepared for the
Axial and Eccentric loading. Test specimen with Eccentricities of 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm,
and 35 mm are fabricated for the testing. It has been found that all specimens shows
failure mode as Buckling. Wherein outer fiber of composite column shows Tension, while
other side of composite column shows compression and hence undergoes local buckling.
Apart, comparison among experimental values of P-M curve and analytical values, for-
mer yields higher P-M values which are 34% and 15% higher as compared to analytical
solution respectively. A slenderness effect on composite columns is also investigated. Two
numbers of test specimens for medium and slender composite column are also prepared
and tested under pure axial gravity loading, while slender column shows predominantly
buckling behavior, medium column shows a bulging failure.
xiii
Abbreviation and Notations

Following are the Abbreviation and Notations used in this report throughout until oth-
erwise stated.
CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concrete Filled Tube

CEFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concrete Encased and Filled Tube
LVDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Variable Displacement Transducer
fck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characteristic Strength of Concrete

γc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Safety Factor Concrete
fsk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yield Strength of Reinforcement
γs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partial Safety Factor Reinforcement
fyk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yield Strength of Tubular Steel Section
γm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Partial Safety Factor of Tubular Steel Section
fcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Compressive Strength of Concrete
fyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Design Yield Strength of Tubular Steel Section
fsd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Yield Strength of Reinforcement
Npl,Rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ultimate Axial Load Resistance of Composite Column
Mpl,Rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ultimate Moment Resistance of Composite Column
Ac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Area of Concrete
Aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Area of Steel Section
As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Area of Longitudinal Reinforcement
Nu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Axial Load acting on Rectangular Composite Column
MuxTop . . . . . . . . . . . . Bending Moment acting at the top of Column with respect to x-axis
MuyTop . . . . . . . . . . . . Bending Moment acting at the top of Column with respect to y-axis
MuxBot . . . . . . . . Bending Moment acting at the Bottom of Column with respect to x-axis
MuyBot . . . . . . . . Bending Moment acting at the Bottom of Column with respect to y-axis
MuxD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Moment With respect to x-Axis
MuyD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Moment With respect to y-Axis
Yst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yield Strength of Steel Tube
Ecm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
Ea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Section
Es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement
Iax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moment of Inertia of Steel Section about x-axis
Iay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moment of Inertia of Steel Section about y-axis
Isx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moment of Inertia of Reinforcement about x-axis
Isy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moment of Inertia of Reinforcement about y-axis
Icx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moment of Inertia of concrete about x-axis
Icy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moment of Inertia of concrete about y-axis
Pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Percentage of Longitudinal Reinforcement
EIx,ef f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flexural Stiffness of Composite Column about x-axis
EIy,ef f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flexural Stiffness of Composite Column about y-axis
Npl,Rk . . . Plastic Resistance to compression based on characteristic strength of materials
Ncr,x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elastic critical normal force with respect to x-axis
Ncr,y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elastic critical normal force with respect to y-axis
λx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relative Slenderness about x-axis
xiv
λy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relative Slenderness about y-axis

χx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strength Reduction Factor about x-axis
χy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strength Reduction Factor about y-axis
hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . height of plastic stress axis from Bottom Fiber of Column.
Nu,Rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plastic Axial Load resistance
Mu,Rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ultimate Plastic Moment of resistance
MuxL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moment of resistance for the acting axial load, Nu about x-axis
MuyL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moment of resistance for the acting axial load, Nu about y-axis
φ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diameter of Longitudinal Bars
ns0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Numbers of reinforcement in layer 0
As0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Area of reinforcement in 0 layer
D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depth of Steel Section
Bf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Width of Flange of the Steel Section
tf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thickness of flange of the steel section
tw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thickness of web of the steel section
Contents
Declaration v
Certificate vii
Acknowledgement ix
Abstract xi
Abbreviation and Notations xiii
Contents xix
List of Figures xxvii
List of Tables xxviii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Composite Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Composite Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 Composite Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Need of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Objective of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Scope of the Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Layout of the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Literature Survey 9
2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Design Philosophies for Composite Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Experimental Behaviour of Composite Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Design Philosophy for Composite Column as per EN 1994-1-1:2004 19

3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Design of Composite Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.2 Scope of Simplified Method of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.3 Simplified Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
xv
CONTENTS xvi
3.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4 Development of Interaction Curve for the Rectangular Concrete Filled

Tube Column 25
4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 Types of Composite Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 Flow Chart for Computer Programming of Interaction Curves . . . . . . . 26
4.4 Computer Program for development of Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4.2 Inputs and Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4.3 Calculation of Sectional Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4.4 Check for Longitudinal Reinforcement, Local Buckling, and Slen-
derness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4.5 Formulation for Interaction curve about X-axis . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4.6 Formulation for Interaction curve about Y-axis . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.4.7 Development of Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.8 Check for Inequality ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5 Development of Interaction Curve for the Circular Concrete Filled Tube

Column 51
5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3 Flow Chart for Computer Programming of Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . 52
5.4 Computer Program for development of Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
derness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.4.5 Formulation for Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6 Development of Interaction Curve for the Rectangular Full Concrete

Encased Steel Section 73
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
derness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.4.5 Formulation for Interaction Curve about X- Axis . . . . . . . . . . 79
xvii CONTENTS
6.4.6 Formulation for Interaction Curve about Y- Axis . . . . . . . . . . 94

6.4.8 Check for Inequality Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7 Development of Interaction Curve for the Circular Full Concrete En-

cased Steel Section 107
7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
derness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8 Development of Interaction Curve for the Rectangular Concrete En-

cased and Filled Tube 143
8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
derness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
8.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
9 Development of Interaction Curve for the Circular Concrete Encased

and Filled Tube 183
9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
9.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
CONTENTS xviii

9.4.4 Check for Longitudinal Reinforcement, and Slenderness . . . . . . . 188
9.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
10 Experimental Investigation on Behaviour of Concrete filled tube 215

10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
10.2 Preparation of Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
10.3 Experimental Behaviour of Hollow Circular Steel tube under Axial Loading 215
10.3.1 Sectional Properties of Circular Hollow Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
10.3.2 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
10.3.3 Failure Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
10.4 Experimental Behaviour of Hollow Circular Steel Tube under Eccentric
Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10.4.1 Sectional Properties of Circular Hollow Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10.4.2 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10.5 Experimental Behaviour of Circular Concrete Filled Tube under Eccentric
Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10.5.1 Material Properties for Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10.5.2 Development of Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10.5.4 Failure Mode of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
10.5.5 Circular CFT subjected to Axial load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
10.5.6 Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
10.5.7 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
10.6 Experimental Behaviour of Square Concrete Filled Tube under Eccentric
Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
10.6.1 Tensile Test on Coupon Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
10.6.2 Material Properties for Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
10.6.3 Preparation of Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
10.6.5 Failure Mode of Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
10.6.6 Square CFT subjected to Axial load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
10.6.7 Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
10.6.8 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
10.7 Experimental Study on Effect of Slenderness on Circular CFT . . . . . . . 245
10.7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
10.7.2 Experimental Investigation on Medium Circular CFT subjected to
Axial Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
10.7.3 Experimental Investigation on Slender Circular CFT subjected to
Axial Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
10.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
xix CONTENTS
11 Summary, Conclusions and Future Scope of the Work 259

11.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
11.2 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
11.2.1 Computer Program for Design of Compsoite Column . . . . . . . . 260
11.2.2 CFT Testing Under Eccentric Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
11.2.3 Effect of Slenderness on Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
11.3 Future Scope of the Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
References 263
A Experimental Testing Results of Concrete Filled Tube under Axial and

Eccentric Loading 265
A.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
B Development of Computer Program for the Design of Composite Col-

umn 281
B.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
B.2 Generalized Computer Program code for the Design of Rectangular Con-
crete Filled Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
List of Figures
1.1 Naturally Bonded Composite Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Mechanically Bonded Composite Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Full Shear Connection of Composite Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Partial Shear Connection of Composite Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Composite Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Composite Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1 Details of Specimen with Studs, Wire Mesh , and Cross Ties. . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Compression Load-Shortening Curve of 300 mm Column . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 Details of Test Specimens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 Failure Modes of the Specimen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.7 Axial Load-Displacement, Non-Greased and Greased, 30 MPa Concrete . . 16
2.8 Axial Load-Displacement, Non-Greased and Greased, 85 MPa Concrete . . 17
3.1 Full Concrete Encased Steel Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2 Simplified Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3 Point A on Simplified Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 Point B on Simplified Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5 Point C on Simplified Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.6 Point D on Simplified Interaction Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.1 Types of Rectangular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.2 Flow Chart for the Rectangular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3 Input Required for the Rectangular CFT column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4 Input for the Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.5 Check for Pt,Local Buckling, and Slenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.6 Stress Axis at hn =0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.7 Stress Axis at 0<hn<=t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.8 Stress Axis at t < hn < (0.5D-Y1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.9 Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y1) < hn <= 0.5D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.10 Stress Axis at 0.5D < hn < (0.5D+Y1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.11 Stress Axis at (0.5D+Y1) < hn < (D-t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.12 Stress Axis at (D-t) < hn < D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.13 Stress Axis at hn = D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.14 Stress Axis at hn =0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.15 Stress Axis at 0< hn<= t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
xxi
LIST OF FIGURES xxii
4.16 Stress Axis at t < hn < (0.5B-Y2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

4.17 Stress Axis at (0.5B-Y2) < hn <= 0.5B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.18 Stress Axis at 0.5B < hn < (0.5B+Y2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.19 Stress Axis at (0.5B+y2) < hn < (B-t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.20 Stress Axis at (B-t) < hn < B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.21 Stress Axis at hn = B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.22 Interaction Curve of Rectangular CFT about X-axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.23 Interaction Curve of Rectangular CFT about Y-axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.24 Check for Inequality ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.1 Types of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

5.2 Flow Chart for the Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.3 Input Required for the Circular CFT Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.5 Check for Pt,Local Buckling, and Slenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.6 Stress Axis at hn =0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.7 Stress Axis at 0 < hn <= t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.8 Stress Axis at t < hn < (0.5D-y2-t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.9 Stress Axis at (0.5D-y2) < hn < (0.5D-y1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.10 Stress Axis at (0.5D-y1) < hn < 0.5D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.11 Stress Axis at hn = 0.5D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.12 Stress Axis at 0.5D < hn < (0.5D+y1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.13 Stress Axis at (0.5D+y1) < hn < (0.5D+y2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.14 Stress Axis at (0.5D+y2) < hn < (D-t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.15 Stress Axis at (D-t) <= hn < t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.16 Stress Axis at hn =D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.17 Interaction Curve of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.18 Check for Inequality Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.1 Rectangular Full Concrete Encased Steel Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

6.2 Flow Chart for the Rectangular Concrete Encased Steel Section . . . . . . 74
6.3 Input Required for Concrete Encased Steel Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.5 Reinforcement Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.6 Check for Pt, and Slenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.7 Stress Axis at hnx =0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.8 Stress Axis at 0 < hnx <(0.5Dc -Y0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.9 Stress Axis at (0.5Dc -Y0) < hnx < 0.5(0.5Dc -D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.10 Stress Axis at 0.5(0.5Dc -D) < hnx < 0.5(0.5Dc -D) +tf . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.11 Stress Axis at 0.5(0.5Dc -D) +tf < hnx < (Dc -Y2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.12 Stress Axis at (Dc -Y2) < hnx < (0.5Dc -0.5φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.13 Stress Axis at hnx = 0.5Dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.14 Stress Axis at 0.5Dc < hnx < (0.5Dc +Y2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.15 Stress Axis at (0.5Dc +Y2) < hnx < 0.5Dc + (0.5D-tf ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.16 Stress Axis at 0.5Dc + (0.5D-tf ) < hnx < 0.5Dc +0.5D . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.17 Stress Axis at 0.5Dc +0.5D < hnx < 0.5Dc + Y0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.18 Stress Axis at 0.5Dc + Y0 < hnx < Dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
xxiii LIST OF FIGURES
6.19 Stress Axis at hnx = Dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

6.20 Stress Axis at hny =0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.21 Stress Axis at 0 < hny < 0.5Bc -X0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.22 Stress Axis at 0.5Bc -X0 < hny < 0.5Bc -0.5Bf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.23 Stress Axis at 0.5Bc -0.5Bf < hny < 0.5Bc -0.5tw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.24 Stress Axis at hny = 0.5Bc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.25 Stress Axis at 0.5Bc < hny < 0.5Bc +0.5Bf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.26 Stress Axis at 0.5Bc +0.5Bf < hny < 0.5Bc +X0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.27 Stress Axis at 0.5Bc + X0 < hny < 0.5Bc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.28 Stress Axis at hny = Bc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.29 Interaction Curve of Rectangular Concrete Encased Steel Column with
Respect to X-Axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.30 Interaction Curve of Rectangular Concrete Encased Steel Column with
respect to Y-Axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.1 Circular Full Concrete Encased Steel Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

7.2 Flow Chart for the Circular Concrete Encased Steel Section . . . . . . . . 108
7.3 Input Required for Concrete Encased Steel Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.8 Stress Axis at 0 < hnx < Frc -Y0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.9 Stress Axis at Frc -Y0 < hnx < Frc -0.5D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.10 Stress Axis at Frc -0.5D < hnx < Frc -(0.5D-tf ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.11 Stress Axis at Frc -0.5D +tf < hnx < Frc -Y2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.12 Stress Axis at Frc -Y2 < hnx < Frc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.13 Stress Axis at hnx = Frc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.14 Stress Axis at Frc < hnx < Frc +Y2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.15 Stress Axis at Frc +Y2 < hnx < Frc +0.5D-tf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.16 Stress Axis at Frc +0.5D-tf < hnx < Frc +0.5D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.17 Stress Axis at Frc +0.5D < hnx < Frc +Y0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.18 Stress Axis at Frc +Y0 < hnx < 2Frc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.19 Stress Axis at hnx = 2Frc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.21 Stress Axis at 0< hny < Frc -X1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.22 Stress Axis at Frc -X1 < hny < Frc -X2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.23 Stress Axis at Frc -X2 < hny < Frc -0.5Bf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.24 Stress Axis at Frc -0.5Bf < hny < Frc -0.5tf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.25 Stress Axis at hny = Frc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.26 Stress Axis at Frc +0.5tw < hny < Frc +0.5Bf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.27 Stress Axis at Frc +0.5Bf < hny < Frc +X2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.28 Stress Axis at Frc +X2 < hny < Frc +X1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.29 Stress Axis at Frc +X1 < hny < 2Frc +X1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.30 Stress Axis at hny = 2Frc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
LIST OF FIGURES xxiv
7.31 Interaction Curve of Circular Concrete Encased Steel Column with respect
to X-Axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.32 Interaction Curve of Circular Concrete Encased Steel Column with respect
to Y-Axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8.1 Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

8.2 Flow Chart for the Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube . . . . 144
8.3 Input Required for Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube . . . . . 146
8.8 Stress Axis at 0<hnx<(0.5D-Y0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.9 Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y0)<hnx<(0.5D-0.5Ds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.10 Stress Axis at (0.5D-0.5Ds)<hnx<(0.5D-0.5Ds+t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.11 Stress Axis at (0.5D-0.5Ds+t)<hnx<(0.5D-Y4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.12 Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y4)<hnx<0.5D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8.13 Stress Axis at hnx=0.5D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.14 Stress Axis at 0.5D<hnx<0.5D+Y4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
8.15 Stress Axis at 0.5D+Y4<hnx<0.5D+0.5Ds-t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.16 Stress Axis at 0.5D+0.5Ds-t <hnx<0.5D+0.5Ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.17 Stress Axis at 0.5D+0.5Ds <hnx<0.5D+Y0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
8.18 Stress Axis at 0.5D+Y0 <hnx<=D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.20 Stress Axis at 0<hny <(0.5B-X0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
8.21 Stress Axis at (0.5B-X0)<hny <(0.5B-0.5Bs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
8.22 Stress Axis at (0.5B-0.5Bs)<hny <(0.5B-0.5Bs+t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
8.23 Stress Axis at (0.5B-0.5Bs+t)<hny <(0.5B-X4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
8.24 Stress Axis at (0.5B-X4)<hny <0.5B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
8.25 Stress Axis at hny=0.5B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
8.26 Stress Axis at 0.5B<hny <(0.5B+X4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
8.27 Stress Axis at (0.5B+X4)<hny <(0.5B+0.5Bs-t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
8.28 Stress Axis at (0.5B+0.5Bs-t)<hny <(0.5B+0.5Bs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
8.29 Stress Axis at (0.5B+0.5Bs)<hny <(0.5B+X0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
8.30 Stress Axis at (0.5B+X0)<hny <=B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8.31 Interaction Curve of Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube with
respect to X-Axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.32 Interaction Curve of Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube with
respect to Y-Axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
8.33 Check for Inequality Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
9.1 Circular CEFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

9.2 Flow Chart for the Circular CEFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
9.3 Input Required for Circular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube . . . . . . . 186
xxv LIST OF FIGURES

9.8 Stress Axis at 0<hnx< (0.5D-Y0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
9.9 Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y0)<hnx< (0.5D-Y2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
9.10 Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y2)<hnx< (0.5D-0.5Ds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
9.11 Stress Axis at (0.5D-0.5Ds)<hnx< (0.5D-0.5Ds+t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
9.12 Stress Axis at (0.5D-0.5Ds+t)<hnx< (0.5D-Y3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
9.13 Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y3)<hnx< (0.5D-Y4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
9.14 Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y4)<hnx< 0.5D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
9.15 Stress Axis at hnx= 0.5D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
9.16 Stress Axis at 0.5D <hnx< 0.5D+Y4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
9.17 Stress Axis at (0.5D+Y4) <hnx< (0.5D+Y3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
9.18 Stress Axis at (0.5D+Y3) <hnx< (0.5D+0.5Ds-t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
9.19 Stress Axis at (0.5D+0.5Ds-t) <hnx< (0.5D+0.5Ds) . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
9.20 Stress Axis at (0.5D+0.5Ds) <hnx< (0.5D+Y2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
9.21 Stress Axis at (0.5D+Y2) <hnx< (0.5D+Y0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
9.22 Stress Axis at (0.5D+Y0) <hnx≤D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
9.23 Interaction Curve of Circular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube with re-
spect to both X or Y-Axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
10.1 Cutting of Hollow steel Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

10.2 Hollow Steel Tube after Cutting and Polishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
10.3 Steel Tube Filled with Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
10.4 Failure Mode of Hollow Circular Steel Tube subjected to Axial Loading . 217
10.5 Experimental Setup for Eccentric Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
10.6 Behaviour of Circular Hollow Steel Tube under Eccentric Load . . . . . . . 219
10.7 Local Buckling of Circular Hollow Steel Tube under Eccentric Load . . . . 219
10.8 Arrangement of Strain Gauges and LVDT on Circular CFT subjected to
Eccentric Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
10.9 Experimental Test Setup for Testing under Eccentric Loading . . . . . . . 221
10.10Axial Strain on Tensile Face , B, of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
10.11Horizontal Strain on Front Face , A, of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
10.12Axial Strain on Compressive Face , D, of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . 222
10.13Axial Displacement of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
10.14Central Displacement on Face, B, of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
10.15Top Displacement on Face, B, of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
10.16Bottom Displacement on Face, B, of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
10.17Behaviour of Circular CFT under Eccentric Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
10.18Cutting of Face B of Tested Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
10.19Tensile Cracks on Infilled Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
10.20Arrangement of Strain Gauges and LVDT on Circular CFT subjected to
Axial Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
10.21Experimental Test Setup for Circular CFT under Axial load . . . . . . . . 227
10.22Axial and Central Displacement of Circular CFT under Axial Load . . . . 228
10.23Strains on Various Faces of Specimen under Axial Loading . . . . . . . . . 228
10.24Failure mode of Circular CFT under Axial Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
LIST OF FIGURES xxvi
10.25Rupture of Steel Tube and Crushing of Concrete under Axial Load . . . . 229
10.26Comparison of Analytical and Experimental Interaction Curve for Circular
CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
10.27Failure mode of Circular CFT for various Eccentricity of Loading . . . . . 231
10.28Dimension of Tensile Test Coupon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
10.29Cup and Cone Failure of the Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
10.30Stress Strain Curve of Tensile Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
10.31Arrangement of Strain Gauges and LVDT on Square CFT subjected to
Eccentric Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
10.32Experimental Test Setup for Square CFT subjected to Eccentric Loading . 234
10.33Axial Strain on Face , B, of Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
10.34Horizontal Strain on Face , A, of Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
10.35Axial Strain on Face , D, of Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
10.36Axial Displacement of Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
10.37Central Displacement on Face, B, of Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
10.38Top Displacement on Face, B, of Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
10.39Bottom Displacement on Face, B, of Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
10.40Behaviour of Square CFT under Eccentric Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
10.41Tensile Cracks on Infilled Concrete on Face B of Specimen . . . . . . . . . 239
10.42Crushing of Infilled Concrete on Face D of Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
10.43Attachment of Concrete with the Steel Tube at the Local Buckling Region. 240
10.44Test Setup for Square CFT subjected to Axial Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
10.45Experimental Test Setup for Square CFT under Axial Load . . . . . . . . 241
10.46Axial Displacement of Circular CFT under Axial Load . . . . . . . . . . . 242
10.47Displacement at Top, Center, and Bottom Height on Face B . . . . . . . . 242
10.48Strain on Various Faces of specimen under Axial Load . . . . . . . . . . . 243
10.49Failure mode of Square CFT under Axial Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
10.50Comparison of Analytical and Experimental Interaction Curve for Square
CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
10.51Failure mode of Square CFT for Various Eccentricity of Loading . . . . . 245
10.52Load-Strain results for Specimen-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
10.54Load-Displacement results for Specimen-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
10.56Load-Axial Displacement results for Specimen-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
10.58Failure Mode of Medium Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
10.59Location of Strain Guage and LVDT for Slender Circular CFT . . . . . . . 251
10.60Experimental Setup for Slender Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
10.67Failure Mode of Slender Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
10.68Failure Mode of Both Medium and Slender Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . 257
List of Tables
2.1 Details of Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
10.1 Sectional Properties of Circular Hollow Steel Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

10.2 Comparision of Analytical and Experimental Results for Hollow Circular
Steel Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
10.3 Experimental Results for Circular Hollow Steel Tube under Eccentric Loading218
10.4 Properties of Circular Steel Tube Subjected to Eccentric Loading . . . . . 218
10.5 M25 Mix Proportion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
10.6 Comparison of Analytical Factored Results with Experimental Results for
Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
10.7 Comparison of Analytical Unfactored Results with Experimental Results
for Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
10.8 Results of Tensile Test on Coupon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
10.9 Properties of Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
10.10Comparison of Analytical Factored Results with Experimental Results for
Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
10.11Comparison of Analytical UnFactored Results with Experimental Results
for Square CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
10.12Properties of Medium Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
10.13M25 Mix Proportion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
10.14Properties of Slender Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
10.15Comparison of Analytical and Experimental results for Circular CFT under
Axial Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
A.1 Hollow Circular Steel Tube Subjected to Axial Loading . . . . . . . . . . . 265

A.2 Circular CFT subjected to Axial loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
A.3 Circular CFT with Eccentric Loading of 10 mm Eccentricity . . . . . . . . 267
A.7 Square CFT Subjected to Axial Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
A.8 Square CFT with Eccentric Loading of 10 mm Eccentricity . . . . . . . . . 272
A.12 Medium Circular CFT Subjected to Axial Loading (Specimen-1) . . . . . . 276
A.13 Medium Circular CFT Subjected to Axial Loading (Specimen-2) . . . . . . 277
xxvii
LIST OF TABLES xxviii
A.14 Slender Circular CFT Subjected to Axial Loading (Specimen-1) . . . . . . 278

A.15 Slender Circular CFT Subjected to Axial Loading (Specimen-2) . . . . . . 279
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 General
When two or more materials are used together in one member then it is called composite
element. The main advantage of composite element is that the properties of each individ-
ual member can be combined to form a single unit that performs better overall than its
separate constituents parts. The most common form of composite element in construction
is a steel-concrete composite.
As a material concrete works well in compression, but it has less resistant in tension.
Steel, However, is very strong in Tension, even when it is used in a relatively small
amounts. Steel- Concrete Composite element use concrete’s compressive strength along-
side steel’s resistance to tension, and when tied together this results in a highly efficient
unit that is commonly used for structures such as multistory buildings and bridges.
Composite structural elements include the composite beam, composite slab, and com-
posite column. Together this structural system is very efficient.
1.1.1 Composite Beam

In conventional composite construction, Concrete slab rest over the steel beam and it is
completely supported by the Steel beam. When Concrete slab is loaded , Steel beam and
concrete slab act independently and slip between steel beam and slab occurs. But when
a proper connection between concrete slab and steel beam is provided then slip between
slab and beam can be eliminated. In this case Steel beam and Concrete Slab act as a
single unit and it is called as Composite Beam. As under bending steel beam will be in
tension and concrete will be in compression and it is well known that concrete is good in
resisting compression while steel has good tensile resistance so both the material will be
utilize efficiently.
Now Steel beam and Concrete Slab can be connected using the natural bond or any
Mechanical devices like Studs. Through This bond horizontal shear is transferred from
Concrete slab to Steel beam. If Bonding is not properly provided then slip will occur
between slab and steel beam. Figure 1.1 shows the composite beams with natural bond
1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 2
between steel beam and concrete and Figure 1.2 shows the steel beam connected to con-
crete with the help of studs.
Figure 1.1: Naturally Bonded Composite Beam
Figure 1.2: Mechanically Bonded Composite Beam
Steel beam can be connected to the concrete by providing full shear connection and partial
shear connection. When strain profiles is continuous between two beams hence when slip
between the two beams is zero then it is said to be connected using full shear connection,
as shown in Figure 1.3 When strain profile is not continuous between two beams hence
there will be some slip between the two beams then it is said to be connected using partial
shear connection, as shown in Figure 1.4.
1.1.1.1 Advantages of Composite Beam

• The most effective utilization of steel and concrete is achieved.
3 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Figure 1.3: Full Shear Connection of Composite Beam
Figure 1.4: Partial Shear Connection of Composite Beam
• Keeping the span and loading unaltered; a more economical steel section (in terms
of depth and weight) can be achieved in composite construction compared with
conventional non-composite construction.
• As the depth of beam reduces, the construction depth reduces, resulting in enhanced
headroom.
• Because of its larger stiffness, composite beams have less deflection than steel beams.
• Composite construction provides efficient arrangement to cover large column free
space.
• Composite construction is amenable to “fast-track” construction because of using
rolled steel and pre-fabricated components, rather than cast-in-situ concrete.
• Encased steel beam sections have improved fire resistance and corrosion.
1.1.2 Composite Slab

Traditionally, Concrete Slab consists of Concrete slab which was directly connected Steel
beam using Mechanical Stud in such a way that they both will act as a single unit as
shown in Figure 1.2.
Recently, Composite slab form of deck sheet has become very popular in practical use.
Such type of concrete floor is used when concrete floor has to be finish quickly and where
medium level of fire protection to steel work is sufficient. However Composite slab with
deck sheeting is unsuitable where heavy concentrated loading and dynamic loading such
as in bridge.The alternative composite floor in such cases consists of reinforced or pre-
stressed slab over steel beams connected together to act monolithically.
Figure 1.5, shows the composite slab with profiled deck sheet . This metal deck should be
able to resist actions due to wet concrete and other construction instruments. Metal deck
sheet initially supports the wet concrete hence no extra form-work is required to compos-
ite beam. When concrete gets hardened it will acts as a tensile reinforcement. This metal
sheet is generally laid transverse to the beam. Also, it is connected to the beam with
the help of studs at their edge. Generally Metal deck sheet provides more than required
tensile reinforcement to the concrete. Also it is economical in terms of consumption of
concrete and moreover it expedite the construction.
Figure 1.5: Composite Slab
1.1.2.1 Roles of Profiled Steel Decking

• It supports loads during construction and acts as a working platform.
• It develops adequate composite action with concrete to resist the imposed loading.
• It stabilizes the compression flanges of the beams against lateral buckling, until
concrete hardens.
• It reduces the volume of concrete in tension zone.

1.1.2.2 Advantages of Profiled Steel decking

• Savings in steel weight are typically 30% to 50% over non-composite construction.
• Greater stiffness of composite beams results in shallower depths for the same span.
Hence lower storey heights are adequate resulting in savings in cladding costs, re-
duction in wind loading and savings in foundation costs.
• Faster rate of construction.
1.1.3 Composite Column

A steel-concrete composite column is a compression member, comprising either a concrete
encased hot-rolled steel section or a concrete filled tubular section of hot-rolled steel and
is generally used as a load-bearing member in a composite framed structure.
In a composite column both the steel and concrete would resist the external loading
by interacting together by bond and friction. Supplementary reinforcement in the con-
crete encasement prevents excessive spalling of concrete both under normal load and fire
conditions.In composite construction, the bare steel sections support the initial construc-
tion loads, including the weight of structure during construction. Concrete is later cast
around the steel section, or filled inside the tubular sections. The concrete and steel are
combined in such a fashion that the advantages of both the materials are utilized effec-
tively in composite column. The lighter weight and higher strength of steel permit the
use of smaller and lighter foundations.
Several types of composite column is being used for the composite construction. Cir-
cular Concrete Filled Tube(CFT) is widely used composite column. Concrete is generally
filled in the hollow section hence no additional formwork is required for the construction.
Figure 1.6 shows the several type of composite column. Concrete Filled Tube may or may
not be provided with the longitudinal reinforcement. Generally this longitudinal rein-
forcement plays a vital role when such column is exposed to the fire. Also Fully concrete
encased steel section type composite column eliminates the buckling of steel section hence
more efficiently steel section can be utilized. Also Steel section is completely surrounded
by the concrete hence it also shows the good performance when it is subjected to the fire.
Nowadays, Concrete Encased and Filled Steel Tube is being used as a composite column.
In which concrete is filled inside the hollow tube and also steel tube is completely encased
in the concrete as shown in Figure 1.6. This section again shows good performance when
it is subjected to the fire.
1.1.3.1 Advantages of Composite Column

• Increased strength for a given cross sectional dimension.
• Increased stiffness, leading to reduced slenderness and increased buckling resistance.
• Good fire resistance in the case of concrete encased columns.
• corrosion protection in encased columns.

Figure 1.6: Composite Column
• Identical cross sections with different load and moment resistances can be produced
by varying steel thickness, the concrete strength and reinforcement. This allows
the outer dimensions of a column to be held constant over a number of floors in a
building, thus simplifying the construction and architectural detailing.
1.2 Need of the Study

Composite column has been widely used in heavy loaded Structure and high rise Struc-
ture because it provides great resistance over a small cross section area than reinforced
concrete column or steel column. Also, it reduces the overall weight of the structure,
which leads to economy in the foundation of the structure.
When Composite Column is subjected to Axial load as well as bending moment, In-
teraction Curve becomes necessary to design it. Further, In Steel Framed Structure, it
is advisable to encased the steel section in concrete to protect it against the fire. Hence
to design such a Concrete Encased Steel Section it is necessary to have a Interaction Curve.
Initially EN 1994-1-1(2004) has given the simplified method to plot the Interaction Curve
for Composite Column. Moreover, In India a dedicated code is not available to design
Composite Column so one has to depend on EN 1994-1-1(2004) to design a composite
column.
However, In daily practice, it is difficult to design a composite column manually as it

involves tedious calculations for development of interaction chart. Hence, If a computer
program is available to plot such interaction curve for different type of Composite Column
then design of Composite Column can be done easily.
1.3 Objective of the Study

The Major objective of present study are:
• To develop interaction charts for Composite Column, which can be constructed

using Steel Sections available in India .
• Also, To understand behavior of composite column under axial load & uniaxial
bending.
1.4 Scope of the Work

a. Understand composite action of Steel and Concrete Column.
b. Study in detail of various codal provisions for design of Composite Column.
c. Study design philosophy for Composite Column.
d. Derive mathematical formulation to plot Interaction curve for various Composite Col-
umn Like Rectangular, Square, and Circular Concrete Filled Tube, with or without
longitudinal reinforcement, Fully Concrete Encased Steel Section, Concrete Encased
and Filled tubular column, which can be easily constructed based on the availability
of section in Indian context.
e. Develop Computer Program using Visual Basics 2012 for development of Interaction
Curve and to produce design report.
f. Experimental verification of analytical interaction curve for rectangular and circular

hollow concrete filled tube.
1.5 Layout of the Report

The layout of report is as follows:
Chapter 1, includes the general information related to various composite structural

element like beam, slab, and column. Further, it also includes the need, objective, and
scope of study.
Chapter 2, includes literature review which contains details related to the advance-
ment in composite structural element.
Chapter 3, includes details related to the simplified method of design proposed by EN

1994-1-1 for the composite column.
Chapter 4, include the step by step procedure for the development of computer program
to generate Interaction curve for rectangular Concrete Filled Tube composite column in
Visual Basic 2012.
Chapter 5, include the step by step procedure for the development of computer pro-
gram to generate Interaction curve for circular Concrete Filled Tube composite column
in Visual Basic 2012.
gram to generate Interaction curve for Rectangular Full concrete encased Steel Section in
Visual Basic 2012.
gram to generate Interaction curve for Circular Full concrete encased Steel Section in
Visual Basic 2012.
gram to generate Interaction curve for Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube in
Visual Basic 2012.
gram to generate Interaction curve for Circular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube in
Visual Basic 2012.
Chapter 10 , include the Experimental Study on behaviour of Concrete Filled Tube

under axial and eccentric loading.
Chapter 11, include the Summary, Conclusion and Future Scope of The Work.
Chapter 2
Literature Survey
2.1 General
This chapter includes the details regarding the literature that has been followed to un-
derstand the design philosophy, advancement in composite structural element.
2.2 Design Philosophies for Composite Column

Patel and Panchal [7]has developed the P-M interaction chart for the composite column
subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending. Author has followed the simplified method
given by Eurocode-4 for developing the P-M interaction charts. P-M interaction chart
has been developed for the different percentage of reinforcement varying from 1% to 6%,
for square column size and circular column. Size of Square column varies from 150 × 150
mm to 1200 × 1200 mm and for circular column size varies from 230 mm to 1200 mm.
2.3 Experimental Behaviour of Composite Column

Park et al.[9] discussed the behavior of concrete encased and filled composite column
under axial and eccentric loading. While preparing the hollow precast concrete, it is very
difficult to remove inner formwork so to eliminate such problem permanent formwork of
steel thin tube is used. Because of that such column is called as concrete encased and
filled tubular column (CEFT). The main objective was to investigate the axial-flexural
load carrying capacity of concrete filled steel tube columns encased with thin precast con-
crete. For preventing the premature failure of concrete encasement, author has provided
several reinforcement details such as studs, steel fiber, welded wire mesh, and cross ties, as
shown in Figure 2.1. During the testing 6 specimens were eccentrically loaded while one
was concentrically loaded. Hollowness ratio, ratio of hollow section area to gross section
area, was varied from 50 % for eccentrically loaded column to 40 % from concentrically
loaded column. All the eccentrically loaded specimens were of size 480 × 480, while con-
centrically loaded column was of the size 380 × 380 mm. Thickness of concrete cover in all
specimens was of 70 mm and in first specimen Fiber reinforced concrete was used while
in remaining specimen ordinary concrete was used. Experimental results showed that
specimen in which FRC was used for concrete encasement showed the ductile behavior.
9
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 10
Specimens, in which ordinary concrete was used as encased concrete, showed sudden fall
in strength after the peak load because or early spalling. Also, specimen, in which welded
wire mesh was provided as reinforcement, showed the sudden fall in strength after peak
load. Specimen, in which U-cross ties were used as reinforcement, showed the greatest
peak load among all the eccentrically loaded column. Also, In all the specimens, peak
strength agreed with the predictions of the strain compatibility method. Ductility of the
specimens, in which ordinary concrete was encased, was limited because of the spalling of
the concrete after the peak load. CEFT columns are expected to be more vulnerable to
the premature spalling of the concrete encasement. Thus, seismic performance of CEFT
members needs to be verifies under cyclic lateral loading.
Figure 2.1: Details of Specimen with Studs, Wire Mesh , and Cross Ties.
Chen et al.[10] discussed the seismic behavior of full encased steel concrete column, when
it is designed based on chinese standard JGJ138-2001. Steel-concrete composite structural
systems has good rigidity, formability, and consume less construction time. Also, it has
excellent seismic performance. Seismic behavior of steel-concrete composite members is
related to factors like, axial compression, shear span ratio, steel ratio, reinforcement ratio,
stirrups ratio, and embedded depth ratio. The main objective of this study to investigate
the performance of full encased steel-concrete composite columns under seismic loading
by varying parameters like Axial compression ratio, shear span ratio, stirrups ratio, and
embedded depth ratio. Total 26 specimens were casted and they were divided into two
batch, First batch was further divided into three groups, all groups has different axial
compression ratio, and stirrups ratio. Second batch has fixed axial compression ratio but
different stirrups ratios. Axial load and lateral load were applied on the specimen in
two phases. First phase includes load before yielding in which initially 20% of calculated
capacity of specimen were applied laterally and then 10% of calculated capacity of speci-
men were applied as increment after every cycle. In second phase, loading after yielding,
4y increment was applied after every cycle and this displacement was maintained for 3
loading cycle. During the testing lateral load was measured using the sensor installed
on actuator and lateral displacement was measured using displacement meter. During
11 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE SURVEY
the testing, initially horizontal cracks at the bottom of column was observed and then
this cracks were extended to the steel flange of encased section with the increment of
loading, then vertical cracks were observed under the reverse loading. All the specimens
behaved approximately elastic up to yield loading. Also hysteresis plots showed the great
energy dissipation capacity of specimens. From this experimental work author concluded
that keeping the axial force compression ratio constant and increasing the stirrups ratio,
specimen shows better deformation capacity and the strength decay comes slowly. Also,
ductility reduces with increment in axial compression ratio. Also stirrups ratio can be
reduced to 85% over the current value given in JGJ138-2001.
Verma et al.[11] Current codal provision, doesn’t provide any information regarding
the ultimate capacity of column made from high strength concrete and high grade of
steel section. Author has investigated the flexural deformation behavior of high strength
square concrete-filled steel tube experimentally. The main objective of the research work
is to investigate flexural capacity of square concrete filled tube by changing the (b/t)
ratio, and when it is subjected to axial load of 20% or 40% of ultimate axial load carrying
capacity of section. CFT test specimen of size 305 mm and length of 4 m was prepared.
Grade of encased concrete was 110 MPa. Material properties of steel section were pre-
pared by conducting the tensile test on the coupons obtained from the core of tube. A
test specimen was subjected to axial load of either 20% or 40% of ultimate axial load car-
rying capacity and end rotation was applied by creating equal and opposite force at the
top of column using hydraulic ram. In plane displacement of specimens were measured
using the LVDTs. After the experiment it was found out that initial flexural stiffness
doesn’t get increase with increasing the nominal yield stress or the level of axial load.
Also, increasing the (b/t) ratio of steel tube reduces the initial flexural stiffness. Also,
secondary flexural stiffness increases with the increase in the axial load. So initial and
secondary flexural stiffness of CFT column can be predicted reasonably using uncracked
transformed and cracked transformed sectional properties. Moment resisting capacity of
high strength square CFT columns can be predicted using the ACI guidelines.
Ekmekyapar and AL-Eliwi [12] As the current codal provision doesn’t provide de-
sign guidelines for Circular concrete filled tube column made from high strength concrete
and high yield strength of steel section. Author has experimentally investigated the total
18 circular concrete filled tube specimens. For Experiments ratio of length to diameter,
ratio of diameter to thickness, grade of concrete, were consider as main parameters. Steel
sections having yield strength 235 MPa and 355 MPa were used. It has diameter of 114.3
mm and thickness was varied from 2.74 mm to 5.9 mm. So by varying the thickness of
the section ratio of diameter to thickness was varied during this investigation. Concrete
of strength 56MPa, 66MPa, 107MPa, were used as infilled concrete. Also length of the
column was varied as 300 mm, 600 mm, and 900 mm during this investigation. Thick mica
plate was attached at the bottom of the specimen before filling the concrete to restrict the
infilled concrete. These plates were removed before the testing of the specimens. From
the experimental results author has calculated the strength index (SI) as :
Nu
SI =
As × fy + 0.85fc × Ac
Figure 2.2 Shows the compression load versus shortening graph for column having 300 mm
length. From the Experiment it was found that specimens which has length as 300 mm was
failed because of crushing of concrete and yielding of steel section. Local buckling was also
observed in those specimens, so they were considered as short column. While specimens
which have length 600 mm showed the interaction between global and local failure modes,
hence they are considered as medium column, refer Figure 2.3. And Steel column which
has length 900 mm showed the buckling failure, hence it has been considered as long
column, refer Figure 2.4. As the grade of concrete increase axial compression capacity of
the specimen also increases. And for a single ratio of diameter to thickness, as the length
of the specimen increases, the axial compression capacity and SI index decreases.
Figure 2.2: Compression Load-Shortening Curve of 300 mm Column
Gen-tian et al.[13] In this paper, ten slender steel reinforced concrete composite columns
are tested under the eccentric loading. The effect of concrete strength, slenderness of col-
umn and eccentricity of axial load on the ultimate load carrying capacity has been studied.
Further those results were compared with the ultimate load carrying capacity of slender
column obtained from ACI and Chinese specifications.
Test series consisted of 10 slender columns with compressive strength of concrete varies
from 41.2 MPa to 61.9 MPa, and steel shape I10 (h × bf × tw × tf = 100 mm × 68 mm
× 4.5 mm × 7.6 mm), with yield stress 379 MPa, was encased in concrete. The length
of columns were 2.6m, 3.2m or 4.1 m. 4 nos of 12 mm diameter bars were provided as
longitudinal reinforcement and stirrups of diameter 6 mm were provided at spacing of 150
mm C/C. Table 2.1 shows the details of the specimens.
Loading was applied with the help of hydraulic universal testing machine. The deflection
in the bending plane was measured with the help of linear variable displacement transduc-
ers (LVDTs). It were installed at the five different location along the length of the column.
Test results showed that Specimens from E1 to E4 showed no spalling of concrete and very
few tensile cracks at about 90% of maximum load. These columns showed the explosive
type of failure. However for specimen with high eccentricity , E6, E8 and E10, showed
the tensile cracks only at 30% of maximum load. In these specimens horizontal bending
cracks appear on the tensile face.
The column failure was observes in the region 500 mm above and below the mid point of
the column. Loss of concrete cover and the further increase of the axial load led to the
buckling of the flange of the steel section.
Strength of the composite column was calculated based on the specification given in ACI
381-05, EC2, China Specifications and those values were compared with the experimental
values. The mean ratio of experimental load and calculated load turn out to be 1.22 for
ACI 381-05, 0.97 for EC2, 1.21 for china specifications. From this it can be concluded that
ACI 381-05 gives more conservative results and EC2 gives slightly less conservative results.
Table 2.1: Details of Specimens
Section Dimension Concrete Strength, Eccentricity

No. Length L/ mm
h × b / mm fcu Mpa e / mm
SRC-E1 180 × 160 44.3 40 3200
SRC-E2 180 × 160 41.2 30 3200
SRC-E3 180 × 160 45.7 60 3200
SRC-E4 180 × 160 53.1 50 3200
SRC-E5 180 × 160 47.9 90 2600
SRC-E6 180 × 160 54.1 150 2600
SRC-E7 180 × 160 47.5 90 3200
SRC-E8 180 × 160 61.9 150 3200
SRC-E9 180 × 160 49.8 90 4100
SRC-E10 180 × 160 51.5 150 4100
Kim et al.[14] In this paper, the behavior of composite column with high strength
steel(800MPa) and high strength concrete(100 MPa) under eccentric loading has been
investigated. Five fully encased square Column C1-C4, and Circular Column C5, While
two partial encased steel column C6 and C7 were tested. The specification of the all the
column is shown in figure 2.5.
Figure 2.5: Details of Test Specimens.
Test parameters were the type and yield strength of steel, spacing of transverse reinforce-
ment and eccentricity of axial load. The eccentricity ratio, which is the ratio of eccentricity
of axial load to the Lateral dimension of column, was taken as 0.46 for C1, C3, C4, and
C6, While for column C2, and C7 it was taken as 0.23 , and for Column C5 it was taken
as 0.4. All the column except C3, were more confined, as the spacing between lateral ties
was less in compare to C3. Also, to analyze the behavior of the specimens, non-linear
analysis was performed, considering the strain compatibility. The results of experiments
and numerical analysis showed that during the tensile test of high strength steel, no ap-
parent yield plateau has been observed hence 0.2% offset yield strength was measured and
yield strain was estimated as 0.0045, and 0.0039 for 913 MPa , and 806 MPa strength of
steel. The ultimate compressive strain of concrete was about 0.003, which was less than
the yield strain of the high-strength steel.
In fully encased composite specimens C1–C5, the first peak load was determined by the
complete spalling of the concrete cover and after the first peak load steel section was
started to yield. In the specimens that were well confined by lateral rebars, the load-
carrying capacity increased to the second peak load.
In the partially encased composite specimens C6 and C7, Compression flange of the
steel section yielded first then after spalling of concrete cover was started. Load carrying
capacity was continued to decrease after the first peak load.
All test specimens, including the test specimens with inadequate confinement and a low
eccentricity ratio , showed the ductile behavior and all the specimens had maintained the
moment carrying capacity after the delamination of cover and ultimately specimens failed
because of the crushing of the concrete.
Also the interaction curve was plotted using the current design code, like ACI 318-08,
Eurocode 4, AISC 360-10, of composite columns and their results were compared with
the experimental and numerical results. From that it can be said that ACI 318-08 under-
estimated the load carrying capacity of the specimens. While Eurocode 4 overestimates
the load carrying capacity of specimens. Nonlinear numerical analysis showed the good
agreement with the test results.
Giakoumelis and Lam[15] In this Paper behavior of circular concrete-filled steel tube
with various concrete strengths under axial load is presented. The effect of steel tube
thickness, the bond strength between the concrete and the steel tube, and confinement
of concrete are examined. Column strength which is measured experimentally has been
compared with the values predicted by Eurocode-4, Australian Standard, and American
codes. Total 15 specimens were tested 36, 60, 100 MPa concrete strength, with D/t ratio
from 22.9 to 30.5. All specimens were of diameter 114 mm and with wall thickness OF
3.6 mm, 5.0 mm. All specimens were of length 300 mm to eliminate the slenderness effect.
Typical mode of failure was local buckling. As Shown in Figure 2.6., Loss of strength
due to bond strength between concrete and steel tube is negligible for normal strength
concrete CFT, Refer Figure 2.7. For high strength concrete loss of strength due to bond
strength is more critical, refer Figure 2.8.
Further experimental results were compared with the values predicted by the EC4, ACI
318-95, and As3 600 and As4 100. Ratio of Experimental Axial load resistance and Axial
load resistance predicted by EC4 was varied between 0.881 to 1.217. Hence it can be said
that EC4 provides a good prediction of Axial capacity of CFT columns. For the 3.6 mm
steel tube the prediction of ACI and AS is more reliable than that for the thick one. ACI
and AS predicts around 31% , and 39 % higher value for 3.6 mm and 5.0 mm thick steel
tube respectively. The ACI and AS appeared to be very conservative. Further it can be
concluded that as the concrete strength increases the effect of the bond of the concrete
and the steel tube became more critical. For Normal concrete strength, the reduction
on the axial capacity of the column due to bonding was negligible. For high-strength
concrete, the variation between Non-Greased and Greased was 17%. Moreover, Eurocode
4 provides a good prediction of the axial strength of concrete filled steel tube columns,
17% was the largest difference between the experimental and calculated value in axial
capacity. The predicted axial strength using ACI and AS were 35% lower than the results
obtained from experiments.
Figure 2.6: Failure Modes of the Specimen.
Figure 2.7: Axial Load-Displacement, Non-Greased and Greased, 30 MPa Concrete

Figure 2.8: Axial Load-Displacement, Non-Greased and Greased, 85 MPa Concrete
2.4 Summary
In this Chapter, one literature related to the design of Concrete filled tube has been men-
tioned. This literature has been used to understand the design process of Concrete filled
tube. While other literature shows the experimental behavior of CEFT, Full encased
Steel concrete column, High strength Concrete filled tubes under several different types
of loading respectively.
Chapter 3
Design Philosophy for Composite

Column as per EN 1994-1-1:2004
3.1 General
1. It is only apply for the design of composite column and composite compression
members with concrete encased sections, partially encased section and concrete
filled rectangular and circular tubes.
2. It applies to column and compression members with steel grades S235 to S460 and
normal weight concrete of strength classes C20/25 to C50/60.
3. It applies to isolated columns and columns and composite compression member in

framed structure where the other structural members are either composite or steel
members.
4. The steel contribution ratio should be between 0.2 to 0.9.
5. This method only applies to design of member which is doubly symmetrical and
uniform cross section over the member length.
6. The influence of local buckling of steel section on the resistance shall be considered
in design.
7. The effect of local buckling may be neglected for a steel section fully encased in
concrete.
3.2 Design of Composite Column

3.2.1 General
Design of Composite column can be done using the simplified method of design given in
EN 1994-1-1:2004.
19
CHAPTER 3. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR COMPOSITE COLUMN AS PER EN
1994-1-1:2004 20
3.2.2 Scope of Simplified Method of Design

1. The scope of this simplified method is limited to member of double symmetrical
and uniform cross-section over the member length with hot rolled, cold-formed or
welded steel section. It is not applicable if structural steel component consists of
two or more unconnected section. The value of relative slenderness should be less
than 2.
2. As shown in Figure 3.1, For a fully encased steel section limit to the maximum
thickness of concrete cover that may be used in calculation are:
M axCz = 0.3h
M axCy = 0.4b
3. The longitudinal reinforcement that may be used in calculation should not exceed
6% of the concrete area.
4. The ratio of the depth to width of the composite cross-section should be within the
limits 0.2 and 5.
5. design strength of concrete can be obtained as,

fck
fcd =
γc
6. Design strength of steel section can be obtained as,
fyk
fyd =
γm
7. Design strength of longitudinal bar is given by,
fsk
fsd =
γs
8. when steel section is covered by concrete then design strength of concrete can be
taken as 0.85fcd
9. When concrete is filled in steel tube then design strength of concrete can be taken
as fcd
where,
fck = Characteristic strength of concrete refer EN 1992-1-1.
γc = partial safety factor for concrete,refer EN 1992-1-1.
fsk = Yield strength of steel reinforcement, refer EN 1992-1-1.
γs = partial safety factor for steel reinforcement, refer EN 1992-1-1.
fyk = Yield strength of steel section, refer EN 1993-1-1.
γm = partial safety factor for steel section, refer EN 1993-1-1.
21 1994-1-1:2004
Figure 3.1: Full Concrete Encased Steel Section
3.2.3 Simplified Interaction Curve

Figure 3.2, shows the simplified interaction curve. In this Curve point A represents the
ultimate axial load carrying capacity of composite column. While point B represents the
ultimate moment of resistance of composite column. Axial load carrying capacity at point
D is half the axial load carrying capacity at point C. Moreover at point C, moment of
resistance is same as obtained at point B.
3.2.3.1 Point A
Figure 3.3, shows the stress block to obtain the maximum axial load carrying capacity of
composite column. At point A moment of resistance of the section will be zero. Maximum
axial load carrying capacity of section can be calculated as :
Npl,Rd = Fcd × Ac + Fyd × Aa + Fsd × As
Where,
Npl,Rd = Ultimate axial load Resistance of Composite Column.
Ac = Area of Concrete.
Aa = Area of Steel Section.
As = Area of longitudinal reinforcement.
3.2.3.2 Point B
Figure 3.4, shows the stress block to obtain plastic moment of resistance of composite
column. At point B axial load carrying capacity of the composite column will be zero.
To obtain Plastic moment of resistance of column it is essential to obtain the hn . It can
be obtained by Comparing the Compressive force in composite column with tensile force.
Net axial load carrying capacity of the section can be obtained by subtracting the total
tensile force in section from the total compressive force in section, which will turn out to
be zero.
Net Plastic moment of resistance can be obtained by subtracting the total moment of
resistance in tension region from the total moment of resistance in compressive region of
stress block. Moment is calculated from the center of the column.
1994-1-1:2004 22
Figure 3.2: Simplified Interaction Curve
3.2.3.3 Point C
Figure 3.5, shows the stress block to obtain the axial load carrying capacity and moment
of resistance at the point C. Stress axis will be below the center line of section at a distance
hn
Net axial load carrying capacity of the section can be obtained by subtracting the total
tensile force in section from the total compressive force in section.
stress block. Moment is calculated from the center of the column.
3.2.3.4 Point D
Figure 3.6, shows the stress block to obtain the axial load carrying capacity and moment
of resistance at the point D. Here, Stress axis of stress block is coincide with the center
line of the composite column.
23 1994-1-1:2004
Figure 3.3: Point A on Simplified Interaction Curve
Figure 3.4: Point B on Simplified Interaction Curve
Figure 3.5: Point C on Simplified Interaction Curve

1994-1-1:2004 24
Figure 3.6: Point D on Simplified Interaction Curve
Net axial load carrying capacity of the section can be obtained by subtracting the to-
tal tensile force in section from the total compressive force in section, which will turb out
to be half then the axial load carrying capacity of composite column obtained at point C.
stress block. Moment is calculated from the center of the column. Point D will give the
maximum plastic Moment of the resistance of the composite column.
3.3 Summary
In this Chapter the several assumptions, scope, and limitations of design philosophy of
the Eurocode-4 has been explained. Moreover This chapter includes the procedure to plot
the simplified interaction curve for the composite column.
Chapter 4
Development of Interaction Curve

for the Rectangular Concrete Filled
Tube Column
4.1 General
Simplified method given in Eurocode-4, gives the procedure to locate only four points on
the interaction curve of the composite column. However, Actual behaviour of composite
column can only be known if all the points on the interaction curve are known. All
the points on Interaction Curve can be obtained by moving plastic stress axis across the
cross-section of the composite column.
4.2 Types of Composite Column

As shown in Figure 4.1, Rectangular Concrete Filled tube, and Rectangular Concrete
filled tube with longitudinal reinforcement can be designed using the procedure explained
in this chapter.
Figure 4.1: Types of Rectangular CFT
25
CHAPTER 4. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTION CURVE FOR THE
RECTANGULAR CONCRETE FILLED TUBE COLUMN 26
4.3 Flow Chart for Computer Programming of Inter-

action Curves
Figure 4.2, shows the flowchart for the development of computer program for the gener-
ation of Interaction curve for the Rectangular concrete filled tube columns.
As shown in flowchart, Sectional data, reinforcement details, Modulus of Elasticity of

materials, Partial factor of safety for different materials are user defined Inputs. After
that, Several load combinations for which Rectangular composite column is required to de-
sign is taken as input. Once user enters all the Input it will calculate the several sectional
properties like Areas, and Moment of Inertia etcetera. Then it will check the suitability
of the column against local buckling and slenderness based on the several clauses given in
Eurocode-4. Then it will generate the Interaction curve for the user defined column and
it will check the safety of the columns against all the load combinations entered by the
User. If the column fails in any load combination the user can revise the design of the
column. Moreover, User can also generate the report for the designed Composite column.
Figure 4.2: Flow Chart for the Rectangular CFT

27 RECTANGULAR CONCRETE FILLED TUBE COLUMN
4.4 Computer Program for development of Interac-

tion Curve
4.4.1 General
In this section step by step procedure to develop a computer program to generate Interac-
tion Curve for the Rectangular Concrete filled tube column is explained. Further Actual
Programming shown in this section has been done in Visual Basic 2012.
4.4.2 Inputs and Load Combinations

As shown in Figure 4.3, Dimensions of the composite columns like width, depth, and
length, also yield strength of the steel section, Grade of concrete, yield strength of lon-
gitudinal bars , diameter of longitudinal bars, Modulus of Elasticity for concrete, steel
section , and longitudinal reinforcement, Partial factor of safety for concrete, steel section,
and longitudinal bars are the required inputs for the development of interaction curve for
the rectangular composite column.
Also, As Shown in Figure 4.4, Various Load combinations for which Rectangular Concrete
filled tube column is required to design can also be added in to the table.
Here,
Nu = Axial Load acting on Rectangular Composite Column.
MuxTop = Bending Moment acting at the top of column with respect to x-axis.
MuyTop = Bending Moment acting at the top of column with respect to y-axis.
MuxBot = Bending Moment acting at the Bottom of column with respect to x-axis.
MuyBot = Bending Moment acting at the Bottom of column with respect to y-axis.
MuxD = Design Moment with respect to x- axis.
MuyD = Design Moment with respect to y-axis.
MuxD is obtained as the maximum of MuxTop and MuxBot . While MuyD is obtained as
the maximum of MuyTop and MuyBot .
4.4.3 Calculation of Sectional Properties

4.4.3.1 Steel Section
Sectional Properties for the rectangular steel section has been calculated according to
Annexure-A of IS 4923 : 1997 using the following formulas.

3
Aa = 2t (B − 4t) + (D − 4t) + πt
2
Figure 4.3: Input Required for the Rectangular CFT column
Figure 4.4: Input for the Load Combinations
(D − 4t)3 1 (B − 4t) t3

2
Iax =t + + (B − 4t) (D − t) t +
6 2 3
2
πt4

3136 2 9π (D − 4t) + 56t
405 − 2 + 3πt
108 π 18π
(B − 4t)3 1 (D − 4t) t3

2
Iay =t + + (D − 4t) (B − t) t +
6 2 3
2
πt4

3136 2 9π (B − 4t) + 56t
405 − 2 + 3πt
108 π 18π
Where,
Iax = Moment of Inertia of Steel Section about x-axis.
Iay = Moment of Inertia of Steel Section about y-axis.
4.4.3.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement
Area and Moment of Inertia of Longitudinal reinforcement bars can be calculated as,
π
As = 4 × × φ2
4
π π
Isx = 4 × φ4 + × φ2 × Y 12
64 4
π π
4
2 2
Isy =4 ×φ + ×φ ×Y2
64 4
Where,
φ = Diameter of Longitudinal Bars.
As = Area of Longitudinal Bars.
Isx = Moment of Inertia of longitudinal bars about x-axis.
Isy = Moment of Inertia of longitudinal bars about y-axis.
4.4.3.3 Concrete
Area and Moment of Inertia of the concrete region can be calculated as,
Ac = (B − 2t) × (D − 2t) − As
(B − 2t) × (D − 2t)3
Icx = − Isx
12
(D − 2t) × (B − 2t)3
Icy = − Isy
12
Where,
Icx = Moment of Inertia of Concrete along x-axis.
Icy = Moment of Inertia of concrete along y-axis.
4.4.4 Check for Longitudinal Reinforcement, Local Buckling,

and Slenderness
4.4.4.1 Check for Longitudinal Reinforcement
As per the Clause 6.7.3 EN 1994 1-1 : 2004, Maximum percentage of longitudinal rein-
forcement has been limited to 6%. Percentage of the longitudinal reinforcement bars, Pt,
can be calculated as,
As × 100
Pt =
Ac
4.4.4.2 Check for Local Buckling
Under the axial compression, Rectangular steel section can be susceptible to buckle locally.
Eurocode-4, relates the local buckling of the steel section with its aspect ratio. Local
buckling can be prevented by limiting the aspect ratio of steel section. Maximum limit
for the aspect ratio has been given in Table 6.3 of EN 1994 -1-1 : 2004. Which can be
given as,
s
D 235
max = 52
t fy
Where,
D = Depth of the steel section.
t = thickness of steel section.
fy = yield stress of steel section.
Figure 4.5: Check for Pt,Local Buckling, and Slenderness
4.4.4.3 Check for Slenderness
As per the clause 6.7.3.3 of EN 1994-1-1:2004, Relative slenderness is determined to

obtained the strength reduction factor for the slender column. This reduction factor is
only used to reduce the axial resistance of the composite column.
4.4.4.3.1 About x- axis Flexural Stiffness ,EIx,eff ,can be given as,
EIx,ef f = Ea Iax + Es Isx + Kc Ec Icx
Plastic resistance to compression based on characteristic strength of materials , Npl,Rk can

be given as,
Npl,Rk = Aa fy + Ac fck + As fsk
Elastic Critical normal force, Ncr,x , can be given as,
π 2 EIx,ef f
Ncr,x =
L2
Relative slenderness, λx ,can be given as,

s
Npl,Rk
λx =
Ncr,x
ωx = 0.5 1 + α (λx − 0.2) + λ2x

Reduction factor for the axial compression, χx can be given as,

1
χx = p
ωx + ωx2 + λ2x
4.4.4.3.2 About y-Axis Flexural Stiffness ,EIy,eff ,can be given as,
EIy,ef f = Ea Iay + Es Isy + Kc Ec Icy
Elastic Critical normal force, Ncr,y , can be given as,
π 2 EIy,ef f
Ncr,y =
L2
Relative slenderness, λy ,can be given as,

s
Npl,Rk
λy =
Ncr,y
ωy = 0.5 1 + α (λy − 0.2) + λ2y

Reduction factor for the axial compression, χy can be given as,

1
χy = p 2
ωy + ωy + λ2y
Where,
Kc = Correction factor that should be taken as 0.6.
L= Length of the composite column.
α = Imperfection factor, which can be taken as 0.21 for buckling class a.
4.4.5 Formulation for Interaction curve about X-axis

4.4.5.1 General
For one location of the plastic stress axis, axial load carrying capacity and moment of
resistance can be easily obtained. Now, Plastic stress axis can be moved across the section
to obtained the axial load carrying capacity and moment of Resistance at every points.
plotting all those points together, interaction curve for the composite column can be gen-
erated. In these program Plastic stress axis, which is denoted as hn, is moving form hn=0,
to the hn=D.
4.4.5.2 When Stress axis is at bottom fibre, hn = 0
Figure 4.6: Stress Axis at hn =0
Compressive force due to Concrete,

Ac
C1 = fcd ×
1000
Compressive force due to Steel Section,
Aa
C2 = fyd ×
1000
Compressive Force due to longitudinal reinforcement,
As
C3 = fsd ×
1000
Tensile force due to steel section,

T1 = 0
Tensile Force due to Longitudinal Reinforcement,
T2 = 0
Moment of resistance due to Concrete,
M1 = 0
Moment of resistance due to Steel Section,
M2 = 0
Moment of resistance due to longitudinal reinforcement,
M3 = 0
Where,
Ac = Area of Concrete
Aa= Area of Steel Section
As = Area pf longitudinal Reinforcement
4.4.5.3 When Stress Axis is within bottom flange of Steel Section
Figure 4.7: Stress Axis at 0<hn<=t

Ac
C1 = fcd ×
1000

fyd
C2 = × (Aa − B × hn)
1000

As
C3 = fsd ×
1000

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000
T2 = 0
M1 = 0

2fyd D hn
M2 = × B × hn × −
106 2 2
M3 = 0
4.4.5.4 When Stress Axis is at t < hn < (0.5D-Y1)
Figure 4.8: Stress Axis at t < hn < (0.5D-Y1)

fcd
C1 = × [Ac − (B − 2t) × (hn − t)]
1000

fyd
C2 = × [B × (D − hn) − (B − 2t) (D − t − hn)]
1000

fsd π
C3 = × 4 × × φ2
1000 4

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

fcd D
M1 = × (B − 2t) (hn − t) − t − 0.5 (hn − t)
106 2

2fyd D hn D
M2 = × B × hn − − (B − 2t) × (hn − t) × − t − 0.5 (hn − t)
106 2 2 2
M3 = 0
4.4.5.5 When Stress Axis is at (0.5D-Y1) < hn <= 0.5D
Figure 4.9: Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y1) < hn <= 0.5D

h
fcd π i
C1 = × (B − 2t) (D − hn − t) − 2 × × φ2
1000 4

fyd
C2 = × [B × (D − hn) − (B − 2t) × (D − hn − t)]
1000

fsd π 2

C3 = × 2× ×φ
1000 4

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

fcd D (hn − t) π 2
M1 = × (B − 2t) × (hn − t) × −t− −2× ×φ ×Y1
106 2 2 4

2fyd D hn D (hn − t)
M2 = × B × hn × − − (B − 2t) × (hn − t) × −t−
106 2 2 2 2

2fsd π 2

M3 = × 2 × × φ × Y 1
106 4
4.4.5.6 When Stress Axis is at 0.5D < hn < (0.5D+Y1)

h
fcd π 2
i
C1 = × (B − 2t) × (D − hn − t) − 2 × × φ
1000 4

fyd
C2 = × [B × (D − hn) − (B − 2t) × (D − hn − t)]
1000

fsd π
C3 = × 2 × × φ2
1000 4
Figure 4.10: Stress Axis at 0.5D < hn < (0.5D+Y1)

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

fcd D (D − hn − t) π 2
M1 = × (B − 2t) × (D − hn − t) × −t− −2× ×φ ×Y1
106 2 2 4

2fyd D (D − hn) hn − t
M2 = × B × (D − hn) × − − (B − 2t) × (D − hn − t) ×
106 2 2 2

2fsd π 2

M3 = × 2× ×φ ×Y1
106 4
4.4.5.7 When Stress Axis is at (0.5D+Y1) < hn < (D-t)


fcd
C1 = × [(B − 2t) × (D − hn − t)]
1000
Compressive Force due to Steel Section,

fyd
C2 = × [B × (D − hn) − (B − 2t) × (D − hn − t)]
1000
Figure 4.11: Stress Axis at (0.5D+Y1) < hn < (D-t)
C3 = 0

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 =
1000

fcd D (D − hn − t)
M1 = × (B − 2t) × (D − hn − t) × −t−
106 2 2

2fyd D (D − hn) (hn − t)
M2 = × B × (D − hn) × − − (B − 2t) × (D − hn − t) ×
106 2 2 2
M3 = 0
4.4.5.8 When Stress Axis is at (D-t) < hn < D

C1 = 0

fyd
C2 = × [B × (D − hn)]
1000
Figure 4.12: Stress Axis at (D-t) < hn < D
C3 = 0

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 =
1000
M1 = 0

2fyd D (D − hn)
M2 = × B × (D − hn) × −
106 2 2
M3 = 0
4.4.5.9 When Stress Axis is at hn = D

C1 = 0
C2 = 0
C3 = 0
Figure 4.13: Stress Axis at hn = D

fyd
T1 = × Aa
1000

fsd × As
T2 =
1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
4.4.6 Formulation for Interaction curve about Y-axis

Ac
C1 = fcd ×
1000
Aa
C2 = fyd ×
1000

As
C3 = fsd ×
1000
T1 = 0
T2 = 0
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
4.4.6.2 When Stress Axis is within bottom flange of Steel Section

Ac
C1 = fcd ×
1000
fyd
C2 = × (Aa − D × hn)
1000
As
C3 = fsd ×
1000
Figure 4.15: Stress Axis at 0< hn<= t

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000
T2 = 0
M1 = 0

2fyd B hn
M2 = × D × hn × −
106 2 2
M3 = 0
4.4.6.3 When Stress Axis is at t < hn < (0.5B-Y2)


fcd
C1 = × [Ac − (D − 2t) × (hn − t)]
1000

fyd
C2 = × [D × (B − hn) − (D − 2t) (B − t − hn)]
1000

fsd π
C3 = × 4 × × φ2
1000 4
Figure 4.16: Stress Axis at t < hn < (0.5B-Y2)

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

fcd B
M1 = × (D − 2t) (hn − t) − t − 0.5 (hn − t)
106 2

2fyd B hn B
M2 = × D × hn − − (D − 2t) × (hn − t) × − t − 0.5 (hn − t)
106 2 2 2
M3 = 0
4.4.6.4 When Stress Axis is at (0.5B-Y2) < hn <= 0.5B
Figure 4.17: Stress Axis at (0.5B-Y2) < hn <= 0.5B


h
fcd π i
C1 = × (D − 2t) (B − hn − t) − 2 × × φ2
1000 4

fyd
C2 = × [D × (B − hn) − (D − 2t) × (B − hn − t)]
1000

fsd π
C3 = × 2 × × φ2
1000 4

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

fcd B (hn − t) π 2
M1 = × (D − 2t) × (hn − t) × −t− −2× ×φ ×Y2
106 2 2 4

2fyd B hn B (hn − t)
M2 = × D × hn × − − (D − 2t) × (hn − t) × −t−
106 2 2 2 2

2fsd π 2

M3 = × 2× ×φ ×Y2
106 4
4.4.6.5 When Stress Axis is at 0.5B < hn < (0.5B+Y2)

h
fcd π i
C1 = × (D − 2t) × (B − hn − t) − 2 × × φ2
1000 4

fyd
C2 = × [D × (B − hn) − (D − 2t) × (B − hn − t)]
1000
Figure 4.18: Stress Axis at 0.5B < hn < (0.5B+Y2)

fsd π
C3 = × 2 × × φ2
1000 4

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

fcd B (B − hn − t) π 2
M1 = × (D − 2t) × (B − hn − t) × −t− −2× ×φ ×Y2
106 2 2 4

2fyd B B − hn hn − t
M2 = × D × (B − hn) × − − (D − 2t) × (B − hn − t) ×
106 2 2 2

2fsd π 2

M3 = × 2× ×φ ×Y2
106 4
4.4.6.6 When Stress Axis is at (0.5B+Y2) < hn < (B-t)


fcd
C1 = × [(D − 2t) × (B − hn − t)]
1000

fyd
C2 = × [D × (B − hn) − (D − 2t) × (B − hn − t)]
1000
Figure 4.19: Stress Axis at (0.5B+y2) < hn < (B-t)
C3 = 0

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 =
1000

fcd B (B − hn − t)
M1 = × (D − 2t) × (B − hn − t) × −t−
106 2 2

2fyd B (B − hn) hn − t
M2 = × D × (B − hn) × − − (D − 2t) × (B − hn − t) ×
106 2 2 2
M3 = 0
4.4.6.7 When Stress Axis is at (B-t) < hn < B

C1 = 0

fyd
C2 = × [D × (B − hn)]
1000
Figure 4.20: Stress Axis at (B-t) < hn < B
C3 = 0

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 =
1000
M1 = 0

2fyd B (B − hn)
M2 = × D × (B − hn) × −
106 2 2
M3 = 0
4.4.6.8 When Stress Axis is at hn = B

C1 = 0
C2 = 0
C3 = 0
Figure 4.21: Stress Axis at hn = B

fyd
T1 = × Aa
1000

fsd × As
T2 =
1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
4.4.7 Development of Interaction Curve

Once, Compressive force due to concrete C1, Compressive force due to steel section, Com-
pressive force due to Longitudinal reinforcement C3, Tensile force due to steel section T1,
Tensile force due to longiudinal reinforcement T2 are obtained, Plastic Axial load resis-
tance, Nu,Rd can be Obtained as,
Nu,Rd = C1 + C2 + C3 − T 1 − T 2
Also, Once the Moment of resistance due to concrete ,M1, Moment of resistance due to
Steel section, M2, and Moment of resistance due to longitudinal reinforcement , M3, is
known then Ultimate Plastic Moment of resistance , Mu,Rd can be obtained as,
Mu,Rd = M 1 + M 2 + M 3
Figure 4.22: Interaction Curve of Rectangular CFT about X-axis
4.4.8 Check for Inequality ratio

Inequality ratio for the composite column subjected to the axial load with bi-axial bend-
ing can be obained as per the clause 6.7.3.7 of EN 1994-1-1 : 2004. Which can be given as,
MuxD MuyD
+ ≤1
MuxL MuyL
Where,
MuxD = Design Moment of the composite column about x-axis.
MuyD = Design Moment of the composite column about y-axis.
MuxL = Moment of resistance for the acting axial load, Nu about x-axis.
MuyL = Moment of resistance for the acting axial load, Nu about y-axis.
4.5 Summary
In this chapter, Complete procedure to generate Interaction curve for Rectangular Con-
crete filled tube has been explained. A Computer Program to design the Rectangular
Concrete filled tube for several load combinations has been explained.
Figure 4.23: Interaction Curve of Rectangular CFT about Y-axis
Figure 4.24: Check for Inequality ratio

Chapter 5

for the Circular Concrete Filled
Tube Column
5.1 General

As shown in Figure 5.1, Circular Concrete Filled Tube, and Circular Concrete Filled
Rube with longitudinal reinforcement can be designed using the procedure explained in
this chapter.
Figure 5.1: Types of Circular CFT
51
CHAPTER 5. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTION CURVE FOR THE CIRCULAR
CONCRETE FILLED TUBE COLUMN 52

action Curve
ation of Interaction curve for the Circular Concrete Filled Tube columns, which is same
as the Rectangular Concrete Filled Tube columns.
Figure 5.2: Flow Chart for the Circular CFT

53 CONCRETE FILLED TUBE COLUMN

tion Curve
5.4.1 General
In this Section Step by Step procedure to develop computer program to generate Inter-
action curve for Circular Concrete Filled Tube is explained. Further, Actual Computer
programming shown in this section has been done in Visual Basic 2012.

As shown in Figure 5.3, Dimensions of the composite columns like Diameter, depth, and
length, also yield strength of the steel section, Grade of concrete, yield strength of lon-
gitudinal bars , diameter of longitudinal bars, Modulus of Elasticity for concrete, steel
section , and longitudinal reinforcement, Partial factor of safety for concrete, steel section,
and longitudinal bars are the required inputs for the development of interaction curve for
the Circular composite column.
Also, As Shown in Figure 5.4, Various Load combinations for which Circular Concrete
filled tube column is required to design can also be added in to the table.
Here,
Nu = Axial Load acting on Circular Composite Column.

Sectional Properties for the Circular Steel Tube can be calculated using the following
formulas.
π 2
D − (D − 2t)2

Aa =
4
π 4
D − (D − 2t)4

Ia =
64
Figure 5.3: Input Required for the Circular CFT Column
Where,
Ia = Moment of Inertia of Steel Section.

Area and Moment of Inertia of Longitudinal reinforcement bars can be calculated as,
π
As = 8 × × φ2
4
π π π π π
Is = 4 × φ4 + × φ2 × y12 + 2 × φ4 + × φ2 × y22 + 2 × φ4
64 4 64 4 64
Where,

Is = Moment of Inertia of longitudinal bars.
5.4.3.3 Concrete
π
(D − 2t)2 − As

Ac =
4
π
(D − 2t)4 − Is

Ic =
64
Where,
Ic = Moment of Inertia of Concrete.

and Slenderness
As × 100
Pt =
Ac
5.4.4.2 Check for Local Buckling

Under the axial compression, Circular steel section can be susceptible to buckle locally.
Eurocode-4, relates the local buckling of the steel section with its aspect ratio. Local buck-
ling can be prevented by limiting the aspect ratio of steel section. Maximum limit for
the aspect ratio has been given in Table 6.3 of EN 1994 -1-1 : 2004. Which can be given as,

D 235
max = 90 ×
t fy
Where,
D = Diameter of the steel section.
t = thickness of steel section.
fy = yield stress of steel section.
Figure 5.5: Check for Pt,Local Buckling, and Slenderness

As per the clause 6.7.3.3 of EN 1994-1-1:2004, Relative slenderness is determined to ob-
tained the strength reduction factor for the slender column. This reduction factor is only
used to reduce the axial resistance of the composite column.
Flexural Stiffness ,EIeff ,can be given as,
EIef f = Ea Ia + Es Is + Kc Ec Ic

be given as,
Elastic Critical normal force, Ncr , can be given as,
π 2 EIef f
Ncr =
L2
Relative slenderness, ,can be given as,

r
Npl,Rk
λ=
Ncr
ω = 0.5 1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ2


1
χ= √
ω + ω 2 + λ2
Where,
α = Imperfection factor, which can be taken as 0.21 for buckling class a.
5.4.5 Formulation for Interaction Curve

5.4.5.1 General
plotting all those points together, interaction curve for the composite column can be
generated. In these program Plastic stress axis, which is denoted as hn, is moving form
hn=0, to the hn=D.

fcd
C1 = × Ac
1000
fyd
C2 = × Aa
1000
fsd
C3 = × As
1000
T1 = 0
T2 = 0
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
5.4.5.3 When Stress axis is at 0 < hn <= t
Figure 5.7: Stress Axis at 0 < hn <= t
!
D
− hn
α = 2 × cos−1 2
R
fcd
C1 = × Ac
1000
R2

fyd π×α
C2 = × Aa − × − sinα
1000 2 180

fsd
C3 = × As
1000

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000
T2 = 0
M1 = 0

2fyd 4 3 3 α
M2 = × × R × sin
106 6 2
M3 = 0
5.4.5.4 When Stress axis is at t < hn < (0.5D-y2-t)
Figure 5.8: Stress Axis at t < hn < (0.5D-y2-t)
!
D
− hn
θ = 2 × cos−1 2
r
!
D
−1 2
− hn
α = 2 × cos
R
r2

fcd π×θ
C1 = × Ac − × − sinθ
1000 2 180

2
r2

fyd R π×α π×θ
C2 = × Aa − × − sinα − × − sinθ
1000 2 180 2 180

fsd
C3 = × As
1000

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000
T2 = 0

fcd 4 3 3 θ
M1 = 6
× × r × sin
10 6 2

4
2fyd 4 3 3 α 3 3 θ
M2 = 6
× × R × sin − × r × sin
10 6 2 6 2
M3 = 0
5.4.5.5 When Stress axis is at (0.5D-y2) < hn < (0.5D-y1)
Figure 5.9: Stress Axis at (0.5D-y2) < hn < (0.5D-y1)
!
D
− hn
θ = 2 × cos−1 2
r
!
D
− hn
α = 2 × cos−1 2
R
r2

fcd π×θ π 2
C1 = × Ac − × − sinθ + × φ
1000 2 180 4

2
r2

fyd R π×α π×θ
C2 = × Aa − × − sinα − × − sinθ
1000 2 180 2 180

fsd π 2

C3 = × As − × φ
1000 4

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

fcd 4 3 3 θ π 2
M1 = × × r × sin − × φ × y2
106 6 2 4

4
2fyd 4 3 3 α 3 3 θ
M2 = 6
× × R × sin − × r × sin
10 6 2 6 2

h
2fsd π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × y2
106 4
5.4.5.6 When Stress axis is at (0.5D-y1) < hn < 0.5D

!
D
− hn
θ = 2 × cos−1 2
r
!
D
− hn
α = 2 × cos−1 2
R
Figure 5.10: Stress Axis at (0.5D-y1) < hn < 0.5D

r2

fcd π×θ π 2
C1 = × Ac − × − sinθ + 3 × × φ
1000 2 180 4
2
r2

fyd R π×α π×θ
C2 = × Aa − × − sinα − × − sinθ
1000 2 180 2 180

fsd π 2

C3 = × As − 3 × × φ
1000 4

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

fcd 4 3 3 θ π 2 π 2
M1 = × × r × sin − × φ × y2 − 2 × × φ × y1
106 6 2 4 4
4
2fyd 4 3 3 α 3 3 θ
M2 = 6
× × R × sin − × r × sin
10 6 2 6 2
h
2fsd π 2 π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × y2 + 2 × × φ × y1
106 4 4
Figure 5.11: Stress Axis at hn = 0.5D
5.4.5.7 When Stress axis is at hn = 0.5D


fcd Ac
C1 = ×
1000 2

fyd Aa
C2 = ×
1000 2

fsd As
C3 = ×
1000 2

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000
φ3

fcd (Ac + As ) 4×r π 2 π 2
M1 = × × − × φ × y2 − 2 × × φ × y1 −
106 2 3×π 4 4 6
π × R2 π × r2

2fyd 4×R 4×r
M2 = × × − ×
106 2 3×π 2 3×π
φ3

2fsd π 2 π 2
M3 = × × φ × y2 + 2 × × φ × y1 +
106 4 4 6
Figure 5.12: Stress Axis at 0.5D < hn < (0.5D+y1)
5.4.5.8 When Stress axis is at 0.5D < hn < (0.5D+y1)

!
D
hn −
θ = 2 × cos−1 2
r
!
D
hn −
α = 2 × cos−1 2
R
2
fcd r π×θ π 2
C1 = × × − sinθ − 3 × × φ
1000 2 180 4

2
r2

fyd R π×α π×θ
C2 = × × − sinα − × − sinθ
1000 2 180 2 180

fsd π 2

C3 = × 3× ×φ
1000 4

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

fcd 4 3 3 θ π 2 π 2
M1 = × × r × sin − × φ × y2 − 2 × × φ × y1
106 6 2 4 4

4
2fyd 4 3 3 α 3 3 θ
M2 = 6
× × R × sin − × r × sin
10 6 2 6 2

h
2fsd π 2 π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × y2 + 2 × × φ × y1
106 4 4
5.4.5.9 When Stress axis is at (0.5D+y1) < hn < (0.5D+y2)
Figure 5.13: Stress Axis at (0.5D+y1) < hn < (0.5D+y2)
!
D
hn −
θ = 2 × cos−1 2
r
!
D
hn −
α = 2 × cos−1 2
R
2
fcd r π×θ π 2
C1 = × × − sinθ − × φ
1000 2 180 4

2
r2

fyd R π×α π×θ
C2 = × × − sinα − × − sinθ
1000 2 180 2 180

fsd π 2

C3 = × ×φ
1000 4

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

fcd 4 3 3 θ π 2
M1 = × × r × sin − × φ × y2
106 6 2 4
4
2fyd 4 3 3 α 3 3 θ
M2 = 6
× × R × sin − × r × sin
10 6 2 6 2
h
2fsd π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × y2
106 4
5.4.5.10 When Stress axis is at (0.5D+y2) < hn < (D-t)
Figure 5.14: Stress Axis at (0.5D+y2) < hn < (D-t)
!
D
hn −
θ = 2 × cos−1 2
r
!
D
hn −
α = 2 × cos−1 2
R
2
fcd r π×θ
C1 = × × − sinθ
1000 2 180
2
r2

fyd R π×α π×θ
C2 = × × − sinα − × − sinθ
1000 2 180 2 180
C3 = 0

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000
fsd
T2 = × As
1000

fcd 4 3 3 θ
M1 = × × r × sin
106 6 2

4
2fyd 4 3 3 α 3 3 θ
M2 = 6
× × R × sin − × r × sin
10 6 2 6 2
M3 = 0
5.4.5.11 When Stress axis is at (D-t) <= hn < t
Figure 5.15: Stress Axis at (D-t) <= hn < t
!
D
hn −
α = 2 × cos−1 2
R
C1 = 0

2
fyd R π×α
C2 = × × − sinα
1000 2 180
C3 = 0

fyd
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000
fsd
T2 = × As
1000
M1 = 0

2fyd 4 3 3 α
M2 = × × R × sin
106 6 2
M3 = 0
5.4.5.12 When Stress axis is at hn = D
Figure 5.16: Stress Axis at hn =D

C1 = 0
C2 = 0
C3 = 0
fyd
T1 = × Aa
1000
fsd
T2 = × As
1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

Nu,Rd = C1 + C2 + C3 − T 1 − T 2
Mu,Rd = M 1 + M 2 + M 3
Figure 5.17: Interaction Curve of Circular CFT

MuxD MuyD
+ ≤1
MuxL MuyL
Where,
Figure 5.18: Check for Inequality Ratio

5.5 Summary
In this Chapter, Complete Procedure to generate Interaction Curve for Circular Concrete
Filled Tube has been explained. A computer program to design the Circular Concrete
Filled Tube for several load combinations has been explained.
Chapter 6

for the Rectangular Full Concrete
Encased Steel Section
6.1 General

As shown in Figure 6.1, Rectangular Full Concrete Encased Steel Section can be designed
using the procedure explained in this chapter.
Figure 6.1: Rectangular Full Concrete Encased Steel Section
73
RECTANGULAR FULL CONCRETE ENCASED STEEL SECTION 74

action Curve
ation of Interaction curve for the Rectangular Full concrete Encased Steel Section.
Figure 6.2: Flow Chart for the Rectangular Concrete Encased Steel Section
75 RECTANGULAR FULL CONCRETE ENCASED STEEL SECTION

tion Curve
6.4.1 General
In this Section Step by Step procedure to develop computer program to generate Interac-
tion curve for Rectangular Concrete Encased Steel Column is explained. Further, Actual
Computer programming shown in this section has been done in Visual Basic 2012.

As shown in Figure 6.3, Steel Section, length, also yield strength of the steel section, Grade
of concrete, yield strength of longitudinal bars , diameter of longitudinal bars, Modulus
of Elasticity for concrete, steel section , and longitudinal reinforcement, Partial factor of
safety for concrete, steel section, and longitudinal bars are the required inputs for the
development of interaction curve for the Rectangular Concrete Encased Steel column.
Also, As Shown in Figure 6.4, Various Load combinations for which Rectangular Concrete
Encased column is required to design can also be added in to the table.
Here,
Nu = Axial Load acting on Rectangular Concrete encased steel section.

Sectional Properties for the Hot rolled steel section has been taken from IS 808 : 1989.

Here, Maximum center to center distance between reinforcement bars has been restricted
to 300 mm. If distance between bars exceeds 300 mm then program will automatically
add one bar of specified diameter between them. As shown in Figure 6.5,Extreme corner
reinforcement has been named as 0 layer reinforcement. If distance between 0 layer
reinforcement is above 300 mm then program will add 1st layer reinforcement. Further if
distance between 0 layer and 1st layer reinforcement is greater than 300 mm then it will
Figure 6.3: Input Required for Concrete Encased Steel Column
add 2nd layer of reinforcement. Area and Moment of Inertia of Longitudinal reinforcement
bars can be calculated as,
π
As0 = (ns0 ) × × φ2
4
π
As1 = (ns1 ) × × φ2
4
π
As2 = (ns2 ) × × φ2
4
π
As3 = (ns3 ) × × φ2
4
As = As0 + As1 + As2 + As3
π π
Isx = (ns0 + ns3 ) × × φ4 + × φ2 × Y 02 +
π 64 4
4 π 2 2
π
4

(ns2 ) × × φ + × φ × Y 2 + (ns1 ) × ×φ
64 4 64
π π π
Isy = (ns0 + ns1 + ns2 ) × × φ4 + × φ2 × X02 + (ns3 ) × × φ4
64 4 64
Figure 6.5: Reinforcement Details
Where,
ns0 = Numbers of reinforcement in 0 layer.
As0 = Area of 0 layer reinforcement.
As1 = Area of 1st layer reinforcement.
As2 = Area of 2nd layer reinforcement.
As3 = Area of 3rd layer reinforcement.
Isx = Moment of Inertia of longitudinal bars about x-x axis.
Isy = Moment of Inertia of longitudinal bars about y-y axis.
6.4.3.3 Concrete
Ac = Bc × Dc − Aa − As
Bc × Dc3
Icx = − Iax − Isx
12
Dc × Bc3
Icy = − Iay − Isy
12
Where,

Icx = Moment of Inertia of Concrete about x-x axis.
Icy = Moment of Inertia of Concrete about y-y axis.

and Slenderness
As × 100
Pt =
Ac


be given as,
π 2 EIef f
Ncr =
L2

r
Npl,Rk
λ=
Ncr
ω = 0.5 1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ2


1
χ= √
ω + ω 2 + λ2
Where,
α = Imperfection factor, which can be taken as 0.34 for buckling class b (about x-x axis),
0.49 for buckling class c (about y-y axis).
Figure 6.6: Check for Pt, and Slenderness
6.4.5 Formulation for Interaction Curve about X- Axis

6.4.5.1 General
generated. In these program Plastic stress axis, which is denoted as hnx, is moving form
hnx=0, to the hnx=Dc .
6.4.5.2 When Stress axis is at , hnx = 0


0.85fcd
C1 = × Ac
1000

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C3 = × As
1000
Figure 6.7: Stress Axis at hnx =0

T1 = 0
T2 = 0
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
6.4.5.3 When Stress axis is at, 0 < hnx <(0.5Dc -Y0)


0.85fcd
C1 = × (Ac − Bc × hnx)
1000

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C3 = × As
1000
Figure 6.8: Stress Axis at 0 < hnx <(0.5Dc -Y0)

T1 = 0
T2 = 0

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × hnx × (0.5Dc − 0.5hnx)]
106
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
6.4.5.4 When Stress axis is at , (0.5Dc -Y0) < hnx < 0.5(0.5Dc -D)

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Ac − (Bc × hnx − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ))]
1000

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C3 = × [As − 0.5 (As0 + As3 )]
1000
Figure 6.9: Stress Axis at (0.5Dc -Y0) < hnx < 0.5(0.5Dc -D)

T1 = 0

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × hnx × (0.5Dc − 0.5hnx) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0]
106
M2 = 0

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0]
106
6.4.5.5 When Stress axis is at, 0.5(0.5Dc -D) < hnx < 0.5(0.5Dc -D) +tf

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Ac − (Bc × hnx − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) − B f (0.5D − (0.5Dc − hnx)))]
1000

fad
C2 = × [Aa − B f (0.5D − (0.5Dc − hnx))]
1000

fsd
C3 = × [As − 0.5 (As0 + As3 )]
1000
Figure 6.10: Stress Axis at 0.5(0.5Dc -D) < hnx < 0.5(0.5Dc -D) +tf

fad × Aa
T1 = − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × hnx × (0.5Dc − 0.5hnx) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0−
106
B f (0.5D − (0.5Dc − hnx)) × (0.5D − 0.5 (0.5D − (0.5Dc − hnx)))]

2fad
M2 = × [B f (0.5D − (0.5Dc − hnx)) × (0.5D − 0.5 (0.5D − (0.5Dc − hnx)))]
106

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0]
106
6.4.5.6 When Stress axis is at , 0.5(0.5Dc -D) +tf < hnx < (Dc -Y2)

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Ac − (Bc × hnx − 0.5 (As0 + As3 )
1000
−B f × tf − tw (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx))]
Figure 6.11: Stress Axis at 0.5(0.5Dc -D) +tf < hnx < (Dc -Y2)

fad
C2 = × [Aa − B f × tf − tw (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx))]
1000

fsd
C3 = × [As − 0.5 (As0 + As3 )]
1000

fad × Aa
T1 = − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × hnx × (0.5Dc − 0.5hnx) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0
106
−B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) − tw (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx))
× (0.5Dc − hnx + 0.5 (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx)))]

2fad
M2 = × [B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) + tw (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx))
106
× (0.5Dc − hnx + 0.5 (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx)))]

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0]
106
6.4.5.7 When Stress axis is at,(Dc -Y2) < hnx < (0.5Dc -0.5φ)
Figure 6.12: Stress Axis at (Dc -Y2) < hnx < (0.5Dc -0.5φ)

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Ac − (Bc × hnx − 0.5 (As0 + As3 + As2 )
1000
−B f × tf − tw (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx))]

fad
C2 = × [Aa − B f × tf − tw (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx))]
1000

fsd
C3 = × [As − 0.5 (As0 + As3 + As2 )]
1000

fad × Aa
T1 = − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × hnx × (0.5Dc − 0.5hnx) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0
106
−0.5As2 × Y 2 − B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) − tw (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx))
× (0.5Dc − hnx + 0.5 (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx)))]

2fad
106
× (0.5Dc − hnx + 0.5 (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx)))]

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0 + 0.5As2 × Y 2]
106
6.4.5.8 When Stress axis is at , hnx = 0.5Dc
Figure 6.13: Stress Axis at hnx = 0.5Dc

0.85fcd Ac
C1 = ×
1000 2

fad Aa
C2 = ×
1000 2

fsd As
C3 = ×
1000 2

fad × Aa
T1 = − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × hnx × 0.5hnx − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0 − 0.5As2 × Y 2
106
−B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) − tw (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx))
φ3
× (0.5Dc − hnx + 0.5 (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx))) − ]
6

2fad
106
× (0.5Dc − hnx + 0.5 (0.5D − tf − (0.5Dc − hnx)))]
φ3

2fsd
M3 = × 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0 + 0.5As2 × Y 2 +
106 6
6.4.5.9 When Stress axis is at,0.5Dc < hnx < (0.5Dc +Y2)
Figure 6.14: Stress Axis at 0.5Dc < hnx < (0.5Dc +Y2)

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Bc × (Dc − hnx) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 + As2 )
1000
−B f × tf − tw (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc))]

fad
C2 = × [B f × tf + tw (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc))]
1000

fsd
C3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 + As2 )]
1000

fad × Aa
T1 = − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × (Dc − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5Dc + 0.5 (Dc − hnx))
106
−0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0 − 0.5As2 × Y 2 − B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf )
−tw (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc )) × (hnx − 0.5Dc + 0.5 (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc )))]

2fad
M2 = × [B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) + tw (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc ))
106
× (hnx − 0.5Dc + 0.5 (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc )))]

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0 + 0.5As2 × Y 2]
106
6.4.5.10 When Stress axis is at ,(0.5Dc +Y2) < hnx < 0.5Dc + (0.5D-tf )

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Bc × (Dc − hnx) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 )
1000
−B f × tf − tw (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc))]

fad
C2 = × [B f × tf + tw (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc))]
1000
Figure 6.15: Stress Axis at (0.5Dc +Y2) < hnx < 0.5Dc + (0.5D-tf )

fsd
C3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 )]
1000

fad × Aa
T1 = − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × (Dc − hnx) × (0.5Dc − 0.5 (Dc − hnx)) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0
106
−B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) − tw (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc ))
× (hnx − 0.5Dc + 0.5 (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc )))]

2fad
M2 = × [B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) + tw (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc ))
106
× (hnx − 0.5Dc + 0.5 (0.5D − tf − (hnx − 0.5Dc )))]

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0]
106
Figure 6.16: Stress Axis at 0.5Dc + (0.5D-tf ) < hnx < 0.5Dc +0.5D
6.4.5.11 When Stress axis is at ,0.5Dc + (0.5D-tf ) < hnx < 0.5Dc +0.5D

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Bc × (Dc − hnx) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) − B f × (0.5Dc + 0.5D − hnx)]
1000

fad
C2 = × [B f × (0.5Dc + 0.5D − hnx)]
1000

fsd
C3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 )]
1000

fad × Aa
T1 = − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × (Dc − hnx) × (0.5Dc − 0.5 (Dc − hnx)) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0
106
−B f × (0.5Dc + 0.5D − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5Dc + 0.5 (0.5Dc + 0.5D − hnx))]

2fad
M2 = ×[B f × (0.5Dc + 0.5D − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5Dc + 0.5 (0.5Dc + 0.5D − hnx))]
106

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0]
106
6.4.5.12 When Stress axis is at ,0.5Dc +0.5D < hnx < 0.5Dc + Y0
Figure 6.17: Stress Axis at 0.5Dc +0.5D < hnx < 0.5Dc + Y0

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Bc × (Dc − hnx) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 )]
1000
C2 = 0

fsd
C3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 )]
1000

fad × Aa
T1 = − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × (Dc − hnx) × (0.5Dc − 0.5 (Dc − hnx)) − 0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0]
106
M2 = 0

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As3 ) Y 0]
106
6.4.5.13 When Stress axis is at ,0.5Dc + Y0 < hnx < Dc
Figure 6.18: Stress Axis at 0.5Dc + Y0 < hnx < Dc

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Bc × (Dc − hnx)]
1000
C2 = 0
C3 = 0

fad × Aa
T1 = − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Bc × (Dc − hnx) × (0.5Dc − 0.5 (Dc − hnx))]
106
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
6.4.5.14 When Stress axis is at, hnx = Dc
Figure 6.19: Stress Axis at hnx = Dc

C1 = 0
C2 = 0
C3 = 0

fad × Aa
T1 = − C2
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C3
1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
6.4.6 Formulation for Interaction Curve about Y- Axis

6.4.6.1 When Stress axis is at, hny = 0
Figure 6.20: Stress Axis at hny =0

0.85fcd
C1 = × Ac
1000

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C3 = × As
1000
T1 = 0
T2 = 0
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
6.4.6.2 When Stress axis is at, 0 < hny < 0.5Bc -X0
Figure 6.21: Stress Axis at 0 < hny < 0.5Bc -X0

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Ac − (Dc × hny)]
1000

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C3 = × As
1000
T1 = 0
T2 = 0

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Dc × hny × (0.5Bc − 0.5hny)]
106
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
6.4.6.3 When Stress axis is at, 0.5Bc -X0 < hny < 0.5Bc -0.5Bf
Figure 6.22: Stress Axis at 0.5Bc -X0 < hny < 0.5Bc -0.5Bf

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Ac − (Dc × hny − 0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ))]
1000

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C3 = × (As − 0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ))
1000

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Dc × hny × (0.5Bc − 0.5hny) − 0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ) × X0]
106
M2 = 0

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ) × X0]
106
6.4.6.4 When Stress axis is at, 0.5Bc -0.5Bf < hny < 0.5Bc -0.5tw
Figure 6.23: Stress Axis at 0.5Bc -0.5Bf < hny < 0.5Bc -0.5tw

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Ac − (Dc × hny − 0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 )
1000
−2 (tf × (hny − 0.5 × (Bc − B f )))

fad
C2 = × [Aa − 2 (tf × (hny − 0.5 × (Bc − B f )))]
1000

fsd
C3 = × [As − 0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 )]
1000

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Dc × hny × (0.5Bc − 0.5hny) − 0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ) × X0
106
−2 × tf × (hny − 0.5 (Bc − B f )) × (0.5Bc − hny + 0.5 (hny − 0.5 (Bc − B f )))]

2fad
M2 = ×[2tf × (hny − 0.5 (Bc − B f )) × (0.5Bc − hny + 0.5 (hny − 0.5 (Bc − B f )))]
106

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ) × X0]
106
6.4.6.5 When Stress axis is at, hny = 0.5Bc
Figure 6.24: Stress Axis at hny = 0.5Bc

0.85fcd Ac
C1 = ×
1000 2

fad Aa
C2 = ×
1000 2

fsd As
C3 = ×
1000 2

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd Bc Bc
M1 = 6
× Dc × × − 0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ) × X0
10 2 4
φ3 Bf Bf tw tw
− − 2 × tf × × − (D − 2tf ) × × ]
6 2 4 2 4

2fad Bf Bf tw tw
M2 = × 2 × tf × × + (D − 2tf ) × ×
106 2 4 2 4
φ3

2fsd
M3 = × 0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ) × X0 +
106 6
6.4.6.6 When Stress axis is at, 0.5Bc < hny < 0.5Bc +0.5Bf
Figure 6.25: Stress Axis at 0.5Bc < hny < 0.5Bc +0.5Bf

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Dc × (Bc − hny) − 0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 )
1000
−2tf × (0.5Bc + 0.5B f − hny)]

fad
C2 = × [2tf × (0.5Bc + 0.5B f − hny)]
1000

fsd
C3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 )]
1000

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Dc × (Bc − hny) × (0.5Bc − 0.5 (Bc − hny))
106
−0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ) × X0 − 2tf × (0.5Bc + 0.5B f − hny)
(hny − 0.5Bc + 0.5 (0.5Bc + 0.5B f − hny))]

2fad
M2 = × [2tf × (0.5Bc + 0.5B f − hny) ×
106
(hny − 0.5Bc + 0.5 (0.5Bc + 0.5B f − hny))]

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ) × X0]
106
6.4.6.7 When Stress axis is at, 0.5Bc +0.5Bf < hny < 0.5Bc +X0

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Dc × (Bc − hny) − 0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 )]
1000
C2 = 0

fsd
C3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 )]
1000
Figure 6.26: Stress Axis at 0.5Bc +0.5Bf < hny < 0.5Bc +X0

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Dc × (Bc − hny) × (0.5Bc − 0.5 (Bc − hny))
106
−0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ) × X0]
M2 = 0

2fsd
M3 = × [0.5 (As0 + As1 + As2 ) × X0]
106
6.4.6.8 When Stress axis is at, 0.5Bc + X0 < hny < 0.5Bc

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Dc × (Bc − hny)]
1000
C2 = 0
Figure 6.27: Stress Axis at 0.5Bc + X0 < hny < 0.5Bc
C3 = 0

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [Dc × (Bc − hny) × (0.5Bc − 0.5 (Bc − hny))]
106
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
6.4.6.9 When Stress axis is at, hny = Bc

C1 = 0
C2 = 0
Figure 6.28: Stress Axis at hny = Bc
C3 = 0

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

Nu,Rd = C1 + C2 + C3 − T 1 − T 2
Mu,Rd = M 1 + M 2 + M 3
Figure 6.29: Interaction Curve of Rectangular Concrete Encased Steel Column with Re-
spect to X-Axis.
6.4.8 Check for Inequality Ratio

MuxD MuyD
+ ≤1
MuxL MuyL
Where,
6.5 Summary
crete Encased Steel Section has been explained. A Computer Program to design the
Figure 6.30: Interaction Curve of Rectangular Concrete Encased Steel Column with re-
spect to Y-Axis.
Rectangular Concrete Encased Steel Section for several load combinations has been ex-
plained.
Chapter 7

for the Circular Full Concrete
Encased Steel Section
7.1 General

As shown in Figure 7.1, Circular Full Concrete Encased Steel Section can be designed
Figure 7.1: Circular Full Concrete Encased Steel Section
107
FULL CONCRETE ENCASED STEEL SECTION 108

action Curve
ation of Interaction curve for the Circular Full concrete Encased Steel Section.
Figure 7.2: Flow Chart for the Circular Concrete Encased Steel Section
109 FULL CONCRETE ENCASED STEEL SECTION

tion Curve
7.4.1 General
In this Section Step by Step procedure to develop computer program to generate Inter-
action curve for Circular Concrete Encased Steel Section is explained. Further, Actual

As shown in Figure 7.3, Steel Section, length, also yield strength of the steel section,
Grade of concrete, yield strength of longitudinal bars , diameter of longitudinal bars,
Modulus of Elasticity for concrete, steel section , and longitudinal reinforcement, Partial
factor of safety for concrete, steel section, and longitudinal bars are the required inputs
for the development of interaction curve for the Circular Concrete Encased Steel Section.
Also, As Shown in Figure 7.4, Various Load combinations for which Circular Concrete
Encased column is required to design can also be added in to the table.
Here,
Nu = Axial Load acting on Circular Concrete encased steel section.

Sectional Properties for the Hot rolled steel section has been taken from IS 808 : 1989.

Here, Eight reinforcement bars has been provided uniformly. Area and Moment of Inertia
of Longitudinal reinforcement bars can be calculated as,
π
As0 = (2) × × φ2
4
π
As1 = (2) × × φ2
4
Figure 7.3: Input Required for Concrete Encased Steel Column
π
As2 = (4) × × φ2
4
As = As0 + As1 + As2
π π π π π
Isx =2× × φ4 + × φ2 × Y 02 + 4 × × φ4 + × φ2 × Y 22 + 2 × × φ4
64 4 64 4 64
π π π π π
4 2 2 4 2 2 4
Isy = 2× × φ + × φ × X1 + 4 × × φ + × φ × X2 + 2 × ×φ
64 4 64 4 64
Where,
As2 = Area of 2nd layer reinforcement.
7.4.3.3 Concrete
π
Ac = × Dc2 − Aa − As
4
Dc4
64
Dc4
64
Where,

and Slenderness
As × 100
Pt =
Ac


be given as,
π 2 EIef f
Ncr =
L2

r
Npl,Rk
λ=
Ncr
ω = 0.5 1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ2


1
χ= √
ω + ω 2 + λ2
Where,
α = Imperfection factor, which can be taken as 0.34 for buckling class b (about x-x axis),
0.49 for buckling class c (about y-y axis).

7.4.5.1 General
hnx=0, to the hnx=Dc .
7.4.5.2 When Stress axis is at, hnx = 0

0.85fcd
C1 = × Ac
1000

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C3 = × As
1000
T1 = 0
T2 = 0
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
7.4.5.3 When Stress axis is at, 0< hnx < Frc -Y0
Figure 7.8: Stress Axis at 0 < hnx < Frc -Y0

−1 Frc − hnx
α = 2 cos
Frc
2

0.85fcd Frc π×α
C1 = × Ac − − sin α
1000 2 180

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C3 = × As
1000

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
M1 = × × Frc × sin
106 6 2
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
7.4.5.4 When Stress axis is at , Frc -Y0 < hnx < Frc -0.5D
Figure 7.9: Stress Axis at Frc -Y0 < hnx < Frc -0.5D

−1 Frc − hnx
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
0.85fcd Frc π × α π 2
C1 = × Ac − − sin α − × φ
1000 2 180 4

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd π
C3 = × As − × φ2
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π
2
M1 = × × Frc × sin − ×φ ×Y0
106 6 2 4
M2 = 0

h
2fsd π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × Y 0
106 4
7.4.5.5 When Stress axis is at , Frc -0.5D < hnx < Frc -(0.5D-tf )
Figure 7.10: Stress Axis at Frc -0.5D < hnx < Frc -(0.5D-tf )

−1 Frc − hnx
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
C1 = × Ac − − sin α − × φ − B f × (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D))
1000 2 180 4

fad
C2 = × (Aa − B f × (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D)))
1000
fsd π 2

C3 = × As − × φ
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3
π
3 α
M1 = × × F rc × sin − × φ2 × Y 0 − B f (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D))
106 6 2 4
× (Frc − hnx + 0.5 (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D)))]

2fad
M2 = × [Bf (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D)) × (Frc − hnx + 0.5 (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D)))]
106

h
2fsd π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × Y 0
106 4
7.4.5.6 When Stress axis is at , Frc -0.5D +tf < hnx < Frc -Y2

−1 Frc − hnx
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
0.85fcd Frc π × α π
C1 = × Ac − − sin α − × φ2 − B f × tf
1000 2 180 4
−tw × (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D + tf ))
fad
C2 = × [Aa − B f × tf f − tw × (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D + tf ))]
1000
Figure 7.11: Stress Axis at Frc -0.5D +tf < hnx < Frc -Y2
fsd h π i
C3 = × As − × φ2
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3
π
3 α
M1 = × × Frc × sin − × φ2 × Y 0 − B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf )
106 6 2 4
−tw × (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D + tf )) × (Frc − hnx + 0.5 (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D + tf )))]

2fad
M2 = × [B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) + tw × (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D + tf ))
106
× (Frc − hnx + 0.5 (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D + tf )))]

2fsd hπ i
M3 = × × φ2 × Y 0
106 4
Figure 7.12: Stress Axis at Frc -Y2 < hnx < Frc
7.4.5.7 When Stress axis is at , Frc -Y2 < hnx < Frc

−1 Frc − hnx
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
C1 = × Ac − − sin α − 3 × × φ2 − B f × tf
1000 2 180 4
−tw × (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D + tf ))]

fad
C2 = × [Aa − B f × tf − tw × (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D + tf ))]
1000
fsd h π i
C3 = × As − 3 × × φ2
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π π
M1 = 6
× × Frc × sin − × φ2 × Y 0 − 2 × × φ2 × Y 2
10 6 2 4 4
−B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) − tw × (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D + tf ))

2fad
M2 = × [B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) + tw × (hnx − (Frc − 0.5D + tf ))
106

h
2fsd π 2 π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × Y 0 + 2 × × φ × Y 2
106 4 4
7.4.5.8 When Stress axis is at, hnx = Frc
Figure 7.13: Stress Axis at hnx = Frc

0.85fcd Ac
C1 = ×
1000 2

fad Aa
C2 = ×
1000 2

fsd As
C3 = ×
1000 2

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd π 2 4 × Frc π π
M1 = 6
× × Frc × − × φ2 × Y 0 − 2 × × φ2 × Y 2
10 2 3×π 4 4
φ3
−B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) − tw × (0.5D − tf ) × 0.5 (0.5D − tf ) − ]
6

2fad
M2 = × [B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) + tw × (0.5D − tf ) × 0.5 (0.5D − tf )]
106
φ3

2fsd π 2 π 2
M3 = × ×φ ×Y0+2× ×φ ×Y2+
106 4 4 6
7.4.5.9 When Stress axis is at, Frc < hnx < Frc +Y2
Figure 7.14: Stress Axis at Frc < hnx < Frc +Y2

−1 hnx − Frc
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
C1 = × − sin α − 3 × × φ2 − B f × tf
1000 2 180 4
−tw × (Frc + 0.5D − tf − hnx)]

fad
C2 = × [B f × tf + tw × (Frc + 0.5D − tf − hnx)]
1000

fsd h π i
C3 = × 3 × × φ2
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π π
M1 = 6
× × F rc × sin − × φ2 × Y 0 − 2 × × φ2 × Y 2
10 6 2 4 4
−B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) − tw × (Frc + 0.5D − tf − hnx)
× (hnx − Frc + 0.5 (Frc + 0.5D − tf − hnx))]

2fad
M2 = × [B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) + tw × (Frc + 0.5D − tf − hnx)
106

h
2fsd π 2 π 2
i
M3 = × ×φ ×Y0+2× ×φ ×Y2
106 4 4
7.4.5.10 When Stress axis is at, Frc +Y2 < hnx < Frc +0.5D-tf
Figure 7.15: Stress Axis at Frc +Y2 < hnx < Frc +0.5D-tf

−1 hnx − Frc
α = 2 cos
Frc

2
C1 = × − sin α − × φ2 − B f × tf
1000 2 180 4
−tw × (Frc + 0.5D − tf − hnx)]

fad
C2 = × [B f × tf + tw × (Frc + 0.5D − tf − hnx)]
1000
fsd hπ i
C3 = × × φ2
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3
π
3 α
M1 = × × F rc × sin − × φ2 × Y 0 − B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf )
106 6 2 4
−tw × (Frc + 0.5D − tf − hnx) × (hnx − Frc + 0.5 (Frc + 0.5D − tf − hnx))]

2fad
M2 = × [B f × tf × (0.5D − 0.5tf ) + tw × (Frc + 0.5D − tf − hnx)
106

h
2fsd π 2
i
M3 = × ×φ ×Y0
106 4
7.4.5.11 When Stress axis is at , Frc +0.5D-tf < hnx < Frc +0.5D

−1 hnx − Frc
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
C1 = × − sin α − × φ − B f × (hnx − (Frc + 0.5D − tf )) ]
1000 2 180 4
Figure 7.16: Stress Axis at Frc +0.5D-tf < hnx < Frc +0.5D
fad
C2 = × [B f × (hnx − (Frc + 0.5D − tf ))]
1000
fsd hπ i
C3 = × × φ2
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π
M1 = × × F rc × sin − × φ2 × Y 0
106 6 2 4
−B f × (hnx − (Frc + 0.5D − tf )) × (hnx − Frc + 0.5 (hnx − (Frc + 0.5D − tf )))]

2fad
M2 = × [B f × (hnx − (Frc + 0.5D − tf ))
106
× (hnx − Frc + 0.5 (hnx − (Frc + 0.5D − tf )))]

h
2fsd π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × Y 0
106 4
Figure 7.17: Stress Axis at Frc +0.5D < hnx < Frc +Y0
7.4.5.12 When Stress axis is at , Frc +0.5D < hnx < Frc +Y0

−1 hnx − Frc
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
C1 = × − sin α − × φ
1000 2 180 4
C2 = 0
fsd hπ i
C3 = × × φ2
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π
2
M1 = × × Frc × sin − ×φ ×Y0
106 6 2 4
M2 = 0
h
2fsd π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × Y 0
106 4
Figure 7.18: Stress Axis at Frc +Y0 < hnx < 2Frc
7.4.5.13 When Stress axis is at Frc +Y0 < hnx < 2Frc

−1 hnx − Frc
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
0.85fcd Frc π × α
C1 = × − sin α
1000 2 180
C2 = 0
C3 = 0

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
M1 = × × Frc × sin
106 6 2
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
Figure 7.19: Stress Axis at hnx = 2Frc
7.4.5.14 When Stress axis is at , hnx = 2Frc

C1 = 0
C2 = 0
C3 = 0

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

7.4.6.1 When Stress axis is at , hny =0

0.85fcd
C1 = × Ac
1000

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C3 = × As
1000
T1 = 0
T2 = 0
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
Figure 7.21: Stress Axis at 0< hny < Frc -X1
7.4.6.2 When Stress axis is at, 0< hny < Frc -X1

−1 Frc − hny
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
0.85fcd Frc π×α
C1 = × Ac − × − sin α
1000 2 180

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C3 = × As
1000
T1 = 0
T2 = 0

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
M1 = × × Frc × sin
106 6 2
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
Figure 7.22: Stress Axis at Frc -X1 < hny < Frc -X2
7.4.6.3 When Stress axis is at, Frc -X1 < hny < Frc -X2

−1 Frc − hny
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
0.85fcd Frc π×α π 2
C1 = × Ac − × − sin α − × φ
1000 2 180 4

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000
h
fsd π 2
i
C3 = × As − × φ
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π
2
M1 = × × Frc × sin − × φ × X1
106 6 2 4
M2 = 0
h
2fsd π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × X1
106 4
7.4.6.4 When Stress axis is at, Frc -X2 < hny < Frc -0.5Bf
Figure 7.23: Stress Axis at Frc -X2 < hny < Frc -0.5Bf

−1 Frc − hny
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
C1 = × Ac − × − sin α − 3 × × φ
1000 2 180 4

fad
C2 = × Aa
1000
h
fsd π 2
i
C3 = × As − 3 × × φ
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π
2 π 2
M1 = × × Frc × sin − × φ × X1 − 2 × × φ × X2
106 6 2 4 4
M2 = 0
h
2fsd π 2 π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × X1 + 2 × × φ × X2
106 4 4
Figure 7.24: Stress Axis at Frc -0.5Bf < hny < Frc -0.5tf
7.4.6.5 When Stress axis is at, Frc -0.5Bf < hny < Frc -0.5tf

−1 Frc − hny
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
C1 = × Ac − × − sin α − 3 × × φ − 2 × tf × (hny − (Frc − 0.5B f ))
1000 2 180 4

fad
C2 = × [Aa − 2 × tf × (hny − (Frc − 0.5B f ))]
1000
h
fsd π 2
i
C3 = × As − 3 × × φ
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π π
M1 = 6
× × Frc × sin − × φ2 × X1 − 2 × × φ2 × X2
10 6 2 4 4
−2 × tf × (hny − (Frc − 0.5B f )) × (Frc − hny + 0.5 (hny − (Frc − 0.5B f )))]

2fad
M2 = ×[2 × tf × (hny − (Frc − 0.5B f )) × (Frc − hny + 0.5 (hny − (Frc − 0.5B f )))]
106
h
2fsd π 2 π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × X1 + 2 × × φ × X2
106 4 4
7.4.6.6 When Stress axis is at, hny = Frc
Figure 7.25: Stress Axis at hny = Frc

−1 Frc − hny
α = 2 cos
Frc

0.85fcd Ac
C1 = ×
1000 2

fad Aa
C2 = ×
1000 2

fsd As
C3 = ×
1000 2

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000
φ3

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π
2 π 2
M1 = × × Frc × sin − × φ × X1 − 2 × × φ × X2 − 2 ×
106 6 2 4 4 6
−2 × tf × (hny − (Frc − 0.5B f )) × (Frc − hny + 0.5 (hny − (Frc − 0.5B f )))
− (D − 2tf ) × (hny − (Frc − 0.5tw )) × (Frc − hny + 0.5 (hny − (Frc − 0.5tw )))]

2fad
M2 = × [2 × tf × (hny − (Frc − 0.5B f )) × (Frc − hny + 0.5 (hny − (Frc − 0.5B f )))
106
+ (D − 2tf ) × (hny − (Frc − 0.5tw )) × (Frc − hny + 0.5 (hny − (Frc − 0.5tw )))]
φ3

2fsd π 2 π 2
M3 = × × φ × X1 + 2 × × φ × X2 + 2 ×
106 4 4 6
7.4.6.7 When Stress axis is at, Frc +0.5tw < hny < Frc +0.5Bf
Figure 7.26: Stress Axis at Frc +0.5tw < hny < Frc +0.5Bf

−1 hny − Frc
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
C1 = × × − sin α − 3 × × φ − 2 × tf × (Frc + 0.5B f − hny) ]
1000 2 180 4

fad
C2 = × [2 × tf × (Frc + 0.5B f − hny)]
1000
fsd h π i
C3 = × 3 × × φ2
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π π
M1 = 6
× × Frc × sin − × φ2 × X1 − 2 × × φ2 × X2
10 6 2 4 4
−2 × tf × (Frc + 0.5B f − hny) × (hny − Frc + 0.5 (Frc + 0.5B f − hny))]

2fad
M2 = × [2 × tf × (Frc + 0.5B f − hny) × (hny − Frc + 0.5 (Frc + 0.5B f − hny))]
106
h
2fsd π 2 π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × X1 + 2 × × φ × X2
106 4 4
7.4.6.8 When Stress axis is at, Frc +0.5Bf < hny < Frc +X2
Figure 7.27: Stress Axis at Frc +0.5Bf < hny < Frc +X2

−1 hny − Frc
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
C1 = × × − sin α − 3 × × φ
1000 2 180 4
C2 = 0
h
fsd π i
C3 = × 3 × × φ2
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π
2 π 2
M1 = × × Frc × sin − × φ × X1 − 2 × × φ × X2
106 6 2 4 4
M2 = 0

h
2fsd π 2 π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × X1 + 2 × × φ × X2
106 4 4
7.4.6.9 When Stress axis is at, Frc +X2 < hny < Frc +X1
Figure 7.28: Stress Axis at Frc +X2 < hny < Frc +X1

−1 hny − Frc
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
C1 = × × − sin α − × φ
1000 2 180 4
C2 = 0

h
fsd π i
C3 = × × φ2
1000 4

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
π
2
M1 = × × Frc × sin − × φ × X1
106 6 2 4
M2 = 0

h
2fsd π 2
i
M3 = × × φ × X1
106 4
7.4.6.10 When Stress axis is at, Frc +X1 < hny < 2Frc +X1
Figure 7.29: Stress Axis at Frc +X1 < hny < 2Frc +X1

−1 hny − Frc
α = 2 cos
Frc
2
0.85fcd Frc π×α
C1 = × × − sin α
1000 2 180
C2 = 0
C3 = 0

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α
M1 = × × Frc × sin
106 6 2
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
7.4.6.11 When Stress axis is at, hny = 2Frc
Figure 7.30: Stress Axis at hny = 2Frc
C1 = 0
C2 = 0

C3 = 0

fad
T1 = × Aa − C2
1000

fsd
T2 = × As − C3
1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

Nu,Rd = C1 + C2 + C3 − T 1 − T 2
Mu,Rd = M 1 + M 2 + M 3

Inequality ratio for the composite column subjected to the axial load with bi-axial bending
can be obained as per the clause 6.7.3.7 of EN 1994-1-1 : 2004. Which can be given as,
MuxD MuyD
+ ≤1
MuxL MuyL
Where,
Figure 7.31: Interaction Curve of Circular Concrete Encased Steel Column with respect
to X-Axis.
7.5 Summary
In this chapter, Complete procedure to generate Interaction curve for Circular Concrete
Encased Steel Section has been explained. A Computer Program to design the Circular
Concrete Encased Steel Section for several load combinations has been explained.
Figure 7.32: Interaction Curve of Circular Concrete Encased Steel Column with respect
to Y-Axis.

Chapter 8

for the Rectangular Concrete
Encased and Filled Tube
8.1 General

As shown in Figure 8.1, Rectangular concrete encased and filled tube can be designed
Figure 8.1: Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube
143
RECTANGULAR CONCRETE ENCASED AND FILLED TUBE 144

action Curve
ation of Interaction curve for the Rectangular concrete encased and filled tube.
Figure 8.2: Flow Chart for the Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube
145 RECTANGULAR CONCRETE ENCASED AND FILLED TUBE

tion Curve
8.4.1 General
tion curve for Rectangular concrete encased and filled tube is explained. Further, Actual

for the development of interaction curve for the Rectangular Concrete Encased and filled
tube.
Also, As Shown in Figure 8.4, Various Load combinations for Rectangular concrete en-
cased and filled tube which is required to design can also be added in to the table.
Here,
Nu = Axial Load acting on Rectangular concrete encased and filled tube.

Sectional Properties for the rectangular steel section has been calculated according to
Annexure-A of IS 4923 : 1997 using the following formulas.

3
Aa = 2t (B − 4t) + (D − 4t) + πt
2
(D − 4t)3 1 (B − 4t) t3

2
Iax = t + + (B − 4t) (D − t) t +
6 2 3
2
πt4

3136 2 9π (D − 4t) + 56t
405 − 2 + 3πt
108 π 18π
Figure 8.3: Input Required for Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube
(B − 4t)3 1 (D − 4t) t3

2
Iay =t + + (D − 4t) (B − t) t +
6 2 3
2
πt4

3136 2 9π (B − 4t) + 56t
405 − 2 + 3πt
108 π 18π
Where,
Iax = Moment of Inertia of Steel Section about x-axis.
Iay = Moment of Inertia of Steel Section about y-axis.

There is a provision of four reinforcement bar inside the tube. Where outside of the
tube four reinforcement are at every corner. As shown in figure 8.5, If the distance
between 0 layer reinforcement is more than 300 mm then 1st layer reinforcement will be
automatically added. Also there is a provision for 3rd layer reinforcement, when distance
between 0 layer reinforcement in x-direction is more than 300 mm. Area and Moment of
Inertia of Longitudinal reinforcement bars can be calculated as,
π
As0 = (ns0 ) × × φ2o
4
π
As1 = (ns1 ) × × φ2o
4
π
As3 = (ns3 ) × × φ2o
4
As,out = As0 + As1 + As3
π
As,in = (ns4 ) × × φ2in
4
As = As,out + As,in
π π π
Isx = (ns0 + ns3 ) × × φ4o + × φ2o × Y 02 + ns1 × × φ4o
64 4 π 64
4 π 2 2

+ns4 × × φin + × φin × Y 4
64 4
π π π
Isy = (ns0 + ns1 ) × × φ4o + × φ2o × X12 + ns3 × × φ4o
64 4 π 64
π
+ (ns4 ) × × φin + × φin × X42
4 2
64 4
Where,
φo = Diameter of Longitudinal Bars outside the steel Tube.
φin = Diameter of Longitudinal Bars inside the Steel Tube.
ns0 = nos of bars in 0 Layer Reinforcement,4.
ns1 = nos of bars in 1st Layer Reinforcement,2.
ns3 = nos of bars in 3rd Layer Reinforcement,2.
ns4 = nos of bars in 4th Layer Reinforcement,4.

As,in = Area of Reinforcement inside the rectangular tube.
As,out = Area of Reinforcement outside the rectangular tube.
As = Total Area of Longitudinal Bars.
8.4.3.3 Concrete
Area and Moment of Inertia for the Inside concrete and outside concrete region can be
calculated as,
Ac,in = (Bs − 2t) × (Ds − 2t) − As,in

Ac,out = (B × D) − Aa − Ac,in − As,in − As,out
Ac = Ac,in + Ac,out
B × D3
12
D × B3
12
Where,
Ac,in = Area of Concrete inside the Rectangular Tube.
Ac,out = Area of Concrete Outside the Rectangular Tube.
Ac = Total Area of Concrete.

and Slenderness
As × 100
Pt =
Ac


be given as,
π 2 EIef f
Ncr =
L2

r
Npl,Rk
λ=
Ncr
ω = 0.5 1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ2

1
χ= √
ω+ ω 2 + λ2
Where,
α = Imperfection factor, which can be taken as 0.21 for buckling class a for both x-x
axis,and y-y axis.


8.4.5.1 General
hnx=0, to the hnx=D.
Compressive force due to Outside Concrete,

0.85fcd
C1 = × Ac,out
1000
Compressive force due to Inside Concrete,

fcd
C2 = × Ac,in
1000

fyd
C3 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C4 = × As
1000

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000
Moment of resistance due to Outside Concrete,
M1 = 0
Moment of resistance due to Inside Concrete,
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
M4 = 0
8.4.5.3 When Stress axis is at, 0<hnx<(0.5D-Y0)
Figure 8.8: Stress Axis at 0<hnx<(0.5D-Y0)

0.85fcd
C1 = × [Ac,out − B × hnx]
1000

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in ]
1000

fyd
C3 = × [Aa ]
1000

fsd
C4 = × [As ]
1000

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [B × hnx × (0.5D − 0.5hnx)]
106
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
M4 = 0
8.4.5.4 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D-Y0)<hnx<(0.5D-0.5Ds)
Figure 8.9: Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y0)<hnx<(0.5D-0.5Ds)

0.85fcd ns0 + ns3 π 2
C1 = × Ac,out − B × hnx − × × φ0
1000 2 4

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in ]
1000

fyd
C3 = × [Aa ]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
C4 = × As − × × φ0
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd ns0 + ns3 π 2
M1 = × B × hnx × (0.5D − 0.5hnx) − × × φ0 × Y 0
106 2 4
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

2fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
M4 = × × × φ0 × Y 0
106 2 4
8.4.5.5 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D-0.5Ds)<hnx<(0.5D-0.5Ds+t)


0.85fcd ns0 + ns3 π
C1 = × Ac,out − B × hnx − × × φ2o
1000 2 4
−Bs × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds))]

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in ]
1000
Figure 8.10: Stress Axis at (0.5D-0.5Ds)<hnx<(0.5D-0.5Ds+t)

fyd
C3 = × [Aa − Bs × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds))]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
C4 = × As − × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd ns0 + ns3 π 2

M1 = × B × hnx × (0.5D − 0.5hnx) − × × φ0 × Y 0
106 2 4
−Bs × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds)) × (0.5Ds − 0.5 (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds)))]
M2 = 0

2fad
M3 = ×[Bs × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds)) × (0.5Ds − 0.5 (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds)))]
106

2fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
M4 = × × × φ0 × Y 0
106 2 4
Figure 8.11: Stress Axis at (0.5D-0.5Ds+t)<hnx<(0.5D-Y4)
8.4.5.6 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D-0.5Ds+t)<hnx<(0.5D-Y4)


0.85fcd ns0 + ns3 π 2

C1 = × Ac,out − B × hnx − × × φo
1000 2 4
−Bs × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds))]

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in − (Bs − 2t) × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t))]
1000

fyd
C3 = × [Aa − (Bs × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds))
1000
− (Bs − 2t) × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t))]

fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
C4 = × As − × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd ns0 + ns3 π 2

M1 = × B × hnx × (0.5D − 0.5hnx) − × × φ0 × Y 0
106 2 4

fcd
M2 = × [(Bs − 2t) × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t))
106
× (0.5Ds − t − 0.5 (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t)))]

2fad
M3 = × [Bs × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds)) × (0.5Ds − 0.5 (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds)))
106
− (Bs − 2t) × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t)) × (0.5Ds − t − 0.5 (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t)))]

2fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
M4 = × × × φ0 × Y 0
106 2 4
8.4.5.7 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D-Y4)<hnx<0.5D
Figure 8.12: Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y4)<hnx<0.5D

C1 = × Ac,out − B × hnx − × × φ2o
1000 2 4
−Bs × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds))]

h
fcd h ns4 π ii
C2 = × Ac,in − (Bs − 2t) × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t)) − × × φ2in
1000 2 4

fyd
C3 = × [Aa − (Bs × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds))
1000
− (Bs − 2t) × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t))]

fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
n
s4
π
2
C4 = × As − × × φo − × × φin
1000 2 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd ns0 + ns3 π 2

M1 = × B × hnx × (0.5D − 0.5hnx) − × × φ0 × Y 0
106 2 4

fcd
M2 = × [(Bs − 2t) × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t))
106
ns4 π
× (0.5Ds − t − 0.5 (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t))) − × × φ2in × Y 4 ]
2 4

2fad
M3 = × [Bs × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds)) × (0.5Ds − 0.5 (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds)))
106
− (Bs − 2t) × (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t)) × (0.5Ds − t − 0.5 (hnx − (0.5D − 0.5Ds + t)))]

2fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
n
s4
π
2
M4 = × × × φ0 × Y 0 + × × φin × Y 4
106 2 4 2 4
8.4.5.8 When Stress axis is at, hnx=0.5D


0.85fcd Ac,out
C1 = ×
1000 2

fcd Ac,in
C2 = ×
1000 2
Figure 8.13: Stress Axis at hnx=0.5D

fyd Aa
C3 = ×
1000 2

fsd As
C4 = ×
1000 2

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [B × (D − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (D − hnx))
106
φ3

ns0 + ns3 π n
s1
− × × φ20 × Y 0 − × o
2 4 2 6
−Bs × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx))]

fcd
M2 = × [(Bs − 2t) × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx)
106
ns4 π
× (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx)) − × × φ2in × Y 4 ]
2 4

2fad
M3 = × [Bs × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx))
106
− (Bs − 2t) × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx))]
3
2fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
n
s4
π
2
n
s1 φin
M4 = 6
× × × φ0 × Y 0 + × × φin × Y 4 + ×
10 2 4 2 4 2 6
8.4.5.9 When Stress axis is at, 0.5D<hnx<0.5D+Y4
Figure 8.14: Stress Axis at 0.5D<hnx<0.5D+Y4

0.85fcd ns0 + ns3 π 2

C1 = × B × (D − hnx) − × × φo
1000 2 4
−Bs × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx)]
h
fcd ns4 π i
C2 = × (Bs − 2t) × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx) − × × φ2in
1000 2 4

fyd
C3 = × [Bs × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx) − (Bs − 2t) × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx)]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
n
s4
π
2
C4 = × × × φo + × × φin
1000 2 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [B × (D − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (D − hnx))
106

ns0 + ns3 π 2

− × × φ0 × Y 0
2 4

fcd
M2 = × [(Bs − 2t) × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx)
106
ns4 π 2

× (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx)) − × × φin × Y 4 ]
2 4

2fad
106

2fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
n
s4
π
2
M4 = × × × φ0 × Y 0 + × × φin × Y 4
106 2 4 2 4
8.4.5.10 When Stress axis is at, 0.5D+Y4<hnx<0.5D+0.5Ds-t
Figure 8.15: Stress Axis at 0.5D+Y4<hnx<0.5D+0.5Ds-t

C1 = × B × (D − hnx) − × × φ2o
1000 2 4
−Bs × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx)]

fcd
C2 = × [(Bs − 2t) × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx)]
1000

fyd
C3 = × [Bs × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx) − (Bs − 2t) × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx)]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
C4 = × × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [B × (D − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (D − hnx))
106

ns0 + ns3 π 2

− × × φ0 × Y 0
2 4

fcd
M2 = × [(Bs − 2t) × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx)
106
× (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (0.5D + 0.5Ds − t − hnx))]

2fad
106

2fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
M4 = × × × φ0 × Y 0
106 2 4
Figure 8.16: Stress Axis at 0.5D+0.5Ds-t <hnx<0.5D+0.5Ds
8.4.5.11 When Stress axis is at, 0.5D+0.5Ds-t <hnx<0.5D+0.5Ds


0.85fcd ns0 + ns3 π 2

C1 = × B × (D − hnx) − × × φo
1000 2 4
−Bs × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx)]
C2 = 0

fyd
C3 = × [Bs × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx)]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
C4 = × × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [B × (D − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (D − hnx))
106

ns0 + ns3 π
− × × φ20 × Y 0 − Bs × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx)
2 4
× (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx))]
M2 = 0

2fad
M3 = ×[Bs × (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (0.5D + 0.5Ds − hnx))]
106

2fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
M4 = × × × φ0 × Y 0
106 2 4
8.4.5.12 When Stress axis is at, 0.5D+0.5Ds <hnx<0.5D+Y0
Figure 8.17: Stress Axis at 0.5D+0.5Ds <hnx<0.5D+Y0

0.85fcd ns0 + ns3 π 2
C1 = × B × (D − hnx) − × × φo
1000 2 4
C2 = 0
C3 = 0

fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
C4 = × × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [B × (D − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (D − hnx))
106

ns0 + ns3 π
− × × φ20 × Y 0 ]
2 4
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

2fsd ns0 + ns3 π 2
M4 = × × × φ0 × Y 0
106 2 4
8.4.5.13 When Stress axis is at, 0.5D+Y0 <hnx<=D
Figure 8.18: Stress Axis at 0.5D+Y0 <hnx<=D

0.85fcd
C1 = × [B × (D − hnx)]
1000
C2 = 0
C3 = 0
C4 = 0

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [B × (D − hnx) × (hnx − 0.5D + 0.5 (D − hnx))]
106
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
M4 = 0

8.4.6.1 When Stress axis is at , hny =0

0.85fcd
C1 = × Ac,out
1000

fcd
C2 = × Ac,in
1000

fyd
C3 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C4 = × As
1000

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
M4 = 0
8.4.6.2 When Stress axis is at , 0<hny <(0.5B-X0)


0.85fcd
C1 = × [Ac,out − (D × hny)]
1000
Figure 8.20: Stress Axis at 0<hny <(0.5B-X0)

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in ]
1000

fyd
C3 = × [Aa ]
1000

fsd
C4 = × [As ]
1000

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [D × hny × (0.5B − 0.5hny)]
106
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
M4 = 0
Figure 8.21: Stress Axis at (0.5B-X0)<hny <(0.5B-0.5Bs)
8.4.6.3 When Stress axis is at ,(0.5B-X0)<hny <(0.5B-0.5Bs)


0.85fcd ns0 + ns1 π 2
C1 = × Ac,out − D × hny − × × φo
1000 2 4

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in ]
1000

fyd
C3 = × [Aa ]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
C4 = × As − × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd ns0 + ns1 π 2
M1 = × D × hny × (0.5B − 0.5hny) − × × φo × X0
106 2 4
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

2fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
M4 = × × × φo × X0
106 2 4
8.4.6.4 When Stress axis is at ,(0.5B-0.5Bs)<hny <(0.5B-0.5Bs+t)
Figure 8.22: Stress Axis at (0.5B-0.5Bs)<hny <(0.5B-0.5Bs+t)

C1 = × Ac,out − D × hny − × × φ2o
1000 2 4
−Ds × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs))]

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in ]
1000

fyd
C3 = × [Aa − Ds × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs))]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
C4 = × As − × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd ns0 + ns1 π 2

M1 = × D × hny × (0.5B − 0.5hny) − × × φ o × X0
106 2 4
−Ds × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs)) × (0.5Bs − 0.5 (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs)))]
M2 = 0

2fyd
M3 = × [Ds × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs)) × (0.5Bs − 0.5 (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs)))]
106

2fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
M4 = × × × φo × X0
106 2 4
8.4.6.5 When Stress axis is at ,(0.5B-0.5Bs+t)<hny <(0.5B-X4)
Figure 8.23: Stress Axis at (0.5B-0.5Bs+t)<hny <(0.5B-X4)

C1 = × Ac,out − D × hny − × × φ2o
1000 2 4
−Ds × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs))]

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in − (Ds − 2t) × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t))]
1000

fyd
C3 = ×[Aa − (Ds × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs)) − (Ds − 2t) × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t)))]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
C4 = × As − × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd ns0 + ns1 π 2

M1 = × D × hny × (0.5B − 0.5hny) − × × φo × X0
106 2 4

fcd
M2 = × [(Ds − 2t) × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t))
106
× (0.5Bs − t − 0.5 (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t)))]

2fyd
M3 = × [Ds × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs)) × (0.5Bs − 0.5 (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs)))
106
− (Ds − 2t) × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t)) × (0.5Bs − t − 0.5 (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t)))]

2fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
M4 = × × × φo × X0
106 2 4
8.4.6.6 When Stress axis is at ,(0.5B-X4)<hny <0.5B


C1 = × Ac,out − D × hny − × × φ2o
1000 2 4
−Ds × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs))]

h
fcd n π
s4
i
C2 = × Ac,in − (Ds − 2t) × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t)) − × × φ2in
1000 2 4
Figure 8.24: Stress Axis at (0.5B-X4)<hny <0.5B

fyd
C3 = ×[Aa − (Ds × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs)) − (Ds − 2t) × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t)))]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
n π
s4 2
C4 = × As − × × φo − × × φin
1000 2 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd ns0 + ns1 π 2

M1 = × D × hny × (0.5B − 0.5hny) − × × φ o × X0
106 2 4

fcd
M2 = × [(Ds − 2t) × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t))
106
n π
s4
× (0.5Bs − t − 0.5 (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t))) − × × φ2in × X4 ]
2 4

2fyd
106

2fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
n π
s4 2
M4 = × × × φo × X0 + × × φin × X4
106 2 4 2 4
8.4.6.7 When Stress axis is at ,hny =0.5B
Figure 8.25: Stress Axis at hny=0.5B

0.85fcd Ac,out
C1 = ×
1000 2

fcd Ac,in
C2 = ×
1000 2

fyd Aa
C3 = ×
1000 2

fsd As
C4 = ×
1000 2

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd ns0 + ns1 π 2

M1 = × D × hny × (0.5B − 0.5hny) − × × φo × X0
106 2 4
n φ3
s3
−Ds × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs)) × (0.5Bs − 0.5 (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs))) − × o]
2 6

fcd
M2 = × [(Ds − 2t) × (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t))
106
n π
s4
× (0.5Bs − t − 0.5 (hny − (0.5B − 0.5Bs + t))) − × × φ2in × X4 ]
2 4

2fyd
106

2fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
n π
s4 2

M4 = × × × φo × X0 + × × φin × X4
106 2 4 2 4
n φ3
s3
+ × o]
2 6
8.4.6.8 When Stress axis is at ,0.5B<hny <(0.5B+X4)
Figure 8.26: Stress Axis at 0.5B<hny <(0.5B+X4)

C1 = × D × (B − hny) − × × φ2o
1000 2 4
−Ds × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny)]

h
fcd n π
s4
i
C2 = × (Ds − 2t) × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny) − × × φ2in
1000 2 4

fyd
C3 = × [Ds × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny) − (Ds − 2t) × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny)]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
n π
s4 2
C4 = × × × φo + × × φin
1000 2 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [D × (B − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (B − hny))
106

ns0 + ns1 π
− × × φ2o × X0
2 4
−Ds × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny))]

fcd
M2 = × [(Ds − 2t) × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny)
106
n π
s4
× (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny)) − × × φ2in × X4 ]
2 4

2fyd
M3 = × [Ds × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny)) −
106
(Ds − 2t) × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny))]

2fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
n π
s4 2
M4 = × × × φo × X0 + × × φin × X4
106 2 4 2 4
8.4.6.9 When Stress axis is at ,(0.5B+X4)<hny <(0.5B+0.5Bs-t)


C1 = × D × (B − hny) − × × φ2o
1000 2 4
−Ds × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny)]

fcd
C2 = × [(Ds − 2t) × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny)]
1000
Figure 8.27: Stress Axis at (0.5B+X4)<hny <(0.5B+0.5Bs-t)

fyd
C3 = × [Ds × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny) − (Ds − 2t) × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny)]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
C4 = × × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [D × (B − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (B − hny))
106

ns0 + ns1 π 2

− × × φo × X0
2 4

fcd
M2 = × [(Ds − 2t) × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny)
106
× (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny))]

2fyd
M3 = × [Ds × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny))
106
− (Ds − 2t) × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (0.5B + 0.5Bs − t − hny))]

2fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
M4 = × × × φo × X0
106 2 4
8.4.6.10 When Stress axis is at ,(0.5B+0.5Bs-t)<hny <(0.5B+0.5Bs)
Figure 8.28: Stress Axis at (0.5B+0.5Bs-t)<hny <(0.5B+0.5Bs)

C1 = × D × (B − hny) − × × φ2o
1000 2 4
−Ds × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny)]
C2 = 0

fyd
C3 = × [Ds × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny)]
1000

fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
C4 = × × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [D × (B − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (B − hny))
106

ns0 + ns1 π
− × × φ2o × X0
2 4
M2 = 0

2fyd
M3 = ×[Ds × (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (0.5B + 0.5Bs − hny))]
106

2fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
M4 = × × × φo × X0
106 2 4
8.4.6.11 When Stress axis is at ,(0.5B+0.5Bs)<hny <(0.5B+X0)
Figure 8.29: Stress Axis at (0.5B+0.5Bs)<hny <(0.5B+X0)

0.85fcd ns0 + ns1 π 2
C1 = × D × (B − hny) − × × φo
1000 2 4
C2 = 0
C3 = 0

fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
C4 = × × × φo
1000 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [D × (B − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (B − hny))
106

ns0 + ns1 π
− × × φ2o × X0 ]
2 4
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

2fsd ns0 + ns1 π 2
M4 = × × × φo × X0
106 2 4
8.4.6.12 When Stress axis is at ,(0.5B+X0)<hny <=B
Figure 8.30: Stress Axis at (0.5B+X0)<hny <=B

0.85fcd
C1 = × [D × (B − hny)]
1000
C2 = 0
C3 = 0
C4 = 0

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd
M1 = × [D × (B − hny) × (hny − 0.5B + 0.5 (B − hny))]
106
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
M4 = 0

Once, Compressive force due to outside concrete ,C1,Compressive force due to inside
concrete, C2, Compressive force due to steel section, C3, Compressive force due to Lon-
gitudinal reinforcement ,C4, Tensile force due to steel section, T1, Tensile force due to
longiudinal reinforcement T2 are obtained, Plastic Axial load resistance, Nu,Rd can be
Obtained as,
Nu,Rd = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 − T 1 − T 2
Also, Once the Moment of resistance due to outside concrete ,M1,Moment of resistance
due to inside concrete ,M2, Moment of resistance due to Steel section, M3, and Moment of
resistance due to longitudinal reinforcement , M4, is known then Ultimate Plastic Moment
of resistance , Mu,Rd can be obtained as,
Mu,Rd = M 1 + M 2 + M 3 + M 4
Figure 8.31: Interaction Curve of Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube with
respect to X-Axis.

MuxD MuyD
+ ≤1
MuxL MuyL
Where,
8.5 Summary
crete Encased and Filled Steel Tube has been explained. A Computer Program to design
the Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Steel Tube for several load combinations
has been explained.
Figure 8.32: Interaction Curve of Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube with
respect to Y-Axis.
Figure 8.33: Check for Inequality Ratio

Chapter 9

for the Circular Concrete Encased
and Filled Tube
9.1 General

As shown in Figure9.1, Circular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube can be designed using
the procedure explained in this chapter.
Figure 9.1: Circular CEFT
183
CONCRETE ENCASED AND FILLED TUBE 184

action Curve
ation of Interaction curve for the Circular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube.
Figure 9.2: Flow Chart for the Circular CEFT

185 CONCRETE ENCASED AND FILLED TUBE

tion Curve
9.4.1 General
tion curve for Circular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube is explained. Further, Actual

for the development of interaction curve for the Circular Concrete Encased and filled tube.
Also, As Shown in Figure 9.4, Various Load combinations for Circular concrete encased
and filled tube which is required to design can also be added in to the table.
Here,
Nu = Axial Load acting on Circular concrete encased and filled tube.

Sectional Properties for the Circular steel section has been calculated according to Annexure-
A of IS 4923 : 1997 using the following formulas.
π π
Aa = × Ds2 − × (Ds − 2t)2
4 4
π π
4 4
Ia = × Ds − × (Ds − 2t)
64 64
Where,
Ia = Moment of Inertia of Steel Section about both X and Y axis.
Figure 9.3: Input Required for Circular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube

There is a provision of maximum eight reinforcement concrete filled inside the steel tube
as well as concrete encasing the steel tube. As shown in figure 9.5. Area and Moment of
Inertia of Longitudinal reinforcement bars can be calculated as,
π
As0 = (ns0 ) × × φ2o
4
π
As1 = (ns1 ) × × φ2o
4
π
As2 = (ns2 ) × × φ2o
4
q
π
As3 = (ns3 ) × × φ2in
4
π
As4 = (ns4 ) × × φ2in
4
π
As5 = (ns5 ) × × φ2in
4
As,out = As0 + As1 + As2

As,in = As3 + As4 + As5
As = As,out + As,in
π π π
Is = (ns0 ) × × φ4o + × φ2o × Y 02 + (ns1 ) × × φ4o
π 64 4 64
4 π 2 2
π π
+ (ns2 ) × × φo + × φo × Y 2 + (ns3 ) × 4 2
× φin + × φin × Y 32
64 4 64 4
π 4 π 2 2 π
+ (ns4 ) × × φin + × φin × Y 4 + (ns5 ) × × φ4in
64 4 64
Where,
φo = Diameter of Longitudinal Bars outside the steel tube.
φin = Diameter of Longitudinal Bars inside the steel tube.
ns0 = nos of bars in 0 Layer Reinforcement,2.
ns1 = nos of bars in 1st Layer Reinforcement,2.
ns2 = nos of bars in 2nd Layer Reinforcement,4.
ns3 = nos of bars in 3rd Layer Reinforcement,2.
As4 = Area of 4th layer reinforcement.
As5 = Area of 5th layer reinforcement.
As,in = Area of Reinforcement inside the Circular tube.
As,out = Area of Reinforcement outside the Circular tube.
As = Total Area of Longitudinal Bars.
Is = Moment of Inertia of longitudinal bars about X and Y axis.
9.4.3.3 Concrete
Area and Moment of Inertia for the Inside concrete and outside concrete region can be
calculated as,
π
Ac,in = × (Ds − 2t)2 − As,in
4
π
Ac,out = × Ds2 − Aa − Ac,in − As,in − As,out
4
Ac = Ac,in + Ac,out
π
Ic = × Ds4 − Ia − Is
64
Where,
Ac,in = Area of Concrete inside the Circular Tube.
Ac,out = Area of Concrete Outside the Circular Tube.
Ac = Total Area of Concrete.
Ic = Moment of Inertia of Concrete about X and Y axis.
9.4.4 Check for Longitudinal Reinforcement, and Slenderness

As × 100
Pt =
Ac


be given as,
π 2 EIef f
Ncr =
L2

r
Npl,Rk
λ=
Ncr
ω = 0.5 1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ2

1
χ= √
ω+ ω 2 + λ2
Where,
α = Imperfection factor, which can be taken as 0.21 for buckling class a for both x-x
axis,and y-y axis.

9.4.5.1 General
hnx=0, to the hnx=D.


0.85fcd
C1 = × Ac,out
1000

fcd
C2 = × Ac,in
1000

fyd
C3 = × Aa
1000

fsd
C4 = × As
1000

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
M4 = 0
Figure 9.8: Stress Axis at 0<hnx< (0.5D-Y0)
9.4.5.3 When Stress axis is at, 0<hnx< (0.5D-Y0)

−1 0.5D − hnx
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D
" !#
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1
C1 = × Ac,out − × − sin α1
1000 2 180

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in ]
1000

fyd
C3 = × [Aa ]
1000

fsd
C4 = × [As ]
1000

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1
M1 = 6
× × (0.5D) × sin
10 6 2
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
M4 = 0
9.4.5.4 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D-Y0)<hnx< (0.5D-Y2)
Figure 9.9: Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y0)<hnx< (0.5D-Y2)

−1 0.5D − hnx
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D
" !#
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π
C1 = × Ac,out − × − sin α1 − × φ2o
1000 2 180 4

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in ]
1000

fyd
C3 = × [Aa ]
1000

h
fsd π 2
i
C4 = × As − × φo
1000 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2
M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0
106 6 2 4
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

h
2fsd π 2
i
M4 = × × φo × Y 0
106 4
9.4.5.5 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D-Y2)<hnx< (0.5D-0.5Ds)
Figure 9.10: Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y2)<hnx< (0.5D-0.5Ds)

−1 0.5D − hnx
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D

" 2 !#
0.85fcd (0.5D) π × α1 π ns2 π
C1 = × Ac,out − × − sin α1 − × φ2o − × × φ2o
1000 2 180 4 2 4

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in ]
1000

fyd
C3 = × [Aa ]
1000

fsd h π ns2 π i
C4 = × As − × φ2o − × × φ2o
1000 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 α1 π ns2 π
M1 = × × (0.5D)3 × sin3 2
− × φo × Y 0 − × 2
× φo × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

2fsd hπ ns2 π i
M4 = × × φ2o × Y 0 + × × φ2o × Y 2
106 4 2 4
Figure 9.11: Stress Axis at (0.5D-0.5Ds)<hnx< (0.5D-0.5Ds+t)
9.4.5.6 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D-0.5Ds)<hnx< (0.5D-0.5Ds+t)

−1 0.5D − hnx
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D

−1 0.5D − hnx
γ = 2 cos
0.5Ds
"
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π
C1 = × Ac,out − × − sin α1 − × φ2o
1000 2 180 4
ns2 π (0.5Ds)2
π×γ

2
− × × φo − × − sin γ ]
2 4 2 180

fcd
C2 = × [Ac,in ]
1000
" #
(0.5Ds)2

fyd π×γ
C3 = × Aa − × − sin γ
1000 2 180

h
fsd π ns2 π i
C4 = × As − × φ2o − × × φ2o
1000 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2 ns2 π 2

M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0 − × × φ o × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4
4 γ
− × (0.5Ds)3 × sin3 ]
6 2
M2 = 0

2fyd 4 3 3 γ
M3 = × × (0.5Ds) × sin
106 6 2
h
2fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
i
M4 = × × φo × Y 0 + × × φo × Y 2
106 4 2 4
9.4.5.7 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D-0.5Ds+t)<hnx< (0.5D-Y3)
Figure 9.12: Stress Axis at (0.5D-0.5Ds+t)<hnx< (0.5D-Y3)

−1 0.5D − hnx
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D

−1 0.5D − hnx
β = 2 cos
0.5Ds

−1 0.5D − hnx
γ = 2 cos
0.5Ds − t
"
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π
C1 = × Ac,out − × − sin α1 − × φ2o
1000 2 180 4
ns2 π (0.5Ds)2
π×β

2
− × × φo − × − sin β ]
2 4 2 180

" #
(0.5Ds − t)2

fcd π×γ
C2 = × Ac,in − × − sin γ
1000 2 180

" 2 2 !#
fyd (0.5Ds) π×β (0.5Ds − t) π×γ
C3 = × Aa − × − sin β − × − sin γ
1000 2 180 2 180

fsd h π ns2 π i
C4 = × As − × φ2o − × × φ2o
1000 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 α1 π ns2 π
M1 = × × (0.5D)3 × sin3 2
− × φo × Y 0 − × 2
× φo × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4

4 3 3 β
− × (0.5Ds) × sin ]
6 2

fcd 4 γ
M2 = × × (0.5Ds − t)3 × sin3
106 6 2

2fyd 4 β 4 3 γ
M3 = × × (0.5Ds)3 × sin3 3
− × (0.5Ds − t) × sin
106 6 2 6 2

2fsd hπ ns2 π i
M4 = × × φ2o × Y 0 + × × φ2o × Y 2
106 4 2 4
Figure 9.13: Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y3)<hnx< (0.5D-Y4)
9.4.5.8 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D-Y3)<hnx< (0.5D-Y4)

−1 0.5D − hnx
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D

−1 0.5D − hnx
β = 2 cos
0.5Ds

−1 0.5D − hnx
γ = 2 cos
0.5Ds − t
"
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π
C1 = × Ac,out − × − sin α1 − × φ2o
1000 2 180 4
2
ns2 π 2
(0.5Ds) π×β
− × × φo − × − sin β ]
2 4 2 180
" !#
(0.5Ds − t)2

fcd π×γ π
C2 = × Ac,in − × − sin γ − × φ2in
1000 2 180 4

" !#
(0.5Ds)2 (0.5Ds − t)2

fyd π×β π×γ
C3 = × Aa − × − sin β − × − sin γ
1000 2 180 2 180

h
fsd π ns2 π π i
C4 = × As − × φ2o − × × φ2o − × φ2in
1000 4 2 4 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2 ns2 π 2

M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0 − × × φo × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4

4 3 3 β
− × (0.5Ds) × sin ]
6 2

fcd 4 3 3 γ
π
2
M2 = × × (0.5Ds − t) × sin − × φin × Y 3
106 6 2 4

2fyd 4 3 3 β 4 3 3 γ
M3 = × × (0.5Ds) × sin − × (0.5Ds − t) × sin
106 6 2 6 2

h
2fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
π
2
i
M4 = × × φ o × Y 0 + × × φo × Y 2 + × φin × Y 3
106 4 2 4 4
9.4.5.9 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D-Y4)<hnx< 0.5D
Figure 9.14: Stress Axis at (0.5D-Y4)<hnx< 0.5D

−1 0.5D − hnx
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D

−1 0.5D − hnx
β = 2 cos
0.5Ds

−1 0.5D − hnx
γ = 2 cos
0.5Ds − t
"
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π
C1 = × Ac,out − × − sin α1 − × φ2o
1000 2 180 4
ns2 π (0.5Ds)2
π×β

2
− × × φo − × − sin β ]
2 4 2 180
" !#
(0.5Ds − t)2

fcd π×γ π ns4 π
C2 = × Ac,in − × − sin γ − × φ2in − × × φ2in
1000 2 180 4 2 4
" !#
(0.5Ds)2 (0.5Ds − t)2

fyd π×β π×γ
C3 = × Aa − × − sin β − × − sin γ
1000 2 180 2 180
h
fsd π ns2 π π ns4 π i
C4 = × As − × φ2o − × × φ2o − × φ2in − × × φ2in
1000 4 2 4 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2 ns2 π 2

M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0 − × × φo × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4

4 3 3 β
− × (0.5Ds) × sin ]
6 2

fcd 4 3 3 γ
π
2
n
s4 π 2
M2 = × × (0.5Ds − t) × sin − × φin × Y 3 − × × φin × Y 4
106 6 2 4 2 4

2fyd 4 3 3 β 4 3 3 γ
M3 = × × (0.5Ds) × sin − × (0.5Ds − t) × sin
106 6 2 6 2
h
2fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
π
2

M4 = × × φo × Y 0 + × × φo × Y 2 + × φin × Y 3
106 4 2 4 4
n π
s4
+ × × φ2in × Y 4 ]
2 4
9.4.5.10 When Stress axis is at, hnx= 0.5D
Figure 9.15: Stress Axis at hnx= 0.5D

0.85fcd Ac,out
C1 = ×
1000 2

fcd Ac,in
C2 = ×
1000 2

fyd Aa
C3 = ×
1000 2

fsd As
C4 = ×
1000 2

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2 ns2 π 2

M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0 − × × φo × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4
ns1 φ3o

4 3 3 β
− × (0.5Ds) × sin − × ]
6 2 2 6
ns5 φ3in

fcd 4 3 3 γ
π
2
n
s4 π 2
M2 = × × (0.5Ds − t) × sin − × φin × Y 3 − × × φin × Y 4 − ×
106 6 2 4 2 4 2 6

2fyd 4 3 3 β 4 3 3 γ
M3 = × × (0.5Ds) × sin − × (0.5Ds − t) × sin
106 6 2 6 2

h
2fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
π
2

M4 = × × φo × Y 0 + × × φo × Y 2 + × φin × Y 3
106 4 2 4 4
n φ3o ns5 φ3in
n
s4 π 2 s1
+ × × φin × Y 4 + × + × ]
2 4 2 6 2 6
9.4.5.11 When Stress axis is at, 0.5D <hnx< 0.5D+Y4
Figure 9.16: Stress Axis at 0.5D <hnx< 0.5D+Y4

−1 hnx − 0.5D
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D

−1 hnx − 0.5D
β = 2 cos
0.5Ds

−1 hnx − 0.5D
γ = 2 cos
0.5Ds − t
"
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π
C1 = × × − sin α1 − × φ2o
1000 2 180 4
ns2 π (0.5Ds)2
π×β

2
− × × φo − × − sin β ]
2 4 2 180

" #
(0.5Ds − t)2

fcd π×γ π n s4 π
C2 = × × − sin γ − × φ2in − × × φ2in
1000 2 180 4 2 4

" #
(0.5Ds)2 (0.5Ds − t)2

fyd π×β π×γ
C3 = × × − sin β − × − sin γ
1000 2 180 2 180

h
fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
π
2 ns4 π 2
i
C4 = × × φo + × × φo + × φin + × × φin
1000 4 2 4 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2 ns2 π 2

M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0 − × × φo × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4

4 3 3 β
− × (0.5Ds) × sin ]
6 2

fcd 4 3 3 γ
π
2
n
s4 π 2
M2 = × × (0.5Ds − t) × sin − × φin × Y 3 − × × φin × Y 4
106 6 2 4 2 4

2fyd 4 3 3 β 4 3 3 γ
M3 = × × (0.5Ds) × sin − × (0.5Ds − t) × sin
106 6 2 6 2

h
2fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
π
2

M4 = × × φo × Y 0 + × × φo × Y 2 + × φin × Y 3
106 4 2 4 4
n π
s4
+ × × φ2in × Y 4 ]
2 4
Figure 9.17: Stress Axis at (0.5D+Y4) <hnx< (0.5D+Y3)
9.4.5.12 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D+Y4) <hnx< (0.5D+Y3)

−1 hnx − 0.5D
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D

−1 hnx − 0.5D
β = 2 cos
0.5Ds

−1 hnx − 0.5D
γ = 2 cos
0.5Ds − t
"
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π
C1 = × × − sin α1 − × φ2o
1000 2 180 4
2
ns2 π 2
(0.5Ds) π×β
− × × φo − × − sin β ]
2 4 2 180
" #
(0.5Ds − t)2

fcd π×γ π
C2 = × × − sin γ − × φ2in
1000 2 180 4

" #
(0.5Ds)2 (0.5Ds − t)2

fyd π×β π×γ
C3 = × × − sin β − × − sin γ
1000 2 180 2 180

h
fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
π
2
i
C4 = × × φo + × × φo + × φin
1000 4 2 4 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2 ns2 π 2

M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0 − × × φ o × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4

4 3 3 β
− × (0.5Ds) × sin ]
6 2

fcd 4 3 3 γ
π
2
M2 = × × (0.5Ds − t) × sin − × φin × Y 3
106 6 2 4

2fyd 4 3 3 β 4 3 3 γ
M3 = × × (0.5Ds) × sin − × (0.5Ds − t) × sin
106 6 2 6 2
h
2fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
π
2
i
M4 = × × φo × Y 0 + × × φo × Y 2 + × φin × Y 3
106 4 2 4 4
9.4.5.13 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D+Y3) <hnx< (0.5D+0.5Ds-t)
Figure 9.18: Stress Axis at (0.5D+Y3) <hnx< (0.5D+0.5Ds-t)

−1 hnx − 0.5D
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D

−1 hnx − 0.5D
β = 2 cos
0.5Ds

−1 hnx − 0.5D
γ = 2 cos
0.5Ds − t
"
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π
C1 = × × − sin α1 − × φ2o
1000 2 180 4
ns2 π (0.5Ds)2
π×β

2
− × × φo − × − sin β ]
2 4 2 180
" #
(0.5Ds − t)2

fcd π×γ
C2 = × × − sin γ
1000 2 180

" #
(0.5Ds)2 (0.5Ds − t)2

fyd π×β π×γ
C3 = × × − sin β − × − sin γ
1000 2 180 2 180

h
fsd π ns2 π i
C4 = × × φ2o + × × φ2o
1000 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2 ns2 π 2

M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0 − × × φ o × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4

4 3 3 β
− × (0.5Ds) × sin ]
6 2

fcd 4 3 3 γ
M2 = × × (0.5Ds − t) × sin
106 6 2

2fyd 4 3 3 β 4 3 3 γ
M3 = × × (0.5Ds) × sin − × (0.5Ds − t) × sin
106 6 2 6 2

h
2fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
i
M4 = × × φo × Y 0 + × × φo × Y 2
106 4 2 4
9.4.5.14 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D+0.5Ds-t) <hnx< (0.5D+0.5Ds)

−1 hnx − 0.5D
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D

−1 hnx − 0.5D
β = 2 cos
0.5Ds
Figure 9.19: Stress Axis at (0.5D+0.5Ds-t) <hnx< (0.5D+0.5Ds)

"
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π
C1 = × × − sin α1 − × φ2o
1000 2 180 4
2
ns2 π 2
(0.5Ds) π×β
− × × φo − × − sin β ]
2 4 2 180
C2 = 0
" #
(0.5Ds)2

fyd π×β
C3 = × × − sin β
1000 2 180

h
fsd π ns2 π i
C4 = × × φ2o + × × φ2o
1000 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2 ns2 π 2

M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0 − × × φo × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4

4 3 3 β
− × (0.5Ds) × sin ]
6 2
M2 = 0

2fyd 4 3 3 β
M3 = 6
× × (0.5Ds) × sin
10 6 2
h
2fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
i
M4 = × × φo × Y 0 + × × φo × Y 2
106 4 2 4
9.4.5.15 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D+0.5Ds) <hnx< (0.5D+Y2)
Figure 9.20: Stress Axis at (0.5D+0.5Ds) <hnx< (0.5D+Y2)

−1 hnx − 0.5D
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D
" #
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π n s2
π
C1 = × × − sin α1 − × φ2o − × × φ2o
1000 2 180 4 2 4
C2 = 0
C3 = 0

h
fsd π ns2 π i
C4 = × × φ2o + × × φ2o
1000 4 2 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2 ns2 π 2
M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0 − × × φo × Y 2
106 6 2 4 2 4
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

h
2fsd π 2 ns2 π 2
i
M4 = × × φo × Y 0 + × × φo × Y 2
106 4 2 4
9.4.5.16 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D+Y2) <hnx< (0.5D+Y0)
Figure 9.21: Stress Axis at (0.5D+Y2) <hnx< (0.5D+Y0)

−1 hnx − 0.5D
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D

" #
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1 π
C1 = × × − sin α1 − × φ2o
1000 2 180 4
C2 = 0
C3 = 0

h
fsd π 2
i
C4 = × × φo
1000 4

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1 π 2
M1 = × × (0.5D) × sin − × φo × Y 0
106 6 2 4
M2 = 0
M3 = 0

h
2fsd π 2
i
M4 = × × φo × Y 0
106 4
9.4.5.17 When Stress axis is at, (0.5D+Y0) <hnx≤D

−1 hnx − 0.5D
α1 = 2 cos
0.5D
Figure 9.22: Stress Axis at (0.5D+Y0) <hnx≤D

" #
(0.5D)2

0.85fcd π × α1
C1 = × × − sin α1
1000 2 180
C2 = 0
C3 = 0
C4 = 0

fyd × Aa
T1 = − C3
1000

fsd × As
T2 = − C4
1000

0.85fcd 4 3 3 α1
M1 = 6
× × (0.5D) × sin
10 6 2
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
M4 = 0

Once, Compressive force due to outside concrete ,C1,Compressive force due to inside
concrete, C2, Compressive force due to steel section, C3, Compressive force due to Lon-
gitudinal reinforcement ,C4, Tensile force due to steel section, T1, Tensile force due to
longiudinal reinforcement T2 are obtained, Plastic Axial load resistance, Nu,Rd can be
Obtained as,
Nu,Rd = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 − T 1 − T 2
Also, Once the Moment of resistance due to outside concrete ,M1,Moment of resistance
due to inside concrete ,M2, Moment of resistance due to Steel section, M3, and Moment of
resistance due to longitudinal reinforcement , M4, is known then Ultimate Plastic Moment
of resistance , Mu,Rd can be obtained as,
Mu,Rd = M 1 + M 2 + M 3 + M 4
Figure 9.23: Interaction Curve of Circular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube with respect
to both X or Y-Axis.

MuxD MuyD
+ ≤1
MuxL MuyL
Where,
9.5 Summary
In this chapter, Complete procedure to generate Interaction curve for Circular Concrete
Encased and Filled Steel Tube has been explained. A Computer Program to design the
Circular Concrete Encased and Filled Steel Tube for several load combinations has been
explained.
Chapter 10
Experimental Investigation on
Behaviour of Concrete filled tube
10.1 General
The Aim of the Study is to investigate the behaviour of Concrete Filled Tube under ec-
centric as well we Axial Loading. As Interaction curve obtained from Analytical work, as
explained earlier, can be compared with the Interaction curve obtained experimentally.
Experimental Interaction curve can be obtained by applying Eccentric loading on speci-
men. It was applied in such a way that specimen has uniform moment across its length.
Moreover this investigation has been done for Circular and Square CFT. Test setup, Ex-
perimental results for both the type of Specimens has been given. Further, Experimental
Investigation on effect of slenderness on behaviour of Circular CFT under Axial loading
has been shown. Moreover, Its Experimental results has been compared with the results
obtained analytically.
10.2 Preparation of Specimen

Before Conducting any test, It is essential to prepare the specimen. This involves several
steps. First step is to cut the specimen according to required length. As the Steel tubes are
only available in 6 meter length, It became essential to cut it according to the requirement,
as shown in Figure 10.1. Second Step is to polish the steel tube to remove all the rust
from its surface. Third steps is to fill the concrete in the steel tube as shown in Figure
10.3.
10.3 Experimental Behaviour of Hollow Circular Steel

tube under Axial Loading
10.3.1 Sectional Properties of Circular Hollow Tube
Circular Hollow Steel tube was intially tested under the axial load. Sectional Properties
of the section is given in Table10.1
215
CHAPTER 10. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON BEHAVIOUR OF
CONCRETE FILLED TUBE 216
Figure 10.1: Cutting of Hollow steel Tube
Figure 10.2: Hollow Steel Tube after Cutting and Polishing
Table 10.1: Sectional Properties of Circular Hollow Steel Tube
Diameter Thickness, Yield Strength

Length L, mm
D, mm t, mm Fy , MPa
89 4 450 310
10.3.2 Experimental Results
As it was only a trial testing, Strain guages and LVDTs were not attached to the section.
Only the reading of Axial displacement with load has been taken. Test results are shown
in Table 10.2.
217 CONCRETE FILLED TUBE
Figure 10.3: Steel Tube Filled with Concrete
Table 10.2: Comparision of Analytical and Experimental Results for Hollow Circular Steel
Tube
Experimental Load, Analytical Load,

Pexp/Pcal
Pexp, (kN) Pcal (kN)
331.36 330.96 1.001
10.3.3 Failure Mode

When Circular Hollow Steel tube was tested under the axial load it showed local buckling
type of failure. Local buckling has happened at the Top end of the specimen, as shown
in Figure 10.4
Figure 10.4: Failure Mode of Hollow Circular Steel Tube subjected to Axial Loading
10.4 Experimental Behaviour of Hollow Circular Steel

Tube under Eccentric Loading
10.4.1 Sectional Properties of Circular Hollow Tube
Circular Hollow Steel tube was initially tested under the eccentric loading. Sectional
properties of the section is same as given in Table 10.1.
10.4.2 Results and Discussion

Circular Hollow steel of above mentioned dimensions was tested under eccentric load in
Universal testing Machine. To compare the experimental results of circular CFT under
eccentric loading, Interaction curve for the Circular hollow tube was plotted using the
plastic analysis. Test result has been shown in Table 10.3.
Table 10.3: Experimental Results for Circular Hollow Steel Tube under Eccentric Loading
Experimental Experimental Analytical Analytical

Eccentricity, Pexp Mexp
Load, Moment , Load , Moment, Pcal Mcal
e, mm
Pexp , kN Mexp , kN.m Pcal , kN Mcal , kN.m
25 243.15 6.078 203.748 5.0968 1.193 1.1925
10.5 Experimental Behaviour of Circular Concrete

Filled Tube under Eccentric Loading
10.5.1 Material Properties for Circular CFT
Properties of steel tube has been mentioned in Table 10.4. Mix design used for the M25
grade concrete has been mentioned in Table 10.5. The average cube strength at the
28-Days was obtained as 42.2 MPa.
Table 10.4: Properties of Circular Steel Tube Subjected to Eccentric Loading
Diameter, Thickness, Length, Yield Strength, Concrete Strength,

D, mm t, mm L, mm Fy , MPa Fck , MPa
89 4 400 310 42.2
10.5.2 Development of Experimental Setup

Circular CFT has been tested for the varies eccentricities. The eccentricities was varied
as 0 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm , 30 mm, 35 mm. Grooves with respect to the eccentricities
has been made on the steel plate and that steel plate has been welded at the top and
bottom of specimens. Strain gauge of 5 mm length was attached at several location on
the specimen and three Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDT) of length 100
mm was used to measure the displacement of specimen. Figure 10.8 shows the location
Figure 10.5: Experimental Setup for Eccentric Loading
Figure 10.6: Behaviour of Circular HollowFigure 10.7: Local Buckling of Circular Hol-
Steel Tube under Eccentric Load low Steel Tube under Eccentric Load
and direction of Strain Gauges and LVDTs. Moreover Figure 10.9 shows the experimental
test setup for the Circular CFT under eccentric loading.
Table 10.5: M25 Mix Proportion
Material Unit Content

Cement kg/m3 367
Water lit/m3 169
Coarse Aggregate
10 mm kg/m3 1130
Sand kg/m3 833
Admixture % 0.9
W/C - 0.46
Figure 10.8: Arrangement of Strain Gauges and LVDT on Circular CFT subjected to
Eccentric Loading
10.5.3.1 Experimental Strain
As shown in Figure 10.8. Three Strain Gauges were attached on the specimen. First
one was attached vertically on the Tensile face, B, of the specimen. Second Strain gauge
was attached horizontally on the front side, A, of the specimen. Third strain gauge
was attached vertically on the compression face, D, of the specimen. Strain results were
obtained using the Data Acquisition System having 16 Channel. Experimental values of
strain for Tensile face, B, Front Face, A, and Compression Face, D, has been shown in
Figure 10.10,Figure 10.11, and Figure 10.12 respectively. In those figure E10, E20, E30,
E35, represents the eccentricity as 10mm, 20mm, 30mm, 35mm respectively.
Figure 10.9: Experimental Test Setup for Testing under Eccentric Loading
Figure 10.10: Axial Strain on Tensile Face , B, of Circular CFT
10.5.3.2 Experimental Displacement

Axial Displacement of specimen has been measured using LVDT. Experimental Axial
displacement has been shown in Figure 10.13. Three LVDTS has been placed along the
tensile face, B, of the Specimen. First LVDT has been attached at the distance of 100
Figure 10.11: Horizontal Strain on Front Face , A, of Circular CFT
Figure 10.12: Axial Strain on Compressive Face , D, of Circular CFT
mm from the top of specimen.Second LVDT has been placed at the center of specimen.
The third one was attached at the distance of 50 mm from the bottom of the specimen.
Displacement due to Central, Top, and Bottom LVDT has been shown in Figure 10.14,
Figure 10.15, and Figure 10.16 respectively. Because of Improper attachment of Top and
bottom LVDT on a specimen with the eccentricity of 35, the results has been discarded.
Figure 10.13: Axial Displacement of Circular CFT
Figure 10.14: Central Displacement on Face, B, of Circular CFT
10.5.4 Failure Mode of Circular CFT

Figure 10.17 shows the behaviour of Circular CFT subjected to eccentric loading. Failure
showed the uni-axial bending as the eccentricities was applied only in one direction. Face
B of the specimen is undergoing tension, while Face D of the specimen is undergoing
compression. It was also observed that Infilled concrete delays the local buckling of the
Figure 10.15: Top Displacement on Face, B, of Circular CFT
Figure 10.16: Bottom Displacement on Face, B, of Circular CFT
steel tube but it can completely prevent the local buckling of steel tube. Further the
tested specimen has been cut by using the welding machine, as shown in Figure 10.18.
After cutting the specimen it was observed that the tensile cracks were developed on
Tensile side of the specimen. Those cracks has been shown in Figure 10.19.
Figure 10.17: Behaviour of Circular CFT under Eccentric Loading
Figure 10.18: Cutting of Face B of Tested Specimen

Figure 10.19: Tensile Cracks on Infilled Concrete
10.5.5 Circular CFT subjected to Axial load

10.5.5.1 General
To start the interaction curve, It was necessary to test the specimen under pure axial
load. So one specimen was tested under purely axial load.
10.5.5.2 Test setup
Strain Gauges having length 5 mm and LVDTs having length 100 were attached to Spec-
imen. Figure 10.20 shows the location of the Strain guages and LVDT attached on spec-
imen. As Shown in Figure 10.21, Circular CFT was tested under axial load. four strain
gauge was attached on the specimen. On face A strain gauge was horizontally attached.
On face B strain gauge was vertically attached. On face C Strain gauge was vertically
attached. And on the face D stain gauge was horizontally attached.
10.5.5.3 Experimental result of Circular CFT subjected to Axial load
When Circular CFT was tested under axial load then ultimate load of resistance was
obtained as 748.75 kN. Experimental strain values on Face A, B, C, and D has been
shown in Figure 10.23 respectively.
Figure 10.20: Arrangement of Strain Gauges and LVDT on Circular CFT subjected to
Axial Load
Figure 10.21: Experimental Test Setup for Circular CFT under Axial load
10.5.5.4 Failure mode
Under the Purely axial load Medium Circular CFT showed the bulging. Local buckling
was also observed on the specimen, as shown in Figure 10.24. Moreover, Steel tube was
started to rupture from the bottom, as shown in Figure 10.25. It is expected that because
of hoop pressure such rupture of steel tube was observed.
Figure 10.22: Axial and Central Displacement of Circular CFT under Axial Load
Figure 10.23: Strains on Various Faces of Specimen under Axial Loading
10.5.6 Interaction Curve

To develop the interaction curve experimentally, ultimate values of load for individual
eccentricities has been obtained through experiments. And Those values and eccentricity
has been used to calculate Moment. Experimental interaction curve and its comparison
of analytical interaction curve has been shown in Figure 10.26
Figure 10.24: Failure mode of Circular CFT under Axial Load
Figure 10.25: Rupture of Steel Tube and Crushing of Concrete under Axial Load
10.5.7 Result and Discussion

Table 10.6 shows the comparison of analytical factored results with the experimental
results. Here Factored analytical results means partial factor of safety for concrete and
steel tube has been considered as 1.5 and 1.15 respectively. When Circular CFT is tested
for axial load then experimental results are 48 % higher than the factored analytical
Figure 10.26: Comparison of Analytical and Experimental Interaction Curve for Circular
CFT
results, while in the case of Eccentric loading experimental results were on average 34%
higher than analytical factored results. Moreover Table 10.7 compares the experimental
results with Unfactored Analytical results. In Unfactored analytical results Partial factor
of Safety for Concrete and Steel has been taken as 1. In case of Axial loading experimental
results are 20 % higher than the unfactored analytical results, While In case of eccentric
loading experimental results are on average 11 % higher than the unfactored analytical
results .Hence It can be concluded that Eurocode-4 Can be used to predict the strength
of the Circular CFT with good accuracy. Moreover, As it was expected, with the increase
in the eccentricity the ultimate axial load reduces. Also Buckling was the major failure
mode of the specimen as shown in Figure 10.27. Moreover Local buckling has also been
observed in some of the specimen. So It can also be concluded that local buckling of
steel tube can be delayed by using the infilled concrete but it can not be prevented. Also
Cutting of the specimen showed the perfect bond between steel tube and infilled concrete.
10.6 Experimental Behaviour of Square Concrete Filled

Tube under Eccentric Loading
10.6.1 Tensile Test on Coupon Specimen
As the Yield Strength of the Square Tube was unknown it was required to perform tensile
test on the coupons extracted from the steel tube. The coupons was extracted using the
Laser Jet Machine. The Dimensions of Tensile Test Coupons were decided according to
ASTM E8 and it is mentioned in Figure 10.28 . The Yield Load was obtained as 17.402
kN. After the Tensile Test, Cup and Cone Type of failure was observed, as shown in
Table 10.6: Comparison of Analytical Factored Results with Experimental Results for
Circular CFT
Experimental Results Analytical Results Comparison

Ultimate Ultimate Ultimate Ultimate
Axial Load, Moment, Axial Load, Moment, Pcal Mcal
e, mm
Pexp , (kN) Mexp (kN.m) Pcal , (kN) Mcal (kN.m)
0 748.75 0 503.18 0 1.488 -
10 458.2 4.58 364.93 3.655 1.255 1.253
20 434.65 8.69 298.23 6 1.457 1.45
30 323.75 9.71 247.067 7.45 1.31 1.30
35 310.3 10.86 226.11 7.94 1.37 1.367
Table 10.7: Comparison of Analytical Unfactored Results with Experimental Results for
Circular CFT
Experimental Results Analytical Results Comparison

e, mm
0 748.75 0 620.41 0 1.205 -
10 458.2 4.58 447.10 4.54 1.025 1.008
20 434.65 8.69 365.062 7.31 1.19 1.188
30 323.75 9.71 299.22 9.01 1.08 1.07
35 310.3 10.86 272.77 9.56 1.137 1.136
Figure 10.27: Failure mode of Circular CFT for various Eccentricity of Loading
Figure 10.29. The Stress strain curve for Tensile Coupon has been shown in Figure 10.30.
The results of the Tensile test has been shown in Table 10.8
Figure 10.28: Dimension of Tensile Test Coupon
Figure 10.29: Cup and Cone Failure of the Specimen
Table 10.8: Results of Tensile Test on Coupon
Ultimate Breaking Modulus

Cross-Section Yield Load, Yield Stress Ultimate Stress
Load Load of Elasticity
Area, (Sq.mm) (kN) (MPa) (MPa)
(kN) (kN) (GPa)
120 17.403 30.39 1 145.025 253.25 206
10.6.2 Material Properties for Square CFT

Properties of steel tube has been mentioned in Table 10.9. Mix design that has been used
for the M25 grade concrete is mentioned in Table 10.5. The average cube strength at the
28-Days was obtained as 42.2 MPa.
Table 10.9: Properties of Square CFT
Dimensions Thickness, Length, Yield Strength, Concrete Strength,

B x D, mm t, mm L, mm Fy , MPa Fck , MPa
89 x 89 4 400 145.025 42.2
10.6.3 Preparation of Test Setup

Square CFT has been tested for the varies eccentricities. The eccentricities was varied as
0 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm , 30 mm, 35 mm. Grooves with respect to the eccentricities has
been made on the steel plate and that steel plate has been welded at the top and bottom
Figure 10.30: Stress Strain Curve of Tensile Test
of specimens. Strain gauges of length 5 mm and LVDTs of length 100 mm were attached
on the Specimen. Figure 10.31 shows the locations of strain guages and LVDT attached
on the specimen. While Figure 10.32 Shows the experimental test setup for the Square
CFT under eccentric loading. Three Strain gauge was attached on the different face of
the specimen. On face A, Strain gauge was horizontally attached. On face B and D, It
was Vertically attached. All the strain Guage was attached at the centre of the Specimen.

10.6.4.1 Experimental Strain
Results of Strain was obtained using Data Acquisition System having 16 channel. Exper-
imental values of strain for Tensile face, B, Front Face, A, and Compression Face, D, has
been shown in Figure 10.33,Figure 10.34,and Figure 10.35 respectively. In those figure
E10, E20, E30, E35, represents the eccentricity as 10mm, 20mm, 30mm, 35mm respec-
tively. Erroneous strain results was obtained on tensile face B, and compressive face D,
for 30 mm and 20 mm eccentricity respectively. Hence those results were discarded in
plotting Figure 10.33, and Figure 10.35.
Figure 10.31: Arrangement of Strain Gauges and LVDT on Square CFT subjected to
Eccentric Loading
Figure 10.32: Experimental Test Setup for Square CFT subjected to Eccentric Loading
Figure 10.33: Axial Strain on Face , B, of Square CFT
Figure 10.34: Horizontal Strain on Face , A, of Square CFT
10.6.4.2 Experimental Displacement
Axial Displacement of specimen has been measured using LVDT. Experimental Axial
displacement has been shown in Figure 10.36. Three LVDTS has been placed along the
tensile face, B, of the Specimen. First LVDT has been attached at the distance of 100
mm from the top of specimen. Second LVDT has been placed at the center of specimen.
Figure 10.35: Axial Strain on Face , D, of Square CFT
The third one was attached at the distance of 50 mm from the bottom of the specimen.
Displacement due to Central, Top, and Bottom LVDT has been shown in Figure 10.37,
10.38, and 10.39 respectively.
Figure 10.36: Axial Displacement of Square CFT

Figure 10.37: Central Displacement on Face, B, of Square CFT
Figure 10.38: Top Displacement on Face, B, of Square CFT
10.6.5 Failure Mode of Square CFT

Figure 10.40 shows the behaviour of Square CFT subjected to eccentric loading. Failure
showed the uni-axial bending as the eccentricities was applied only in one direction. Face
B of the specimen is undergoing tension, while Face D of the specimen is undergoing
compression. It was also observed that Infilled concrete delays the local buckling of the
Figure 10.39: Bottom Displacement on Face, B, of Square CFT
steel tube but it can completely prevent the local buckling of steel tube. After the testing
one specimen which was tested for 35 mm eccentricity has been cut by using the welding
machine on Tensile Face, B, and Compressive face, D. After the cutting the specimen
tensile cracks on the concrete was observed on face B side, As shown in Figure 10.41. On
Face D side crushing of concrete was observed, as shown in Figure 10.42. Local buckling
was was observed on face D side. Initially it was assumed that at the region of local
buckling, concrete has been detached from the steel tube but after cutting the section it
was found that concrete was completely intact with the steel tube, as shown in Figure
10.43.
10.6.6 Square CFT subjected to Axial load

10.6.6.1 General
To start the interaction curve, It was necessary to test the specimen under pure axial
load. So one specimen was tested under purely axial load.
10.6.6.2 Test setup
Figure 10.44 shows the location of Strain Gauges and LVDTs. And As shown in Fig-
ure 10.45, Square CFT was tested under axial load. On face A two strain gauge was
horizontally attached at distance 30 mm from Top of specimen and at the center of the
specimen. On face B strain gauge was vertically attached. And on the face D stain gauge
was horizontally attached.
Figure 10.40: Behaviour of Square CFT under Eccentric Loading
Figure 10.41: Tensile Cracks on Infilled Concrete on Face B of Specimen
10.6.6.3 Experimental result of Square CFT subjected to Axial load
When Square CFT was tested under axial load then ultimate load of resistance was
obtained as 628.6 kN. Experimental strain values on Face A, B, and D has been shown
in Figure 10.48.
10.6.6.4 Failure mode
Under the Purely axial load Square CFT showed the bulging. Local buckling was also
observed on the specimen, as shown in Figure 10.49.
Figure 10.42: Crushing of Infilled Concrete on Face D of Specimen
Figure 10.43: Attachment of Concrete with the Steel Tube at the Local Buckling Region.
10.6.7 Interaction Curve

To develop the interaction curve experimentally, ultimate values of load for individual
eccentricities has been obtained through experiments. And Those values and eccentricity
has been used to calculate Moment. Experimental interaction curve and its comparison
Figure 10.44: Test Setup for Square CFT subjected to Axial Load
Figure 10.45: Experimental Test Setup for Square CFT under Axial Load
of analytical interaction curve has been shown in Figure 10.50 .
10.6.8 Result and Discussion

Table 10.10 shows the comparison of analytical factored results with the experimental
results. Here Factored analytical results means partial factor of safety for concrete and
Figure 10.46: Axial Displacement of Circular CFT under Axial Load
Figure 10.47: Displacement at Top, Center, and Bottom Height on Face B
steel tube has been considered as 1.5 and 1.15 respectively. When Square CFT is tested for
axial load then experimental results are 72 % higher than the factored analytical results.
When Square CFT is tested under Eccentric loading then on average experimental results
were 60% higher than analytical factored results. Moreover Table 10.11 compares the
experimental results with Unfactored Analytical results. In Unfactored analytical results
Partial factor of Safety for Concrete and Steel has been taken as 1. In case of Axial loading
Figure 10.48: Strain on Various Faces of specimen under Axial Load
Figure 10.49: Failure mode of Square CFT under Axial Load
experimental results are 33 % higher than the unfactored analytical results, While In case
of eccentric loading experimental results are on average 25 % higher than the unfactored
analytical results.Hence It can be concluded that Eurocode-4 can be used to predict the
strength of the Square CFT with good accuracy. Moreover, As it was expected, with the
increase in the eccentricity the ultimate axial load reduces except for 35 mm eccentricity
Figure 10.50: Comparison of Analytical and Experimental Interaction Curve for Square
CFT
where ultimate Axial load value increases than that of 30 mm eccentricity. Also Buckling
was the major failure mode of the specimen as shown in Figure 10.51. Moreover Local
buckling has also been observed in some of the specimen. So It can also be concluded
that local buckling of steel tube can be delayed by using the infilled concrete but it can
not be prevented. Also Cutting of the specimen showed the perfect bond between steel
tube and infilled concrete. Moreover Infilled Concrete has also took the shape of circular
ring, completely attached with steel tube on compression face D in local buckling region.
Table 10.10: Comparison of Analytical Factored Results with Experimental Results for
Square CFT
Experimental Results Analytical Results Comparision

e, mm
0 628.6 0 363.9 0 1.72 -
10 453.3 4.53 292.9 3.05 1.55 1.485
20 402.05 8.04 245.4 4.92 1.64 1.634
30 314.15 9.42 204.8 6.15 1.53 1.53
35 316.35 11.07 186.80 6.57 1.693 1.685
Table 10.11: Comparison of Analytical UnFactored Results with Experimental Results

for Square CFT
Experimental Results Analytical Results Comparision

e, mm
0 628.6 0 474.1 0 1.33 -
10 453.3 4.53 382.2 3.93 1.186 1.152
20 402.05 8.04 316.17 6.34 1.27 1.27
30 314.15 9.42 259.9 7.81 1.21 1.21
35 316.35 11.07 235.5 8.27 1.34 1.34
Figure 10.51: Failure mode of Square CFT for Various Eccentricity of Loading
10.7 Experimental Study on Effect of Slenderness on

Circular CFT
10.7.1 General
The objective was to understand the behaviour of Medium and Slender Circular CFT
subjected to axial load. Hence, Two medium Circular CFT and two Slender Circular
CFT was tested under Axial Load. Circular CFT was defined as medium column and
slender column based on the their strength reduction factor given in Clause 6.7.3.5 of
Eurocode-4. If Strength reduction is equal to one then it is considered as medium column
but if it is less than one then Column is considered as slender. Further, Test Setup and
failure mode of the medium and slender circular CFT has been discussed.
10.7.2 Experimental Investigation on Medium Circular CFT sub-

jected to Axial Loading
10.7.2.1 Properties of Medium Circular CFT
As mentioned earlier, Column is defined as medium if its strength reduction factor is close
to one. Here Length of Circular CFT has been decide on such a way that its strength
reduction factor comes close to one. Properties of Medium Circular CFT that has been
tested for axial load has been shown in Table 10.12. Mix design for the infilled concrete
has been given in Table 10.13.
Table 10.12: Properties of Medium Circular CFT
Diameter, Thickness, Length, Yield Strength, Concrete Strength Strength Reduction

D, (mm) t, (mm) L, (mm) Fy , (MPa) Fck , (MPa) Factor
89 4 450 310 31.56 0.999
Table 10.13: M25 Mix Proportion
Material Unit Content

Cement kg/m3 359
Water lit/m3 158
Coarse Aggregate
20 mm kg/m3 692
10 mm kg/m3 438
Sand kg/m3 833
Admixture % 0.9
W/C - 0.44
10.7.2.2 Test Setup for Axial Loading

Experimental test setup and arrangement for the attachment of Strain Gauges and LVDTs
are same as mentioned in Figure 10.20 except for the Strain gauge on face C. For this
testing it was not attached to the specimen. Hence strain gauges of length 5 mm were
attached only on face A, B, and D of the specimen. Moreover all the strain guages were
attached at the center of the specimen.
10.7.2.3 Experimental Results

Two specimen were tested under axial load. Experimental results includes the results
obtained from the attached strain guages and LVDTs. Experimental results for strain
and LVDTs has been obtained using the Data Acquisition system having 16 Channel.
Experimental Strain: Strain was measure on three face of the specimen. Results of
strain for both specimen has been shown in Figure 10.52 and Figure 10.53 respectively.
In Figure 10.52 Axial Strain results on face B and In figure 10.53 horizontal strain on face
A shows some erroneous results. Such thing might have happened because of improper
bonding between steel surface and Strain Gauge.
Figure 10.52: Load-Strain results for Specimen-1
Experimental Displacement: LVDT was used to measure the lateral as well as axial
displacement. LVDTs were attached at the Top, Center, and Bottom of the Specimen.
Result for all the LVDT for both the specimen has been shown in Figure 10.54 and Figure
10.55 respectively. In Figure 10.55 lateral displacement at bottom is not shown because
during the testing LVDT got detached from the specimen. Axial displacement of the both
specimen has been shown in Figure 10.56 and Figure 10.57 respectively.
Figure 10.54: Load-Displacement results for Specimen-1

Figure 10.56: Load-Axial Displacement results for Specimen-1
10.7.2.4 Failure Mode of Medium Circular CFT
When Circular Medium CFT was tested under the Axial load, It showed the interaction
for buckling and bulging in its failure mode. Initially Bulging at the bottom of he specimen
was started to appear and once load was started to reduce specimen started to buckle at
the budged region. Figure 10.58 shows the final failure mode of the specimen.
Figure 10.58: Failure Mode of Medium Circular CFT
10.7.3 Experimental Investigation on Slender Circular CFT sub-

jected to Axial Loading
10.7.3.1 Properties of Slender Circular CFT
As mentioned earlier, Column is defined as slender if its strength reduction factor is less
than one. Here Length of Circular CFT has been decide on such a way that its strength
reduction factor comes less than one. Properties of Slender Circular CFT that has been
tested for axial load has been shown in Table 10.14.
Table 10.14: Properties of Slender Circular CFT
Diameter, Thickness, Length, Yield Strength, Concrete Strength Strength Reduction

D, (mm) t, (mm) L, (mm) Fy, (MPa) Fck, (MPa) Factor
89 4 800 310 31.56 0.963
10.7.3.2 Test Setup for Axial Loading

Strain Gauges of 5 mm length and LVDTs of 100 mm length were attached at several
location on specimen. Arrangement for the attachment of Strain Gauges and LVDTs are
shown in Figure 10.59. Experimental setup to apply axial load on slender column has
been shown in Figure 10.60 Moreover all the strain guages were attached at the center
of the specimen. Also, Top, Central, and Bottom LVDT was attached at the distance of
180 mm, 380 mm, 670 mm, from top of the specimen respectively.
Figure 10.59: Location of Strain Guage and LVDT for Slender Circular CFT
10.7.3.3 Experimental Results

Two specimen were tested under axial load. Experimental results includes the results
obtained from the attached strain guages and LVDTs.
Experimental Strain: Strain was measure on three face of the specimen. Results
of strain was extracted using the Data Acquisition system having 16 channel. Results of
strain for both specimen has been shown in Figure 10.61 and Figure 10.62 respectively.
In Figure 10.62 results for Axial strain on face B has not been plotted because it got
detached from specimen during the lifting the preparation of test setup.
Experimental Displacement: LVDT was used to measure the lateral as well as axial
displacement. LVDTs were attached at the TOP, Center, and Bottom of the Specimen.
Result for all the LVDT for both the specimen has been shown in Figure 10.63 and Figure
10.64 respectively. Axial displacement of the both specimen has been shown in Figure
10.65 and Figure 10.66 respectively.
Figure 10.60: Experimental Setup for Slender Circular CFT
10.7.3.4 Failure Mode of Medium Circular CFT

When Circular Slender CFT was tested under the Axial load, It showed the buckling type
of failure. Figure 10.67 shows the final failure mode of the specimen.

Table 10.15 shows the comparison of ultimate experimental axial load with the analytical
axial load. It can be seen that for length 400 mm, as well as 800 mm, both specimen-
1 and Specimen-2 shows marginally high difference in their Experimental Load value.
Specimen-1 which has 800 mm length shows more strength compare to Specimen-1 of
400 mm length, which seems quite inappropriate. While Specimen-2 having length of 800
mm shows less experimental axial load value than Specimen-2 of 400 mm Length, Which
seem quite appropriate. Hence Considering the results of only specimen-2 in medium as
well as slender column, It can be concluded that experimental strength reduction factor
for slender column having length 800 mm is around 0.977. While Analytical Strength
reduction factor is 0.96 which is quite close to experimental results. Moreover, Considering
the results of specimen-2 it can be said that experimental result for medium column is
around 29 % higher than analytical value. While For Slender column Experimental results
are around 50 % higher that analytical results.

10.8 Summary
In this chapter, Experimental Investigation on Circular and square CFT subjected to
eccentric loading has been shown. Medium Circular and Square CFT was tested for ec-
centricity of 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm in Universal Testing Machine. Experimental
results then further compared with analytical results. Also, It has been seen that exper-
imental results were on average around 11 % more than the analytical results in case of
Circular CFT. While for Square CFT experimental results were only 25 % higher than the
analytical results. Further Experimental investigation on effect of slenderness on Circular
CFT has been shown. Here also, experimental results were compared against the analyt-
Figure 10.67: Failure Mode of Slender Circular CFT
Table 10.15: Comparison of Analytical and Experimental results for Circular CFT under
Axial Loading
Length Ultimate Axial Load, Calculated Axial Load Comparision,

Specimen
L, (mm) Pexp, (kN) Pcal, (kN) Pexp/Pcal
1 628.6 1.091
450 575.7
2 742.75 1.29
1 660.45 1.37
800 482.13
2 726.45 1.506
ical results. From the experiment it was found that experimental results were around 29
% higher than analytical results.
Figure 10.68: Failure Mode of Both Medium and Slender Circular CFT
Chapter 11
Summary, Conclusions and Future

Scope of the Work
11.1 Summary
In the Present Study, design of Rectangular and Circular Concrete Filled Tube, Rectangu-
lar and Circular Concrete Encased Steel Section and Rectangular and Circular Concrete
Encased and Filled Steel Tube is attempted. Both, Simplified method as per EN 1994-1-
1:2004 as well as plastic design method are used. A Computer Programming to develop
P-M Interaction Curve has developed in Visual Basics (VB) for each column, as mention
earlier, for the Steel Sections used in Indian Construction field. A design report that
includes P-M Interaction Charts along with check for Inequality Ratio can be generated
from the developed Computer Program.
Further, an Experimental work has been conducted, wherein Circular and Square Con-
crete Filled Tube are tested under Eccentric Loading. Specimens 10 in numbers equally
distributed both Circular Concrete Filled Steel Tube and Square Concrete Filled Steel
Tube, One considered for loading eccentricity of 0 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm and 35
mm. Specimens are tested using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) of Capacity 1000 kN.
Strain Gauges of 5 mm length are attached on the Tensile Face, Compression Face, and
Front Face of the Specimen. Strain Produced in the Specimen is measured using the Data
Acquisition System of 16 Channel. Failure mode of the Specimens are studied which are
found to be buckling. Further, experimental results are compared with analytical solution
obtained using Computer Program through Visual Basic for Composite Column.
Additionally, an experimental influence of Slenderness on behavior of the Circular CFT

has been Carried out. Here, two medium Circular CFT specimens and two Slender CFT
specimens are tested under pure Axial Loading. Length of the CFT test Specimens are
decided in such a way that for medium column Strength Reduction Factor becomes nearly
equal to one, while for Slender Column factor becomes less than one. In the present exper-
iment, Length of medium and Slender CFT is taken as 450 mm and 800 mm, respectively.
Strain gauge of 5 mm length are attached on all the Faces of the Specimens. Strain is
measured using 16 Channel Data Acquisition System. Experimental results are compared
with the Analytical results obtained through Computer Program derived from first prin-
ciple.
259
CHAPTER 11. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE OF THE
WORK 260
11.2 Conclusions
Based on analytical and Experimental Studies as well as parametric studies carried out on
various types of Composite Columns, Following important Conclusions are derived and
summarized in chronological order of study undertaken.
11.2.1 Computer Program for Design of Compsoite Column

• While Simplified method provides only four points to derive Interaction Curve to de-
sign Composite Column, Computer Program developed to derive Interaction Curve
using 500 points. Hence, Later Yields higher design accuracy as compared to former.
11.2.2 CFT Testing Under Eccentric Loading

• Experimental Study Conducted on Circular and Square CFT reveals that Experi-
mental axial Strength of CFT’s are higher than analytical axial Strength for both
the case of with partial safety factor and without partial safety factor. This is at-
tribute to better confinement of concrete with CFT as well as higher Strength of
Steel Section.
• Measurement of Axial and Central displacement proves that Circular CFT under
axial loading undergoes buckling.
• Axial Strains measured for Circular CFT on two faces shows almost identical oppo-
site results which establishes compression in the section. Similarly, Horizontal Strain
measured on two faces shows identical results establishes homogeneity of section.
• Experimental Study carried out on Circular and Square CFT under eccentric loading
yields high Axial Strength and moment Capacity as compared to analytical axial
strength and moment capacity both with partial safety factor and without partial
safety factor consideration. This is attribute to confinement of concrete with Steel
Tube.
• Axial and transverse strain results of both Circular and Square CFT under Eccen-
tric Loading shows uniform Compression and Tensile Strain on set of bending and
reduction in Loading Capacity with increment in Load Eccentricity.
• Central Displacement measured for both Circular and Square CFT under Eccentric
Loading also proves the fact that bending of the Column is followed by initial axial
Shortening as well as reduced capacity of the Column with increment of Eccentric
Loading.
• It has been observed that Circular CFT undergoes more uniform bending failure as
compared to Square CFT, wherein Former buckles at center while later buckles at
corner bottom end.
261 WORK
• It is also observed from the experimental studies on CFT Specimen that Local
Buckling of the Steel Tube can be delayed by infilled concrete but it cannot be
prevented.
• Dissection of CFT Specimen shows that Concrete do not loose contact with the
tube even at the stage of local buckling which is generally assumed in theoretical
studies.
11.2.3 Effect of Slenderness on Circular CFT

• Strength Reduction Factor defined theoretical by EN 1994-1-1:2004 for medium
and slender CFT columns are verified experimentally through medium and slender
columns.
• Experimental Investigation on medium Circular CFT shows co-existence of Bulging

and Buckling in its failure mode, While Slender Column shows pure buckling on
failure mode.
11.3 Future Scope of the Work

Following are the future scope of the work.
1. Experimental Investigation to study influence of slenderness on the behavior of

Square CFT subjected to Axial Loading
2. Experimental Investigation to study effect of Diameter to Thickness Ratio and

Length to Diameter Ratio on Behavior of Circular and Square CFT.
3. Experimental Investigation on behavior of Slender Circular and Square CFT under

eccentric loading.
WORK 262
Bibliography
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[3] “Design Guideline for Composite Beam”-The Institute for Steel Development and
Growth(INSDAG).
[4] BS EN 1994-1-1 :2004 “ Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structure : General
Rules and Regulation for Buildings”
[5] Davison B. and Owens G.W. “Steel Designer’s manual ” Wiley Blackwell Publica-
tions, USA.
[6] IS 800-2007 “ General Construction in Steel- Code of Practice”
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Filled Tube (CFT) Composite Columns”, Journal of Advance Research in Science
and Engineering, Volume 5, Issue No. 4, 2016.
[8] Leon R.T. “ Design of Composite Columns : The American Approach” Arabian
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Encased with Thin Precast Concrete”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,
141(12), 2015.
[10] Chen C., Wang C., and Sun H., “Experimental Study on Seismic Behavior of
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[11] Verma A., Ricles J., Sause R., and Lu L., “Experimental Behavior of High Strength
Square Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Beam-Columns”, Journal of Structural Engineer-
ing, ASCE,128(3), 309-318, 2002.
[12] Ekmekyapar T., and Baraa J.M., “Experimental Behavior of Circular Concrete Filled
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ELSEVIER, 105, 220-230, 2016.
263
BIBLIOGRAPHY 264
[13] Zhao G., ZHANG M., and Yong-he L., “Behavior of Slender Steel Concrete Com-
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Appendix A
Experimental Testing Results of

Concrete Filled Tube under Axial
and Eccentric Loading
A.1 General
Appendix A includes the details of experimental results related to different types of com-
posite column under Axial and Eccentric Loading.
Table A.1: Hollow Circular Steel Tube Subjected to Axial Loading
Pu Axial Displacement
(kN) (mm)
0 0
50 0.57
100 0.92
150 1.11
200 1.48
250 1.96
300 3.6
325 6
330 7.7
331.3 8.8
265
APPENDIX A. EXPERIMENTAL TESTING RESULTS OF CONCRETE FILLED
TUBE UNDER AXIAL AND ECCENTRIC LOADING 266
Table A.2: Circular CFT subjected to Axial loading
Circular CFT subjeceted to Axial Load, (L=400 mm)

Axial
Pu Strain on Strain on Strain on Strain on
Displacement
(kN) Face B Face A Face D Face C
(mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0
40 5.52 0.000088 -0.000054 -0.000032 -0.000084
80 6.14 0.000112 -0.000063 -0.000061 -0.000001
120 6.6 0.000154 -0.000077 -0.00008 0.000054
160 6.76 0.000228 -0.000125 -0.000125 0.000177
200 7.2 0.000368 -0.00017 -0.000164 0.000393
240 7.49 0.000421 -0.00021 -0.000211 0.000572
280 7.64 0.00047 -0.00025 -0.000258 0.000777
320 8.04 0.000536 -0.000296 -0.000308 0.000902
360 8.04 0.000631 -0.000336 -0.000354 0.001246
400 8.4 0.000739 -0.000369 -0.000402 0.001245
440 8.8 0.000851 -0.000422 -0.000452 0.001479
480 9.44 0.001004 -0.000475 -0.000524 0.001783
520 9.8 0.001249 -0.000726 -0.000531 0.001714
560 10.48 0.001575 -0.000921 -0.000685 0.00175
600 11.48 0.002636 -0.001977 -0.001777 0.002608
640 12.96 0.006406 -0.003765 -0.006155 0.0037
680 14.64 0.007707 -0.0044 -0.00887 0.011091
720 17.04 0.010664 -0.005589 -0.013688 0.020038
730 18.2 0.011627 -0.006085 -0.013688 0.02018
740 19.12 0.012644 -0.006518 -0.013688 0.02018
748.75 22.16 0.014176 -0.007224 -0.013688 0.02018
740 23.4 0.014792 -0.007565 -0.013688 0.02018
720 29.16 0.016967 -0.008959 -0.013688 0.02018
700 31.64 0.017746 -0.00945 -0.013688 0.02018
680 32.08 0.017981 -0.009537 -0.013688 0.02018
660 32.48 0.017899 -0.009487 -0.013688 0.02018
640 34.24 0.018253 -0.009558 -0.013688 0.02018
620 35.2 0.018338 -0.009605 -0.013688 0.02018
600 36.56 0.018385 -0.009688 -0.013688 0.02018
580 37.8 0.018405 -0.009704 -0.013688 0.02018
560 38.96 0.018338 -0.009696 -0.013688 0.02018
550 39.36 0.018369 -0.009686 -0.013688 0.02018
267 TUBE UNDER AXIAL AND ECCENTRIC LOADING
Table A.3: Circular CFT with Eccentric Loading of 10 mm Eccentricity
Circular CFT having 10 mm eccentricity

Top Bottom Central Axial
Pu Displace- Displace- Strain on Strain on Strain on Displace- Displace-
(kN) ment ment Face B Face D Face A ment ment
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0.1 0.1 -216 -1 -18 0 0.48
40 0.1 0.1 -167 152 -38 0 0.84
60 0.1 0.1 -123 260 -45 0 1.07
80 0.1 0.1 -91 394 -57 0 1.22
100 0.1 0.2 132 517 -70 0 1.37
120 0.1 0.2 148 619 -89 0 1.5
140 0.1 0.1 142 698 -112 0 1.69
160 0.1 0 2 721 -139 0 1.86
180 0.1 0 41 809 -155 0 2.06
200 0.1 0 58 888 -171 0 2.14
220 0.1 0 83 1018 -186 0 2.6
240 0.1 0 96 1103 -207 0 2.9
260 0.1 0.1 104 1233 -234 0 3.12
280 0.1 0 139 1393 -273 0 3.54
300 0.1 0.1 192 2180 -300 0 3.89
320 0.1 0.1 179 3646 -337 0 4.27
340 0.1 0.4 62 5641 -385 0.05 4.67
360 0.1 0.6 -154 7458 -437 0.38 5.19
380 0.1 0.8 -396 8914 -529 0.73 5.76
400 0.1 1.1 -538 11248 -657 1.4 6.54
420 0.1 1.4 -811 12978 -751 2.2 7.52
440 1.2 2.2 -1797 16535 -2354 4.19 9.39
458.2 4.3 3.8 -4642 22533 -6061 8.77 13.52
440 5.5 4.4 -5719 22533 -7166 10.61 14.09
420 8.8 5.3 -15584 22533 -11905 16.32 17.26
400 10.6 6 -21909 22533 -14390 19.22 18.71
380 12.8 6.4 -26371 22533 -16668 22.03 20.28
360 14.7 6.9 -26371 22533 -18983 25.15 21.93
340 16.9 7.5 -26371 22533 -21094 28.21 24.08
320 18.7 7.5 -26371 22533 -22654 32.43 26.12
300 19.4 8.1 -26371 22533 -22850 36.07 28.52
280 19.4 8.1 -26371 22533 -22850 40.11 31.17
261 19.4 8.1 -26371 22533 -22850 45.62 34.77

(kN) ment ment Face B Face A Face D ment ment
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0 0 -309 -7 84 -0.05 2.14
40 0 0 -511 -17 224 -0.1 1.74
60 0 0 -363 -32 353 -0.1 2.02
80 0 0 -442 -42 494 -0.17 2.24
100 0 0 -215 -52 625 -0.22 2.44
120 0 0 -310 -65 753 -0.32 2.65
140 0 0 -288 -80 886 -0.32 2.88
160 0 0 691 -97 1018 -0.32 3.09
180 0 0 496 -121 1155 -0.32 3.32
200 0 0 598 -138 1276 -0.32 3.58
220 0 0 448 -157 1398 -0.32 3.85
240 0 0 1672 -183 1536 -0.32 4.12
260 0 0 1840 -207 1661 -0.32 4.32
280 0 0 1804 -230 1856 -0.32 4.57
300 0 0 2300 -255 2091 -0.32 4.89
320 0 0 1700 -278 2282 -0.32 5.25
340 0 0 1491 -303 2628 -0.1 5.72
360 0 0 1519 -325 3112 0.15 6.32
380 0 0 830 -1014 6720 0.78 7.16
400 0.6 0 318 -3876 12745 1.7 8.3
420 1.6 0.1 -821 -5650 16677 3.45 10.15
434.65 3.4 0.6 -2941 -8754 19384 10.88 15.33
430 5.2 1.6 -7657 -12007 19384 15.18 18.64
410 7.6 2.4 -15107 -16127 19384 19.89 22
390 9.8 3.2 -22317 -19748 19384 23.1 24.64
370 10.9 3.2 -22866 -24048 19384 25.95 27.4
350 12.1 3.3 -22866 -25499 19384 28.05 30.54
330 13 3.3 -22866 -25499 19384 30.3 33.93
310 13 3.3 -22866 -25499 19384 32.29 37.79
300 13 3.3 -22866 -25499 19384 33.85 39.88
290 13 3.3 -22866 -25499 19384 35.49 42
280 13 3.3 -22866 -25499 19384 36.61 44.09

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0 0 -211 -1 69 -0.02 1.45
40 0 0 -110 -31 191 -0.04 1.74
60 0 0 -4 -93 325 -0.05 1.99
80 0 0 -55 -97 445 -0.06 2.25
100 0 0 -93 -128 566 -0.07 2.44
120 0 0 -92 -118 677 -0.07 2.72
140 0 0 -170 -144 796 -0.08 2.94
160 -0.1 -0.1 -98 -157 909 -0.08 3.14
180 -0.1 -0.1 -197 -160 1018 -0.08 3.4
200 -0.1 -0.1 -280 -181 1130 -0.09 3.66
220 -0.1 -0.1 -337 -211 1279 -0.09 3.94
240 -0.2 -0.1 -337 -220 1558 -0.09 4.34
260 -0.3 -0.2 -637 -248 1898 -0.09 4.73
280 0 0.1 -990 -291 2055 0.1 5.38
300 0 0.1 -1210 -395 2656 0.68 6.32
310 0 0.1 -1840 -555 4216 1.31 7.1
320 0 0.1 -3606 -756 6623 2.56 8.43
323.75 0.4 0.1 -7024 -853 10559 4.17 9.69
320 0.4 0.8 -10011 -1092 13312 6.46 11.78
300 0.7 1 -26318 -2177 18780 10.35 16.31
280 0.9 1.6 -26318 -2475 18780 14.26 19.83
260 1.1 3 -26318 -2465 18780 16.54 23.44
240 1.1 5.2 -26318 -2239 18780 19.42 27.01
220 1.1 8.8 -26318 -1490 18780 19.44 31.13
200 1.1 8.8 -26318 3 18780 22.36 36.53
190 1.1 8.8 -26318 218 18780 23.34 37.4
160 1.1 8.8 -26318 698 18780 23.98 37.81
150 1.1 8.8 -26318 879 18780 24.47 38.22
140 1.1 8.8 -26318 988 18780 24.91 38.4
130 1.1 8.8 -26318 1125 18780 25.26 38.72
120 1.1 8.8 -26318 1279 18780 26.07 39.11
110 1.1 8.8 -26318 1402 18780 26.86 39.7

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 -0.3 0 11 -125 -455 -0.13 1.46
40 -0.3 0 -42 -163 -1101 -0.24 2.19
60 -0.3 0 -90 -201 -1774 -0.25 2.7
80 -0.3 0 -129 -161 -629 -0.26 3.07
100 -0.3 0 -180 -179 -3841 -0.24 3.46
120 -0.3 0 -244 50 -3794 -0.25 3.72
140 -0.3 0 -303 -97 -351 -0.27 3.88
160 -0.3 0 -376 87 -9809 -0.28 4.03
180 -0.3 0 -447 62 -7497 -0.28 4.19
200 -0.3 0 -542 26 -4914 -0.29 4.38
220 -0.3 0 -668 -18 -12958 -0.13 4.68
240 -0.3 0 -874 -76 -6957 0.12 5.05
260 -0.3 0 -1235 -77 -10050 0.51 5.62
280 -0.3 0 -1789 -746 -10169 1.27 6.49
300 -0.3 0 -5149 -3101 17518 3 8.02
310 -0.3 0.5 -9660 -5052 22408 4.89 9.63
310 -0.8 0.5 -14211 -6843 22408 8.27 12.47
300 -2.2 0.1 -25268 -8817 22408 12.92 16.26
290 -2.7 0.1 18700 -10247 22408 18.56 19.74
280 -3.3 0.1 18700 -11411 22408 21.8 21.85
270 -4.3 0.1 18700 -12449 22408 24.97 24.76
260 -5.3 0.1 18700 -13306 22408 28.46 27.42
250 -5.2 0.1 18700 -14222 22408 31.94 30.18
240 -5.2 0 18700 -14739 22408 34.91 32.7
230 -5.2 0.1 18700 -15120 22408 37.89 35.15
220 -5.2 0 18700 -15266 22408 40.63 37.69
210 -5.2 0 -26798 -15258 22408 43.93 40.73
200 -5.3 0 -26798 -15100 22408 47.69 43.88
190 -5.2 0 18700 17855 22408 51.98 47.3
180 -5.2 0 18700 17855 22408 56.45 51.09
170 -5.2 0 18700 17855 22408 58.48 51.45
Table A.7: Square CFT Subjected to Axial Loading
Square CFT of Length 400 mm Subjected to Axial Load

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 0 0 -0.000112 -0.000045 -0.000286 0 1.82
80 0 0 -0.000238 -0.000078 0.000241 0 2.15
120 0 0 -0.000154 -0.000115 0.000228 0 2.56
160 0 0 0.000073 -0.000162 0.000177 0 2.84
200 0 0 0.000166 -0.000239 0.000105 0 3.12
240 0 0.04 0.000338 -0.000308 0.000048 0 3.39
280 0 0.04 0.000423 -0.000358 -0.000029 0.05 3.68
320 0 0.04 0.000505 -0.000406 0.000031 0.11 3.94
360 0 0.04 0.000585 -0.000444 -0.000016 0.17 4.21
400 0 0.04 0.00069 -0.000479 -0.000037 0.23 4.48
440 0 0.04 0.00089 -0.00052 -0.000067 0.28 4.8
480 0 0.04 0.001103 -0.000577 -0.000133 0.3 5.16
520 0 0.04 0.00137 -0.000673 -0.000207 0.31 5.72
560 0.04 0.04 0.001812 -0.000839 -0.000502 0.27 6.41
600 0.04 0.04 0.002435 -0.001097 -0.000896 0.13 7.54
620 0.04 0.12 0.002825 -0.001218 -0.001448 0.01 8.82
628.6 0.04 1.12 0.003556 -0.001278 -0.002645 0 9.86
600 0.04 2.8 0.0052 -0.001293 -0.004254 -0.02 11.75
580 0.04 8.16 0.011487 -0.00372 -0.017564 1.73 38.98
600 0.04 8.36 0.011487 -0.004151 -0.018617 2.43 41.56
610 0.04 8.36 0.011487 -0.004416 -0.019291 3.06 42.85
620 0.04 8.36 0.011487 -0.004633 -0.019877 3.6 44.04
600 0.04 8.36 0.011487 -0.005216 -0.021657 4.62 46.69
580 0.04 8.36 0.011487 -0.005196 -0.021882 4.65 47.37
560 0.56 8.36 0.011487 -0.005137 -0.022033 4.67 48.81
540 0.6 8.36 0.011487 -0.00516 -0.022051 4.71 49.27
520 1.32 8.36 0.011487 -0.005082 -0.022051 5.01 49.86
500 1.92 8.36 0.011487 -0.005031 -0.022051 5.7 52.18
480 3.96 8.36 0.011487 -0.005034 -0.022051 5.9 54.09
Table A.8: Square CFT with Eccentric Loading of 10 mm Eccentricity
Square CFT of having 10 mm Eccentricity

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 0 0 37 -43 118 0 2.68
80 0 0.2 126 -90 283 0 2.84
120 0 0.3 230 -133 469 0 3.2
160 0 0.3 325 -171 663 0 3.56
200 0 0.3 406 -204 856 0 3.93
240 0 0.3 459 -232 1048 0 4.36
280 0 0.3 495 -271 1278 0 4.88
300 0 0.3 509 -288 1404 0 5.17
320 0 0.3 519 -310 1541 0 5.5
340 0 0.3 530 -344 1730 0 5.83
360 0 0.3 532 -377 1908 0 6.19
380 0 0.3 522 -427 2141 0 6.87
400 0 0.4 500 -485 2426 0 7.24
410 0 0.4 476 -529 2655 0 7.59
420 0 0.4 445 -576 2903 0.09 8.04
430 0 0.5 408 -625 3168 0.14 8.49
440 0 0.6 345 -705 3577 0.33 9.09
450 0 1 249 -846 4227 0.6 10.13
440 0 2.2 60 -1097 5289 1.4 12.78
430 0.4 4 -12 -1095 5523 2.17 14.45
420 2.7 13 -669 -1402 8251 8.22 23.18
410 3.1 14.7 -811 -1508 8666 8.77 24.45
400 3.4 15.6 -914 -1552 9012 9.89 25.5
390 3.9 17.2 -1008 -1580 9318 10.51 26.47
380 4.2 18.1 -1090 -1591 9474 11.1 27.27
370 5.5 21.4 -1181 -1608 9548 13.09 28.05
360 5.6 22.4 -1278 -1628 9578 13.94 29.08
350 6.2 24.2 -1451 -1665 9614 15.54 30.45
340 7.4 27.3 -1782 -1759 9899 17.85 33.19

Pu Displace- Displace- Strain on Strain on Displace- Displace-
(kN) ment ment Face B Face A ment ment
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 0 0 67 1 0 0.98
80 0 0 157 -31 0 1.27
120 0 0 261 -44 0 1.51
160 0 0 338 -94 0 1.86
200 0 0 418 -135 0 2.3
220 0 0 478 -159 0 2.59
240 0 0 505 -176 0 2.87
260 0 0 469 -207 0 3.13
280 0 0 437 -237 0 3.49
300 0 0 396 -263 0 3.85
320 0 0 327 -313 0.18 4.28
340 0 0 241 -373 0.3 4.73
360 0 0.1 121 -514 0.64 5.37
380 -0.1 0.2 -73 -856 1.12 6.29
400 0 1.1 -556 -1886 2.21 8.24
402.05 0.4 2 -771 -2259 3.75 10.14
390 0.5 2.8 -890 -2410 4.32 10.94
380 1.1 4.4 -1137 -2625 5.25 11.91
370 1.4 5.1 -1226 -2692 5.25 12.01
360 2.3 7.5 -1547 -3119 7.21 14.03
350 2.7 8.6 -1745 -3505 8.28 15.07
340 3.1 9.8 -1981 -4033 10.06 16.04
330 3.7 11 -2174 -4521 10.79 16.86
320 4.3 12.1 -2373 -5004 11.93 17.82
310 4.9 13.3 -2546 -5399 12.88 18.8
300 5.5 14.6 -2718 -5672 14.18 19.97
290 6.2 16 -2919 -5916 15.66 21.24
280 7 17.7 -3117 -6232 17.34 22.65
270 7.9 19.5 -3348 -6474 19.29 24.41

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0 0 62 -103 205 0 0.11
40 0 0 60 -148 349 0 0.23
60 0 0 200 -182 469 0 0.43
80 0 0 37 -218 636 0 0.57
100 0 0 260 -250 766 0.01 0.77
120 0 0 534 -292 923 0.01 0.95
140 0 0 391 -230 1130 0.02 1.12
160 0 0 399 -273 1312 0.01 1.35
180 0 0 685 -318 1580 0.02 1.59
200 0 0 388 -385 1886 0 1.91
210 0 0 396 -424 2236 0 2.05
220 0 0 411 -470 2387 0 2.21
230 0 0 358 -529 2695 -0.01 2.39
240 0 0 250 -559 3159 0 2.61
250 0 0 317 -680 3753 0.09 2.9
260 0 0 279 -832 4384 0.25 3.09
270 0 0 361 -1064 5287 0.48 3.4
280 0.12 0.16 247 -1379 6418 0.79 3.78
290 0.36 0.44 401 -1791 7851 1.16 4.2
300 0.56 0.68 452 -2293 9290 1.68 4.74
310 1.12 1.12 401 -3419 11837 2.56 5.7
314.15 2.32 2.16 89 -6384 16502 3.61 7.2
310 2.48 2.36 156 -6775 16951 5.69 8.35
300 3.12 3 -41 -8734 18095 6.58 9.06
290 3.48 3.28 -46 -10238 18116 7.77 9.8
280 4.04 3.88 -46 -12194 18005 8.88 10.54
270 4.56 4.52 -46 -13448 17926 10.19 11.42
260 5.32 4.96 -46 -14949 17844 11.46 12.44
250 5.76 5.6 14520 -15905 17796 12.4 13

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0 0 -53 643 142 0 1.45
40 0 0 -72 740 306 0 2.04
60 0 0 -109 799 473 0 2.46
80 0 0 -144 809 645 0 2.74
100 0 0 -177 822 813 0 3.01
120 0 0 -210 805 980 0 3.3
140 0 0.04 -251 786 1154 0 3.6
160 0 0.04 -298 774 1341 0.08 3.82
180 0 0.04 -352 761 1536 0.24 4.12
200 0 0.04 -421 738 1794 0.44 4.44
210 0 0.04 -459 721 1940 0.53 4.62
220 0 0.04 -513 708 2140 0.67 4.81
230 0 0.04 -568 705 2353 0.8 5.02
240 0 0.04 -628 701 2580 0.95 5.24
250 0 0.04 -703 694 2891 1.12 5.54
260 0 0.04 -791 655 3241 1.31 5.83
270 0.08 0.04 -894 585 3689 1.54 6.13
280 0.32 0.28 -1017 486 4213 1.86 6.57
290 0.48 0.44 -1158 328 4815 2.11 7.06
300 0.8 0.68 -1336 105 5638 2.43 7.65
310 1.48 1.08 -1730 -609 7594 3.39 8.66
316.35 3.4 1.76 -3260 -2708 12627 5.54 11.43
310 4.84 2.4 -4798 -4083 16589 7.56 12.93
300 6.48 2.6 -6312 -5321 19541 8.78 14.69
290 8.6 3.12 -7520 -6072 19541 10.44 16.89
280 9.36 3.24 -7873 -6243 19541 10.8 17.59
270 11.36 3.8 -8771 -6535 19541 12.32 20.47
260 13.44 3.88 -9136 -6623 19541 13.56 22.68
250 15.64 4.36 -9333 -6649 19541 14.99 25.22
Table A.12: Medium Circular CFT Subjected to Axial Loading (Specimen-1)
Circular CFT of 450 mm Length Subjected to Axial Load (Specimen-1)

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 0 0 -0.00185 -0.00012 -7.1E-05 0 0
80 0 0 0.002835 -0.00026 -0.00013 0 0.48
120 0 0 0.005173 -0.00051 -0.00019 0 1.08
160 0 0 0.006406 -0.00057 -0.00025 0 1.8
200 0 0 0.007146 -0.00068 -0.00031 0 2.16
240 0 0 -0.00185 -0.00072 -0.00043 0 2.68
280 0 0 0.004035 -0.00098 -0.00073 0 3.16
320 0 0 0.005171 -0.00097 -0.00097 0 3.4
360 0.04 0 0.00366 -0.00144 -0.00119 0 3.76
400 0.02 0 0.003727 -0.0015 -0.00157 0 4.08
440 0.02 0 0.000746 -0.0016 -0.00173 0 4.32
460 0.02 0 0.004937 -0.00163 -0.00181 0 4.52
480 0.02 0 0.008372 -0.00147 -0.00187 0 4.8
500 0.02 0 -0.0007 -0.00166 -0.00195 0 5.04
520 0.02 0 -0.00185 -0.00187 -0.00215 0 5.2
540 0.02 0 0.007168 -0.0017 -0.00243 0 5.48
560 0.02 0 -0.00185 -0.00205 -0.00276 0 5.68
580 0.02 0 0.008155 -0.00194 -0.0034 0 6.28
600 0.02 0 -0.00061 -0.00206 -0.00439 0 6.48
620 0.03 0 0.006869 -0.00232 -0.00567 0 7
640 0.03 0 0.006878 -0.00266 -0.00714 0 7.84
658.47 0.36 0.64 0.010272 -0.00355 -0.00844 0.95 9.96
640 0.54 1.04 0.011783 -0.00448 -0.01077 1.42 12.4
645 1.11 2.2 0.013586 -0.0066 -0.01599 3.31 18.2
640 1.57 3.28 0.013699 -0.00682 -0.01725 4.75 21
630 1.74 4.92 0.013784 -0.00769 -0.01775 5.54 23.68
610 1.86 5.88 0.013967 -0.00738 -0.01786 5.55 25.36
615 2.52 8.64 0.014562 -0.00797 -0.01868 7.26 29.52
620 2.81 10 0.014146 0.027613 -0.02179 8.79 33.76
Table A.13: Medium Circular CFT Subjected to Axial Loading (Specimen-2)

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 0.77 0 0.000852 0.000172 -8.7E-05 0.52 3.4
80 1.18 0 0.001008 -3.4E-05 -0.00015 0.72 4.04
120 1.35 0 0.001208 0.000663 -0.0002 0.77 4.52
160 1.43 0 0.001446 0.000146 -0.00025 0.79 5
200 1.47 0 0.000979 0.000598 -0.0003 0.82 5.16
240 1.47 0 0.001498 0.000746 -0.00034 0.87 5.52
280 1.47 0 0.001252 0.000815 -0.00038 0.91 5.64
320 1.47 0 0.001852 0.000196 -0.00043 0.97 5.84
360 1.47 0 0.001565 -5.7E-05 -0.00044 0.96 6.08
400 1.47 0 0.002202 -0.00036 -0.00048 1.06 6.32
440 1.47 0 0.002453 0.000485 -0.00051 1.07 6.48
480 1.47 0 0.002698 0.000165 -0.00059 1.15 6.68
520 1.47 0 0.003265 0.000563 -0.00073 1.2 7
560 1.47 0 0.003523 0.000416 -0.00095 1.19 7.36
600 1.51 0 0.00469 0.000118 -0.00164 1.19 7.88
640 1.54 0 0.007116 -2.9E-05 -0.00309 1.19 8.84
680 1.64 0 0.009596 -0.00008 -0.0047 1.22 9.88
720 1.78 0 0.014913 -0.0008 -0.00956 1.34 11.88
742.75 6.3 0 0.02367 -0.00237 -0.01998 2.11 15.84
740 2.14 0 0.025764 -0.00228 -0.02239 2.25 16.56
720 2.17 0 0.034135 -0.00188 -0.02305 3.89 20.08
700 2 0 0.037194 -0.00226 -0.02305 4.81 22.2
680 1.82 0 0.037326 -0.00228 -0.02305 5.68 24.6
660 2 0 0.037326 -0.00141 -0.02305 7.2 26.84
640 1.56 0 0.037326 -0.00213 -0.02305 8.54 29.8
630 1.69 0 0.037326 -0.00219 -0.02305 10.1 32.36
620 1.66 0 0.037326 -0.00241 -0.02305 11.7 35.84
610 1.9 0 0.037326 -0.00232 -0.02305 13.11 39.2
615 1.97 0 0.037326 -0.00056 -0.02305 14.04 43.16
Table A.14: Slender Circular CFT Subjected to Axial Loading (Specimen-1)

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 0 0 0.00014 -5.8E-05 0.000055 0 2.12
80 0 0 0.000242 -0.0001 0.000156 0 3.16
120 0 0 0.000356 -0.00015 0.000269 0 3.68
160 -0.06 0.04 0.000422 -0.0002 0.000408 0.04 4.28
200 -0.17 0.04 0.000495 -0.00027 0.000575 0.04 4.88
240 -0.2 0.04 0.000587 -0.00032 0.000738 0.04 4.92
280 -0.29 0.04 0.000688 -0.00036 0.000893 0.04 5.52
320 -0.27 0.04 0.000804 -0.00041 0.001051 0.04 5.56
360 -0.25 0.04 0.001004 -0.00046 0.001216 0.04 6.12
400 -0.25 0.04 0.00115 -0.00049 0.001403 0.04 6.16
440 -0.24 0.04 0.001311 -0.00053 0.001603 0.01 6.76
480 -0.25 0.04 0.001484 -0.00059 0.001816 0.01 7.36
520 -0.34 -0.6 0.001669 -0.00075 0.002034 0.02 7.96
560 -0.64 -0.56 0.001879 -0.002 0.002235 0.02 8.56
600 -0.89 -0.48 0.002478 -0.00406 0.002338 0.04 9.16
640 -1.2 -0.2 0.004466 -0.00545 0.002614 0.02 10.76
660 -1.26 -0.12 0.007929 -0.00892 0.008618 0.78 12.92
650 -0.74 0.08 0.009942 -0.01752 0.017684 1.69 15.36
640 -0.5 0.36 0.010591 -0.02188 0.022146 2.12 16.76
630 -0.38 0.44 0.011015 -0.02188 0.022146 2.25 17.56
620 -0.17 0.52 0.011742 -0.02188 0.022146 2.7 18.68
610 0.11 0.72 0.012346 -0.02188 0.022146 2.73 19.48
600 0.38 0.8 0.013113 -0.02188 0.022146 3.13 20.12
590 0.53 0.92 0.013572 -0.02188 0.022146 3.47 20.68
580 0.81 1.12 0.014181 -0.02188 0.022146 3.86 21.52
570 1.54 1.2 0.014796 -0.02188 0.022146 4.2 22.12
560 1.65 1.44 0.015425 -0.02188 0.022146 4.26 22.92
550 1.83 1.68 0.015906 -0.02188 0.022146 4.37 23.36
540 1.99 1.76 0.016353 -0.02188 0.022146 4.48 23.88
530 2.36 1.88 0.016768 -0.02188 0.022146 3.52 24.64
520 2.36 1.96 0.017079 -0.02188 0.022146 4.13 24.88
510 2.49 2.16 0.017351 -0.02188 0.022146 4.22 25.36
500 2.7 2.24 0.017854 -0.02188 0.022146 4.04 26.12
Table A.15: Slender Circular CFT Subjected to Axial Loading (Specimen-2)

Pu Displace- Displace- Strain on Strain on Displace- Displace-
(kN) ment ment Face B Face A ment ment
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 -0.38 0 0.000072 0 0 3.52
80 -0.55 0 0.000276 -0.00003 0 3.88
120 -0.61 0 0.000474 -5.5E-05 0 4.32
160 -0.61 0 0.000633 -7.2E-05 0 4.76
200 -0.61 0 0.000771 -0.00009 0 4.76
240 -0.64 0 0.000931 -0.00011 0 5.24
280 -0.66 0 0.001039 -0.00013 0 5.24
320 -0.66 0 0.001171 -0.00016 0 5.64
360 -0.66 0 0.001283 -0.00017 0 5.64
400 -0.71 0 0.001433 -0.0002 0 6.08
440 -0.71 0 0.001595 -0.00022 0 6.52
480 -0.72 0 0.001793 -0.00025 0 6.48
520 -0.75 0 0.002075 -0.00027 0 6.88
560 -0.77 0 0.002493 -0.0003 0 7.28
600 -0.86 0 0.003416 -0.00034 0 7.64
640 -1.05 0 0.005041 -0.00038 0.02 8.32
660 -1.22 0 0.006411 -0.00037 0.02 9.04
670 -1.28 0 0.007139 -0.00036 0.03 9.2
680 -1.35 0 0.008248 -0.00034 0.25 9.6
690 -1.35 0 0.009409 -0.0003 0.35 10.16
700 -1.43 0 0.010411 -0.00026 0.43 10.84
710 -1.5 0 0.011752 -0.00018 0.85 11.56
720 10.27 0 0.014106 -0.00005 1.5 12.64
726.25 -0.81 0 0.01941 0.000249 2.89 15.08
720 -0.69 0 0.021348 0.00039 4.23 16.08
700 -0.36 0 0.021348 0.000693 5.65 18.76
680 0.62 0.56 0.021348 0.001023 7.76 20.44
660 0.46 0.56 0.021348 0.001241 8.32 22
640 0.41 0.52 0.021348 0.001352 10.49 22.52
620 1.77 1.24 0.021348 0.001888 11.17 24.32
600 3.26 1.68 0.021348 0.002392 12.73 25.48
580 4.3 1.88 0.021348 0.002852 14.15 26.88
560 5.12 2.52 0.021348 0.003329 14.98 27.96
Appendix B
Development of Computer Program

for the Design of Composite Column
B.1 General
Coding for the design of Six different type of composite column, which includes Rectan-
gular CFT, Circular CFT, Rectangular full concrete encased Steel Section, Circular Full
Concrete Encased Steel Section, Rectangular Concrete encased and filled steel tube, and
Circular Concrete encased and filled steel tube has been done. Here the coding for only
Rectangular CFT has been given. The coding has been done in Visual Studio Basics.
The Programming has been done according to the Eurocode-4. Moreover, User can de-
sign composite column for several load cases simultaneously. Further this program is also
linked with the Microsoft Excel through which user can obtained the design report easily.
B.2 Generalized Computer Program code for the De-

sign of Rectangular Concrete Filled Tube
281
B.2 Coding for Design of Rectangular CFT
Imports ZedGraph
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Text
Imports System.Data.DataTable
Imports Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel
Public Class Form1
Dim B As Double
Dim D As Double
Dim t As Double
Dim fck As Double
Dim yst As Double
Dim fy As Double
Dim pc As Double
Dim ps As Double
Dim pr As Double
Dim fcd As Double
Dim fyd As Double
Dim fsd As Double
Dim Aa As Double
Dim dia As Double
Dim Ass As Double
Dim Ac As Double
Dim Nplrd As Double
Dim delta As Double
Dim pt As Double
Dim Iax As Double
Dim Iay As Double
Dim Isx As Double
Dim Isy As Double
Dim Icx As Double
Dim Icy As Double
Dim y1 As Double
Dim y2 As Double
Dim LB As Double
Dim LBE As Double
Dim Ec As Double
Dim Ea As Double
Dim Es As Double
Dim EIx As Double
Dim EIy As Double
Dim Ncrx As Double
Dim Ncry As Double
Dim L As Double
Dim Lemdax As Double
Dim lemday As Double
Dim xiax As Double
Dim xiay As Double
Dim zetax As Double
Dim zetay As Double
Dim Np As Double
Dim Nplx As Double
Dim Nply As Double
Dim ANplx As Double
Dim AMplx As Double
Dim CNplx As Double
Dim DNplx As Double
Dim BNplx As Double
Dim BMrdx As Double
Dim CMrdx As Double
Dim DMrdx As Double
Dim ANply As Double
Dim AMply As Double
Dim CNply As Double
Dim DNply As Double
Dim BMrdy As Double
Dim BNply As Double
Dim CMrdy As Double
Dim DMrdy As Double
Dim Wpsx As Double
Dim Wpcx As Double
Dim Wpax As Double
Dim Wpsy As Double
Dim Wpcy As Double
Dim Wpay As Double
Dim hnx As Double
Dim hny As Double
Dim Wcnx As Double
Dim Wanx As Double
Dim Wsnx As Double
Dim Mnx As Double
Dim Wcny As Double
Dim Wany As Double
Dim Wsny As Double
Dim Mny As Double
Dim Nu As Double
Dim MuxT_inp As Double
Dim MuyT_inp As Double
Dim MuxB_inp As Double
Dim MuyB_inp As Double
Dim Muxmax_inp As Double
Dim Muymax_inp As Double
Dim X As Integer
Dim MuxL As Double
Dim MuyL As Double
Dim alphax As Double
Dim alphay As Double
Dim alpha As Double
Dim C1 As Double
Dim C2 As Double
Dim C3 As Double
Dim T1 As Double
Dim T2 As Double
Dim M1 As Double
Dim M2 As Double
Dim M3 As Double
Dim CC As Double
Dim TT As Double
Dim Nxx(502) As Double
Dim Mxx(502) As Double
Dim Nyy(502) As Double
Dim Myy(502) As Double
Dim i As Integer
Dim j As Integer
Dim k As Integer
Dim ii As Integer
Dim jj As Integer
Dim kk As Integer
Dim iii As Integer
Dim jjj As Integer
Dim kkk As Integer
Dim iiii As Integer
Dim jjjj As Integer
Dim kkkk As Integer
Dim cover As Double
Dim h As Integer
Dim p As Integer
Dim pp As Integer
Dim q As Integer
Dim qq As Integer
Private Sub Form1_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
Zed.Hide()
Zed2.Hide()
End Sub
Private Sub fcktext_SelectedIndexChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
fcktext.SelectedIndexChanged
fck = Val(fcktext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub pconcretetext_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
pconcretetext.TextChanged
pc = Val(pconcretetext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub ysttext_SelectedIndexChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
ysttext.SelectedIndexChanged
yst = Val(ysttext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub psteelsection_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
psteelsection.TextChanged
ps = Val(psteelsection.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub fytext_SelectedIndexChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
fytext.SelectedIndexChanged
fy = Val(fytext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub covertext_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
covertext.TextChanged
cover = Val(covertext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub preinforcement_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
preinforcement.TextChanged
pr = Val(preinforcement.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub widthtext_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
widthtext.TextChanged
B = Val(widthtext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub depthtext_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles

depthtext.TextChanged
D = Val(depthtext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub thicknesstext_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
thicknesstext.TextChanged
t = Val(thicknesstext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub diatext_SelectedIndexChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
diatext.SelectedIndexChanged
dia = Val(diatext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub Ectext_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
Ectext.TextChanged
Ec = Val(Ectext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub Estext_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
Estext.TextChanged
Ea = Val(Estext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub Ertext_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
Ertext.TextChanged
Es = Val(Ertext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub lengthtext_TextChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
lengthtext.TextChanged
L = Val(lengthtext.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub NewCtrlNToolStripMenuItem_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles
NewCtrlNToolStripMenuItem.Click
Controls.Clear()
InitializeComponent()
Zed.Hide()
Zed2.Hide()
End Sub
Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
fcd = fck / pc
fyd = yst / ps
fsd = fy / pr
y1 = 0.5 * (D - 2 * t) - cover - 0.5 * dia
y1label.Text = y1
y2 = 0.5 * (B - 2 * t) - cover - 0.5 * dia
y2label.Text = y2
Aa = (B * D) - (B - 2 * t) * (D - 2 * t)
Aalabel.Text = Val(Aa)
Ass = 0.785 * dia * dia * 4
Aslabel.Text = Val(Ass)
Ac = (B - 2 * t) * (D - 2 * t) - Ass
Aclabel.Text = Val(Ac)
Nplrd = ((Aa * fyd) + (Ac * fcd) + (Ass * fsd)) / 1000
delta = (Aa * fyd) / (Nplrd * 1000)
pt = Ass * 100 / Ac
ptlabel.Text = Math.Round(pt, 2)
If pt < 6 Then
ptcheck.Text = "Okay"
Else
ptcheck.Text = "Reduce R/f"
End If
LB = (D / t)
locallabel.Text = Math.Round(LB, 2)
LBE = 52 * (Math.Sqrt(235 / yst))
If LB < LBE Then
localcheck.Text = "Okay"
Else
localcheck.Text = "Local Buckling"
End If
Iax = ((t * (D - 4 * t) * (D - 4 * t) * (D - 4 * t) / 6) + 0.5 * (((B - 4 * t) *
t * t * t / 3) + (B - 4 * t) * (D - t) * (D - t) * t) + (3.14 * t * t * t * t / 108) *
(405 - 3136 / 3.14 * 3.14) + (3 * 3.14 * t * t) * ((9 * 3.14 * (D - 4 * t) + 56 * t) /
(18 * 3.14)) * ((9 * 3.14 * (D - 4 * t) + 56 * t) / (18 * 3.14)))
Isx = ((3.14 / 64) * (dia * dia * dia * dia) + (0.785 * dia * dia * y1 * y1)) * 4
Icx = ((B - 2 * t) * (D - 2 * t) * (D - 2 * t) * (D - 2 * t) / 12) - Isx
Iay = ((t * (B - 4 * t) * (B - 4 * t) * (B - 4 * t) / 6) + 0.5 * (((D - 4 * t) *
t * t * t / 3) + (D - 4 * t) * (B - t) * (B - t) * t) + (3.14 * t * t * t * t / 108) *
(405 - 3136 / 3.14 * 3.14) + (3 * 3.14 * t * t) * ((9 * 3.14 * (B - 4 * t) + 56 * t) /
(18 * 3.14)) * ((9 * 3.14 * (B - 4 * t) + 56 * t) / (18 * 3.14)))
Isy = ((3.14 / 64) * (dia * dia * dia * dia) + (0.785 * dia * dia * y2 * y2)) * 4
Icy = ((D - 2 * t) * (B - 2 * t) * (B - 2 * t) * (B - 2 * t) / 12) - Isy
EIx = Ea * Iax + Es * Isx + 0.6 * Ec * Icx
Ncrx = (3.14 * 3.14 * EIx) / (L * L * 1000)
Np = (Aa * yst + fck * Ac + fy * Ass) / 1000
Lemdax = Math.Sqrt(Np / Ncrx)
xiax = 0.5 * (1 + 0.21 * (Lemdax - 0.2) + Lemdax * Lemdax)
zetax = 1 / (xiax + Math.Sqrt((xiax * xiax - Lemdax * Lemdax)))
slendernessvalueX.Text = Math.Round(zetax, 4)
Nplx = zetax * Nplrd
EIy = Ea * Iay + Es * Isy + 0.6 * Ec * Icy
Ncry = (3.14 * 3.14 * EIy) / (L * L * 1000)
lemday = Math.Sqrt(Np / Ncry)
xiay = 0.5 * (1 + 0.21 * (lemday - 0.2) + lemday * lemday)
zetay = 1 / (xiay + Math.Sqrt((xiay * xiay - lemday * lemday)))
SlendernessvalueY.Text = Math.Round(zetay, 4)
Nply = zetay * Nplrd
j = 1
k = 1
i = 1
For Me.hnx = 0 To D Step (D / 500)
If hnx = 0 Then
C1 = fcd * Ac / 1000
C2 = fyd * Aa / 1000
C3 = fsd * Ass / 1000
T1 = 0
T2 = 0
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
ElseIf ((0 < hnx) And (hnx < t)) Then

C1 = fcd * Ac / 1000
C2 = (fyd / 1000) * (Aa - B * hnx)
C3 = (fsd / 1000) * Ass
T1 = (fyd / 1000) * (B * hnx)
T2 = 0
M1 = 0
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * (B * hnx * (0.5 * D - 0.5 * hnx))
M3 = 0
ElseIf ((t < hnx) And (hnx < (0.5 * D - y1))) Then
C1 = (fcd / 1000) * (Ac - (B - 2 * t) * (hnx - t))
C2 = (fyd / 1000) * (B * (D - hnx) - (B - 2 * t) * (D - t - hnx))
C3 = (fsd / 1000) * (4 * 0.785 * dia * dia)
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = 0
M1 = (fcd / 1000000) * ((B - 2 * t) * (hnx - t) * (0.5 * D - t - 0.5 *
(hnx - t)))
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * ((B * hnx * (0.5 * D - 0.5 * hnx)) - (B - 2 *
t) * (hnx - t) * (0.5 * D - t - 0.5 * (hnx - t)))
M3 = 0
ElseIf (((0.5 * D - y1) < hnx) And (hnx <= 0.5 * D)) Then
C1 = (fcd / 1000) * ((B - 2 * t) * (D - hnx - t) - 2 * 0.785 * dia * dia)
C2 = (fyd / 1000) * (B * (D - hnx) - (B - 2 * t) * (D - hnx - t))
C3 = (fsd / 1000) * (2 * 0.785 * dia * dia)
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = (fsd * Ass / 1000) - C3
M1 = (fcd / 1000000) * ((B - 2 * t) * (hnx - t) * (0.5 * D - t - 0.5 *
(hnx - t)) - 2 * 0.785 * dia * dia * y1)
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * (B * hnx * (0.5 * D - 0.5 * hnx) - (B - 2 * t)
* (hnx - t) * (0.5 * D - t - 0.5 * (hnx - t)))
M3 = (2 * fsd / 1000000) * (2 * 0.785 * dia * dia * y1)
ElseIf (0.5 * D < hnx) And hnx < (0.5 * D + y1) Then
C1 = (fcd / 1000) * ((B - 2 * t) * (D - hnx - t) - 2 * 0.785 * dia * dia)
C3 = (fsd / 1000) * (2 * 0.785 * dia * dia)
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = (fsd * Ass / 1000) - C3
M1 = (fcd / 1000000) * ((B - 2 * t) * (D - hnx - t) * (0.5 * D - t - 0.5
* (D - hnx - t)) - 2 * 0.785 * dia * dia * y1)
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * (B * (D - hnx) * (0.5 * D - 0.5 * (D - hnx)) -
(B - 2 * t) * (D - hnx - t) * (0.5 * D - t - 0.5 * (D - hnx - t)))
M3 = (2 * fsd / 1000000) * (2 * 0.785 * dia * dia * y1)
ElseIf ((0.5 * D + y1) < hnx) And (hnx < (D - t)) Then
C1 = (fcd / 1000) * ((B - 2 * t) * (D - hnx - t))
C3 = 0
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = (fsd * Ass / 1000)
M1 = (fcd / 1000000) * ((B - 2 * t) * (D - hnx - t) * (0.5 * D - t - 0.5
* (D - hnx - t)))
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * (B * (D - hnx) * (0.5 * D - 0.5 * (D - hnx)) -
(B - 2 * t) * (D - hnx - t) * (0.5 * D - t - 0.5 * (D - hnx - t)))
M3 = 0
ElseIf (((D - t) < hnx) And (hnx < D)) Then

C1 = 0
C2 = (fyd / 1000) * (B * (D - hnx))
C3 = 0
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = (fsd * Ass / 1000)
M1 = 0
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * (B * (D - hnx) * (0.5 * D - 0.5 * (D - hnx)))
M3 = 0
ElseIf hnx = D Then
C1 = 0
C2 = 0
C3 = 0
T1 = fyd * Aa / 1000
T2 = fsd * Ass / 1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
End If
For Me.i = j To k
Nxx(i) = C1 + C2 + C3 - T1 - T2
Mxx(i) = M1 + M2 + M3
Next
j = j + 1
k = k + 1
Next
'---------------------------about Minor Axis-------------------------------------

---------------------
jj = 1
kk = 1
ii = 1
For Me.hny = 0 To B Step (B / 500)
If hny = 0 Then
C1 = fcd * Ac / 1000
C2 = fyd * Aa / 1000
C3 = fsd * Ass / 1000
T1 = 0
T2 = 0
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
ElseIf ((0 < hny) And (hny < t)) Then

C1 = fcd * Ac / 1000
C2 = (fyd / 1000) * (Aa - D * hny)
C3 = (fsd / 1000) * Ass
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = 0
M1 = 0
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * (D * hny * (0.5 * B - 0.5 * hny))
M3 = 0
ElseIf ((t < hny) And (hny < (0.5 * B - y2))) Then
C1 = (fcd / 1000) * (Ac - (D - 2 * t) * (hny - t))
C2 = (fyd / 1000) * (D * (B - hny) - (D - 2 * t) * (B - t - hny))
C3 = (fsd / 1000) * (4 * 0.785 * dia * dia)
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = 0
M1 = (fcd / 1000000) * ((D - 2 * t) * (hny - t) * (0.5 * B - t - 0.5 *
(hny - t)))
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * ((D * hny * (0.5 * B - 0.5 * hny)) - (D - 2 *
t) * (hny - t) * (0.5 * B - t - 0.5 * (hny - t)))
M3 = 0
ElseIf (((0.5 * B - y2) < hny) And (hny <= 0.5 * B)) Then
C1 = (fcd / 1000) * ((D - 2 * t) * (B - hny - t) - 2 * 0.785 * dia * dia)
C2 = (fyd / 1000) * (D * (B - hny) - (D - 2 * t) * (B - hny - t))
C3 = (fsd / 1000) * (2 * 0.785 * dia * dia)
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = (fsd * Ass / 1000) - C3
M1 = (fcd / 1000000) * ((D - 2 * t) * (hny - t) * (0.5 * B - t - 0.5 *
(hny - t)) - 2 * 0.785 * dia * dia * y2)
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * (D * hny * (0.5 * B - 0.5 * hny) - (D - 2 * t)
* (hny - t) * (0.5 * B - t - 0.5 * (hny - t)))
M3 = (2 * fsd / 1000000) * (2 * 0.785 * dia * dia * y2)
ElseIf (0.5 * B < hny) And hny < (0.5 * B + y2) Then
C1 = (fcd / 1000) * ((D - 2 * t) * (B - hny - t) - 2 * 0.785 * dia * dia)
C3 = (fsd / 1000) * (2 * 0.785 * dia * dia)
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = (fsd * Ass / 1000) - C3
M1 = (fcd / 1000000) * ((D - 2 * t) * (B - hny - t) * (0.5 * B - t - 0.5
* (B - hny - t)) - 2 * 0.785 * dia * dia * y2)
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * (D * (B - hny) * (0.5 * B - 0.5 * (B - hny)) -
(D - 2 * t) * (B - hny - t) * (0.5 * B - t - 0.5 * (B - hny - t)))
M3 = (2 * fsd / 1000000) * (2 * 0.785 * dia * dia * y2)
ElseIf ((0.5 * B + y2) < hny) And (hny < (B - t)) Then
C1 = (fcd / 1000) * ((D - 2 * t) * (B - hny - t))
C3 = 0
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = (fsd * Ass / 1000)
M1 = (fcd / 1000000) * ((D - 2 * t) * (B - hny - t) * (0.5 * B - t - 0.5
* (B - hny - t)))
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * (D * (B - hny) * (0.5 * B - 0.5 * (B - hny)) -
(D - 2 * t) * (B - hny - t) * (0.5 * B - t - 0.5 * (B - hny - t)))
M3 = 0
ElseIf (((B - t) < hny) And (hny < B)) Then

C1 = 0
C2 = (fyd / 1000) * (D * (B - hny))
C3 = 0
T1 = (fyd * Aa / 1000) - C2
T2 = (fsd * Ass / 1000)
M1 = 0
M2 = (2 * fyd / 1000000) * (D * (B - hny) * (0.5 * B - 0.5 * (B - hny)))
M3 = 0
ElseIf hny = B Then

C1 = 0
C2 = 0
C3 = 0
T1 = fyd * Aa / 1000
T2 = fsd * Ass / 1000
M1 = 0
M2 = 0
M3 = 0
End If
For Me.ii = jj To kk
Nyy(ii) = C1 + C2 + C3 - T1 - T2
Myy(ii) = M1 + M2 + M3
Next
jj = jj + 1
kk = kk + 1
Next
'--------------------------------zedchart---------------------------------'
Call creategraph1(Zed)
Call creategraph2(Zed2)
Zed.Show()
Zed2.Show()
X = DataGridView1.RowCount
For Me.L = 0 To X - 2
Nu = DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(1).Value
MuxT_inp = (DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(2).Value)
MuyT_inp = (DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(3).Value)
MuxB_inp = (DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(4).Value)
MuyB_inp = (DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(5).Value)
If MuxT_inp < 0 Then
MuxT_inp = -1 * MuxT_inp
Else
MuxT_inp = MuxT_inp
End If
If MuyT_inp < 0 Then

MuyT_inp = -1 * MuyT_inp
Else
MuyT_inp = MuyT_inp
End If
If MuxB_inp < 0 Then

MuxB_inp = -1 * MuxB_inp
Else
MuxB_inp = MuxB_inp
End If
If MuyB_inp < 0 Then

MuyB_inp = -1 * MuyB_inp
Else
MuyB_inp = MuyB_inp
End If
Muxmax_inp = Math.Max(MuxT_inp, MuxB_inp)

Muymax_inp = Math.Max(MuyT_inp, MuyB_inp)
DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(6).Value = Muxmax_inp
DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(7).Value = Muymax_inp
For Me.i = 1 To 501

If Nu > 0 Then
If ((Nxx(i) < Nu) And (Nxx(i - 1) > Nu)) Then
MuxL = Mxx(i - 1) - ((Nxx(i - 1) - Nu) * (Mxx(i - 1) - Mxx(i)) /
(Nxx(i - 1) - Nxx(i)))
End If
If ((Nyy(i) < Nu) And (Nyy(i - 1) > Nu)) Then
MuyL = Myy(i - 1) - ((Nyy(i - 1) - Nu) * (Myy(i - 1) - Myy(i)) /
(Nyy(i - 1) - Nyy(i)))
End If
Else
If ((Nxx(i) < Nu) And (Nxx(i - 1) > Nu)) Then
MuxL = Mxx(i - 1) - ((Nxx(i - 1) - Nu) * (Mxx(i - 1) - Mxx(i)) /
(Nxx(i - 1) - Nxx(i)))
End If
If ((Nyy(i) < Nu) And (Nyy(i - 1) > Nu)) Then
MuyL = Myy(i - 1) - ((Nyy(i - 1) - Nu) * (Myy(i - 1) - Myy(i)) /
(Nyy(i - 1) - Nyy(i)))
End If
End If
Next
DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(8).Value = Math.Round(MuxL, 4)
DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(9).Value = Math.Round(MuyL, 4)
alphax = Muxmax_inp / MuxL

alphay = Muymax_inp / MuyL
alpha = alphax + alphay
DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(10).Value = Math.Round(alpha, 4)
If alpha <= 1 Then
DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(11).Value = "Safe"
Else
DataGridView1.Rows(L).Cells(11).Value = "Fail"
End If
Next
End Sub
'--------------------------Major Axis Graph-----------------------'
Public Sub creategraph1(ByVal zgc As ZedGraphControl)
Dim myPane As GraphPane = zgc.GraphPane

myPane.Title.Text = "Nu-Mu Chart about X-X axis"
'myPane.Title.IsVisible = False
myPane.XAxis.Title.Text = "Mu,Rdx"
myPane.YAxis.Title.Text = "Nu,Rd"
myPane.XAxis.IsVisible = True
myPane.YAxis.IsVisible = True
myPane.X2Axis.IsVisible = False
myPane.X2Axis.Type = AxisType.Linear
myPane.YAxis.Type = AxisType.Linear
Dim list As New PointPairList()

For Me.i = 1 To 501
list.Add((Mxx(i)), Nxx(i))
Next
Dim myCurve As LineItem = myPane.AddCurve("", list, Color.SteelBlue,
SymbolType.None)
myPane.Chart.Fill = New Fill(Color.White, Color.White, 45.0F)
myPane.Fill = New Fill(Color.White, Color.FromArgb(220, 220, 255), 45.0F)

myPane.AxisChange()
End Sub
'--------------------Minor Axis-------------'
Public Sub creategraph2(ByVal zg As ZedGraphControl)
Dim myPane As GraphPane = zg.GraphPane

myPane.Title.Text = "Nu-Mu Chart about Y-Y axis"
'myPane.Title.IsVisible = False
myPane.XAxis.Title.Text = "Mu,Rdy"
myPane.YAxis.Title.Text = "Nu,Rd"
myPane.XAxis.IsVisible = True
myPane.YAxis.IsVisible = True
myPane.X2Axis.IsVisible = False
myPane.X2Axis.Type = AxisType.Linear
myPane.YAxis.Type = AxisType.Linear
Dim list As New PointPairList()
For Me.ii = 1 To 501

list.Add((Myy(ii)), Nyy(ii))
Next
Dim myCurve As LineItem = myPane.AddCurve("", list, Color.SteelBlue,
SymbolType.None)
myPane.Chart.Fill = New Fill(Color.White, Color.White, 45.0F)
myPane.Fill = New Fill(Color.White, Color.FromArgb(220, 220, 255), 45.0F)

myPane.AxisChange()
End Sub
Private Sub Report_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Report.Click
Dim oExcel As Object
Dim oBook As Object
Dim oSheet As Object
oExcel = New Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Application
oBook = oExcel.workbooks.open("C:\Users\GAP\Documents\Visual Studio

2012\Projects\Rectangular CFT\REctangular Composite Column with no hn\Report.xlsx")
oSheet = oBook.Worksheets(1)
oSheet.Range("L51").Value = widthtext.Text
oSheet.Range("Q57").Value = depthtext.Text
oSheet.Range("F56").Value = thicknesstext.Text
oSheet.Range("G59").Value = y1label.Text
oSheet.Range("J63").Value = y2label.Text
oSheet.Range("R63").Value = diatext.Text
oSheet.Range("K66").Value = lengthtext.Text
oSheet.Range("L69").Value = fcktext.Text
oSheet.Range("L70").Value = ysttext.Text
oSheet.Range("L71").Value = fytext.Text
oSheet.Range("K74").Value = pconcretetext.Text
oSheet.Range("K75").Value = psteelsection.Text
oSheet.Range("K76").Value = preinforcement.Text
oSheet.Range("K79").Value = Aa
oSheet.Range("K80").Value = Iax
oSheet.Range("K83").Value = Estext.Text
oSheet.Range("K84").Value = Ertext.Text
oSheet.Range("K85").Value = Ectext.Text
oSheet.Range("K88").Value = fcd
oSheet.Range("K89").Value = fyd
oSheet.Range("K90").Value = fsd
oSheet.Range("K93").Value = Ass
oSheet.Range("K94").Value = Ac
oSheet.Range("K97").Value = pt
oSheet.Range("K101").Value = Nplrd
oSheet.Range("K104").Value = delta
oSheet.Range("K108").Value = Isx
oSheet.Range("K109").Value = Icx
oSheet.Range("K110").Value = Iax
oSheet.Range("K114").Value = Isy
oSheet.Range("K115").Value = Icy
oSheet.Range("K116").Value = Iay
oSheet.Range("K119").Value = locallabel.Text
oSheet.Range("K126").Value = EIx
oSheet.Range("K128").Value = Ncrx
oSheet.Range("K129").Value = Lemdax
oSheet.Range("K132").Value = xiax
oSheet.Range("K133").Value = zetax
oSheet.Range("K141").Value = EIy
oSheet.Range("K143").Value = Ncry
oSheet.Range("K144").Value = lemday
oSheet.Range("K147").Value = xiay
oSheet.Range("K148").Value = zetay
For Me.h = 0 To DataGridView1.RowCount - 2

oSheet.Cells(h + 155, 1).value = h + 1
oSheet.Cells(h + 155, 2).value = DataGridView1.Rows(h).Cells(0).Value
iii = 1
jjj = 1
kkk = 1
For Me.hnx = 0 To D Step (D / 500)
For Me.iii = jjj To kkk

oSheet.cells(jjj + 1, 2).value = hnx
oSheet.cells(jjj + 1, 4).value = Nxx(iii)
oSheet.cells(jjj + 1, 3).value = Mxx(iii)
Next
jjj = jjj + 1
kkk = kkk + 1
Next
iiii = 1
jjjj = 1
kkkk = 1
For Me.hny = 0 To B Step (B / 500)
For Me.iiii = jjjj To kkkk

oSheet.cells(jjjj + 1, 2).value = hny
oSheet.cells(jjjj + 1, 4).value = Nyy(iiii)
oSheet.cells(jjjj + 1, 3).value = Myy(iiii)
Next
jjjj = jjjj + 1
kkkk = kkkk + 1
Next
oBook.save()
oExcel.Quit()
oExcel = Nothing
oBook = Nothing
oSheet = Nothing
MessageBox.Show("REPORT GENERATED")
End Sub
End Class

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Development of Interaction Curve for

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Dr. Sharad P. Purohit Dr. Paresh V. Patel

Dr. Alka Mahajan

I am sincerely thankful to Mr. P. N . Raval and Mr. Sunil Regar, Laboratory

Abbreviation and Notations

CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concrete Filled Tube

fck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characteristic Strength of Concrete

λy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relative Slenderness about y-axis

Abbreviation and Notations xiii

List of Figures xxvii

List of Tables xxviii

3 Design Philosophy for Composite Column as per EN 1994-1-1:2004 19

4 Development of Interaction Curve for the Rectangular Concrete Filled

5 Development of Interaction Curve for the Circular Concrete Filled Tube

6 Development of Interaction Curve for the Rectangular Full Concrete

6.4.6 Formulation for Interaction Curve about Y- Axis . . . . . . . . . . 94

7 Development of Interaction Curve for the Circular Full Concrete En-

8 Development of Interaction Curve for the Rectangular Concrete En-

9 Development of Interaction Curve for the Circular Concrete Encased

9.4.3 Calculation of Sectional Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

10 Experimental Investigation on Behaviour of Concrete filled tube 215

11 Summary, Conclusions and Future Scope of the Work 259

A Experimental Testing Results of Concrete Filled Tube under Axial and

B Development of Computer Program for the Design of Composite Col-

1.1 Naturally Bonded Composite Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1 Full Concrete Encased Steel Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.1 Types of Rectangular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.16 Stress Axis at t < hn < (0.5B-Y2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5.1 Types of Circular CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6.1 Rectangular Full Concrete Encased Steel Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

6.19 Stress Axis at hnx = Dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

7.1 Circular Full Concrete Encased Steel Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

8.1 Rectangular Concrete Encased and Filled Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

9.1 Circular CEFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

9.6 Check for Pt, and Slenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

10.1 Cutting of Hollow steel Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

2.1 Details of Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

10.1 Sectional Properties of Circular Hollow Steel Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

A.1 Hollow Circular Steel Tube Subjected to Axial Loading . . . . . . . . . . . 265

A.14 Slender Circular CFT Subjected to Axial Loading (Specimen-1) . . . . . . 278

1.1.1 Composite Beam

Figure 1.1: Naturally Bonded Composite Beam

Figure 1.2: Mechanically Bonded Composite Beam

1.1.1.1 Advantages of Composite Beam

Figure 1.3: Full Shear Connection of Composite Beam

Figure 1.4: Partial Shear Connection of Composite Beam

1.1.2 Composite Slab

shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.5: Composite Slab

1.1.2.1 Roles of Profiled Steel Decking

• It reduces the volume of concrete in tension zone.

1.1.2.2 Advantages of Profiled Steel decking

• Faster rate of construction.

1.1.3 Composite Column

1.1.3.1 Advantages of Composite Column

• Increased stiffness, leading to reduced slenderness and increased buckling resistance.

• Good fire resistance in the case of concrete encased columns.