FABRICATION OF EXCAVATOR BUCKET TEETH

An Industry Oriented Mini Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of the

DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BY

T SAI DEEPTHI 19AG5A0310 V

ANIL 19AG5A0342
A SHIVA KUMAR 19AG5A0313

Under the guidance of

Ms. R.MOUNIKA , M.Tech (PhD)
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACE
Engineering College
UGC AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION

Accredited with NBA & NAAC ‘A’ Grade

(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
Ankushapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal – Malkajgiri Dist. 501 301 T.S. India.

(2021-22)
 ACE
Engineering College
UGC AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION
Accredited with NBA & NAAC ‘A’ Grade
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
Ankushapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal – Malkajgiri Dist. 501 301 T.S. India

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Industry oriented mini project report entitled FABRICATION OF

EXCAVATOR BUCKET TEETH that is being submitted by Sri/Ms. T SAI DEEPTHI

(19AG5A0310) V ANIL (19AG5A0342) A SHIVA KUMAR (19AG5A0313)in partial fulfillment

for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering to the
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad during the academic year 2020-2021 is a
record of bonafide work carried out by them under our guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this mini project report have not been submitted to any other University
or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

INTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNAL EXAMINER HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Ms. R. MOUNIKA MANIKYAM SANDEEP

Assistant Professor Associate Professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep sense of gratitude, we acknowledge the guidance, help & active cooperation rendered
by the following people whose guidance has sustained the effort which led to the successful completion
of the project.

Our project guide Ms. R.Mounika, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
has provided an excellent guidance in selecting the project and She had also enabled us to complete the
project with necessary technical support.

Our Head of the Department Mr. M Sandeep, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering has given the guidance for completing the project with the necessary technical support.

Encouragement and periodical advice have been given by Dr. B.L. Raju, Principal, ACE
ENGINEERING COLLEGE in completing the project is greatly appreciated and acknowledged.

We would also like to express our sincere thanks to the Management of ACE Engineering
College for their kind cooperation and timely help during the course of our project.

We would also like to express our sincere thanks to all Staff Members of Department of
Mechanical Engineering, ACE Engineering College for their kind cooperation and timely help during
the course of our project.

We also express our gratitude to one and all for instant support and help rendered in completing
the project.

T SAI DEEPTHI 19AG5A0310 V

ANIL 19AG5A0342
A SHIVA KUMAR 19AG5A0313
 ABSTRACT

Excavators used in mining industry have bucket teeth usually made up of hard alloys. In order to
improve the anti-wear properties of these alloys coatings are provided. The purpose of the present
work is to make the deformation analysis of the bucket teeth. We have used solidworks software for
analysing of excavator bucket teeth. It was observed that maximum stress occurred at the fixed joint
of teeth and tongue, while the maximum wear takes place at the tip of tooth. The abrasive nature of
soil is one of the reason of tip wear.

For many years, buckets have been equipped with teeth to help penetrate, gouge and breakout
materials. The teeth also works as wear parts and can be replaced when they are worn down,
and thus increase the service life of the bucket. The first teeth were made like a one-piece design
and to replace such tooth required both cutting and welding which was very time consuming.
 CONTENTS

S.NO CHAPTER PAGE NO

INTRODUCTION 01 to 09

1.1 Version one 02

I .2 Problem Formulation 03

1.3 Project limitations 04

I .4 Competitor analysis 07

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 to 19
2.1 Studies related to decalcification of deciduous teeth 10

2.2 Historical studies related to physiologic resorption 19

3. METHODOLOGY 20 to 27

3.1 Procurement of raw materials 20

3.2 Study of Mechanical properties 20

3.3 Analysis of excavator teeth 21

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 30

5. CONCLUSION 31
6. Reference 32
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1.1 Version one of Bucket tooth 02

Fig 1.2 Version one of Bucket tooth 04

Fig 1.3 Cavity under the tooth 05

Fig 1.4 Development of bucket tooth 06

Fig 1.5 Picture of 3D printed model 06

Fig 1.6 Analysis Fig I 07

Fig 1.7 Analysis Fig 2 07

Fig 1.8 TK Series bucket teeth 08

Fig 1.9 Ratchet wrench with hex drive socket 09

Fig 3.1 Top view dimensions of the teeth 30

Fig 3.2 Side view dimensions of the teeth 27

 CHAPTER: 1. INTRODUCTION

SSAB is a highly specialized steel company operative all over the world. The company is
a leading producer on the global market for advanced High Strength Steels with brands as
Hardox and Strenx. Hardox is SSABs brand for abrasion resistant plate used in applications
that require high wear resistance such as excavator buckets, truck platforms and
applications in mines.
In order to develop the market and support its customers, SSAB provide technical expertise
(Knowledge Service Center and Tech Support) in application development, wear,
construction, welding, forming, and more. One quite new product SSAB offers is buckets
in Hardox steel. This utilizes the properties of Hardox steel and the result is a product with
at least double the service life compared to its competitors. Since the bucket got that
successful and wear resistant, the designers at the division wanted to applicate the concept
of steel plates on other products within the area. To help ease the digging and protect the
bucket it is common to mount teeth at the front of the bucket. These teeth are made of cast
steel. If it is possible to make these teeth in Hardox steel instead it would prolong the
lifetime. This would make a complement to the already designed buckets of Hardox steel.

The idea of equipping a bucket to help penetrate, gouge and breakout material is hardly a
new process. The grandfather of all mining and construction equipment (The Otis Steam
shovel 1835) was equipped with teeth. The Bucyrus and Marion shovels were used when
digging the Panama Canal. These teeth were forged in a one-piece design. Replacement of
a tooth often took a lot of time and welding was in its infancy. They were installed using
large machines and the maintenance to keep the teethsharp was very ineffective. (Bucket
Supply & Equipment, 2014)

Still today, the main factors in order to provide competitive teeth are to improve the
replacement, maintenance and service life. Companies have solved this by dividing the
bucket teeth into three parts; adapter, locking device and tooth (Bucket Supply &
Equipment, 2014). This means that a replacement of a tooth is done very easily without
having to replace any other parts when it is worn down. The tooth's shape allows it to
stay sharpened even after a lot of wear (combi wear parts, n.d.).

1
The latest introduction to the bucket teeth is the Hammerless solution, which means attaching
and replacing a tooth without any major external forces.
A modern tooth are easy to remove, have good penetration and productivity, it remains
sharpened and has good wear resistance (Bucket Supply & Equipment, 2014).
SSAB sees an opportunity to be that "new thing" on the market. Today's teeth are cast
and forged which cannot guarantee the same hardness through the entire tooth. By
constructing a bucket tooth from SSABs material Hardox 600, they can ensure a uniform
hardness through the entire tooth.

1.1 Version one

Today, a concept is being tested locally at SSABs facilities in Oxelösund. This first
concept is made to see if it was even possible to make bucket teeth from steel plates and
to start testing the wear. Figure I shows the whole bucket tooth. Both the adapter and the
tooth is made of three pieces of plates, two with the thickness 40 mmand one with 50
mm.
The adapter is made of Hardox 450 plates that are welded together and a 2mm thin plate
that is used as tolerance for fitting the tooth. The tooth is made of Hardox 600. Since
Hardox 600 is hard to weld (read more about this in chapter
3.3.1 Welding of Hardox on page 13) a different joining method had to be used. The
plates of the tooth are joined by a wedge that keeps the plates from sliding apart and the
wedge is held inplace by a round bar that are pressed in the right position by an hydraulic
machine. To assemble the tooth and the adapter, a locking device is required.

AdapteTooth r

Figure l- Version one ofbucket tooth

2
 The locking device is made of a round bar with a rubber hose on the middle. The round bar is
placed with help of a hammer and the rubber hose keeps the bar from slipping out. Initially the
bar was made of steel SS235 but this one cracked. To solvethe problem, Hardox round bars
were used instead which solved the problem. An analysis of the bucket tooth and its parts are
finding in 4.1.1 Problem analysis on page 17.

1.2 Problem formulation

In order to expand the market and the use of Hardox steel, SSAB wants to examine the
possibilities of making bucket teeth of three or more compounded pieces of steel plates. To
ensure the market and the costumers that it is a winning concept, the new bucket tooth has to be
cheaper and/or have a longer lifetime than the existing one. This means that the shape has to be
adapted for minimal wear over time. The amount of wear (%) during the lifetime is also
important, the more the better. The tooth is preferably sharp during the whole use of its lifetime
and fulfills the initial demands and expectations of a bucket tooth. This includes easy change
without special tools and assurance that the tooth cannot be dropped. This means that a locking
system willbe developed that fits the requirements.

1.3 Aim and research questions

The aim for this project is to examine if it is possible to produce bucket teeth in Hardox steel
and if it is profitable to do so. A new locking system will be created. Following research
questions are to be answered during the project to ensure a result. The questions are presented
in a prioritized order were RQ I is most important. RQ 2, and RQ 3 are considered secondary
but will be kept in mind during the whole project.

RQ 1: What locking devices are effective for assembling two parts so that the tooth can be
changed in the required time? (For list of requirements see Appendix 1)
RQ 2: How does the use of steel plates affect the wear compared to cast steel?
RQ 3: How should the tooth be designed to protect the adapter so that the adapter can have at
least double the life time?

3
1.4 Project limitations

The project covers 30 credits of advanced level points during the period 18th January to 10th June.
The project is located at SSAB in Oxelösund and at Mälardalen University (MDH) in Eskilstuna.

The project is focused on investigating possible solutions of locking devices for bucket teeth
and development of the shape of the tooth in order to minimize the wear over time and maximize
the wear over lifetime. In order to verify the concept, calculations and field tests will be
performed. Due to the time limitations the students will not be able to perform the DEM
simulations all by themselves. They will however be able to test their concepts in an already
setup file to verify the wear resistance.

Development of geometry of the tooth

Figure 1.2- Version one ofbucket tooth

The geometry of the Bucket tooth is a vital step in the process of designing a competitive
product. After the tests of Version one a lot of information was collected. Unfortunately it was
mostly bad news. The tooth was too short, the countersink onthe top of the tooth increased the
wear, the round bar was hard to get out and the bottom of the tooth was not aligned properly
along the ground allowing it to not dig properly, see Figure 27 for picture of Version one. All
these things where discussed with the wheel loader driver, supervisors and Cerapid.

The first thing that we did was looking into why the tooth hade a countersink at the top. It
came to our conclusion that it was more of an esthetic touch than a function and

4
therefore the authors decided to take it off and make it round instead. The middleplate on the
tooth was made bigger so that it could allow a more effective digging as well as a more
effective wear. The wedge was the main thing to limit the wear. When the authors examined
the tooth design and how effective the wear was, you could seethat the wedge limited the
tooth. By angling the wedge 13 degrees clockwise itallowed a higher wear possible. The
adapter will be welded onto the bucket which will make it sustainable; therefore it did not
need to be as long on the upper side as the bottom.

Figure 1.3- Cavity under the tooth

To allow effective digging it is important that the tooth stays sharp under its lifetime. When
talking to experienced people at Cerapid the authors found out about a cavity in the bottom of
the tooth. This was a solution that could be seen patented in different ways by competitors.
Therefore the authors added a countersink on the bottom of the middle plate, see Figure 29.
From Version one of the tooth it can be stated that the sprint takes up too much forces which
making it to break. By looking at the structure, it should take up minimal forces. As mentioned
in the chapter 4.1.1 Problem analysis so it seems that when a force hits the tooth, it is not the
blue areas in Figure 9 which takes up the force, it is the locking device. By changing the hole
which the it is threaded through it can be fixed.
The authors revised it so that it no longer is a circle instead it is a slot, this is showed in Figure

28. The slot still has the same center but is extended to the right. This allows it to still sit in place
but the blue area in Figure 9 will take up the forces when in use. Figure 30 for an overall view
of the developed bucket tooth.

5
 Fig.1.4 Development of bucket teeth

DEM analysis

To get an estimation of how the teeth withstand wear and how well they fulfill their purpose
of protect the bucket, a DEM analysis were performed with help of the supervisor. The adapters
and teeth were mounted on a bucket and then pushed through DEM particles, simulating a stack
of stones. Figure 31 shows screen shots of the performed movement in the simulation.

Fig.1.5 Picture of 3D printed model

This is a scale model of the bucket tooth. It is printed in plastic an in six pieces, similar
to the real parts. Its purpose was to easily have something to discuss around to get a
broader understanding during meetings with customers.

6
 Competitor analysis

Esco is a world leading company in bucket teeth with a big variety of teeth. Esco are using
Ultralock tooth system, which is a two-piece hammerless system (adapter not included).
It is cast with an angel that allows a locking device on only one side. Esco are using a
sprint that you push in, in order to secure the tooth and a crowbar to take it out.

Hensley
Hensley bucket teeth XS is a patented system with a high variety of teeth. It is cast with a
reusable locking device. By pushing the locking device into the tooth and do a 90 degree
turn with an ordinary six-point wrench the Hensley teeth is secured. When dissembling the
tooth system you do a 90 degree turn antilock wise direction.

KingMet

KingMet is a tooth system from a Spanish manufacturer, called MTG. It has a vertical
locking, a lockingwedge with exchangeable polyurethane element which is hammered on.
To dissemble the tooth system you hammer further on the locking wedge so that it pushes
out on the other side. KingMet allows another system, called Starmet. It has a sprint from
the side that you lock in by using the extraction tool. It

7
locks itself with help off the yellow part made of Elastomet and polyurethane. To dissemble
the Starmet system you use the extraction tool and turn counterclockwise.

TK-Series

TK-Series bucket teeth from John Deere are a patented system which comes in a big variety
of cast teeth. John Deere is using a two-piece hammerless system (adapter not included). To
secure the tooth John Deere is using a coarse thread pin that looks with a 90 degree turn
towards two steel bars pressed out by rubber sockets. Only tool you need to assemble the
TK-series is an ordinary socket wrench.

8
Futura

Futura wear technology by BYG is one of the many different systems that they are presenting
on the market, as well as the newest. It's a cast two-piece design (adapter not included) with a
bold looking exterior. The 100% hammerless locking pin is secured by doing a 90 degree turn,
forcing a metal ring inside to rotate and automatically locking the system in place. Tools to
lock the mines are a manual drive or a ratchet wrench with hex drive socket.

9
 CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEW

A systematic search of the literature was conducted using Pubmed, Scopus, and Google
search. Full-text articles published in English only were selected for the review. Besides, a hand
search of full-text articles was also performed. Various search terminologies used were deciduous
teeth, physiologic resorption, cellular changes in the pulp of deciduous teeth, Scanning electron
microscope, etc. The literature complied was grouped as follows for better understanding:

2.1 Studies related to decalcification of deciduous teeth

One of the earliest studies done in 1958 to identify the methods to accelerate the
decalcification process used 4 different reagents. a) 5% nitric acid, b) 10% trichloroacetic acid,
c)mixture of equal parts of 40% formic acid and 20% Sodium citrate and d)mixture of 38%
hydrochloric acid and 85% formic acid and distilledwater in the ratio by volume. The study was
carried out on a cube-shapedblock of cortical bone obtained by milling horse femur. The influence of
different physical parameters like a) vacuum, b) elevated temperature c) electric current and
d) Agitation on decalcification time with each of the mentioned decalcification agents were
estimated. It was reported that an elevated temperature of about 40 oc, continuous stirring and electric
current application increased the rate of decalcification by all the reagents. The average reduction in
decalcification time was 33%. Reducing the temperature to 5 oc retarded the decalcification as
compared to the same at room temperature. 5% of nitric acid showed the fastest rate of decalcification
comparatively. It was faster at a rate of 3 days per sample as compared to 8 and 21 days bytrichloro-
acetic acid and formic acid mixture. The study, however, does not report the staining characteristics
as affected by the accelerating methods.42

The effects of microwave radiation in reducing decalcification time were evaluated by

measuring rates of calcium removal from samples of rat and cat teeth by EDTA. 3% glutaraldehyde
was added to the decalcifying solution. Test specimens were placed in a microwave oven at 39 + 2
degrees centigrade for repeated periodsof 1 to 2 hours. Control specimens were placed in an oven at
39 degrees centigrade for the same

10
time. The calcium removed during the intervention was measured using an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer. There was no consistent difference between the results obtained with microwave
radiation as compared with heating in a conventional over.ln both cases, decalcification was slightly
faster than that at room temperature. These results are attributed to thermal effects. No evidence for
non-thermal effects of micro- radiation was found.43 In 2007 a study was conducted to analyze
qualitatively the pulp tissue characteristics of maxillary anterior human primary teeth with inactive
dentin carious lesion. Two buffered fixating solutions (4% paraformaldehyde and 10% formalin)
and two decalcifying solutions (formic acid plus sodium citrate — Ana Morse solution and ethylene-
diaminetetraacetic. Acid (EDTA)) were evaluated. Eight teeth were assigned to 4 groups. Group 1:
4% paraformaldehyde and Ana Morse solution; Group 2: 10% f10% EDTA; Group 4: 10% formalin
and 10% EDTA. The teeth were fixed andthereafter decalcified until a rubber-like consistency was
obtained. After histological processing, serial 6-gm-thicksections were obtained and stained with
hematoxylinand eosin (H&E). Good preservation of the pulp tissue with normal tissue topography
was reported with both fixating solutions. However, the use of 10% EDTA caused tissue damage.
This was evident in the cell aspect and the altered extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristics.
Decalcification with Ana Morse solution seemed to produce better preservation of cells and the
matrix morphology. The association of Ana Morse solution and 10% formalin was more favorable
for the pulp tissue. It can be concluded that fixation with either of the two solutions resulted in good
tissue preservation. The decalcification with Ana Morse solution required a shorter time for
specimen processing. It also promoted better preservation of cell components and pulpal ECM.
EDTA required longer processing time and also modified the pulpal morphological properties. The
combination of 10% formalin and Ana Morse solution was reported to be the most favorable
methodology.

To compare the histologic quality of the microwave histo-processing with that of

conventional method and to determine its positive impact on turnaround times and reduction of costs
of tissue processing a study was conducted in 2008. One hundred and eighty-five paired tissue
x
sections from different organs were studied. Each tissue sectionofthe size of 15 mm 10 mm x 3
mm was divided into two halves was used; one set designated as experimental group and the other,
control group. The tissues in the

11
experimental group were divided into six groups and processed by the vacuummicrowave method.
Other tissues in the control group were processed by the conventional method and compared.
Overall, the quality of microscopic tissue from both methods was identical. It can be inferred that
microwave processing shortened the time of processing without compromising the overall quality
of the histologic section and was even reported to be cost-effective.45

Although the terms lateral secondary and accessory canals are often used
interchangeably they mean different things. Theaccessory canal is derived from the secondary canal
branching off to the periodontal ligament in apical sections. A differentmethodology was used to study
the accessory canals. The decalcification method appeared to be important in studying the
accessorycanals as compared to digital radiography and histological sectioning. The teeth were
decalcified with 5% nitric acid at room temperature for 3days. After completion of decalcification,
theteeth were rinsed in running tap water for 4 hours. The teeth were then dehydrated using a series of
ethyl alcohol rinses at an 80% solution for 12 hours, followed by a 90% solution for 1 hour and, finally,
three 100% alcohol rinsesfor 1 hour each. This method was considered to be ideal to study the anatomic
structures mentioned.46

In 2012, a study was conducted to evaluate the rate of decalcification. Considering that the
rate of decalcification and the effect of decalcifying agents on the tissue and its staining
characteristics as the two important parameters that influence the selection of decalcifying solutions
a study was done to evaluate the rateof decalcification of six different decalcifying agents and also
their effect on staining characteristics on dental hard tissues. Though some agents remove the
calcium ions completely and rapidly, they adversely affect the staining characteristics and also
damage the organic components. Six decalcifying agents namely, neutral ethylene diamine
tetraacetic acid (EDTA) decalcifying solution, 5% nitric acid, Perenyi's fluid, formalin—nitric acid,
5% trichloracetic acid, and 10% formic acid were used to decalcify 24 natural teeth (four in each
solution). The endpoint of decalcification was evaluated by radiographic and chemical methods. The
decalcified teeth were then routinely processed, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin
stains and observed for the quality of findings and cellular presentation. Neutral EDTA was the most
considerate to the soft and hard

12
 tissues and 5% nitric acid was the leastconsiderate to the tooth structure. Neutral EDTA,
though being the slowest decalcifying agent among the six agents, gave excellent results for
softtissue integrity, and best quality of both soft-tissue and hard-tissue staining.47

In 2013, to compare the commonly used demineralizing agents to identify the best
decalcifying agent, a study was conducted with six different decalcifying solutions: 10% formal nitric
acid, 8% formal nitric acid, 10% formic acid, 8% formic acid, Perenyi's fluid and Ethylene Diamine
Tetra Acetic Acid. Eight samples of the posterior mandible of the rat were decalcified in each of the
decalcifying solutions and subjected to a chemical endpoint test. Ehrlich's Hematoxylin stain was
used. One way ANOVA was used for multiple group comparisons and Chisquare test was used for
analysing categorical data. At the P value set at 0.05 or less for statistical significance, samples treated
with EDTA showed the best overall histological impression and tissue integrity was well preserved.
Formal nitric acid of both the percentages 10 and 8% gave fairly good cellular detail and were rapid
in their action. The study concluded that EDTA was indeed the best decalcifying agent available.
However, because of the time constraint, the use of formal nitric acid was advocated.48

The microwave oven has been used quite often for tissue processing, but there are very few
studies describing its use in decalcification of bone or teeth. A study was carried out in 2013 to
decalcify bone and teeth using a microwave oven and compare the process and results with
conventional decalcification methods. The objectives of this study were to determine and compare
routine decalcification with microwave decalcification of bone and teeth using 5% nitric acid, 5%
formic acid, and 14% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concerning the speed of
decalcification, preservation of tissue structure and staining efficacy. The total sample size used for
both routine and microwave decalcification was 30 premolar teeth and 30 pieces of condyles. The
three solutions were dilute nitric acid (5%), formic acid (5%), and EDTA (14%). Each set consisting
of the same type of premolars and condyles in each of the three decalcifying solutions were used in
both manual method and microwave method. The results confirmed the fact that the microwave
method using nitric acid was indeed the fastest decalcifying method needing just about 2 days for
condyle and 4 days for premolars, compared with routine decalcification. The results also showed
that the

13
overall histological picture was good with EDTA and formic acid irrespective of the methods used.
In the routine method, nitric acid gave poor cellular detail when compared with the microwave
method. It was concluded that microwave oven decalcification is faster than routine decalcification
irrespective of the decalcifying agents used. The tissue preservation and staining efficacy were good
in microwave nitric acid decalcification compared to routine nitric acid decalcification. Both formic
acid and EDTA show good tissue preservation and staining efficacy irrespective of the method
used.49

The histological processing of teeth is highly complicated because of containing both

mineralized hard tissues and soft tissues. Depending on the type of decalcification agents used in
processing, mild-to-severe deterioration in the tissue structure and inadequacies on clear staining of
details by the histological stain may be observed. In 2013 a study was conducted to compare the
histological staining differences in the preparations from decalcified and undecalcified tooth roots by
threedifferent embedding materials and techniques. Following extraction, human single- rooted teeth
crowns were cut off and roots were placed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. After fixation, roots
were divided into two groups. One part of the samples was decalcified in formic acid solution and the
other remained undecalcified. Decalcified roots were embedded in paraffin and glycol methacrylate
(GMA)-based resin and undecalcified roots were embedded in methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based
resin. Sections from all groups were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The groups were compared
in terms of general staining, brightness, the density of the base stain, general morphology of cells,
nuclear/cytoplasmic contrast, distinguishability of pulp, odontoblast layer, predentin and dentin,
preservation and traceability of dentinal tubule. In the preparations which were embedded into the
MMA-based embedding material, an output lower than the paraffin group but higher than the GMA-
embedded group was provided. As a result, the best histological detail was obtained from the
decalcified, paraffin-embedded sections.
To compare the efficacy of various decalcifying agents by histological evaluation of hard and
soft tissue components of teeth a study was conducted in 2014. The five decalcifying agents namely
10% Nitric acid (HN03), 10% Formal nitric acid (FNA), 10% Formic acid (FA), 8% Potassium formate
(KF) + 8% Formic acid(FA) and Neutral Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used to
decalcify 60 human permanent

14
teeth. The specimens were subjected to routine processing, sectioning and staining with hematoxylin
and eosin. The stained sections were observed under a light microscope by three independent observers
and grading was done. A paired sample t-test was done for inter-observer variation. One-way-ANOVA
and Post-hoc test were applied to compare the effects of different decalcifying agents.Considering the
preservation and staining characteristics of both hard and soft tissues, superior results were obtained
with 10% HN03 followed by 10% FNAand EDTA which was according to the respective mean values
obtained. But a statistically significant difference was shown only with 10% FA & 8% KF with 8%
FA.HN03 was showing the most efficient result as it balances both tissue integrityand time factor
suggesting that it can be used as a stable decalcifying agent for routine histopathological diagnosis. 51

To compare the rate of decalcification, cellular and staining characteristics of decalcified

specimens of bone and teeth by using the conventional method (10% formal formic acid) and heating
to 45 0C and by physical agitation with magnetic stirrer a study was conducted in 2015. Weight-
matched samples of caprine-origin bone (n=15) and teeth (n=15) were decalcified using three methods
namely: a)Gooding and Stewart's fluid; b)
Gooding and Stewart's fluid heated to 450C for 6 hours daily; and c) Gooding and Stewart's fluid agitated
using a magnetic stirrer for 6 hours daily. Non-lesional skin tissue samples were placed along with each
specimen. The endpoint of decalcification
(chemical test) was noted; 4-micron sections were taken and stained with H&E. Differences in the
rate of decalcification and staining characteristics were assessed by the Kruskal Wallis test and chi-
square test respectively. Hard tissues decalcified faster with stirring and heating methods. The amount
of osteocyte retraction noted in bone was significantly reduced in the stirring method. In tooth
specimens, modified techniques resulted in poorer nuclear- cytoplasmic contrast of pulp cells.
Heating affected the odontoblast layer. Soft tissuesexhibited higher eosinophilia in stirring and
conventional methods, whereas nuclear- cytoplasmic contrast and chromatin staining were the
poorest in heating and conventional methods. Hence this study reported that the physical agitation of
decalcifying fluid may be recommended while maintaining the satisfactory quality of tissue
morphology and staining. 52

15
 The decalcification of calcified tissues plays an important part in histological techniques.
However, as it often takes a long time and some procedures decrease the staining qualities of the
specimen. Hence to identify a simpler alternative for conventional decalcification a study was
conducted in 2016. Many attempts have been made to find methods for accelerating this procedure
and ensuring good staining properties. One of the factors that regulate decalcification is temperature.
A

Controlled increase of temperature yields decalcification at a faster rate and also retains the basic
molecular arrangement. This study aimed to formulate a simpler and better alternative for conventional
decalcification. Thirty freshly extracted periodontally compromised molar teeth without evidence of dental
caries were used for decalcification in three groups. Group A: 5% HN03 was used. Group B: 10%HN03
and 10% formalin was used. Group C: 10% HN03 and 20% formalin was used. A constant temperature of
550 C was maintained. Complete decalcification was checked using X-ray method. The teeth were sent
for routine processing and stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin. Decalcified teeth of Group C with 10
% HN03 and 20% formalin proved to be advantageous completing decalcification faster among the3
groups while maintaining good tissue details. It was observed that, regardless ofthe employed fixative
solution, preservation of pulp architecture was best, when a combination of 10% HN03 and 20% formalin
was used as a decalcifying agent. A study was conducted in 2016 to decalcify teeth using the microwave
method and to compare it with the conventional decalcification method concerning the speed of
decalcification, preservation of tissue structure, and efficacy of staining. A total of 72 single-rooted
premolars were used for both conventional and microwave decalcification methods. Decalcifying agents
included nitric acid, formic acid, and trichloroacetic acid, each at 5% and 7%. About 6 teeth were included
in each category and were decalcified by both conventional and microwave methods.
After decalcification, all the teeth were examined macroscopically and microscopically.
Cramer's V test was used to determine statistical significance. The results showed that the microwave
method using 5% and 7% nitric acid was the fastest. Structural details and good staining characteristics
were better in teeth decalcified by 5% nitric acid and 5% trichloroacetic acid by both the methods. 5%
nitric acid by microwave method proved to be the best decalcifying agent as it was fast and gave
goodstructural details and staining characteristics. 54

16
 In 2016 a study was conducted to compare conventional and microwave- based decalcification,
processing and staining of the tooth and mandibular bone specimens using 5% nitric acid as a
decalcifying agent. The sample included formalin-fixed 180 tooth specimens (60 incisors, 60
premolars, 60 molars) and 60 mandibular bone specimens (approx 0.5cm each). The hard tissue
specimens were subjected to varying combinations of conventional and microwave decalcification,
processing and staining. Conventional Decalcification, processing and staining produced the utmost
quality, though consuming a relatively longer duration. Microwave reduced the total decalcification
time by half and retained the diagnostic quality of the specimens. On the contrary, microwave-based
processing and staining caused significant damage to the tissues rendering sections un-diagnostic. A
combination of Microwave Decalcification followed by Conventional Processing and staining would
be ideal to hasten the overall laboratory time with minimal compromise on tissue quality. 55

In 2017 a study was conducted to evaluate the fastest decalcifying agent and method for
decalcification of teeth as well as bone. The study group consisted of 80 hard tissues, 40 teeth, and 40
pieces of I cm x I cm cut bone specimens were decalcified by both routine and microwave method
using four decalcifying solutions. The four decalcifying solutions were 8% nitric acid, 8% formic acid,
8%formal nitric acid & 14%EDTA. Duration of decalcification of bone and tooth by both methods
with 8% nitric acid took 10 days for Conventional Decalcification and 2 days for Microwave
Decalcification respectively. Similarly for rest of the acids took more time to decalcify in the
Conventional Decalcification method than the Microwave decalcification method. 14% EDTA gave
excellent results followed by 8% formal nitric acid, and 8% formic acid has good results than 8%
nitric acid. Teeth are among the hardest animal tissues because they are composed of large amounts
of inorganic compounds. Consequently, teeth are difficult to preparefor microscopic examination.
Acids and chelating agents traditionally have been usedto remove calcium ions. A comparison of
decalcifying agents including strong acids, weak acids, chelating agents, techniques using electric
current, agitation and heat was carried out. Freshly extracted teeth were fixed and decalcified using
formic acid- formalin, formal-nitric acid, formalin-EDTA, Von Ebner's fluid and Perenyi's fluid.Three
additional techniques including formic acid with agitation, formic acid with heat and formic acid with
electric current also were

17
evaluated.Decalcified teeth were evaluated histologically for tissue preservation and staining
characteristics.Formic acid with gentle agitation produced the best decalcification overall based on
the time required for decalcification, ease of sectioning, hard and soft tissue staining and tissue
preservation. The study supported the use of agitation with formic acid decalcification because it
reduced significantly both the time required and the deleterious effects of prolonged immersion.

18
 2.2 Histological studies related to physiologic resorption

The state of pulp tissue and periodontal root surface of 90 non-carious human primary teeth
during the process of resorption and shedding was assessed by histomorphometric means in one of
the studies conducted in 1981. The teeth were classified into preceding, shedding and delayed-
shedding groups according to the age of the child at the time of extraction. The root surface length
measured from the cement enamel junction was related to stages of shedding. Inflammatory cells in
the pulp tissue were observed in all three groups (p less than 0.005). Odontoclasts in the pulp tissue
could be demonstrated in the shedding and delayed-shedding stages (p less than 0.05). Polymorph
nuclear leukocytes and odontoclasts were not observed before resorption had occurred
approximately I mm subjacent to the cement enameljunction. Active resorption of the periodontal
root surface was observed in all stages. The deposition of cementumlike tissue in resorption lacunae
on the root surface was most pronounced in the delayedshedding stage showing repair in 30% of
resorbing root surface length. Findings indicate that the process of resorption occurs mainly during
the shedding stage and repair tends to accelerate in the delayed-shedding stage. The predentin
appears to have more power of resistance than any other partof the tooth and there is no reason to
believe that the pulp participates in the process of resorption of human primary teeth under
physiologic conditions.58
In 1990 a study was conducted to assess physiologic root resorption by light microscopy.
Sixty-four human non-carious deciduous teeth were used to observe the root resorption of
deciduous teeth usinga light microscope.
The extent of root resorption was classified into 6 grades: Res. O, Res. i, Res. 1/4, Res. 1/2,
Res. 3/4, Res. Co. In the physiological root resorption of the deciduous tooth, there are numerous,
large multinucleated odontoclasts and mononuclear fibroblasts or macrophages residing at the
Howship's lacunae. The odontoclasts resorbed hard dental tissues, including cementum, dentin. A
characteristic of active or "resorbing" odontoclasts, but not in free or inactive odontoclasts is
cytoplasmic projections, or brush borders, which were found near the underlying hard dental tissues.
The deciduous root resorption was found to be most advanced in the apical areas. Because of the
different eruption path of the permanent successors, the position of deciduous root resorption varied.
Generally, the lingual surface was resorbed more

19
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

STEP-I : PROCUMENT OF RAW MATERIALS

1. Bucket Teeth Material Available:

Alloy steel (high Manganese steel, high Chromium steel, etc.)

2. Moulding processing Available:

Precision Casting/Wax Losting Casting

3. The bucket teeth are under Quenching and tempering treatment. Our bucket teeth have
good physical Performance and can be used for a long time.
4. The whole process from casting to heat treatment is strictly inspected by our
professional workers to ensure the quality. The hardness of our Bucket Teeth &
Adapters is up to HRC485. With excellent elongation and tensile strength, so very
suitable for many different hard working conditions.

STEP-2: STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Bucket contains protruding teeth on its edge. In the operation of excavator, teeth have direct
contact to ground or rocks. For this reason, the material used for teeth should have high
strength, high toughness, high power and high ware resistance.

20
 3.3 ANALYSIS OF EXCAVATOR BUCKET TEETH

Study Properties

Study name Static 1

Analysis type Static
Mesh type Solid Mesh
Thermal Effect: On
Thermal option Include temperature loads
Zero strain temperature 298 Kelvin
Include fluid pressure effects from Off
SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation
Solver type FFEPlus
Inplane Effect: Off
Soft Spring: Off
Inertial Relief: Off
Incompatible bonding options Automatic
Large displacement Off
Compute free body forces On
Friction Off
Use Adaptive Method: Off

21
UNITS
Unit system: SI (MKS)
Length/Displacement Mm
Temperature Kelvin
Angular velocity Rad/sec
Pressure/Stress N/m^2

Material Properties
Model Reference Properties Components
Name: Alloy Steel SolidBody 1(Cut-
Model type: Linear Elastic Extrude4)(Part1)
Isotropic
Default failure Max von Mises Stress
criterion:
Yield strength: 6.20422e+08 N/m^2
Tensile strength: 7.23826e+08 N/m^2
Elastic modulus: 2.1e+11 N/m^2
Poisson's ratio: 0.28
Mass density: 7,700 kg/m^3
Shear modulus: 7.9e+10 N/m^2
Thermal expansion 1.3e-05 /Kelvin
coefficient:
Curve Data:N/A

22
Loads and Fixtures
Fixture name Fixture Image Fixture Details
Entities: 5 face(s)
Type: Fixed Geometry
Fixed-1

Resultant Forces
Components X Y Z Resultant
Reaction force(N) 0.0342551 72.0351 27.099 76.9637
Reaction Moment(N.m) 0 0 0 0

Load name Load Image Load Details

Entities: 1 face(s)
Type: Apply normal force
Value: 10 N
Force-1

Entities: 2 face(s)
Type: Apply normal force
Value: 50 N
Force-2

Reference: Top Plane

Values: 0 0 -9.81
Units: m/s^2
Gravity-1

23
Connector Definitions

Pin/Bolt/Bearing Connector
Model Reference Connector Details Strength Details
Entities:
Type:

rotation):
Connection Type: Rigid
Units:
Rotational stiffness
value:

Connector Forces Joint 1

Type X-Component Y-Component Z-Component Resultant
Axial Force (N) 0 0.027063 0 0.027063
Shear Force (N) 0.00051178 0 0.34871 0.34871
Torque (N.m) -0 -2.2141e-22 -0 -2.2141e-22
Bending moment (N.m) 0.0038474 0 -4.7675e-06 0.0038474

Connector Forces Joint 2

Type X-Component Y-Component Z-Component Resultant
Axial Force (N) 0 0.027063 0 0.027063
Shear Force (N) 0.00051178 0 0.34871 0.34871
Torque (N.m) 0 1.6688e-23 0 1.6688e-23
Bending moment (N.m) 0.0046959 0 -5.8189e-06 0.0046959

Entities:
Type:

rotation):
Connection Type: Rigid
Units:
Rotational stiffness
value:

Connector Forces Joint 1

Type X-Component Y-Component Z-Component Resultant
Axial Force (N) -0 0.60362 -0 -0.60362
Shear Force (N) 0.0091828 0 -6.4066 6.4066
Torque (N.m) -0 6.7333e-22 -0 -6.7333e-22
Bending moment (N.m) 0.088043 0 7.8643e-05 0.088043

Connector Forces Joint 2

Type X-Component Y-Component Z-Component Resultant
Axial Force (N) -0 0.60362 -0 -0.60362
Shear Force (N) 0.0091828 0 -6.4066 6.4066
Torque (N.m) -0 2.2547e-20 -0 -2.2547e-20
Bending moment (N.m) 0.068918 0 6.156e-05 0.068918

24
Mesh information
Mesh type Solid Mesh
Mesher Used: Standard mesh
Automatic Transition: Off
Include Mesh Auto Loops: Off
Jacobian points for High quality mesh 16 Points
Element Size 4.85781 mm
Tolerance 0.242891 mm
Mesh Quality High

Mesh information - Details

Total Nodes 19217
Total Elements 11746
Maximum Aspect Ratio 5.8563
% of elements with Aspect Ratio < 3 99.4
% of elements with Aspect Ratio > 10 0
% of distorted elements(Jacobian) 0
Time to complete mesh(hh;mm;ss): 00:00:03
Computer name: MAX

25
Resultant Forces
Reaction forces
Selection set Units Sum X Sum Y Sum Z Resultant
Entire Model N 0.0342551 72.0351 27.099 76.9637

Reaction Moments
Selection set Units Sum X Sum Y Sum Z Resultant
Entire Model N.m 0 0 0 0

Free body forces

Selection set Units Sum X Sum Y Sum Z Resultant
Entire Model N 2.73064e-06 12.2736 7.12331e-05 12.2736

Free body moments

Selection set Units Sum X Sum Y Sum Z Resultant
Entire Model N.m 0 0 0 1e-33

Study Results

Name Type Min Max

Stress1 VON: von Mises Stress 1.173e-05N/m^2 8.565e+05N/m^2
Node: 15833 Node: 18559

Part1-Static 1-Stress-Stress1

Name Type Min Max

Displacement1 URES: Resultant Displacement 0.000e+00mm 1.766e-03mm
Node: 8 Node: 14669

26
 Name Type Min Max
Strain1 ESTRN: Equivalent Strain 3.227e-11 4.490e-06
Element: 6163 Element: 4566

Part1-Static 1-Strain-Strain1

1. METHOD:

In the beginning, the thing needed to do is preparing the tools and materials. Preparation needed
like preparing material for casting, sectioning material to be smaller dimension, weighing material
mass, andputting charcoal into furnace. Casting process was done by using furnace fueled bricket
charcoal. Smelting process was done with the temperature approximately ±16000C.Afterwards,
the melted materials in clay container are removed to continue to the casting process of liquied
steel into the cast with pressure 5 MPa in order that liquid metal can fill the cast space.

27
 The next process is doing heat treatment process until 9500C. Then, quenching process is done by
using oil media . The specimen of casting result via heat treatment is then investigated to know
whether it is same as the cast form or not feasible to the next phase. If the material is considered
feasible, then laboratory test is done to know the characterization from the testing specimen. This
laboratory test covers: micro structure test, hardness test, and abrasive wear test. The laboratory
test steps are explained as follows:
2. MICRO STRUCTURE TEST:

Micro structure test refers to AISI 4140testing standard after doing testing specimen which got
polishing and etching, until testing specimen shines and no scratch on its surface. This specimen
test uses OLYMPUS BX41M microscope. Before observing microstructure, the testing material
should pass some preparation processes which are as follows:
5. Sectioning

Specimen is sectioned into some parts. The part's length taken in the tip of bucket teeth is 4 cm.

1. Grinding

Grinding aims to level the testing material surface after sectioning it. Hard grinding is done until
the testing material surface is genuinely level, while medium grinding is done to get softer testing
material surface. When doing testing material grinding, it should be given coolant to avoid the
overheating caused by heat from grinding process.

2. Polishing
Polishing process aims to get level testing material surface and very soft surface to look shiny
without scratch on testing material. Polishing process uses velvet fabric oiled with auto sol metal
polish.

28
 3. Etching

Etching aims to show micro structure of testing result using microscope. The testing material that
will be etched should be free from structure change caused by deformation and polished carefully
and evenly on all testing material surface that its micro structure will be tested. Etching solutions
used are a compound of 2.5 ml HN03, 1 ml HF, 1.5 ml HCL, and 95 ml aquades. After all
preparation process is done, then the next step is doing observation using optical microscope with
100xand 200xZoom.

29
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Modeling was made by scale based on the real size. Data of dimension such as length, width,
and height were obtained by referring on the dimension size of bucket and teeth adapter
excavator resulted from the field measurement. The obtained data were sufficient to fulfill
parameters, which are the size of the bucket teeth. By using AISI 4140 steel, the specifications
of bucket teeth in the modeling are as follows:

1. Overall length = 220 mm Overall width = 98 mm

2. Overall height = 102 mm Mass = 4669.45 gram
3. Volume 595213.17 mm3

6. Surface area = 89576.48 mm2

The dimension size of bucket teeth is also shown from upside and side. The specification is shown on
figure3
102

(b)

30
 CONCLUSION

By fabrication and of backhoe excavator bucket tooth it has been observed that, the project
helped us to get the experience of working physically and making the bucket teeth.
In this industrial mini project we learnt about investment casting and we have used
chisel tooth in making bucket teeth.

31
 REFERENCE

List of References

1. "Production technology", HMT publications

2. "Elements of workshop technology", S K Hajra Choudary, S K Bose, A K

Hajra Choudhary, Niranjan Roy, Vol-ll, Media promotors and media publications.

3. THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF GAS TURBINE BLADE. John. V 1, T.

Ramakrishna Research paper

4. Production technology by P.C. Sharma's. Chand publication.

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