Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 22 views

    SodaPDF-merged-Merging Result

    Uploaded by

    Hardik Rohit
    Hardik Rohit completed a chemistry project on the formation of biodiesel under the guidance of his teacher Miss. Jagruti Vala. The project discusses what biodiesel is, the process of transesterification used to produce it from vegetable oils, and its advantages as a cleaner burning and renewable fuel alternative to petroleum diesel. Potential disadvantages include that biodiesel is currently more expensive to produce than petroleum diesel and can damage rubber components in older engine models.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    SodaPDF-merged-Merging Result

    Uploaded by

    Hardik Rohit
    22 views15 pages
    Hardik Rohit completed a chemistry project on the formation of biodiesel under the guidance of his teacher Miss. Jagruti Vala. The project discusses what biodiesel is, the process of transesterification used to produce it from vegetable oils, and its advantages as a cleaner burning and renewable fuel alternative to petroleum diesel. Potential disadvantages include that biodiesel is currently more expensive to produce than petroleum diesel and can damage rubber components in older engine models.

    Original Description:

    Hygguh

    Original Title

    SodaPDF-merged-Merging Result (1) (1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Hardik Rohit completed a chemistry project on the formation of biodiesel under the guidance of his teacher Miss. Jagruti Vala. The project discusses what biodiesel is, the process of transesterification used to produce it from vegetable oils, and its advantages as a cleaner burning and renewable fuel alternative to petroleum diesel. Potential disadvantages include that biodiesel is currently more expensive to produce than petroleum diesel and can damage rubber components in older engine models.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views15 pages

    SodaPDF-merged-Merging Result

    Uploaded by

    Hardik Rohit
    Hardik Rohit completed a chemistry project on the formation of biodiesel under the guidance of his teacher Miss. Jagruti Vala. The project discusses what biodiesel is, the process of transesterification used to produce it from vegetable oils, and its advantages as a cleaner burning and renewable fuel alternative to petroleum diesel. Potential disadvantages include that biodiesel is currently more expensive to produce than petroleum diesel and can damage rubber components in older engine models.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya,

    Vadodara,
    Chemistry Investigatory Project
    Topic:- Formation of Biodiesel

    Made By: Hardik Rohit


    Class: 12th
    Board Exam Roll No: _________
    Guided By: Miss. Jagruti Vala
    Acknowledgement
    I place my sincere thanks to my chemistry teacher
    Miss. Jagruti Vala for her guidance and advices to
    complete my work successfully. I also thank our principal
    Sh. S.K. Damar of J.N.V.Vadodara for
    providing me all the facilities to finish the project on time. I
    also take this opportunity to place on record my deep
    gratitude to god for the countless blessings showered on me
    while doing the work and to complete it. Last but not least
    I thank my parents for their encouragement and support
    in my humble venture.
    Certificate
    This is to certify that Master Hardik Rohit of class 12th
    has successfully completed there chemistry project on
    the topic :- Formation of Biodiesel , under the guidance
    of Miss. Jagruti vala ( PGT Chemistry ).

    …………………….
    Miss. Jagruti vala
    (PGT Chemistry)

    …………………….
    Sh. S. K. Damar
    (Principal, J.N.V. Vadodara)

    …………………….
    Signature of Examiner
    Place : ……………...
    Date : ………………
    Contents

    1. Acknowledgement
    2. Certificate
    3. What is Biodiesel?
    4. Uses of Biodiesel
    5. Preparation of Biodiesel
    6. Reactions involved
    7. Biodiesel fuel features
    8. Disadvantages of Biodiesel
    9. Bibliography
    What is Biodiesel?

    Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of short chain alkyl


    (methyl or ethyl) esters, made by transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat
    (tallow), which can be used (alone, or blended with conventional petrol diesel) in
    unmodified diesel-engine vehicles. Biodiesel is distinguished from the straight-
    vegetable oil (SVO) (sometimes referred to as “waste vegetable oil”
    “WVO” “used vegetable oil” “UVO” “pure plant oil”, “PPO”)
    used(alone, or blended) as fuels in some converted diesel vehicles.”Biodiesel” is
    standardized as mono-alkyl ester and other kinds of diesel-grade fuels of biological
    origin are not included.
    Uses of biodiesel

    ➢ Biodiesel fuel is a renewable energy source that can be made from soy beans grown for
    fuel, or from cooking oils recycled from restaurants. This means it is a renewable resource
    unlike petroleum-based diesel.
    ➢ There is an excess production of soybeans in the United States; therefore biodiesel is
    an economic way to utilize this surplus.
    ➢ Biodiesel is less polluting than petroleum diesel. Compared to petroleum diesel, biodiesel
    produces less soot (particulate matter), carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and sulfur
    dioxide.
    ➢ The absence of sulfur in 100% biodiesel should extend the life of catalytic converters.
    ➢ Biodiesel fuel can also be used in combination with heating oil to heat residential and
    industrial buildings. This can reduce dependence on non-renewable and increasingly
    expensive heating oil.
    ➢ Biodiesel burns cleaner & is made of non-toxic chemicals so it does not give out
    poisonous fumes, unlike the ordinary fuel..
    Instructions to Prepare BioDiesel

    Requirements:
    • Vegetable oil
    • Antifreeze (Methanol)
    • Lye (NaOH)
    • Blender
    • Scales
    • Plastic containers
    • Funnels
    • Plastic bottle with lid
    • Duct tape
    • Thermometer
    Steps Involved:

    Step 1:
    Measure out 200 ml of antifreeze and put it in one plastic container.

    Step 2:
    Add in lye so that the antifreeze is absorbed.

    Step 3:
    Cover container and mix well by shaking it. It is mixed when it starts to
    feel warm and is foamy. The mixture has now become sodium methoxide.

    Step 4:
    Blend 1 liter of vegetable oil with the sodium methoxide in a blender for
    20 minutes.
    Step 5:
    Pour mixture into a bottle and wait 8 hours until the byproduct, glycerin,
    separates form the biodiesel. The glycerin will be on the solid on the bottom.

    Step 6:
    Separate out the biodiesel by pouring into a glass bottle.

    Step 7:
    Prepare a wash bottle by poking a small hole in the corner of the bottle
    and covering it with duct tape.

    Step 8:
    Wash the biodiesel by pouring it into the wash bottle and adding in ½ a
    liter of water. Roll the bottle around to mix it and then remove the duct
    tape and drain the water.

    Step 9:
    Repeat the washing process until the biodiesel is clear. This may need to
    be done numerous times over the course of a week to complete the process.
    Store the biodiesel in a glass container until ready to use.
    Reactions involved

    Transesterification:

    Animal & plant fats & oils are typically made of triglycerides which are esters of free fatty acids with the
    trihydric alcohol, glycerol. In the transesterification process, the alcohol is deprotonated with a base to make
    it a stronger nucleophile. Commonly, ethanol or methanol is used. As can be seen, the reaction has no other
    inputs than the triglyceride & the alcohol.

    Normally, this reaction will precede either exceedingly slowly or not at all. Heat, as well as an acid or
    base are used to help the reaction more quickly.
    Biodiesel is a much cleaner fuel than conventional
    fossil-fuel petroleum diesel

    ➢ Biodiesel burns up to 75% cleaner than petroleum diesel fuel.

    ➢ Biodiesel reduces unburned hydrocarbons (93% less), carbon monoxide (50% less) & particulate
    matter (30% less) in exhaust fumes, as well as cancer-causing PAH (80% less).

    ➢ Sulphur dioxide emissions are eliminated (biodiesel contains no Sulphur).

    ➢ Biodiesel is a plant-based & using it adds no extra CO greenhouse gas to the atmosphere.
    2

    ➢ The ozone-forming (smog) potential of biodiesel emissions is nearly 50% less than petrol-diesel emissions.

    ➢ Nitrogen oxide emissions may increase or decrease with biodiesel but can be reduced to well below
    petrol-diesel fuel levels.

    ➢ Biodiesel exhaust is not offensive & doesn’t cause eye irritation.

    ➢ Biodiesel can be mixed with petrol-diesel in any proportion, with no need for a mixing additive.

    ➢ With slight variations depending on the vehicle, performance & fuel economy with biodiesel is the
    same as with petrol-diesel.
    Biodiesel’s fuel features

    Power: One of the major advantages is the fact that it can be used in exiting engines & fuel
    injection equipment (no modification required) without negative impact to operating performance.

    Fuel availability/economy: Virtually the same MPG rating as petrol-diesel &


    the only alternative fuel for heavyweight vehicles requiring no special dispensing & storage equipment.

    Production/Refining: Can be done at home (wasted veggie oil) & farms (virgin oils from
    seeds), being the only alternative fuel that can boost of a zero total emissions production facility. By selling
    the simultaneously produced glycerol, the cost of BD is basically the same cost of the oil used to make it.

    Storage: Readily blends & stays blended with petrol-diesel so it can be stored & dispensed
    wherever diesel is stored or sold.
    Combustibility/Safety: Biodiesel has a very high flash point (300⁰F) making it one of
    the safest of all alternative fuels.

    Lubricity: The only alternative fuel that can actually extend engine life because of its superior
    lubricating & cleaning properties. The present “low sulphur” diesel fuel is badly wearing the injection pumps
    of not protected diesel engine.

    Usage: Biodiesel fuel can generally be used in existing oil heating systems and diesel engines without
    modification, and it can be distributed through existing diesel fuel pumps. This is an advantage over other
    alternative fuels, which can be expensive to use initially due to high cost of equipment modifications or new
    purchases. Biodiesel provides almost the same energy per gallon as petroleum diesel.

    Environment Impact: The only renewable alternative diesel fuel that actually reduces major
    greenhouse gas components in the atmosphere. The use of biodiesel will also reduce the following emissions:
    carbon monoxide, ozone-forminghydrocarbons, hazardous diesel particulate, acid rain-causing sulphur
    dioxide, lifecycle carbon dioxide.
    Disadvantages of Biodiesel

    • Biodiesel is currently about one and a half times more expensive than petroleum diesel fuel. Part
    of this cost is because the most common source of oil is the soybean, which only is only 20% oil.
    However, the costs of biodiesel can be reduced by making biodiesel from recycled cooking oils
    rather than from new soy beans, or by making it from plant matter with higher oil content.

    • It takes energy to produce biodiesel fuel from soy crops, including the energy of sowing, fertilizing
    and harvesting.

    • Biodiesel fuel can damage rubber hoses in some engines, particularly in cars built before 1994.
    You should check with the manufacturer before using biodiesel to see if you need to replace any
    hoses or rubber seals.

    • Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine. This dirt then collects in the fuel filter, which can clog it.
    Clogging occurs most often when biodiesel is first used after a period of operation with petroleum
    diesel, so filters should be changed after the first several hours of biodiesel use.
    Bibliography
    All the information in the project has been gathered from
    internet.

    Websites used:

    • Google

    • Free encyclopedia on biodiesel

    • Transesterification chemistry for preparing biodiesel

    • Biodiesel features

    • Making your own biodiesel

    • Fact file of biodiesel

    You might also like