Name: Syeda Kashaf Zehra BB-28285 Data Computer Communications and Networking Cs371 Section A "Paper A"

Name: Syeda Kashaf Zehra
BB-28285
DATA COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING CS371 SECTION A
“PAPER A”
Ques no 1) compare and contrast a circuit-switched network and a packet-
switched network.
Packet-switched networks move data in separate, small blocks -- packets -- based

on the destination address in each packet. When received, packets are
reassembled in the proper sequence to make up the message. Circuit-switched
networks require dedicated point-to-point connections during calls.
Circuit-switched networks and packet-switched networks have traditionally

occupied different spaces within corporations. Circuit-switched networks were
used for phone calls and packet-switched networks handled data. But because of
the reach of phone lines and the efficiency and low cost of data networks, the two
technologies have shared chores for years.
Circuit Switching Packet Switching

In circuit switching there are 3
phases:
i) Connection Establishment.
ii) Data Transfer. In Packet switching directly data transfer
iii) Connection Released. takes place.
In Packet switching, each data unit just
In circuit switching, each data unit know the final destination address
know the entire path address which is intermediate path is decided by the
provided by the source. routers.
QUES NO 2 a) what are three major classes of guided media? define each class
separately.
Guided Media
It is defined as the physical medium through which the signals are transmitted. It is also known
as Bounded media.
Types Of Guided media:
Twisted-Pair Cable
Twisted-Pair Cable consists of two insulated conductors wire wound (normally copper), twisted
together. In which one wire is to carry the signal to destination and other is used as a ground
reference. Twisting is done so that the noise will equally affect the wire from the external
environment.
Coaxial Cable
o Coaxial cable is very commonly used transmission media, for example, TV wire is usually
a coaxial cable.
o The name of the cable is coaxial as it contains two conductors parallel to each other.
o It has a higher frequency as compared to Twisted pair cable.
o The inner conductor of the coaxial cable is made up of copper, and the outer conductor
is made up of copper mesh. The middle core is made up of non-conductive cover that
separates the inner conductor from the outer conductor.
o The middle core is responsible for the data transferring whereas the copper mesh
prevents from the EMI(Electromagnetic interference).
Fiber Optic
o Fiber optic cable is a cable that uses electrical signals for communication.
o Fiber optic is a cable that holds the optical fibers coated in plastic that are used to send
the data by pulses of light.
o The plastic coating protects the optical fibers from heat, cold, electromagnetic
interference from other types of wiring.
o Fiber optics provide faster data transmission than copper wires.
QUES NO 2b) How does sky propagation differ from line of sight propagation?
ANS) Sky propagation is not limited to send signals to receivers, line-of-sight is dependent on
direction, range and objects which may occur between sender and receiver.
Sky propagation is not limited in sense of distance of source and destination and not restricted
by being in range or in direction with antennas. In this case, signals are sent towards space and
then signals have vast range to reach receivers back to the earth. We should consider this thing,
Sky is the beyond the troposphere and ionosphere. When signals gone beyond these spheres so
when satellite will reflect those signals back, they will have much vast access to receivers.
On other hand line-of-sight propagation is limited because of earth curvature. If antennas

(source and target) are not directional, not facing each other or something preventing to
establish the connection so communication won’t be made.
QUES NO 3a) Distinguish between multilevel tdm multiple-slot tdm and pulse-stuffed tdm.
They are all techniques used to handle a disparity/inequality in the i/p lines data rates.
1-Multilevel TDM.
It's used when the i/p lines data rates are multiple of each other.
For example if u have two i/p lines with data rate of 100kbps each and another (third) i/p line
with data rate of 200kbps
We multiplex the 1st two together (100k + 100k) to produce a data rate of 200kbps
2-Multislot TDM.
It's used to give a single i/p line two slots in the o/p frame, to do this we use a serial to parallel
converter
For example if u have one i/p line with data rate of 200kbps and another (second) i/p line with
data rate of 100kbps
We apply serial to parallel converter on the 1st one to change into two i/p lines with data rate
of 100kbps each
3-Pulse-Stuffed TDM
It's used when the i/p lines data rates are NOT multiple integers of each other
We make the i/p line with largest data rate the dominant one and add dummy bits to the other
i/p lines data rates to be equal to it
For example if u have one i/p line with data rate of 100kbps and another (second) i/p line with
data rate of 99kbps
We make the 1st one the dominant one and add 1kbps of dummy bits to the second one (99k +
1k) to be equal the first one.
QUES NO 3 b) Define FHSS and DSSS explain how these achieve bandwidth spreading
Spread spectrum is a group of techniques that utilizes a much larger bandwidth in

transmitting information than would otherwise occupy a fraction of the bandwidth used. This is
done to achieve a certain effect. FHSS and DSSS, which stand for Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, are two spread spectrum techniques. The
main difference is in how they spread the data into the wider bandwidth. FHSS utilizes
frequency hopping while DSSS utilizes pseudo noise to modify the phase of the signal.
Frequency hopping is achieved by dividing the large bandwidth into smaller channels that
would fit the data. The signal would then be sent pseudo-randomly into a different channel.
Because only one of the channels is in use at any given time, you are actually wasting
bandwidth equivalent to the data bandwidth multiplied by the number of channels minus one.
DSSS spreads the information across the band in a very different manner. It does so by
introducing pseudo-random noise into the signal to change its phase at any given time. This
results in an output that closely resembles static noise and would appear as just that to others.
But with a process called “de-spreading,” the original signal can be extracted from the noise as
long as the pseudo-random sequence is known.
QUES NO 4)Describe analog to digital conversion methods. with the help of

figure.
Analog To Digital Conversion Steps:

The conversion from analog signal to a digital signal in an analog to digital converter is
explained below using the block diagram given above.
Sample
The sample block function is to sample the input analog signal at a specific time interval. The
samples are taken in continuous amplitude & possess real value but they are discrete with
respect to time.
The sampling frequency plays important role in the conversion. So it is maintained at a specific
rate. The sampling rate is set according to the requirement of the system.
Hold
The second block used in ADC is the ‘Hold’ block. It has no function. It only holds the sample
amplitude until the next sample is taken. The hold value remains unchanged till the next
sample.
Quantize
This block is used for quantization. It converts the analog or continuous amplitude into discrete
amplitude.
The on hold continuous amplitude value in hold block goes through ‘quantize’ block &
becomes discrete in amplitude. The signal is now in digital form as it has discrete
time & discrete amplitude.
Encoder
The encoder block converts the digital signal into binary form i.e. into bits.
This is the whole process of converting an Analog signal into digital form using an Analog to
Digital Converter. This whole conversion occurs in a microsecond.

Name: Syeda Kashaf Zehra BB-28285 Data Computer Communications and Networking Cs371 Section A "Paper A"

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name: Syeda Kashaf Zehra BB-28285 Data Computer Communications and Networking Cs371 Section A "Paper A"

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name: Syeda Kashaf Zehra BB-28285 Data Computer Communications and Networking Cs371 Section A "Paper A"

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name: Syeda Kashaf Zehra

Packet-switched networks move data in separate, small blocks -- packets -- based

Circuit-switched networks and packet-switched networks have traditionally

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Types Of Guided media:

On other hand line-of-sight propagation is limited because of earth curvature. If antennas

Spread spectrum is a group of techniques that utilizes a much larger bandwidth in

QUES NO 4)Describe analog to digital conversion methods. with the help of

Analog To Digital Conversion Steps:

You might also like