PSA Notes Full - PPT (Compatibility Mode)

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
2
Power system network
3
COMPONENTS OF A POWER SYSTEM
1.Alternator
2.Power transformer
3.Transmission lines
4.Substation transformer
5.Distribution transformer
6.Loads
5
MODELLING OF GENERATOR AND
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
1Φ equivalent circuit of generator 1Φ equivalent circuit of synchronous motor
6
MODELLING OF TRANSFORMER
E2 N I
K = = 2 = 1
E1 N1 I2
R2
R 01 = R1 + R 2 ' = R1 + =Equivalent resistance referred to 1o
K2
X
X 01 = X 1 + X 2 ' = X 1 + 22 =Equivalent reactance referred to 1o
K
7
MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINE
Π type T type
8
MODELLING OF INDUCTION MOTOR
1
'
R r ( - 1 ) =Resistance representing load
s
R = R S + R r ' =Equivalent resistance referred to stator
X = X S + X r
'
=Equivalent reactance referred to stator
9
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
It is a diagrammatic representation of a power system in

which the components are represented by their symbols.
4
5
6
IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM
• This diagram obtained by replacing each component by

their 1Φ equivalent circuit.
Following approximations are made to draw impedance
diagram
1. The impedance b/w neutral and ground omitted.
2. Shunt branches of the transformer equivalent circuit
neglected.
16
REACTANCE DIAGRAM
v It is the equivalent circuit of the power system in which

the various components are represented by their
respective equivalent circuit.
v Reactance diagram can be obtained after omitting all

resistances & capacitances of the transmission line from
impedance diagram
17
REACTANCE DIAGRAM FOR THE GIVEN POWER SYSTEM
NETWORK
18
19
Transmission Circuit
Calculations
Series impedance of T.L .
• It has four parameters : resistance,
inductance, capacitance and conductance.
• Conductance is between the conductors
and between conductors and the ground
through the insulators as a leakage
current.
• The resistance and inductance are
uniformly distributed along the line.
Types of conductors .
1. Copper conductor .
2. Aluminum conductor .
3. Aluminum conductor, steel
reinforced
Aluminum conductors have replaced

copper because of the much lower
cost and lighter weight.
Resistance
• Resistance causes power loss in the T.L.
• For uniform resistance ,
R = rL a
Relation between resistance
and temperature rise .
(R2 R1) = (T +t 2) (T +t 1)
t2 t
t1
R
R1 R2
T
The influence of skin effect
on resistance
Uniform distribution of current throughout
the cross-section of a conductor exists
only for D.C.
In A.C, as increased of frequency, the non-
uniformly of distribution of current
becomes more appearance. This case is
called skin effect.
The alternating flux induces higher
voltages acting on the interior
filaments than are induced on
filaments near the surface of the
conductor .
J
La f Lb
Xa f Xb
r
Za f Zb r r
Ia p Ib
Bundled conductors
• The trend toward ever higher voltages for T.L has
stimulated interest in the use of two or more
conductors per phase.
• Such a line said to be composed of " bundled "

conductors.
• Usually the spacing of conductors of a phase is
about ( 10 ) times the diameter of one conductor ,
that is about ( 8 to 20 in ).
• The advantages of bundling are reduced reactance

because of increased self SGM and reduce voltage
drop and voltage gradient which result in reduced
radio interference
Short Transmission line
• In the case of a short transmission line the
capacitance and conductance to earth may be
neglected.
• Leaving only the series resistance and inductance
to be taken into consideration.
• The current entering the line at the sending-end
termination is equal to the current leaving at the
receiving-end, and this same current flows through
all the line sections.
• The R and L parameters may therefore be
regarded as ' lumped ' .
• The equivalent circuit diagram and the vector
diagram for a short line are shown in fig.( 6.1 ) in
which:
Fig.( 6.1 a ): Equivalent circuit for a short transmission line

Vs
Ir ZL
Ir XL
s Vr
Ir R
r Is = Ir
Fig.( 6.1 b ): Vector diagram for a short transmission line .

• The currents IS and IR will be equal in magnitude
but not in phase.
• R is obtained from a knowledge of the line length
,the size of conductor and the specifics resistance
of the conductor material ,
• while XL is calculated from the conductor spacing

and radius .
• Referring to the equivalent circuit :
IS = IR (6.1a )
V S =V R + ( R + jX L )I R (6.1b )
=V R + Z I R
• Hence, if the receiving-end conditions are known

the necessary sending-end voltage may be
calculated .
Medium Transmission line
• It has been mentioned in section 6.2 that the
capacitance of medium length lines is significant.
• When the effect of capacitance is not negligible , it

may be assumed to be concentrated at one or more
definite points along the line.
• A number of localized capacitance methods have

been used to make approximate line performance
calculations.
• The following methods are more commonly used :
• These methods of calculation give reasonably

accurate results for the solution of most
transmission-line problems .
Nominal T method .
• In a nominal T method the total line capacitance is
assumed to be concentrated at the middle point of
the line . The T representation of a line is shown in
fig.( 6.12 ).
Series impedance of the line Z = R + jX
Shunt admittance Y = j wC
• With the usual meanings of the quantities given in
fig.( 2 ) , Z
Vab = Vr + Ir
• Voltage at the mid-point of the line . 2
• Current in the capacitor , Iab = Vab Y
• Sending-end current , Is = Ir + Iab

= Ir + Vab Y
Z
= Ir + (Vr + Ir ) Y
2
Z Y
Is = Ir (1 + ) + Y Vr (6.13.1)
2
• Sending-end voltage ,
Z
Vs = Vab + Is
2
Z Z Y Z
=Vr + Ir + [Ir (1 + + Y Vr )]
2 2 2
Z Y Z Y
Vs = Vr (1 + ) + Ir ( Z + ) (6.13.2)
2 4
• Equations ( 6.13.1 ) and ( 6.13.2 ) give the
sending-end current and sending-end voltage
respectively.
• Other quantities , such as phase shift, power input,
efficiency, regulation, etc, can be determined in the
usual manner .
Phasor diagram
• The phasor diagram of the nominal T circuit can be
drawn for a lagging power factor as :
Vs
Iab
Vab IsXl
s
IsR
r Vr IrR/2 IrXl/2
Is
Ir
Iab
Phasor diagram of a nominal T network

• In the phasor diagram :
Nominal π method .
• This method assumed that one-half of the total line
capacitance is concentrated at each end of the line
and the total resistance and inductive reactance are
concentrated at the center .
• Fig.( 6.14 ) shows the nominal π representation of
the line.
• From fig.( 6.14),
Y
Iab = Vr
2
Y
I=Ir + Iab = Ir + Vr
2
• Voltage at the sending-end ,
Vs = Vr + I Z
Y
= Vr + ( Ir + Vr ) Z
2
Z Y
= (1 + )Vr + Z Ir (6.14.1)
2
Y
Icd = Vs
2
Z Y Y
= [(1 + )V r + Z Ir ]
2 2
• Sending-end current,
Is = I + Icd
Y Z Y Y
Is = Ir + Vr + [(1 + )Vr + Z Ir ]
2 2 2
Z Y2 Z Y
= ( Y+ ) Vr + ( 1 + ) Ir (6.14.2)
4 2
• Equations ( 6.14.1 ) and ( 6.14.2 ) give the sending-end voltage

and current respectively . The other calculations can be made
in the usual manner.
Phasor diagram
• The phasor diagram of a nominal π circuit is can
be drawn for a lagging power factor of the load as :
Vs
Icd Iab s
IZ
IXl
Is
r Vr
I IR
Ir Iab
Phasor diagram of a nominal II network

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UNIT I

1Φ equivalent circuit of generator 1Φ equivalent circuit of synchronous motor

It is a diagrammatic representation of a power system in

• This diagram obtained by replacing each component by

v It is the equivalent circuit of the power system in which

v Reactance diagram can be obtained after omitting all

Aluminum conductors have replaced

• Such a line said to be composed of " bundled "

• The advantages of bundling are reduced reactance

Fig.( 6.1 a ): Equivalent circuit for a short transmission line

Fig.( 6.1 b ): Vector diagram for a short transmission line .

• while XL is calculated from the conductor spacing

• Hence, if the receiving-end conditions are known

• When the effect of capacitance is not negligible , it

• A number of localized capacitance methods have

• These methods of calculation give reasonably

• Current in the capacitor , Iab = Vab Y

• Sending-end current , Is = Ir + Iab

Phasor diagram of a nominal T network

• Equations ( 6.14.1 ) and ( 6.14.2 ) give the sending-end voltage

Phasor diagram of a nominal II network

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