Project Report 2009-2010 PRODUCT COUNTER

INTRODUCTION

This is a useful circuit for various purposes. In this circuit a counter is activated when
a continuously supplied light is been blocked. It uses a counter IC CD 4033.An LDR enhances
the counting process.

This circuit an be used for various applications such as to count products going over a
belt, and for counting persons passed at a point etc

The project is done as a prototype and its Real one can display a three to ten digit
numbers and can count unto thousands.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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CIRCUIT EXPLANATION

The circuit is using an op-amp LM 311. The sensor circuit formed using LDR1 activates
counter 4033.LDR1 has a resistance of 2.2 kilo-ohms in daylight, which drops below 50 ohms
when light beam falls on it. (An LDR of nearly 2cm diameter has been used in this circuit.)
Comparator LM311 (IC1) compares the level set at pin 3 (nearly 6V, set using a 47k pot) with
the level at pin 2. When light is falling on LDR1, its voltage is above 1V and IC5 has a low
output at its pin 1. When no light is falling on LDR1, its voltage drops below 1V and IC1 output
at its pin 1 becomes high.

The output from the Op-amp is given as the clock for seven segment counter 4033.The
counter count 1 for each high going pulse.The 4033 encodes the count to display number in
seven segment display CE c5611

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Project Report 2009-2010 PRODUCT COUNTER

COMPONENTS LIST

 ICs
 LM 311,Op-amp -3
 4033 seven segment driver counter -1

 RESISTOR
 10k -3
 47k -1
 1k -1
 470Ω -1
 VARIABLE RESISTOR
 47k

 LED -3

 LDR -1

 Seven segment display CE c5611 -1

 Power Supply
 9v Battery

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Project Report 2009-2010 PRODUCT COUNTER

COMPONENT DETAILS
 LM 311

General Description

The LM111, LM211 and LM311 are voltage comparators that have input currents nearly
a thousand times lower than devices like the LM106 or LM710. They are also designed to
operate over a wider range of supply voltages: from standard ±15V op amp supplies down to the
single 5V supply used for IC logic. Their output is compatible with RTL, DTL and TTL as well
as MOS circuits. Further, they can drive lamps or relays, switching voltages up to 50V at
currents as high as 50 mA.
Both the inputs and the outputs of the LM111, LM211 or the LM311 can be isolated from
system ground, and the output can drive loads referred to ground, the positive supply or the
negative supply. Offset balancing and strobe capability are provided and outputs can be wire
OR’ed. Although slower than the LM106 and LM710 (200 ns response time vs. 40 ns) the
devices are also much less prone to spurious oscillations. The LM111 has the same pin
configuration as the LM106 and LM710. The LM211 is identical to the LM111, except that its
performance is specified over a −25°C to +85°C temperature range instead of −55°C to +125°C.
The LM311 has a temperature range of 0°C to +70°C.

Features
 Operates from single 5V supply
 Input current: 150 nA max. over temperature
 Offset current: 20 nA max. over temperature
 Differential input voltage range: ±30V
 Power consumption: 135 mW at ±15V

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 IC 4033

CD4033BMS consists of a 5 stage Johnson decade counter and an output decoder which
converts the Johnson code to a 7 segment decoded output for driving one stage in a numerical
display.
This device is particularly advantageous in display applications where power dissipation
low and/or low package count is important.
A high RESET signal clears the decade counter to its zero count. The counter is
advanced one count at the positive clock signal transition if the CLOCK INHIBIT signal is low.
Counter advancement via the clock line is inhibited when the CLOCK INHIBIT signal is high.
The CLOCK INHIBIT signal can be used as a negative-edge clock if the clock line is held high.
Antilock gating is provided on the JOHNSON counter, thus assuring proper counting sequence.
The CARRY-OUT (Cout) signal completes one cycle every ten CLOCK INPUT cycles and is
used to clock the succeeding decade directly in a multi-decade counting chain. The seven
decoded outputs (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) illuminate the proper segments in a seven segment display
device used for representing the decimal numbers 0 to 9. The 7 segment outputs go high on
selection.

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Features
• High Voltage Types (20V Rating)
• Decoded 7 Segment Display Outputs and Ripple Blanking
• Counter and 7 Segment Decoding in One Package
• Easily Interfaced with 7 Segment Display Types
• Fully Static Counter Operation DC to 6MHz (typ.) at VDD =10V
• Ideal for Low-Power Displays
• “Ripple Blanking” and Lamp Test
• 100% Tested for Quiescent Current at 20V
• Standardized Symmetrical Output Characteristics
• 5V, 10V and 15V Parametric Ratings
• Schmitt-Triggered Clock Inputs
• Meets All Requirements of JEDEC Tentative Standards No. 13B, “Standard Specifications for
Description of “B” Series CMOS Device’s

 VARIABLE RESISTOR

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A variable resistor or potentiometer (colloquially known as a "pot") is a three-terminal

resistor with a sliding contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are
used (one side and the wiper), it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. Potentiometers are

commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment.
Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers, for example, in a
joystick.
Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt).
Instead they are used to adjust the level of analog signals (e.g. volume controls on audio
equipment), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light dimmer uses a
potentiometer to control the switching of a TRIAC and so indirectly control the brightness of
lamps

 RESISTOR

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A resistor is an electrical component, which has been manufactured with a specified

amount of resistance. The resistors can conduct current in both the directions. Thus the resistors
may be connected in an electric circuit without concern for lead polarization. The resistors are
mainly used for two purposes, namely controlling the flow of electric current and providing
desired amount of voltage in electric or electric circuit.
The resistors are specified in terms of their resistance values, tolerance, power rating and
thermal stability. The actual value of the resistors may be either greater or smaller than that of
he indicated value, by a factor given by the specified tolerance. Thus resistors with the specified
tolerance.
The power rating of a resistors is given by the maximum voltage is can dissipate, with
out excessive beating. Since the power rating is proportional to the square of a current, there for
current must not be higher than its safe value. If the current exceeds the safe value, the
resistance will burn out.
Here uses four carbon composition resistors R1, R2, R3, R4,R5 are ¼w.
The size of these resistors varies with the power rating. These states carbon
composition resistors with power rating of 1Ωor less are widely used in electronic equipment

 LED

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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator
lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical
electronic component in 1962,[2] early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions
are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

The LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to
the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is
usually small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its
radiation pattern and assist in reflection.[3] LEDs present many advantages over incandescent
light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller
size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. However, they are relatively
expensive and require more precise current and heat management than traditional light sources.
Current LED products for general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp
sources of comparable output.

They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements for traditional light sources in
automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. Airbus uses LED lightning in
their A320 Enhanced since 2007, and Boeing plans its use in the 787. The compact size of LEDs
has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching
rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

LDR

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 A photoresistor or light dependent resistor or cadmium sulfide (CdS) cell is aresistor

whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referenced
as a photoconductor.
 A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is
of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons
nough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole
partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
 A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its
own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon. In intrinsic devices
the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough
energy to excite the electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities,
also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since
the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and
lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its
atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for
conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

 Seven segment Display

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One common requirement for many different digital devices is a visual numeric display.
Individual LEDs can of course display the binary states of a set of latches or flip-flops.
However, we're far more used to thinking and dealing with decimal numbers. To this end, we
want a display of some kind that can clearly represent decimal numbers without any requirement
of translating binary to decimal or any other format.

One possibility is a matrix of 28 LEDs in a 7×4 array. We can then light up selected LEDs in the
pattern required for whatever character we want. Indeed, an expanded version of this is used in
many ways, for fancy displays. However, if all we want to display is numbers, this becomes a bit
expensive. A much better way is to arrange the minimum possible number of LEDs in such a
way as to represent only numbers in a simple fashion.

This requires just seven LEDs (plus an eighth one for the decimal point, if that is needed). A
common technique is to use a shaped piece of translucent plastic to operate as a specialized
optical fiber, to distribute the light from the LED evenly over a fixed bar shape. The seven bars
are laid out as a squared-off figure "8". The result is known as a seven-segment LED.

We've all seen seven-segment displays in a wide range of applications. Clocks, watches,
digital instruments, and many household appliances already have such displays. In this
experiment, we'll look at what they are and how they can display any of the ten decimal digits 0-
9 on demand.

LAYOUT

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ARTWORK

CONCLUSION

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The circuit is able to count whenever the light is blocked and it maybe applicable to
many fields. Adding some small components may use the circuit as burglar alarm, or to count
key presses.

REFERENCE

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 A text book of applied electronics : R. S. Swedha

 Electronics for you September 2004

 Hand book for electronics by A .K .Maini

 www.Datasheetcatalogue.com

 www.circuitstoday.com/light-activated-switch-circuit

 Www.wikipedia .org

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