RIZVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

EXTC DEPARTMENT
SUBJECT : MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
By Prof. Mohammed Juned

1 Prof. Mohammed Juned RCOE SEM 7 EXTC (MCS)

2 Prof. Mohammed Juned RCOE SEM 7 EXTC (MCS)
 Course objectives

 To understand the cellular fundamentals and different types

of radio propagation models.
 To study the system architecture of 2G, 2.5 G and 3G.
 To develop the concepts of emerging technologies for 4 G
standards and beyond.

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 Course Outcomes
After successful completion of the course student will be able to :
 CO1: Explain the cellular fundamentals and estimate the coverage and capacity
of cellular systems.
 CO2: Classify different types of propagation models and analyze the link
budget.
 CO3: Illustrate the fundamentals and system architecture of GSM, 2.5G and IS-
95.
 CO4:Apply the concepts of 3G technologies of UMTS and CDMA 2000.
 CO5:Elaborate the principles of 3GPP LTE.
 CO6:Identify the emerging technologies for upcoming mobile communication
systems

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 Module Unit No: Topics Hours COs Covered
No:
1 Fundamentals of Mobile 08 CO-1
Communication

Introduction to wire1ess communication:

1.1 Mobile radio telephony, Examples of Wireless
Communication Systems, Related design
problems.

The Cellular Concept System Design

Fundamentals:
Frequency Reuse, Channel Assignment
1.2 Strategies, Interference and System Capacity,
Trunking and Grade of Service, Improving
Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems

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 Module No: Unit No: Topics Hours COs Covered

2 Mobile Radio Propagation : 08 CO-2

2.1 Large scale fading: Free space propagation model, the
three basic propagation mechanisms, reflection, ground
reflection (two-ray) model, diffraction, scattering, practical
Link budget design using path loss models

2.2 Small scale fading: Small scale multipath propagation,

parameters of mobile multipath channels, types of small-
scale fading, Rayleigh and Ricean distributions.

2.3 Features of all conventional multiple access

techniques: Frequency division multiple access(FDMA),
time division multiple access(TDMA),space spectrum
multiple access (SSMA), space division multiple access
(SDMA),OFDM-PAPR,OFDMA

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 Module No: Unit No: Topics Hours COs Covered

3 2G Technologies 10 CO-3
3.1 GSM:GSM Network architecture, GSM signalling
protocol architecture, identifiers used in GSM
system, GSM channels, frame structure for GSM,
GSM speech coding, authentication and security in
GSM, GSM call procedures, GSM hand-off
procedures, GSM services and features

3.2 GSM evolution: GPRS And EDGE- architecture,

radio specifications, channels.

IS-95: Architecture of CDMA system, CDMA air

3.3 interface, power control in CDMA system, power
control, handoff, rake receiver

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 Module No: Unit No: Topics Hours COs Covered

4 3G Technology 06 CO-4
4.1 UMTS: Objectives, standardisation and releases,
network architecture, air interface specifications,
channels, security procedure, W-CDMA air
interface, attributes of W-CDMA system, W-CDMA
channels

4.2 Cdma2000 cellular technologies: Forward And

Reverse Channels, Handoff And Power Control.

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 Module No: Unit No: Topics Hours COs Covered

5 3GPP LTE 08 CO-5

5.1 Introduction, system overview: Frequency
bands and spectrum flexibility, network structure,
protocol structure

5.2 Physical layer: Frames, slots, and symbols,

modulation, coding, multiple-antenna techniques.

Logical and Physical Channels: Mapping of

5.3
data onto (logical) sub-channels.

Physical layer procedures: Establishing a

5.4 connection, retransmissions and reliability,
scheduling, power control, handover.

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 Module No: Unit No: Topics Hours COs Covered

6 Advanced techniques for 4G 08 CO-6

deployment

Multi-antenna Techniques:
6.1 Smart antennas, multiple input multiple output
systems

6.2 Cognitive radio: Architecture, spectrum sensing

6.3 Relaying multi-hop and cooperative

communications: Principles of relaying,
fundamentals of relaying

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 Text Books:
 1. Theodore S. Rappaport ―wireless communications - principles and practice‖,
PEARSON , Second edition.
 2. T L Singal ―wireless communications, Mc Graw Hill Education.
 3. Andreas F. Molisch ―wireless communications WILEY INDIA PVT LTD, Second
edition.

References:
 1. Upena Dalal ―Wireless and Mobile Communications, Oxford university Press.
 2. Vijay K.Garg ―Wireless Communications and Networking,Morgan–Kaufmann series
in Networking-Elsevier

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 E-Resources:
 1. MIT Open Course ware :
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-
and-computer-science/6-452-principles-of-wireless-
communications-spring-2006/
 2. NPTEL: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117104099/
 3. Virtual Lab : http://vlab.co.in/

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 Rizvi College of Engineering
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
 Engineering Graduates will be able to:
 PO1.Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
 PO2.Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles
of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
 PO3.Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental consideration

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  PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
 PO5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modelling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
 PO6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the
contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues
and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.
 PO7.Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and
demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

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  PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
 PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
 PO10.Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
 PO11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s
own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
 PO12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

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 Rizvi College of Engineering
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

 PSO 1:
 To develop an ability to understand the different types of signals and their
behaviour, to learn basics of analog and digital communication methods, to
formulate and analyze the problems related to communication of signals of
various frequency range such as RF,Microwave etc.to study Networking
that deals with wired and wireless routing, design and implementation,
using lifelong learning, literature research & experimentation to design,
develop, test and supervise the production & installation of the same using
developed methods as well as advanced simulation and synthesis techniques
using modern engineering hardware and software tools along with analytical
skills to achieve cost effective solutions.

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  PSO 2:
 To develop an ability of logical thinking and problem solving skill in
telecommunication as well as diverse fields to achieve better overall prospects
of the employment or to be a successful entrepreneur and work as an individual
as well as in a team to achieve sustainable, satisfactory& time bound solution
within the budget also following the safety standards and applicable regulations
taking care of environmental, health, social and ethical issues and to
communicate effectively with the engineering community and the society.

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  Course Outcomes:
 Explain the cellular fundamentals and estimate the coverage and capacity of cellular systems.
 Classify different types of propagation models and analyze the link budget.
 Illustrate the fundamentals and system architecture of GSM, 2.5G and IS-95.
 Apply the concepts of 3G technologies of UMTS and CDMA 2000.
 Elaborate the principles of 3GPP LTE.
 Identify the emerging technologies for upcoming mobile communication systems.
 Correlation between COs and Program Outcomes(POs) and
Program Specific Outcomes(PSOs)

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 Module 1:

Book To be referred : Theodere S Rappaport

“ Wireless Communication – Principle & Communication” ,Pearson , 2nd Edition.
Course outcome covered : CO1
Explain the cellular fundamentals and estimate the coverage and capacity of cellular systems.

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 Wireless Communication
 Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic
waves in open space.
 Electromagnetic waves
 Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
 Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (λ)
o c=fxλ
 Higher frequency means higher energy.
 The higher the energy the more penetrating is the radiation.

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum
102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16

Radio Micro Cosmic

IR UV X-Rays
Spectrum wave Rays

106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024

< 30 KHz VLF

Visible light 30-300KHz LF
300KHz – 3MHz MF
3 MHz – 30MHz HF
30MHz – 300MHz VHF
300 MHz – 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF
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 Wavelength of Some Technologies
 GSM Phones:
 frequency ~= 900 MHz
 wavelength ~= 33cm
 PCS Phones
 frequency ~= 1.8 GHz
 wavelength ~= 17.5 cm
 Bluetooth:
 frequency ~= 2.4GHz
 wavelength ~= 12.5cm

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 Frequency Carrier / Channels
 The information from sender to receiver is carried over a
well defined frequency band.
 This is called a channel
 Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth and
Capacity (bit-rate)
 Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to
transmit information in parallel and independently.

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 Simplex Communication
 Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit only in
one way.
 This is called simplex transmission

 To enable two-way communication (called full-duplex

communication)
 We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
 We can use Time Division Multiplexing

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 FDM

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 TDM

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 FDM & TDM

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28 Prof. Mohammed Juned RCOE SEM 7 EXTC (MCS)
 Wireless System Definitions
 Mobile Station
 A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in
motion at unspecified locations. They can be either hand-held
personal units (portables) or installed on vehicles (mobiles)
 Base station
 A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are
located at the center or edge of a coverage region. They
consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antennas
mounted on top of a tower.

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  Mobile Switching Center /MTSO
 Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a
large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC
connections the cellular base stations and the mobiles to the
PSTN (telephone network). It is also called Mobile Telephone
Switching Office (MTSO)
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  Control Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call request,
call initiation .
 Forward Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of information from the
base station to the mobile
 Reverse Channel
 Radio channel used for transmission of information from
mobile to base station

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 Wireless System Definitions
 Simplex Systems
 Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication
 Half Duplex Systems
 Communication Systems which allow two-way communication by
using the same radio channel for both transmission and reception.
At any given time, the user can either transmit or receive
information.
 Full Duplex Systems
 Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way
communication. Transmission and reception is typically on two
different channels (FDD).

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 Wireless System Definitions
 Handoff
 The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel
or base station to an other.
 Roamer
 A mobile station which operates in a service area (market) other
than that from which service has been subscribed.
 Page
 A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service area,
usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at the same
time.

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 Duplex Communication - FDD
 FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

Mobile
Forward Channel Base Station
Terminal
Reverse Channel B
M

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands.

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 TDD: Time Division Duplex

Mobile Base Station

Terminal M B M B M B
B
M

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time slots. Mobile
station and base station transmits on the time slots alternately.

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 Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in
U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel Forward Channel
991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799

824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz

Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 825.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0
Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz
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 Example of Wireless Communication
 Cordless Telephone
 Paging system
 Cellular System

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 Cordless Telephones

PSTN
Telephone
Network

Base unit
Cordless
Phone

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  Characterized by
 Low mobility (in terms of range and speed)
 Low power consumption
 Two-way tether less (wireless) voice communication
 High circuit quality
 Low cost equipment and long talk-time
 No handoffs between base units
 Appeared as analog devices
 Digital devices appeared later with CT2.

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  Usage
 At homes
 At public places where cordless phone base units are
available
 Design Choices
 Few users per MHz
 Few users per base unit

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 India’s Telecom Scenario
 India's telecommunication network is the second largest in the world by
number of telephone users (both fixed and mobile phone) with 1.179 billion
subscribers as on 31 July 2018.
 It has one of the lowest call tariffs in the world enabled by mega telecom
operators and hyper-competition among them.
 As on 31 July 2018, India has the world's second-largest Internet user-base with
460.24 million broadband internet subscribers in the country.
 As of 31 December 2018, India had a population of 130 crore people (1.3
billion), 123 crore (1.23 billion) Aadhaar digital biometric identity cards, 121
crore (1.21 billion) mobile phones, 44.6 crore (446 million) smartphones, 56
crore (560 million or 43% of total population) internet users up from 481
million people (35% of the country's total population) in December 2017, and
51 per cent growth in e-commerce.

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 Paging System

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 Different Cell Shapes

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 Comparison of different cell shapes

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 Properties Of Cell
 Typical Cell sizes
 some cites few hundred meters
 country side few tens of kilometers
 Advantages of cell structures:
 more capacity due to frequency re-usage
 less transmission power needed
 more robust, tolerate failures
 deals interference, transmission area locally
 Problems:
 fixed network needed for the base stations
 handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary
 interference with other cells

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 Inside a cell
 Center-excited cell where the tower is placed somewhat near
the center with a omni-directional antenna
 Edge-excited cell where the towers are placed on three of the
six corners with sectored directional antennas.

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 Cellular Telephone System

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  Figure 1.5 shows a basic cellular system which consists of mobile stations, base stations and a mobile
switching center (MSC).
 The Mobile Switching Center is sometimes called a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO), since it is
responsible for connecting all mobiles to the PSTN in a cellular system.
 Each mobile communicates via radio with one of the base stations and may be handed-off to any number of
base stations throughout the duration of a call.
 The mobile station contains a transceiver, an antenna, and control circuitry, and may be mounted in a
vehicle or used as a portable hand-held unit.
 The base stations consist of several transmitters and receivers which simultaneously handle full duplex
communications and generally have towers which support several transmitting and receiving antennas.
 The base station serves as a bridge between all mobile users in the cell and connects the simultaneous
mobile calls via telephone lines or microwave links to the MSC.
 The MSC coordinates the activities of all of the base stations and connects the entire cellular system to the
PSTN.
 A typical MSC handles 100,000 cellular subscribers & 5,000 simultaneous conversations at a time, and
accommodates all billing and system maintenance functions, as well. In large cities, several MSCs are used
by a single carrier.
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 Channel Assignment methods

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 Interference

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 Co- Channel Interference

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 Dec 2019 , Dec 2018 (10Marks)

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 May 2017 10 Marks

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 May 2018 5 Marks

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 Thank You
End Of Module 1

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